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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Address_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Address_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Address details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Address_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Address details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Address_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universal_vs._local_(U/L_bit)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_vs._local_(U/L_bit)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Universal vs. local (U/L bit)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_vs._local_(U/L_bit)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universal_addresses_that_are_administered_locally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_addresses_that_are_administered_locally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Universal addresses that are administered locally</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_addresses_that_are_administered_locally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicast_vs._multicast_(I/G_bit)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicast_vs._multicast_(I/G_bit)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Unicast vs. multicast (I/G bit)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicast_vs._multicast_(I/G_bit)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranges_of_group_and_locally_administered_addresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranges_of_group_and_locally_administered_addresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ranges of group and locally administered addresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranges_of_group_and_locally_administered_addresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IEEE_802c_local_MAC_address_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IEEE_802c_local_MAC_address_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>IEEE 802c local MAC address usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEEE_802c_local_MAC_address_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_hosts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_hosts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use in hosts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_hosts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in hosts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_hosts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tracking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Randomization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Randomization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Randomization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Randomization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_information_leakage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_information_leakage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Other information leakage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_information_leakage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anonymization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anonymization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anonymization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anonymization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notational_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notational_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notational conventions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notational_conventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notational conventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notational_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bit-reversed_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bit-reversed_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bit-reversed notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bit-reversed_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MAC address</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="عنوان التحكم بالنفاذ للوسط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنوان التحكم بالنفاذ للوسط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direici%C3%B3n_MAC" title="Direición MAC – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Direición MAC" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-%C3%BCnvan" title="MAC-ünvan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MAC-ünvan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ম্যাক ঠিকানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাক ঠিকানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="MAC адрес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MAC адрес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_adresa" title="MAC adresa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="MAC adresa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneg_MAC" title="Enneg MAC – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enneg MAC" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adre%C3%A7a_MAC" title="Adreça MAC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adreça MAC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_adresa" title="MAC adresa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MAC adresa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-adresse" title="MAC-adresse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MAC-adresse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-Adresse" title="MAC-Adresse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MAC-Adresse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-aadress" title="MAC-aadress – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MAC-aadress" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_MAC" title="Διεύθυνση MAC – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεύθυνση MAC" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_MAC" title="Dirección MAC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dirección MAC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-adreso" title="MAC-adreso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="MAC-adreso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_helbide" title="MAC helbide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MAC helbide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%85%DA%A9" title="آدرس مک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدرس مک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresse_MAC" title="Adresse MAC – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adresse MAC" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_%EC%A3%BC%EC%86%8C" title="MAC 주소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MAC 주소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%81%D5%A5" title="MAC հասցե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="MAC հասցե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_Kontrol_Akses_Media" title="Alamat Kontrol Akses Media – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alamat Kontrol Akses Media" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirizzo_MAC" title="Indirizzo MAC – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indirizzo MAC" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_MAC" title="כתובת MAC – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתובת MAC" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="MAC-მისამართი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="MAC-მისამართი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_adrese" title="MAC adrese – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="MAC adrese" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-Adress" title="MAC-Adress – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="MAC-Adress" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adressa_MAC" title="Adressa MAC – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Adressa MAC" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-c%C3%ADm" title="MAC-cím – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MAC-cím" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="MAC-адреса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="MAC-адреса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-adres" title="MAC-adres – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MAC-adres" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="MACアドレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MACアドレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-adresse" title="MAC-adresse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MAC-adresse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC" title="MAC – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="MAC" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adres_MAC" title="Adres MAC – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adres MAC" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endere%C3%A7o_MAC" title="Endereço MAC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Endereço MAC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adres%C4%83_MAC" title="Adresă MAC – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adresă MAC" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="MAC-адрес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MAC-адрес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MAC address" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_adresa" title="MAC adresa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="MAC adresa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naslov_MAC" title="Naslov MAC – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naslov MAC" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="MAC адреса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MAC адреса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-osoite" title="MAC-osoite – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MAC-osoite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-adress" title="MAC-adress – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MAC-adress" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_adresi" title="MAC adresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MAC adresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="MAC-адреса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MAC-адреса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BB%89_MAC" title="Địa chỉ MAC – Vietnamese" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_addresses&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="MAC addresses">MAC addresses</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unique identifier assigned to network interfaces</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UMTS_Router_Surf@home_II,_o2-0017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/UMTS_Router_Surf%40home_II%2C_o2-0017.jpg/250px-UMTS_Router_Surf%40home_II%2C_o2-0017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/UMTS_Router_Surf%40home_II%2C_o2-0017.jpg/330px-UMTS_Router_Surf%40home_II%2C_o2-0017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/UMTS_Router_Surf%40home_II%2C_o2-0017.jpg/500px-UMTS_Router_Surf%40home_II%2C_o2-0017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Label of a <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> router with MAC addresses for <a href="/wiki/LAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN">LAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/WLAN" class="mw-redirect" title="WLAN">WLAN</a> modules</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>MAC address</b> (short for <b>medium access control address</b> or <b>media access control address</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">unique identifier</a> assigned to a <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface controller</a> (NIC) for use as a <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network address</a> in communications within a <a href="/wiki/Network_segment" title="Network segment">network segment</a>. This use is common in most <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> networking technologies, including <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>. Within the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model</a>, MAC addresses are used in the <a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">medium access control</a> protocol sublayer of the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a>. As typically represented, MAC addresses are recognizable as six groups of two <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> digits, separated by hyphens, colons, or without a separator. </p><p>MAC addresses are primarily assigned by device manufacturers, and are therefore often referred to as the <b>burned-in address</b>, or as an <b>Ethernet hardware address</b>, <b>hardware address</b>, or <b>physical address</b>. Each address can be stored in the interface hardware, such as its <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a>, or by a <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> mechanism. Many network interfaces, however, support changing their MAC addresses. The address typically includes a manufacturer's <a href="/wiki/Organizationally_unique_identifier" title="Organizationally unique identifier">organizationally unique identifier</a> (OUI). MAC addresses are formed according to the principles of two numbering spaces based on extended unique identifiers (EUIs) managed by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE): <b>EUI-48</b>—which replaces the obsolete term <b>MAC-48</b>—and <b>EUI-64</b>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Network_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Network node">Network nodes</a> with multiple network interfaces, such as <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multilayer_switch" title="Multilayer switch">multilayer switches</a>, must have a unique MAC address for each network interface in the same network. However, two network interfaces connected to two different networks can share the same MAC address. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Address_details">Address details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Address details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAC-48_Address.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MAC-48_Address.svg/330px-MAC-48_Address.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MAC-48_Address.svg/495px-MAC-48_Address.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MAC-48_Address.svg/660px-MAC-48_Address.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The structure of a 48-bit MAC address. The b0 bit distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a> addressing and the b1 bit distinguishes universal and locally administered addressing.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> MAC address originally comes from the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Network_Systems" title="Xerox Network Systems">Xerox Network Systems</a> Ethernet addressing scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Ieee802arch_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ieee802arch-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48-bit</a> address space contains potentially 2<sup>48</sup> (over 281 trillion) possible MAC addresses. The <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> manages the allocation of MAC addresses, originally known as MAC-48 and now called EUI-48 identifiers. The IEEE has a target lifetime of 100 years (until 2080) for applications using EUI-48 space and restricts applications accordingly. The IEEE encourages adoption of the more plentiful EUI-64 for non-Ethernet applications.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distinctions between EUI-48 and MAC-48 identifiers are in name and application only. MAC-48 was used to address hardware interfaces within existing 802-based networking applications; EUI-48 is now used for 802-based networking and is also used to identify other devices and software, for example <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui_tutorial-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IEEE now considers <i>MAC-48</i> to be an obsolete term.<sup id="cite_ref-mac-48_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac-48-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>EUI-48</i> is now used in all cases. In addition, the EUI-64 numbering system originally encompassed both MAC-48 and EUI-48 identifiers by a simple translation mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui_tutorial-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These translations have since been deprecated.<sup id="cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui_tutorial-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Individual_Address_Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual Address Block">Individual Address Block</a> (IAB) is an inactive registry which has been replaced by the <i>MA-S</i> (<i>MAC address block, small</i>), previously named <i>OUI-36</i>, and has no overlaps in addresses with the IAB<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> registry product as of January 1, 2014. The IAB uses an OUI from the <i>MA-L</i> (<i>MAC address block, large</i>) registry, previously called the <i>OUI</i> registry. The term <i>OUI</i> is still in use,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the IEEE Registration Authority does not administer them. An OUI is concatenated with 12 additional IEEE-provided bits (for a total of 36 bits), leaving only 12 bits for the organisation owning the IAB to assign to its (up to 4096) individual devices. An IAB is ideal for organizations requiring not more than 4096 unique 48-bit numbers (EUI-48). Unlike an OUI, which allows the assignee to assign values in various number spaces (for example, EUI-48, EUI-64, and the various context-dependent identifier number spaces, as in <a href="/wiki/Subnetwork_Access_Protocol" title="Subnetwork Access Protocol">SNAP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data" title="Extended Display Identification Data">EDID</a>), the Individual Address Block could only be used to assign EUI-48 identifiers. All other potential uses based on the OUI from which the IABs are allocated are reserved and remain the property of the IEEE Registration Authority. Between 2007 and September 2012, the OUI value 00:50:C2 was used for IAB assignments. After September 2012, the value 40:D8:55 was used. Owners of an already assigned IAB may continue to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MA-S registry includes, for each registrant, both a 36-bit unique number used in some standards and a block of EUI-48 and EUI-64 identifiers (while the registrant of an IAB cannot assign an EUI-64). MA-S does not include assignment of an OUI. </p><p>Additionally, the <i>MA-M</i> (<i>MAC address block, medium</i>) provides both 2<sup>20</sup> EUI-48 identifiers and 2<sup>36</sup> EUI-64 identifiers, the first 28 bits being assigned by IEEE. The first 24 bits of the assigned MA-M block are an OUI assigned to IEEE that will not be reassigned, so the MA-M does not include assignment of an OUI. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Universally_administered_address"></span><span class="anchor" id="Locally_administered_address"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_vs._local_(U/L_bit)"><span id="Universal_vs._local_.28U.2FL_bit.29"></span>Universal vs. local (U/L bit)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Universal vs. local (U/L bit)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addresses can either be universally administered addresses (UAA) or locally administered addresses (LAA). A universally administered address is uniquely assigned to a device by its manufacturer. The first three octets (in transmission order) identify the organization that issued the identifier and are known as the <a href="/wiki/Organizationally_unique_identifier" title="Organizationally unique identifier">organizationally unique identifier</a> (OUI).<sup id="cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui_tutorial-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of the address (three octets in EUI-48 or five in EUI-64) are assigned by that organization in nearly any manner they please, subject to the constraint of uniqueness. A locally administered address is assigned to a device by software or a network administrator, overriding the burned-in address of a physical device. </p><p>Locally administered addresses are distinguished from universally administered addresses by setting (assigning the value of 1 to) the second-<a href="/wiki/Least_significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Least significant bit">least-significant bit</a> of the first octet of the address. This bit is also referred to as the <i>U/L</i> bit, short for <i>Universal/Local</i>, which identifies how the address is administered.<sup id="cite_ref-mac-bit-field-names_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac-bit-field-names-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc4291_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4291-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup> If the bit is 0, the address is universally administered, which is why this bit is 0 in all UAAs. If it is 1, the address is locally administered. In the example address <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>06-00-00-00-00-00</i></span></span>, the first octet is 06 (hexadecimal), the binary form of which is 000001<b>1</b>0, where the second-least-significant bit is 1. Therefore, it is a locally administered address.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_Tutorial_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_Tutorial-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though many <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisors</a> manage dynamic MAC addresses <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Universal_addresses_that_are_administered_locally">within their own OUI</a>, often it is useful to create an entire unique MAC within the LAA range.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universal_addresses_that_are_administered_locally">Universal addresses that are administered locally</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Universal addresses that are administered locally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Virtualisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtualisation">virtualisation</a>, hypervisors such as <a href="/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xen" title="Xen">Xen</a> have their own OUIs. Each new virtual machine is started with a MAC address set by assigning the last three bytes to be unique on the local network. While this is local administration of MAC addresses, it is not an LAA in the IEEE sense. </p><p>A historical example of this hybrid situation is the <a href="/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet">DECnet</a> protocol, where the universal MAC address (with Digital Equipment Corporation's OUI AA-00-04) is administered locally. The DECnet software sets the last three bytes of the complete MAC address to <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>00-XX-YY</i></span></span> (so that the full MAC address is <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>AA-00-04-00-XX-YY</i></span></span>), where <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>XX-YY</i></span></span> reflects the host's DECnet network address <i>xx.yy</i>. This eliminates the need for DECnet to have an <a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">address resolution protocol</a> since the MAC address of any DECnet host can be determined from its DECnet address. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicast_vs._multicast_(I/G_bit)"><span id="Unicast_vs._multicast_.28I.2FG_bit.29"></span>Unicast vs. multicast (I/G bit)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unicast vs. multicast (I/G bit)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The least significant bit of an address's first octet is referred to as the <i>I/G</i>, or <i>Individual/Group</i>, bit.<sup id="cite_ref-mac-bit-field-names_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac-bit-field-names-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc4291_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4291-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup> When this bit is 0 (zero), the <a href="/wiki/Frame_(networking)" title="Frame (networking)">frame</a> is meant to reach only one receiving <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of transmission is called <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a>. A unicast frame is transmitted to all nodes within the <a href="/wiki/Collision_domain" title="Collision domain">collision domain</a>. In a modern wired setting (i.e. with <i><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switches</a></i>, not simple <i><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">hubs</a></i>) the collision domain usually is the length of the Ethernet cabling between two network interfaces. In a wireless setting, the collision domain is all receivers that can detect a given wireless signal. If a <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switch</a> does not know which port leads to a given MAC address, the switch will forward a unicast frame to all of its ports (except the originating port), an action known as <a href="/wiki/Unicast_flood" title="Unicast flood">unicast flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Only the node with the matching hardware MAC address will (normally) accept the frame; network interfaces with non-matching MAC-addresses ignore the frame unless they are in <a href="/wiki/Promiscuous_mode" title="Promiscuous mode">promiscuous mode</a>. </p><p>If the least significant bit of the first octet is set to 1 (i.e. the second hexadecimal digit is odd) the frame will still be sent only once; however, network interface controllers will choose to accept or ignore it based on criteria other than the matching of their individual MAC addresses: for example, based on a configurable list of accepted multicast MAC addresses. This is called <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> addressing. </p><p>The IEEE has built in several special address types to allow more than one <a href="/wiki/Network_Interface_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Interface Card">network interface card</a> to be addressed at one time: </p> <ul><li>Packets sent to the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_address" title="Broadcast address">broadcast address</a>, all one bits, are received by all stations on a local area network. In <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> the broadcast address would be <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF</i></span></span>. A broadcast frame is <a href="/wiki/Flooding_(computer_networking)" title="Flooding (computer networking)">flooded</a> and is forwarded to and accepted by all other nodes.</li> <li>Packets sent to a <a href="/wiki/Multicast_address" title="Multicast address">multicast address</a> are received by all stations on a LAN that have been configured to receive packets sent to that address.</li> <li><b>Functional addresses</b> identify one or more Token Ring NICs that provide a particular service, defined in IEEE 802.5.</li></ul> <p>These are all examples of <i>group addresses</i>, as opposed to <i>individual addresses</i>; the least significant bit of the first octet of a MAC address distinguishes individual addresses from group addresses. That bit is set to 0 in individual addresses and set to 1 in group addresses. Group addresses, like individual addresses, can be universally administered or locally administered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranges_of_group_and_locally_administered_addresses">Ranges of group and locally administered addresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ranges of group and locally administered addresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U/L and I/G bits are handled independently, and there are <a href="/wiki/Multicast_address#Ethernet" title="Multicast address">instances</a> of all four possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_Tutorial_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_Tutorial-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IPv6#Multicasting" title="IPv6">IPv6 multicast</a> uses locally administered, multicast MAC addresses in the range <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>3<b><u>3</u></b>-33-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span> (with both bits set).<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7042_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7042-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §2.3.1">: §2.3.1 </span></sup> </p><p>Given the locations of the U/L and I/G bits, they can be discerned in a single digit in common MAC address notation as shown in the following table: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Universal/local and individual/group bits in MAC addresses </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;background:linear-gradient(to top right,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0) 49%,var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1) 49.5%,var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1) 50.5%,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0) 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">U/L</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">I/G</div> </th> <th>Universally administered </th> <th>Locally administered </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unicast (individual) </th> <td><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>0</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>4</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>8</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>C</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>2</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>6</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>A</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>E</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Multicast (group) </th> <td><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>1</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>5</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>9</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>D</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span> </td> <td><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>3</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>7</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>B</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span><br /><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>F</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEEE_802c_local_MAC_address_usage">IEEE 802c local MAC address usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IEEE 802c local MAC address usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEEE standard 802c<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_802c-2017_tutorial_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_802c-2017_tutorial-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further divides the locally administered MAC address block into four quadrants. This additional partitioning is called Structured Local Address Plan (SLAP) and its usage is optional. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>SLAP quadrants for unicast local MAC addresses </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>MAC address </th> <th>Quadrant name </th> <th>Identifier </th> <th>Usage </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>A</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span> </th> <td>Extended local </td> <td>ELI </td> <td>Assigned by IEEE, but uses a unique 3-octet company ID (CID) instead of an OUI. </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>E</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span> </th> <td>Standard assigned </td> <td>SAI </td> <td>For use in the forthcoming IEEE P802.1CQ specification, to be assigned dynamically by the Block Address Registration and Claiming (BARC) protocol. </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>2</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span> </th> <td>Administratively assigned </td> <td>AAI </td> <td>Can be randomly or arbitrarily assigned to devices. </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>X<b><u>6</u></b>-XX-XX-XX-XX-XX</i></span></span> </th> <td><i>Reserved</i> </td> <td><i>Reserved</i> </td> <td>Reserved for future use, but may be used similarly to AAI until an IEEE specification utilizes this space. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following network technologies use the EUI-48 identifier format: </p> <ul><li>IEEE 802 networks <ul><li>Ethernet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> wireless networks (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li>IEEE 802.5 <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">Fiber Distributed Data Interface</a> (FDDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a> (ATM), switched virtual connections only, as part of an <a href="/wiki/NSAP_address" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAP address">NSAP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">Serial Attached SCSI</a> (as part of a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Name" title="World Wide Name">World Wide Name</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> <a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a> standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 gigabit/s) <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> using existing home wiring (<a href="/wiki/Power_line_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Power line communication">power lines</a>, phone lines and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_coax" title="Ethernet over coax">coaxial cables</a>). The G.hn Application Protocol Convergence (APC) layer accepts Ethernet frames that use the EUI-48 format and encapsulates them into G.hn Medium Access Control Service Data Units (MSDUs).</li></ul> <p>Every device that connects to an IEEE 802 network (such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi) has an EUI-48 address. Common networked consumer devices such as PCs, smartphones and tablet computers use EUI-48 addresses. </p><p>EUI-64 identifiers are used in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE 1394</a> (FireWire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6_address#Modified_EUI-64" title="IPv6 address">IPv6</a> (Modified EUI-64 as the least-significant 64 bits of a unicast network address or link-local address when stateless address autoconfiguration is used.)<sup id="cite_ref-rfc4862_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4862-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPv6 uses a <i>modified EUI-64</i>, treats MAC-48 as EUI-48 instead (as it is chosen from the same address pool) and inverts the local bit.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in extending MAC addresses (such as IEEE 802 MAC address) to modified EUI-64 using only <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>FF-FE</i></span></span> (and never <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>FF-FF</i></span></span>) and with the local bit inverted.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7042_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7042-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: sec. 2.2.1">: sec. 2.2.1 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a> / <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15.4</a> / <a href="/wiki/6LoWPAN" title="6LoWPAN">6LoWPAN</a> wireless personal-area networks</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_11073-20601&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 11073-20601 (page does not exist)">IEEE 11073-20601</a> (IEEE 11073-20601 compliant medical devices)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_hosts">Use in hosts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Use in hosts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On broadcast networks, such as Ethernet, the MAC address is expected to uniquely identify each <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> on that segment and allows frames to be marked for specific hosts. It thus forms the basis of most of the <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">link layer</a> (OSI <a href="/wiki/Layer_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer 2">layer 2</a>) networking upon which upper-layer protocols rely to produce complex, functioning networks. </p><p>Many network interfaces support changing their MAC address. On most <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-like systems, the command utility <a href="/wiki/Ifconfig" title="Ifconfig">ifconfig</a> may be used to remove and add link address aliases. For instance, the <i>active</i> ifconfig directive may be used on <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> to specify which of the attached addresses to activate.<sup id="cite_ref-ifconfig_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifconfig-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, various configuration scripts and utilities permit the randomization of the MAC address at the time of booting or before establishing a network connection. </p><p>Changing MAC addresses is necessary in <a href="/wiki/Network_virtualization" title="Network virtualization">network virtualization</a>. In <a href="/wiki/MAC_spoofing" title="MAC spoofing">MAC spoofing</a>, this is practiced in exploiting security vulnerabilities of a computer system. Some modern operating systems, such as Apple iOS and Android, especially in mobile devices, are designed to assign a random MAC address to their network interface when scanning for wireless access points to avert tracking systems.<sup id="cite_ref-apple2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-android6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-android6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) networks, the MAC address of an interface corresponding to an <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> may be queried with the <a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">Address Resolution Protocol</a> (ARP) for <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">Neighbor Discovery Protocol</a> (NDP) for IPv6. Thus ARP and NDP relate OSI <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">layer 3</a> addresses to layer 2 addresses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking">Tracking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tracking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Randomization">Randomization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Randomization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> has a system that tracks the movements of mobile devices in a city by monitoring MAC addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avert this practice, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> started using random MAC addresses in <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices while scanning for networks.<sup id="cite_ref-apple2014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other vendors quickly followed suit. MAC address randomization during scanning was added in Android starting from version 6.0,<sup id="cite_ref-android6_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-android6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Windows 10,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Linux 3.18.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual implementations of the MAC address randomization technique vary largely in different devices.<sup id="cite_ref-matte-hal2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matte-hal2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, various flaws and shortcomings in these implementations may allow an attacker to track a device even if its MAC address is changed, for instance its probe requests' other elements,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or their timing.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-matte-hal2017_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matte-hal2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If random MAC addresses are not used, researchers have confirmed that it is possible to link a real identity to a particular wireless MAC address.<sup id="cite_ref-cunche-grehack2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunche-grehack2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Randomized MAC addresses can be identified by the "locally administered" bit described above.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_information_leakage">Other information leakage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other information leakage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access points</a> in <a href="/wiki/SSID" class="mw-redirect" title="SSID">SSID</a>-hidden mode (<a href="/wiki/Network_cloaking" title="Network cloaking">network cloaking</a>), a mobile wireless device may not only disclose its own MAC address when traveling, but even the MAC addresses associated to SSIDs the device has already connected to, if they are configured to send these as part of probe request packets. Alternative modes to prevent this include configuring access points to be either in beacon-broadcasting mode or probe-response with SSID mode. In these modes, probe requests may be unnecessary or sent in broadcast mode without disclosing the identity of previously known networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidden_network_no_beacons_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidden_network_no_beacons-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anonymization">Anonymization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anonymization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MAC_address_anonymization" title="MAC address anonymization">MAC address anonymization</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notational_conventions">Notational conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notational conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a>) format for printing EUI-48 addresses in human-friendly form is six groups of two <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> digits, separated by hyphens (<span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>-</i></span></span>) in transmission order (e.g. <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>01-23-45-67-89-AB</i></span></span>). This form is also commonly used for EUI-64 (e.g. <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>01-23-45-67-89-AB-CD-EF</i></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui_tutorial-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other conventions include six groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons (:) (e.g. <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>01:23:45:67:89:AB</i></span></span>), and three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots (.) (e.g. <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>0123.4567.89AB</i></span></span>); again in transmission order.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bit-reversed_notation">Bit-reversed notation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bit-reversed notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard notation, also called canonical format, for MAC addresses is written in transmission order with the <a href="/wiki/Endianness#Bit_endianness" title="Endianness">least significant bit of each byte</a> transmitted first, and is used in the output of the <code><a href="/wiki/Ifconfig" title="Ifconfig">ifconfig</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Iproute2" title="Iproute2">ip address</a></code>, and <code><a href="/wiki/Ipconfig" title="Ipconfig">ipconfig</a></code> commands, for example. </p><p>However, since <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a> (Ethernet) and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.4" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.4">IEEE 802.4</a> (Token Bus) send the bytes (octets) over the wire, left-to-right, with the least significant bit in each byte first, while <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.5">IEEE 802.5</a> (Token Ring) and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">IEEE 802.6</a> (FDDI) send the bytes over the wire with the most significant bit first, confusion may arise when an address in the latter scenario is represented with bits reversed from the canonical representation. For example, an address in canonical form <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>12-34-56-78-9A-BC</i></span></span> would be transmitted over the wire as bits <code>01001000 00101100 01101010 00011110 01011001 00111101</code> in the standard transmission order (least significant bit first). But for Token Ring networks, it would be transmitted as bits <code>00010010 00110100 01010110 01111000 10011010 10111100</code> in most-significant-bit first order. The latter might be incorrectly displayed as <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>48-2C-6A-1E-59-3D</i></span></span>. This is referred to as <i>bit-reversed order</i>, <i>non-canonical form</i>, <i>MSB format</i>, <i>IBM format</i>, or <i>Token Ring format</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2469_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2469-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Standby_Router_Protocol" title="Hot Standby Router Protocol">Hot Standby Router Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAC_filtering" title="MAC filtering">MAC filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">Network management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_Proxy_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep Proxy Service">Sleep Proxy Service</a>, which may spoof another device's MAC address during certain periods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparent_bridging" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparent bridging">Transparent bridging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Router_Redundancy_Protocol" title="Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol">Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To convert a MAC-48 into an EUI-64, copy the OUI, append the two <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octets</a> <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>FF-FF</i></span></span> and then copy the organization-specified extension identifier. To convert an EUI-48 into an EUI-64, the same process is used, but the sequence inserted is <span style="padding-right: 1px;"><span class="macaddr"><i>FF-FE</i></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eui_tutorial-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases, the process could be trivially reversed when necessary. Organizations issuing EUI-64s were cautioned against issuing identifiers that could be confused with these forms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With local identifiers indicated with a zero bit, locally assigned EUI-64 begin with leading zeroes and it is easier for administrators to type locally assigned IPv6 addresses based on the modified EUI-64</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ieee802arch-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ieee802arch_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030429223052/http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802-2001.pdf"><i>IEEE Std 802-2001</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE). 2002-02-07. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-2941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-2941-9"><bdi>978-0-7381-2941-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802-2001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 29, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-08</span></span>. <q>The universal administration of LAN MAC addresses began with the Xerox Corporation administering Block Identifiers (Block IDs) for Ethernet addresses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IEEE+Std+802-2001&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.date=2002-02-07&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-2941-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fgetieee802%2Fdownload%2F802-2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee802.org/secmail/msg00396.html">"Use of EUI-64 for New Designs"</a>. <i>www.ieee802.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ieee802.org&rft.atitle=Use+of+EUI-64+for+New+Designs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee802.org%2Fsecmail%2Fmsg00396.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eui_tutorial-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eui_tutorial_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/import/documents/tutorials/eui.pdf">"Guidelines for Use of Extended Unique Identifier (EUI), Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI), and Company ID (CID)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Standards Association</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Standards+Association&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+Use+of+Extended+Unique+Identifier+%28EUI%29%2C+Organizationally+Unique+Identifier+%28OUI%29%2C+and+Company+ID+%28CID%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fimport%2Fdocuments%2Ftutorials%2Feui.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/faqs/regauth/">"IEEE-SA - IEEE Registration Authority"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=IEEE-SA+-+IEEE+Registration+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Ffaqs%2Fregauth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mac-48-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mac-48_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418090358/https://standards.ieee.org/products-services/regauth/oui36/index.html">"MAC Address Block Small (MA-S)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/products-services/regauth/oui36/index.html">the original</a> on 2021-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MAC+Address+Block+Small+%28MA-S%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fproducts-services%2Fregauth%2Foui36%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/faqs/regauth/">"IEEE-SA - IEEE Registration Authority"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=IEEE-SA+-+IEEE+Registration+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Ffaqs%2Fregauth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/faqs/regauth/">"IEEE-SA - IEEE Registration Authority"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=IEEE-SA+-+IEEE+Registration+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Ffaqs%2Fregauth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mac-bit-field-names-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mac-bit-field-names_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mac-bit-field-names_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networkengineering.stackexchange.com/a/69847">"Ethernet frame IG/LG bit explanation - Wireshark"</a>. <i>networkengineering.stackexchange.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=networkengineering.stackexchange.com&rft.atitle=Ethernet+frame+IG%2FLG+bit+explanation+-+Wireshark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworkengineering.stackexchange.com%2Fa%2F69847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc4291-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc4291_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc4291_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._HindenS._Deering2006" class="citation cs1">R. Hinden; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. 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Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4291">10.17487/RFC4291</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291">4291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IP+Version+6+Addressing+Architecture&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC4291&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc4291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Draft Standard.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3513">3513</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5952">5952</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6052">6052</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7136">7136</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7346">7346</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7371">7371</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8064">8064</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE_Tutorial-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_Tutorial_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_Tutorial_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/import/documents/tutorials/macgrp.pdf">"Standard Group MAC Addresses: A Tutorial Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE-SA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Group+MAC+Addresses%3A+A+Tutorial+Guide&rft.pub=IEEE-SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fimport%2Fdocuments%2Ftutorials%2Fmacgrp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/virtualization_administration_guide/sect-virtualization-tips_and_tricks-generating_a_new_unique_mac_address">"Generating a New Unique MAC Address"</a>. 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Abley (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7042"><i>IANA Considerations and IETF Protocol and Documentation Usage for IEEE 802 Parameters</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7042">10.17487/RFC7042</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. BCP 141. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7042">7042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IANA+Considerations+and+IETF+Protocol+and+Documentation+Usage+for+IEEE+802+Parameters&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7042&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.au=D.+Eastlake%2C+3rd&rft.au=J.+Abley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Best Current Practice 141.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5342">5342</a>. Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2153">2153</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE_802c-2017_tutorial-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEEE_802c-2017_tutorial_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mentor.ieee.org/802-ec/dcn/17/ec-17-0174-00-00EC-ieee-802-tutorial-of-2017-11-06-local-mac-addresses-in-the-overview-and-architecture-based-on-ieee-std-802c.pdf">"Local MAC Addresses in the Overview and Architecture based on IEEE Std 802c"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE-SA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+MAC+Addresses+in+the+Overview+and+Architecture+based+on+IEEE+Std+802c&rft.pub=IEEE-SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmentor.ieee.org%2F802-ec%2Fdcn%2F17%2Fec-17-0174-00-00EC-ieee-802-tutorial-of-2017-11-06-local-mac-addresses-in-the-overview-and-architecture-based-on-ieee-std-802c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc4862-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc4862_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._ThomsonT._NartenT._Jinmei2007" class="citation cs1">S. Thomson; T. Narten; T. Jinmei (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4862"><i>IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4862">10.17487/RFC4862</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4862">4862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IPv6+Stateless+Address+Autoconfiguration&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC4862&rft.au=S.+Thomson&rft.au=T.+Narten&rft.au=T.+Jinmei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc4862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Draft Standard.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2462">2462</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7527">7527</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE P11073-20601 Health informatics—Personal health device communication Part 20601: Application profile—Optimized Exchange Protocol</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ifconfig-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ifconfig_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114100441/https://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?ifconfig++NetBSD-current">"ifconfig(8) manual page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?ifconfig++NetBSD-current">the original</a> on 14 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ifconfig%288%29+manual+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetbsd.gw.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fman-cgi%3Fifconfig%2B%2BNetBSD-current&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apple2014-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apple2014_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apple2014_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMamiit2014" class="citation web cs1">Mamiit, Aaron (2014-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techtimes.com/articles/8233/20140612/apple-implements-random-mac-address-on-ios-8-goodbye-marketers.htm">"Apple Implements Random MAC Address on iOS 8. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+Times&rft.atitle=Apple+Implements+Random+MAC+Address+on+iOS+8.+Goodbye%2C+Marketers&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft.aulast=Mamiit&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtimes.com%2Farticles%2F8233%2F20140612%2Fapple-implements-random-mac-address-on-ios-8-goodbye-marketers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-android6-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-android6_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-android6_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.android.com/about/versions/marshmallow/android-6.0-changes">"Android 6.0 Changes"</a>. <i>Android developers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+developers&rft.atitle=Android+6.0+Changes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.android.com%2Fabout%2Fversions%2Fmarshmallow%2Fandroid-6.0-changes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBamford,_James2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Bamford, James (2014-08-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/08/edward-snowden/">"The Most Wanted Man in the World"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux+commit+effd05ac479b&rft.atitle=iwlwifi%3A+mvm%3A+support+random+MAC+address+for+scanning&rft.au=Emmanuel+Grumbach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux%2Fcommit%2Feffd05ac479b80641835f9126bbe93146686c2b8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matte-hal2017-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-matte-hal2017_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-matte-hal2017_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCélestin_Matte2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Célestin Matte (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01659783/"><i>Wi-Fi Tracking: Fingerprinting Attacks and Counter-Measures</i></a>. <i>2017</i> (Theses). Université de Lyon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Wi-Fi+Tracking%3A+Fingerprinting+Attacks+and+Counter-Measures&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+de+Lyon&rft.date=2017-12&rft.au=C%C3%A9lestin+Matte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ftel-01659783%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanhoefMatteCuncheCardoso2016" class="citation book cs1">Vanhoef, Mathy; Matte, Célestin; Cunche, Mathieu; Cardoso, Leonardo; Piessens, Frank (10 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01282900">"Why MAC Address Randomization is not Enough: An Analysis of Wi-Fi Network Discovery Mechanisms"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 11th ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">413–</span>424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2897845.2897883">10.1145/2897845.2897883</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-4233-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-4233-9"><bdi>978-1-4503-4233-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12706713">12706713</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+MAC+Address+Randomization+is+not+Enough%3A+An+Analysis+of+Wi-Fi+Network+Discovery+Mechanisms&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+11th+ACM+on+Asia+Conference+on+Computer+and+Communications+Security&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E413-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12706713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2897845.2897883&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-4233-9&rft.aulast=Vanhoef&rft.aufirst=Mathy&rft.au=Matte%2C+C%C3%A9lestin&rft.au=Cunche%2C+Mathieu&rft.au=Cardoso%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Piessens%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.inria.fr%2Fhal-01282900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Jeremy_and_Mayberry_Travis_and_Donahue_Collin_and_Foppe_Lucas_and_Brown_Lamont_and_Riggins_Chadwick_and_Rye_Erik_C_and_Brown_Dane" class="citation web cs1">Martin Jeremy and Mayberry Travis and Donahue Collin and Foppe Lucas and Brown Lamont and Riggins Chadwick and Rye Erik C and Brown Dane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145628/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/popets.2017.2017.issue-4/popets-2017-0054/popets-2017-0054.pdf">"A study of MAC address randomization in mobile devices and when it fails"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2017</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/popets.2017.2017.issue-4/popets-2017-0054/popets-2017-0054.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2017&rft.atitle=A+study+of+MAC+address+randomization+in+mobile+devices+and+when+it+fails&rft.au=Martin+Jeremy+and+Mayberry+Travis+and+Donahue+Collin+and+Foppe+Lucas+and+Brown+Lamont+and+Riggins+Chadwick+and+Rye+Erik+C+and+Brown+Dane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fj%2Fpopets.2017.2017.issue-4%2Fpopets-2017-0054%2Fpopets-2017-0054.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatte_Célestin_and_Cunche_Mathieu_and_Rousseau_Franck_and_Vanhoef_Mathy2016" class="citation book cs1">Matte Célestin and Cunche Mathieu and Rousseau Franck and Vanhoef Mathy (2016-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01330476">"Defeating MAC address randomization through timing attacks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/547642"><i>Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Security & Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2939918.2939930">10.1145/2939918.2939930</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450342704" title="Special:BookSources/9781450342704"><bdi>9781450342704</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2625583">2625583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defeating+MAC+address+randomization+through+timing+attacks&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+9th+ACM+Conference+on+Security+%26+Privacy+in+Wireless+and+Mobile+Networks&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2625583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2939918.2939930&rft.isbn=9781450342704&rft.au=Matte+C%C3%A9lestin+and+Cunche+Mathieu+and+Rousseau+Franck+and+Vanhoef+Mathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.inria.fr%2Fhal-01330476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cunche-grehack2013-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cunche-grehack2013_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCunche2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cunche, Mathieu (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00858324">"I know your MAC Address: Targeted tracking of individual using Wi-Fi"</a>. <i>Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">219–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11416-013-0196-1">10.1007/s11416-013-0196-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160304000000/https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00858324">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer+Virology+and+Hacking+Techniques&rft.atitle=I+know+your+MAC+Address%3A+Targeted+tracking+of+individual+using+Wi-Fi&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11416-013-0196-1&rft.aulast=Cunche&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.inria.fr%2Fhal-00858324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/dbtya26ivjeq5fa2fadrmrptca">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayak2022" class="citation web cs1">Nayak, Seema (14 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.cisco.com/networking/randomized-and-changing-mac-rcm">"Randomized and Changing MAC (RCM)"</a>. <i>Cisco Blogs</i>. <q>To improve end-user privacy, various operating system vendors (Apple iOS 14, Android 10 and Windows 10) are enabling the use of the locally administered mac address (LAA), also referred to as the random mac address for WIFI operation. When wireless endpoint is associated with random mac address, the MAC address of the endpoint changes over time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco+Blogs&rft.atitle=Randomized+and+Changing+MAC+%28RCM%29&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft.aulast=Nayak&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cisco.com%2Fnetworking%2Frandomized-and-changing-mac-rcm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hidden_network_no_beacons-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hidden_network_no_beacons_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/61576/hidden-network-no-beacons">"Hidden network no beacons"</a>. <i>security.stackexchange.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=security.stackexchange.com&rft.atitle=Hidden+network+no+beacons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecurity.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F61576%2Fhidden-network-no-beacons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802102024/http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/net_mgmt/cisco_secure_access_control_server_for_windows/4-2/configuration/guide/acs42_config_guide/noagent.html#wp1010965">"Agentless Host Configuration Scenario"</a>. <i>Configuration Guide for Cisco Secure ACS 4.2</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>. February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/net_mgmt/cisco_secure_access_control_server_for_windows/4.2/configuration/guide/noagent.html#wp1017547">the original</a> on 2016-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-19</span></span>. <q>You can enter the MAC address in the following formats for representing MAC-48 addresses in human-readable form: six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens (-) in transmission order,[...]six groups of two separated by colons (:),[...]three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots (.)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Configuration+Guide+for+Cisco+Secure+ACS+4.2&rft.atitle=Agentless+Host+Configuration+Scenario&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fen%2FUS%2Fdocs%2Fnet_mgmt%2Fcisco_secure_access_control_server_for_windows%2F4.2%2Fconfiguration%2Fguide%2Fnoagent.html%23wp1017547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2469-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2469_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._NartenC._Burton1998" class="citation cs1">T. Narten; C. Burton (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2469"><i>A Caution On The Canonical Ordering Of Link-Layer Addresses</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2469">10.17487/RFC2469</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2469">2469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Caution+On+The+Canonical+Ordering+Of+Link-Layer+Addresses&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2469&rft.au=T.+Narten&rft.au=C.+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMAC+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Informational.</i> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053635/https://standards.ieee.org/products-services/regauth/tut/index.html">IEEE Registration Authority Tutorials</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/faqs/regauth/">IEEE Registration Authority - Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regauth.standards.ieee.org/standards-ra-web/pub/view.html#registries">IEEE Public OUI and Company ID, etc. Assignment lookup</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards-oui.ieee.org/oui/oui.txt">IEEE Public OUI/MA-L list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards-oui.ieee.org/oui28/mam.txt">IEEE Public OUI-28/MA-M list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards-oui.ieee.org/oui36/oui36.txt">IEEE Public OUI-36/MA-S list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards-oui.ieee.org/iab/iab.txt">IEEE Public IAB list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macvendorlookup.com/">IEEE IAB and OUI MAC Address Lookup Database and API</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/ethernet-numbers/ethernet-numbers.xhtml">IANA list of Ethernet Numbers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wireshark.org/tools/oui-lookup.html">Wireshark's OUI Lookup Tool</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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