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(PDF) Implementing ABMTs and MPAs in BBNJ
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{"work":{"id":90043192,"created_at":"2022-11-05T09:30:23.506-07:00","from_world_paper_id":219388232,"updated_at":"2025-01-31T15:15:04.006-08:00","_data":{"ai_abstract":"The paper discusses the implementation of Area-based Management Tools (ABMTs) and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the context of a future legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). It emphasizes the necessity for such an instrument to respect existing legal frameworks and addresses potential conflicts between proposed ABMTs/MPAs and established international and regional agreements. The text navigates through various views on the interpretation of the requirement that the new instrument should 'not undermine' existing mechanisms and highlights the importance of harmonizing overlapping regulatory regimes to achieve effective marine biodiversity conservation.","ai_title_tag":"Implementing ABMTs and MPAs in BBNJ","publication_date":"2019,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Panel 3: Area-based Management Tools (ABMTs) including MPAs","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3865017]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":93716027,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Panel 3: Area-based Management Tools (ABMTs) including MPAs”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/93716027/mini_magick20221105-1-u5b1c4.png?1667665959" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Panel 3: Area-based Management Tools (ABMTs) including MPAs</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3865017" href="https://xmu.academia.edu/YubingShi"><img alt="Profile image of Yubing Shi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3865017/1422140/6803683/s65_yubing.shi.jpg" />Yubing Shi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">15 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 90043192; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=90043192"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The paper discusses the implementation of Area-based Management Tools (ABMTs) and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the context of a future legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). It emphasizes the necessity for such an instrument to respect existing legal frameworks and addresses potential conflicts between proposed ABMTs/MPAs and established international and regional agreements. 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In the subsequent sections, I argue that the new mechanistic and praxis-oriented mechanism of global governance is built on the nexus between (1) the G20 acting as a hub of multi-level cooperation and as an apex systemic risk manager; (2) IOs offering expertise on specific issue areas; and (3) GOs as sherpas, or ministers responsible for specific subjects, who are able to meet before and after commitments, and are endorsed by and influence the iteration leaders use at subsequent summits to soften difficult issues. The mechanism represents a departure from the Schumpeterian "creative destruction" process, understood in broader terms as not restricted solely to the role of entrepreneurs and innovations, but extended also towards global politics and institutions (norms, systems, and organizations). As shown in G20 communiqués and declarations, the elite global governance institutions are providing valuable input to the G20 process. A good example of the G20 and IOs' effective synergy is the relationship between the G20 and the OECD, which can be described as a "partnership of convenience." The activity of sherpas, finance ministers, central bank governors, expert groups and similar sub-summit entities are also an essential component of the global governance mechanism. They are all responsible for major preparatory work before G20 summits. In conclusion, I argue that the successful spreading of this mechanism makes it possible to achieve ambitious objectives, such as (1) crisis response and closing global governance gaps, (2) enhancing international cooperation, and (3) building a capacity for international innovation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"G20 and the Development of a New Global Governance Mechanism","attachmentId":83308560,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75606953/G20_and_the_Development_of_a_New_Global_Governance_Mechanism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75606953/G20_and_the_Development_of_a_New_Global_Governance_Mechanism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="36103528" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36103528/Financing_Treaty_Operations_and_Implementation_A_Survey_of_Mechanisms">Financing Treaty Operations and Implementation: A Survey of Mechanisms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32999066" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SusanBragdon">Susan Bragdon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BACKGROUND STUDY PAPER NO. 13 E COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FINANCING TREATY OPERATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION: A SURVEY OF MECHANISMS</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Whether the subject matter primarily concerns trade, environment or development, issues surrounding financial resources, technology transfer and benefit-sharing play a central role in multilateral negotiations today. Focusing on international environmental treaties and treaties on the law of sustainable development, this paper will examine different means of financing treaty administration and implementation. More than most, these multilateral treaties have had to grapple with global inequities in order to attract the wide participation required to address global environmental problems. Hence, it is in this field that we see the evolution of concepts like “common but differentiated responsibility” or that the obligations arising from atreaty’s operational provisions are conditioned upon the fulfilment of financial obligations of developed country parties. It is also in this context that a body of institutional and substantive law has arisen out of the establishment and development of international mechanisms to provide financial assistance to developing countries to finance their treaty obligations. International lawyers are increasingly faced with complex institutional and legal issues posed by thecreation of new mechanisms to provide financial resources dedicated to financing treaty obligations and operations. Legal issues are posed, for example, by undefined terms (e.g., “agreed full incremental costs”). Institutional issues can arise in determining how a financial mechanism and its implementing agencies are to relate legally to a Conference of the Parties (COP). An analysis of the treaty mechanisms outlined below requires an examination of how effectively these issues have been addressed in actual practice. Examination of past experience can also raise awareness of the possible repercussions of compromise text and consequent need to be aware of the distinction between financial incentives and issues in the negotiating process and in the process of operational decision-making under the treaty. Whatever is agreed upon has to be able to be translated from a general commitment to specific obligations. In analyzing provisions as possible prototypes for the International Undertaking (IU), negotiators need to be cognizant of the fact that adopting an approach from one context without regard for the differences in the new context can lead to unanticipated problems. A good example of this is illustrated by the evolution of the use of the term “incremental costs.” It was a fairly straight-forward concept in the context of the Montreal Protocol (MP) but it does not translate as easily in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and it is even more problematic in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Financing Treaty Operations and Implementation: A Survey of Mechanisms","attachmentId":55994550,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36103528/Financing_Treaty_Operations_and_Implementation_A_Survey_of_Mechanisms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36103528/Financing_Treaty_Operations_and_Implementation_A_Survey_of_Mechanisms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="8048544" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8048544/The_Comeback_of_Global_Governance_Ways_out_of_the_crisis_of_multilateral_structures">The Comeback of Global Governance. Ways out of the crisis of multilateral structures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15259871" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcSaxer">Marc Saxer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">FES Briefing Paper, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Comeback of Global Governance. Ways out of the crisis of multilateral structures","attachmentId":34506811,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8048544/The_Comeback_of_Global_Governance_Ways_out_of_the_crisis_of_multilateral_structures","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8048544/The_Comeback_of_Global_Governance_Ways_out_of_the_crisis_of_multilateral_structures"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="22930106" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22930106/Chapter_2_The_Multilateral_Instruments_of_Security">Chapter 2: The Multilateral Instruments of Security</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14760141" href="https://gcsp.academia.edu/MarcFinaud">Marc Finaud</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Multilateralism is not an option, but a necessity, indeed an inevitability for the international community. It is the product of an evolutionary process. Muchkund Dubey, former Foreign Secretary of the Government of India 1 The concept of multilateral approaches to security threats is by no means a new (nor always a successful) one, dating back to the Concert of Europe in the 19th century and the League of Nations after World War I. The post-World War II world marked the foundation of the UN and led to an unprecedented rise in the number of multilateral institutions. It is interesting to note that the definition of multilateralism has not changed much since then, remaining "the practice of coordinating national policies in groups of three or more states", as Robert Keohane defined it. 2 John Gerard Ruggie expands this definition to imply that such coordination is based on certain principles, describing the three specific properties of international organisations as indivisibility (costs and benefits), generalised principles (general or universal norms) and diffuse reciprocity. 3 Drastic changes in the international system after the end of the Cold War have profoundly altered multilateral organisations, most of which were created in the 1950s and 1960s. This chapter analyses the major international institutions, examining them against their achievements in promoting a sustainable multilateralism over the course of time and their ability to adapt and operate in a new strategic environment. The following factors characterise the security environment that multilateral institutions operate in, which thus largely influences their activities: The growing interdependence of nations caused by globalisation continues at an accelerated pace, at the same time increasing inequalities and vulnerabilities;</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chapter 2: The Multilateral Instruments of Security","attachmentId":43461219,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22930106/Chapter_2_The_Multilateral_Instruments_of_Security","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22930106/Chapter_2_The_Multilateral_Instruments_of_Security"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="92560119" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92560119/Beyond_Multilateral_Treaty_Reforms">Beyond Multilateral Treaty Reforms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62139830" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuterAtagher">Luter Atagher</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">McGill GLSA Research Series</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">International trade law is primarily concerned with facilitating the flow of goods and services across national borders by minimizing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. However, there is a nexus between international trade and the environment. First, international trade is reckoned to have destructive environmental effects. The liberalization of global trade results in increased economic activity, including industrial processes, manufacturing, innovation of new technology, and extraction of natural resources from the earth and the sea, which inevitably results in environmental externalities such as biodiversity loss, pollution, and climate change. Second, international trade law intersects environmental law whenever trade restrictive measures such as import bans, export control and border taxes are adopted by states as a means of achieving environmental goals.[1] Such measures condition market access on the fulfilment of environmental norms related to the characteristic of the...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Beyond Multilateral Treaty Reforms","attachmentId":95536604,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92560119/Beyond_Multilateral_Treaty_Reforms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92560119/Beyond_Multilateral_Treaty_Reforms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="115033906" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115033906/Reform_of_International_Institutions">Reform of International Institutions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22951689" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/NgaireWoods">Ngaire Woods</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economic Paper, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Core questions Transnational issues for the twenty-first century International collective action Priorities for the UN An assessment of UN capacity Agendas for change Progress in achieving change Accelerating reform What else should be on the agenda? Implementation issues and next steps Annexes 2.1. Summary of Recommendations of the 2004 High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change 2.2. The Peacebuilding Commission 2.3. Current official development assistance and future projections 3 The Reform of International Environment Governance: An Agenda for the Commonwealth W Bradnee Chambers Summary Introduction Challenges in international environmental governance Current reform processes and country positions Options for a Commonwealth agenda on IEG reform Conclusion Annex 3.1. Recent Developments in International Environmental Governance Reform v Contents</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reform of International Institutions","attachmentId":111560358,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115033906/Reform_of_International_Institutions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115033906/Reform_of_International_Institutions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="5289647" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5289647/Beyond_Reach_The_OAS_and_Effective_Multilateralism">Beyond Reach? The OAS and Effective Multilateralism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4247486" href="https://iberoamericana.academia.edu/ThomasLegler">Thomas Legler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Beyond Reach? The OAS and Effective Multilateralism","attachmentId":32460390,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5289647/Beyond_Reach_The_OAS_and_Effective_Multilateralism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5289647/Beyond_Reach_The_OAS_and_Effective_Multilateralism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="8593998" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8593998/Improving_the_Effectiveness_of_International_Instruments">Improving the Effectiveness of International Instruments</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13992599" href="https://ingenst.academia.edu/MuhammadSyafiq">Muhammad Syafiq</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of this research is to examine the factors which shape the effectiveness of international instruments. By means of library research, relevant evidence from secondary sources was selected, evaluated and compared. Problems prioritization, the divisive issue of global economic disparities, public concern and NGO's role were examined. The results of this research strongly suggest that international instruments can be made more effective by enhancing scientific research, addressing common interests, mass media publication and empowering NGOs with clear rights and responsibilities. These results indicate that the integration of all States and nongovernment actors should be implemented in effective management of marine resources as well as sustainable development of marine resources.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Improving the Effectiveness of International Instruments","attachmentId":34961418,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8593998/Improving_the_Effectiveness_of_International_Instruments","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8593998/Improving_the_Effectiveness_of_International_Instruments"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="75965484" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75965484/The_International_Multilateral_System_Imperatives_of_Change_Potential_Scenarios_and_Suggestions_for_the_Future">The International Multilateral System: Imperatives of Change, Potential Scenarios and Suggestions for the Future</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125195097" href="https://unl-pt.academia.edu/MohamedKadah">Mohamed Kadah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This research on the international multilateral system has its raison-de-être in the problems of lack of effective global governance manifested in areas such as global politics, security, economy, environment and others. A fundamental focus of the research is on the latest changes in world politics, including state power shifts, power diffusion from state to non-state actors and the implications of the rapid evolution of globalization over the last two decades, with its proliferating challenges and opportunities. In addition, the research examines reform efforts in multilateral institutions and some of the reform proposals suggested in academic circles. The main objective of the research is to provide a holistic analysis of the current state of the multilateral system, the imperatives of reform in the system, its potential future scenarios as well as some suggestions for the future. No doubt, the United Nations (UN) is the core hub of the current system. Hence, the research principally approaches its subject from the perspective of the UN. In particular, the UN General Assembly is the subject of a case study that aims, among others, to highlight the predicament and potential of this unique forum of multilateral cooperation. DOUTORAMENTO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS Preface xiv Chapter Two, on the imperative of change, attempts to elaborate on the main reasons why, from the point of view of this research, the international multilateral system needs holistic reform today. Rather than the phenomena, this chapter aims to provide a deeper diagnosis of the root problems of global governance. It addresses these argued root problems under three main items: power shifts among the United States of America (USA) and other traditional and emerging powerhouses, with particular focus on China and the European Union (EU); power diffusion from states to non-state actors; and the complexity of current global challenges, lack of effective responses to them and the threat of anti-globalization forces, including nationalism. Consequently, Chapter Three, on the current reform agendas and ideas in debate, examines the current reform agendas in the UN, Bretton Woods institutions and the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition, it analyzes three serious reform proposals in academic circles: the trans-governmental networks approach of Anne-Marie Slaughter, the proposal of setting up a global power club or global executive committee along the lines of the Group of 20 (G-20) and the demands to establish a concert or league of world democracies together with transforming the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) into a global security organization. Chapter Four, on potential future scenarios, attempts to map potential future scenarios of the international multilateral system. Virtually, this chapter provides a look into the future based on current trends and indicators. It underlines three significant potential scenarios: effective multilateralism, where the UN plays a central overarching role; multilateralism à la carte or multi-multilateralism, which indicates the optional use of various multilateral forums, according to feasibility, on a case-by-case basis; and return of multipolar power politics akin to those of the early 19 th century. This chapter also refers to two other extreme scenarios, global government and global chaos. And it highlights the determining roles of the USA, other great powers and other actors as to which scenario is more likely to take root. The aim of Chapter Five, on the UN and the international multilateral system, is to poise the UN at the center stage of this research. It addresses the historical background of the organization; its mission, structure and main functions; the value of the world body at the time it faces increasing existential threats; and the historical DOUTORAMENTO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS Preface xv problem of lack of political will on the side of its members. This chapter also highlights two critical challenges to the UN today: lack of representative legitimacy and the UN's relevance to the surrounding global environment. Finally, Chapter Six is dedicated to a case study on the UN General Assembly. Most importantly, this chapter attempts to shed light on the unique value of the General Assembly and its potential role in ensuring more effective global governance, provided there is sufficient political will on the side the UN membership. After a basic background, the chapter analyzes the working culture and the current reform agenda in the Assembly. Consequently, it provides an analysis of how the role of the Assembly could be enhanced to improve the effectiveness of the UN in particular and the multilateral system at large. Throughout, the research refers to the results of the aforementioned field questionnaire. This questionnaire was administered on a sample of 50 professionals, drawn from 32 countries, with careers in the fields of diplomacy, international organizations and academia. It contained 11 substantive questions about the international multilateral system and the UN in particular, including the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council. Ultimately, the research ends with an afterword that basically recapitulates the main arguments and suggestions presented in the research. It should also be noted that the research adopts a general problem-solving approach that, besides identifying the root causes of the problems of the international multilateral system and the UN more specifically, attempts to provide practical, balanced suggestions to resolve these problems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The International Multilateral System: Imperatives of Change, Potential Scenarios and Suggestions for the Future","attachmentId":83652455,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75965484/The_International_Multilateral_System_Imperatives_of_Change_Potential_Scenarios_and_Suggestions_for_the_Future","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75965484/The_International_Multilateral_System_Imperatives_of_Change_Potential_Scenarios_and_Suggestions_for_the_Future"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="37595602" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37595602/G20_and_the_Development_of_a_New_Global_Governance_Mechanism_International_Organisations_Research_Journal_Vol_12_no_3_pp_32_52">G20 and the Development of a New Global Governance Mechanism. International Organisations Research Journal. Vol. 12, no 3, pp. 32–52.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61381850" href="https://ug.academia.edu/MarekRewizorski">Marek Rewizorski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The main objective of this article is to analyse the new global governance mechanism developed at the G20 forum by nineteen individual countries, along with the European Union (represented by the European Commission and the European Council), cooperating with international organizations (IOs) and government officials (GOs). In the subsequent sections, I argue that the new mechanistic and praxis-oriented mechanism of global governance is built on the nexus between (1) the G20 acting as a hub of multi-level cooperation and as an apex systemic risk manager; (2) IOs offering expertise on specific issue areas; and (3) GOs as sherpas, or ministers responsible for specific subjects, who are able to meet before and after commitments, and are endorsed by and influence the iteration leaders use at subsequent summits to soften difficult issues. The mechanism represents a departure from the Schumpeterian " creative destruction " process, understood in broader terms as not restricted solely to the role of entrepreneurs and innovations, but extended also towards global politics and institutions (norms, systems, and organizations). As shown in G20 communiqués and declarations, the elite global governance institutions are providing valuable input to the G20 process. A good example of the G20 and IOs' effective synergy is the relationship between the G20 and the OECD, which can be described as a " partnership of convenience. " The activity of sherpas, finance ministers, central bank governors, expert groups and similar sub-summit entities are also an essential component of the global governance mechanism. They are all responsible for major preparatory work before G20 summits. In conclusion, I argue that the successful spreading of this mechanism makes it possible to achieve ambitious objectives, such as (1) crisis response and closing global governance gaps, (2) enhancing international cooperation, and (3) building a capacity for international innovation. Citation: Rewizorski M. (2017) G20 and the Development of a New Global Governance Mechanism. International Organisations Research Journal, vol. 12, no 3, pp. 32–52 (in Russian and English). DOI: 10.17323/1996-7845-2017-03-32 Keywords: G20; global governance; international organizations; government officials</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"G20 and the Development of a New Global Governance Mechanism. International Organisations Research Journal. 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