CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nizhny Novgorod - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cbc3757c-898f-4700-ab9a-b61d6a66b251","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nizhny_Novgorod","wgTitle":"Nizhny Novgorod","wgCurRevisionId":1266700900,"wgRevisionId":1266700900,"wgArticleId":65430, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nizhny_Novgorod","wgRelevantArticleId":65430,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":56.32694444444445,"lon":44.0075},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym": "dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk", "autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb" ,"autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir": "rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{ "lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk", "awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or", "os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q891","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.8"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg/1200px-NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg/800px-NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg/640px-NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nizhny Novgorod - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nizhny_Novgorod rootpage-Nizhny_Novgorod stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nizhny+Novgorod" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Nizhny+Novgorod" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nizhny Novgorod</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Nizhny_Novgorod" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nizhny+Novgorod" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Nizhny Novgorod</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NIZH</span>-nee <span style="font-size:90%">NOV</span>-gə-rod</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Нижний Новгород</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnovɡərət]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/Ru-Nizhny_Novgorod.ogg\/Ru-Nizhny_Novgorod.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Nizhny Novgorod.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Ru-Nizhny_Novgorod.ogg/Ru-Nizhny_Novgorod.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Nizhny_Novgorod.ogg" title="File:Ru-Nizhny Novgorod.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></small> 'Lower Newtown'; colloquially shortened to <b>Nizhny</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative centre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Federal_District" title="Volga Federal District">Volga Federal District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The city is located at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> rivers in <a href="/wiki/Central_Russia" title="Central Russia">Central Russia</a>, with a population of over 1.2 million residents,<sup id="cite_ref-est_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-est-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nizhny Novgorod is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">sixth-largest city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volga#Biggest_cities_on_the_shores_of_the_Volga" title="Volga">second-most populous city</a> on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural centre in Russia and the vast <a href="/wiki/Volga-Vyatka_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga-Vyatka economic region">Volga-Vyatka economic region</a>, and the main centre of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theatres, museums and churches. </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Nizhny Novgorod</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Нижний Новгород</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative centre</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:266px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dmitrievskaya Tower and Minin and Pozharsky Square"><img alt="Dmitrievskaya Tower and Minin and Pozharsky Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg/266px-NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg/399px-NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg/532px-NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_30-06-2022_the_Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_at_sunset_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and Nizhny Novgorod Stadium"><img alt="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral and Nizhny Novgorod Stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/NN_30-06-2022_the_Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_at_sunset_05.jpg/132px-NN_30-06-2022_the_Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_at_sunset_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/NN_30-06-2022_the_Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_at_sunset_05.jpg/198px-NN_30-06-2022_the_Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_at_sunset_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/NN_30-06-2022_the_Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_at_sunset_05.jpg/264px-NN_30-06-2022_the_Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_at_sunset_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NN-16-05-2022_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minin and Pozharsky Monument"><img alt="Minin and Pozharsky Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NN-16-05-2022_33.jpg/132px-NN-16-05-2022_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NN-16-05-2022_33.jpg/198px-NN-16-05-2022_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/NN-16-05-2022_33.jpg/264px-NN-16-05-2022_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="GAZ"><img alt="GAZ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg/132px-Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg/198px-Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg/264px-Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_01-09-2021_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chkalov Stairs"><img alt="Chkalov Stairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NN_01-09-2021_27.jpg/132px-NN_01-09-2021_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NN_01-09-2021_27.jpg/198px-NN_01-09-2021_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NN_01-09-2021_27.jpg/264px-NN_01-09-2021_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_trade_fair_01-11-2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair"><img alt="Nizhny Novgorod Fair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nizhny_Novgorod_trade_fair_01-11-2021.jpg/266px-Nizhny_Novgorod_trade_fair_01-11-2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nizhny_Novgorod_trade_fair_01-11-2021.jpg/399px-Nizhny_Novgorod_trade_fair_01-11-2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nizhny_Novgorod_trade_fair_01-11-2021.jpg/532px-Nizhny_Novgorod_trade_fair_01-11-2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="1802"></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>Top-down, left-to-right:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dmitrievskaya_Tower" title="Dmitrievskaya Tower">Dmitrievskaya Tower</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minin_and_Pozharsky_Square" title="Minin and Pozharsky Square">Minin and Pozharsky Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Nizhny Novgorod">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium" title="Nizhny Novgorod Stadium">Nizhny Novgorod Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Monument to Minin and Pozharsky, Nizhny Novgorod">Minin and Pozharsky Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">GAZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chkalov_Stairs" title="Chkalov Stairs">Chkalov Stairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">Nizhny Novgorod Fair</a>.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Nizhny Novgorod"><img alt="Flag of Nizhny Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/125px-Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/188px-Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/250px-Flag_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod"><img alt="Coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="670"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Nizhny Novgorod</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays='["_8ac7d155567a7b0e2932d4a602c46d8df6cd7ba3"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nizhny_Novgorod&revid=1266700900&groups=_8ac7d155567a7b0e2932d4a602c46d8df6cd7ba3" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nizhny_Novgorod&revid=1266700900&groups=_8ac7d155567a7b0e2932d4a602c46d8df6cd7ba3 2x" alt="Map"></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nizhny Novgorod is located in Nizhny Novgorod"><img alt="Nizhny Novgorod is located in Nizhny Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Location_Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/250px-Location_Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Location_Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/375px-Location_Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Location_Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/500px-Location_Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="458"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.56%;left:74.409%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nizhny Novgorod"><img alt="Nizhny Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Nizhny Novgorod</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Nizhny Novgorod</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Nizhny Novgorod</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region_(PosMap).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nizhny Novgorod is located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast"><img alt="Nizhny Novgorod is located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region_%28PosMap%29.svg/250px-Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region_%28PosMap%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region_%28PosMap%29.svg/375px-Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region_%28PosMap%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region_%28PosMap%29.svg/500px-Map_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Region_%28PosMap%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="545"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.954%;left:37.588%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nizhny Novgorod"><img alt="Nizhny Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Nizhny Novgorod</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Russia_location_map_(2014%E2%80%932022,_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nizhny Novgorod is located in European Russia"><img alt="Nizhny Novgorod is located in European Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/250px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/375px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/500px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.147%;left:53.114%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nizhny Novgorod"><img alt="Nizhny Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Nizhny Novgorod</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Nizhny Novgorod (European Russia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of European Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nizhny Novgorod is located in Europe"><img alt="Nizhny Novgorod is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.68%;left:77.831%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nizhny Novgorod"><img alt="Nizhny Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Nizhny Novgorod</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Nizhny Novgorod (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nizhny_Novgorod&params=56_19_37_N_44_00_27_E_type:city(1250619)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°19′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°00′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.32694°N 44.00750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.32694; 44.00750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref818_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref818-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1221<sup id="cite_ref-found_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-found-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status since</th><td class="infobox-data">1221<sup id="cite_ref-found_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-found-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/City_Duma_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod">City Duma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Legis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Mayor of Nizhny Novgorod">Mayor</a><sup id="cite_ref-HeadTitle_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadTitle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">Yury Shalabaev<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-AboutCity_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AboutCity-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">514.56 km<sup>2</sup> (198.67 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">200 m (700 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,250,619</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,259,013 (<span style="color:green;">+0.7%</span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">5th</a> in 2010</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,400/km<sup>2</sup> (6,300/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nizhegorodian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Administrative status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Subordinated to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of oblast significance</a> of Nizhny Novgorod<sup id="cite_ref-Ref818_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref818-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Capital of</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Federal_District" title="Volga Federal District">Volga Federal District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nizhny Novgorod Oblast,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref818_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref818-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod<sup id="cite_ref-Ref818_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref818-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Municipal status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Urban okrug</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref825_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref825-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref825_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref825-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2246?uselang=en#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vremeni_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vremeni-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal code(s)</a><sup id="cite_ref-PostalCode_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostalCode-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">603000-603999</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Dialing code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+7 831<sup id="cite_ref-codes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">22701000001</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City Day</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd Saturday of August<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://admgor.nnov.ru/">admgor<wbr></wbr>.nnov<wbr></wbr>.ru</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 260px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="260" data-zoom="12" data-overlays='["_b5639e028d18fecea3ccec6664bf0608366dedc9"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x260.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nizhny_Novgorod&revid=1266700900&groups=_b5639e028d18fecea3ccec6664bf0608366dedc9" width="270" height="260" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,270x260@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Nizhny_Novgorod&revid=1266700900&groups=_b5639e028d18fecea3ccec6664bf0608366dedc9 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city was founded on 4 February 1221<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Prince <a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">George II of Vladimir</a>. In 1612, <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Minin" title="Kuzma Minin">Kuzma Minin</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pozharsky" title="Dmitry Pozharsky">Dmitry Pozharsky</a> organized an army for the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Poles and Lithuanians</a>. In 1817, Nizhny Novgorod became a <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">great trade centre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. In 1896, at a <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">fair</a>, an <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_Exhibition_1896" title="All-Russia Exhibition 1896">All-Russia Exhibition</a> was organized. During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet period</a>, the city turned into an important industrial centre, and was known as Gorky. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">Gorky Automobile Plant</a> was constructed in this period. Around this time, the city was given the nickname "Russian <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>". Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again. In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro" title="Nizhny Novgorod Metro">Nizhny Novgorod Metro</a> was opened. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> opened the new <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Machine-building_Plant" title="Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant">70th Anniversary of Victory Plant</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Almaz-Antey" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaz-Antey">Almaz-Antey</a> Air and Space Defence Corporation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Kremlin</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Historic_centre_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Historic centre of Nizhny Novgorod">historic centre</a> of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for a Nizhny Novgorod resident is “нижегородец” (<i>nizhegorodets</i>) for male or “нижегородка” (<i>nizhegorodka</i>) for female, rendered in English as <i>Nizhegorodian</i>. <i>Novgorodian</i> is improper; it refers to a resident of <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>. Nizhny Novgorod was one of the host cities of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Seat_of_medieval_princes"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Seat of medieval princes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Fortress_city"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fortress city</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Commercial_centre"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Commercial centre</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Soviet_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-Soviet_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Soviet era</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Administrative_and_municipal_status"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative and municipal status</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#City_layout_and_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">City layout and divisions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Geograph%D1%83"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Geographу</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Time"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Time</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Government_and_politics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Government and politics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#City_symbols"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">City symbols</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Information_technology"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Information technology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Engineering_industry"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Engineering industry</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Local_public_transportation"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Local public transportation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Metro"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Metro</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#S-Train"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">S-Train</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Railway"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Railway</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Waterways"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Waterways</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Highway"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Highway</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Intercity_buses"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Intercity buses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Aerial_cableway"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Aerial cableway</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Air_travel"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Air travel</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Main_sights"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Main sights</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#The_Fair"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Fair</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Bolshaya_Pokrovskaya_street"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bolshaya Pokrovskaya street</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Nizhny_Novgorod_art_gallery"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nizhny Novgorod art gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Houses_of_worship"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Houses of worship</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Chkalov_Stairs"><span class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Chkalov Stairs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium"><span class="tocnumber">9.6</span> <span class="toctext">Nizhny Novgorod Stadium</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">9.7</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#2018_FIFA_World_Cup"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">2018 FIFA World Cup</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Newspapers"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Newspapers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#TV_and_radio"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">TV and radio</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns – sister cities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Notes_2"><span class="tocnumber">16.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">16.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="History of Nizhny Novgorod">History of Nizhny Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Timeline of Nizhny Novgorod">Timeline of Nizhny Novgorod</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Originally the name was just Novgorod (“Newtown"), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> (Veliky Novgorod) to the west, the city was commonly called “Novgorod of the Lower lands," or “Lower Newtown.” This land was named “lower” (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:нижний"><i>nizhniy</i> (нижний)</a>), even though it is actually higher in altitude than Veliky Novgorod, because it is situated downstream of other Russian cities such as Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a>. </p><p>It was known from 1932 to 1990 as <b>Gorky</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Горький</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈɡorʲkʲɪj]</a></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seat_of_medieval_princes">Seat of medieval princes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seat of medieval princes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nizhny_Novgorod-Suzdal" title="Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal">Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal</a></div> <p>The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by grand prince <a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a> in 1221 at the <a href="/wiki/Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Spit of Nizhny Novgorod">confluence</a> of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka</a> rivers. It marked the eastern extreme of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> settlement until the end of the medieval period, with Russian expansion eastward delayed until the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">capture of Kazan</a> in 1552.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The independent existence of the medieval fort was threatened by the continuous <a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvin</a> attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under <a href="/wiki/Purgaz" title="Purgaz">Purgaz</a> in April 1229 was repulsed. After the death of Yuri II on 4 March 1238 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sit_River" title="Battle of the Sit River">Battle of the Sit River</a>, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, the fortress of Nizhny Novgorod took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped devastation during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a> on account of their insignificance, but grew into great centres in Russian political life during the hegemony of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. With the agreement of the Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal Principality</a> in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a> Principality was moved there from <a href="/wiki/Gorodets,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Gorodets</a> in 1350. Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Konstantinovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Konstantinovich">Dmitry Konstantinovich</a> (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Codex" title="Laurentian Codex">Laurentian Codex</a></i>, was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortress_city">Fortress city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fortress city" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appeal_of_Minin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Appeal_of_Minin.jpg/220px-Appeal_of_Minin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Appeal_of_Minin.jpg/220px-Appeal_of_Minin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Appeal_of_Minin.jpg/330px-Appeal_of_Minin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Appeal_of_Minin.jpg/440px-Appeal_of_Minin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Minin" title="Kuzma Minin">Kuzma Minin</a> appeals to the people of Nizhny Novgorod to raise a volunteer army against the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish People">Poles</a> (painting by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Makovsky" title="Konstantin Makovsky">Konstantin Makovsky</a>, 1896).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the city's incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Moscow">Grand Principality of Moscow</a> in 1392, the local princes took the name <a href="/wiki/Shuysky" title="Shuysky">Shuysky</a> and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of <a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I of Moscow</a>. After being burnt by the powerful <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatar</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Edigu" title="Edigu">Edigu</a> in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">their wars</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Tatars of Kazan</a>. The enormous red-brick <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Kremlin</a>, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Pietro Francesco. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1612, the so-called "national militia", gathered by a local merchant, <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Minin" title="Kuzma Minin">Kuzma Minin</a>, and commanded by <a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pozharsky" title="Dmitry Pozharsky">Dmitry Pozharsky</a> expelled the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish</a> troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the “<a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>” and establishing the rule of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov dynasty</a>. The main square in front of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Kremlin</a> is named after <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Minin" title="Kuzma Minin">Minin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pozharsky" title="Dmitry Pozharsky">Pozharsky</a>, although it is locally known simply as <a href="/wiki/Minin_and_Pozharsky_Square" title="Minin and Pozharsky Square">Minin Square</a>. Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. In commemoration of these events, on 21 October 2005, an exact copy of the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Minin_and_Pozharsky" title="Monument to Minin and Pozharsky">Red Square statue</a> of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Stroganov" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroganov">Stroganovs</a>, the wealthiest merchant family of Russia, as a base for their operations. A particular style of <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">architecture</a> and icon painting, known as the <a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a>, developed there at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The historical <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod">coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod</a> in 1781 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms from 2006 is the same, with a ribbon of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">order of Lenin</a> and gold crown from above.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_centre">Commercial centre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commercial centre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">Nizhny Novgorod Fair</a> and <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_Exhibition_1896" title="All-Russia Exhibition 1896">All-Russia Exhibition 1896</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_1903.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="465"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_1903.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_1903.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_1903.jpg/330px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_1903.jpg/440px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_1903.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Main building of the <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_exhibition_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Russia exhibition 1896">Great Russian Fair</a>, 19th-century postcard</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1817, the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">Makaryev Fair</a>, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> capital of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. The world's first radio receiver by engineer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Popov</a> and the world's first <a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">hyperboloid tower</a> and lattice shell-coverings by engineer <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shukhov" title="Vladimir Shukhov">Vladimir Shukhov</a> were demonstrated at the <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_exhibition_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Russia exhibition 1896">All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod</a> in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics, the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000. </p><p>The largest industrial enterprise was the <a href="/wiki/Krasnoye_Sormovo_Factory_No._112" title="Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No. 112">Sormovo Iron Works</a> which was connected by the company's own railway to <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_railway_station" title="Nizhny Novgorod railway station">Moskovsky railway station</a> in the Lower City of Nizhny Novgorod. The Kazansky railway station was in the Upper city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century, the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> helped build a large truck and tractor plant (<a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">GAZ</a>) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_era">Soviet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soviet era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9th_May._Day_of_the_German_surrender._Gorky_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/9th_May._Day_of_the_German_surrender._Gorky_1.jpg/220px-9th_May._Day_of_the_German_surrender._Gorky_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="971"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/9th_May._Day_of_the_German_surrender._Gorky_1.jpg/220px-9th_May._Day_of_the_German_surrender._Gorky_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/9th_May._Day_of_the_German_surrender._Gorky_1.jpg/330px-9th_May._Day_of_the_German_surrender._Gorky_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/9th_May._Day_of_the_German_surrender._Gorky_1.jpg/440px-9th_May._Day_of_the_German_surrender._Gorky_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Minin_and_Pozharsky_Square" title="Minin and Pozharsky Square">Minin and Pozharsky Square</a>, 9 May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow–Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Era">Soviet Era</a> when the railway to <a href="/wiki/Kotelnich" title="Kotelnich">Kotelnich</a> was opened for service in 1927. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> activist and Tsarist dissident <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>. When he returned to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1932 on the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the city was renamed <b>Gorky</b>. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky in World War II</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, from 1941 to 1943, Gorky was subjected to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">air raids</a> and bombardments by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>. The Germans tried to destroy the city industry because it was a major supplier of military equipment to the front. Of the attacks made in the rear of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, these became the most powerful in the entire duration of the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During much of the Soviet era, the city was <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">closed</a> to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists travelling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s. In 1970, by the Decree of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR</a>, the city was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>, the former Stalinist General Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">communist party</a>, died in exile there in 1971. On <span class="nowrap">20 November 1985</span>, in the city the first section of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro" title="Nizhny Novgorod Metro">metro</a> was launched. The <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> was exiled there during 1980–1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners. An end to the “closed” status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-PrevName2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrevName2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_era">Post-Soviet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod was celebrated on 21 August 2021. It celebrated the history and the great people who came from the city. The climax of the celebration was the city's 800th Anniversary Gala Show. <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Vodianova" title="Natalia Vodianova">Natalia Vodianova</a> gave a speech and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> was in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a> issued commemorative coins to honor the 800th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_01-05-2022_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minin and Pozharsky Square"><noscript><img alt="Minin and Pozharsky Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/NN_01-05-2022_11.jpg/270px-NN_01-05-2022_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/NN_01-05-2022_11.jpg/270px-NN_01-05-2022_11.jpg" data-alt="Minin and Pozharsky Square" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/NN_01-05-2022_11.jpg/405px-NN_01-05-2022_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/NN_01-05-2022_11.jpg/540px-NN_01-05-2022_11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minin_and_Pozharsky_Square" title="Minin and Pozharsky Square">Minin and Pozharsky Square</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_Stroganov_Church_08-2016_img2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Nativity"><noscript><img alt="Church of the Nativity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NN_Stroganov_Church_08-2016_img2.jpg/135px-NN_Stroganov_Church_08-2016_img2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NN_Stroganov_Church_08-2016_img2.jpg/135px-NN_Stroganov_Church_08-2016_img2.jpg" data-alt="Church of the Nativity" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NN_Stroganov_Church_08-2016_img2.jpg/202px-NN_Stroganov_Church_08-2016_img2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NN_Stroganov_Church_08-2016_img2.jpg/270px-NN_Stroganov_Church_08-2016_img2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_Church" title="Stroganov Church">Church of the Nativity</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_01-05-2022_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Spit (confluence of Oka and Volga Rivers)"><noscript><img alt="The Spit (confluence of Oka and Volga Rivers)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NN_01-05-2022_20.jpg/270px-NN_01-05-2022_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NN_01-05-2022_20.jpg/270px-NN_01-05-2022_20.jpg" data-alt="The Spit (confluence of Oka and Volga Rivers)" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NN_01-05-2022_20.jpg/405px-NN_01-05-2022_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NN_01-05-2022_20.jpg/540px-NN_01-05-2022_20.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Spit of Nizhny Novgorod">Spit</a> (confluence of <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga Rivers</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower-Volga_River_embankment_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lower-Volga River embankment"><noscript><img alt="Lower-Volga River embankment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lower-Volga_River_embankment_04.jpg/320px-Lower-Volga_River_embankment_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2179"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 214px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lower-Volga_River_embankment_04.jpg/320px-Lower-Volga_River_embankment_04.jpg" data-alt="Lower-Volga River embankment" data-width="214" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lower-Volga_River_embankment_04.jpg/480px-Lower-Volga_River_embankment_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lower-Volga_River_embankment_04.jpg/640px-Lower-Volga_River_embankment_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lower-<a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> embankment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_30-06-2022_Kanavino_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanavino Bridge"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NN_30-06-2022_Kanavino_Bridge.jpg/270px-NN_30-06-2022_Kanavino_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NN_30-06-2022_Kanavino_Bridge.jpg/270px-NN_30-06-2022_Kanavino_Bridge.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NN_30-06-2022_Kanavino_Bridge.jpg/405px-NN_30-06-2022_Kanavino_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NN_30-06-2022_Kanavino_Bridge.jpg/540px-NN_30-06-2022_Kanavino_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kanavino Bridge</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Administrative_and_municipal_status">Administrative and municipal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administrative and municipal status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Nizhny Novgorod is the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">administrative centre</a> (capital) of <a href="/wiki/Volga_Federal_District" title="Volga Federal District">Volga Federal District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref818_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref818-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">framework of administrative divisions</a>, it is, together with one <a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">resort settlement</a> and twelve <a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">rural localities</a>, incorporated as the <b><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of oblast significance</a> of Nizhny Novgorod</b>—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref818_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref818-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_divisions_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal divisions of Russia">municipal division</a>, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as <b>Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref825_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref825-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2011, <a href="/wiki/Marat_Safin" title="Marat Safin">Marat Safin</a> was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="City_layout_and_divisions">City layout and divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: City layout and divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Administrative divisions of Nizhny Novgorod">Administrative divisions of Nizhny Novgorod</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Map_of_Rayons_NN_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Location_Map_of_Rayons_NN_2020.svg/250px-Location_Map_of_Rayons_NN_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Location_Map_of_Rayons_NN_2020.svg/250px-Location_Map_of_Rayons_NN_2020.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Location_Map_of_Rayons_NN_2020.svg/375px-Location_Map_of_Rayons_NN_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Location_Map_of_Rayons_NN_2020.svg/500px-Location_Map_of_Rayons_NN_2020.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of Nizhny Novgorod</figcaption></figure> <p>Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka River</a> into two distinct parts. The Upper City (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Нагорная часть</span>, <i>Nagornaya chast</i>, <i>Mountainous part</i>) is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided: </p> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #FECCCC;color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nizhegorodsky_City_District,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhegorodsky City District, Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhegorodsky</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Kremlin</a>, the historical and administrative centre of the city);</li> <li><span style="background-color: #00FFFF;color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Prioksky_City_District" title="Prioksky City District">Prioksky</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #FFA500;color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sovetsky_City_District,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Sovetsky City District, Nizhny Novgorod">Sovetsky</a></li></ol> <p>The Lower City (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Заречная часть</span>, <i>Zarechnaya chast</i>, <i>Over river part</i>) occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts: </p> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #FECCFE;color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Avtozavodsky_City_District,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Avtozavodsky City District, Nizhny Novgorod">Avtozavodsky</a> (built around the <a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">Gorky Automobile Plant</a>);</li> <li><span style="background-color: #CCCCFE;color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kanavinsky_City_District" title="Kanavinsky City District">Kanavinsky</a> (the site of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">Nizhny Novgorod Fair</a> and the location of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_railway_station" title="Nizhny Novgorod railway station">main train station</a>);</li> <li><span style="background-color: #CCFECC;color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Leninsky_City_District,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Leninsky City District, Nizhny Novgorod">Leninsky</a>.</li> <li><span style="background-color: #CCCCCC;color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_City_District,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Moskovsky City District, Nizhny Novgorod">Moskovsky</a> (home of the <a href="/wiki/Sokol_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokol plant">Sokol Aircraft Plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sormovo_(airfield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sormovo (airfield)">its airfield</a>);</li> <li><span style="background-color: #FEFECC;color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sormovsky_City_District" title="Sormovsky City District">Sormovsky</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Krasnoye_Sormovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoye Sormovo">Krasnoye Sormovo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Krasnoye_Sormovo_Factory_No._112" title="Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No. 112">Volga Shipyard</a> are located);</li></ol> <p>All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community of Nizhny Novgorod">Jewish community of Nizhny Novgorod</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">90,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">221,544</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+146.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">643,689</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+190.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">941,962</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,170,133</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+24.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,344,474</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,438,133</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,311,252</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,250,619</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,228,199</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Population: <span class="nowrap">1,228,199 (<a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 Census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">1,250,619 (<a href="/wiki/2010_Russian_census" title="2010 Russian census">2010 Census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">1,311,252 (<a href="/wiki/2002_Russian_census" title="2002 Russian census">2002 Census</a>)</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-PopCensus_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopCensus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">1,438,133 (<a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 Soviet census</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Census1989_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1989-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Births (2009): 12,934</li> <li>Deaths (2009): 20,987</li></ul> <p>Nizhny Novgorod has a population of 1,228,199 within city limits and two million in the urban agglomeration, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">sixth-largest city</a> in Russia, ranking after <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russians make up 94.8% of the city's population. Among the remainder are <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-ВПН-2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-%D0%92%D0%9F%D0%9D-2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geographу"><span id="Geograph.D1.83"></span>Geographу</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geographу" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Nizhny_Novgorod.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Nizhny_Novgorod.png/220px-Central_Nizhny_Novgorod.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="1548"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Nizhny_Novgorod.png/220px-Central_Nizhny_Novgorod.png" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Nizhny_Novgorod.png/330px-Central_Nizhny_Novgorod.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Nizhny_Novgorod.png/440px-Central_Nizhny_Novgorod.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Historical centre of the city</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Time" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The area operates in what is referred to in international standards as <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Standard Time">Moscow Standard Time</a> (MSK), which is 3 hours ahead of <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>, or <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a> is no longer observed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1834, the first weather station was opened in Nizhny Novgorod. A century later it transformed into Gorky Hydrometeorological service; since 1978, it has been known as the Higher Volga hydrometeorology and natural habitat control department. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> in the region is continental, specifically <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a> (<i>Dfb</i>), and it is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Moscow" title="Climate of Moscow">climate in Moscow</a>, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from +19 °C (66 °F) in July to −9 °C (16 °F) in January. Average annual temperature is +4.8 °C (40.6 °F), wind speed 2.8 m/s, air humidity 76%. Being far enough away from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> for maritime effects to lower, Nizhny Novgorod has similar winters to <a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a> climates near the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, but instead has very warm summers for its latitude. </p><p>Nizhny receives on average 1,775 hours of sunshine a year. The maximum duration of daylight is in June (17 hours 44 minutes), and the minimum in December (6 hours 52 minutes). Overcast is often reported in winter: 75% to 80% of the time the sky is covered in clouds, while it's only 49 to 56% in April through to August. In autumn and winter, the overcast is usually in the mornings, then the sky clears in the afternoon. In spring and summer, on the contrary, it is clear in the mornings, while towards midday clouds cluster ('<a href="/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud">cumulus cloud</a>'), and disappear towards the evening. </p><p>In spring, temperatures set above zero around 5 April and stay until the end of October. On average precipitation comes at 653 mm per year, mostly in July and least of all in March. Generally, 180 days out of 365 enjoy some form of precipitation. <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> first comes in October but the blanket of snow insulates the ground at November-end and melts mid-April. As a rule, the air temperature in winter ranges from −10 °C (14 °F) to −20 °C (−4 °F). A storm rarely takes place in winter here (a few dates to mention are 27 November 1940, 30 November 1951, 14 February 1960, and 3 December 1962). In <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">spring</a> there's less precipitation than in other seasons. Spring flies by as snow melts in the second half of March and is normally gone by the end of April. <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a> comes at the beginning of June, when the temperature sets around +15. Maximum heat can be observed towards the third decade of July. Average temperatures range from +15 °C (59 °F) to +20 °C (68 °F). A maximum temperature of +38.2 °C (100.8 °F) was recorded during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_summer_heat_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves">2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves</a>. Summer <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> is short but intense, with strong <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>. In September, temperature starts to drop and gets below +10 °C (50 °F) in the mid-20s of the month. It rains often and heavily in <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a>, and the sky is overcast. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Nizhny Novgorod (1991–2020, extremes 1835–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br>(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br>(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br>(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br>(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br>(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br>(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br>(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br>(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br>(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br>(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br>(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br>(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2<br>(100.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9<br>(21.4) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br>(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br>(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br>(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br>(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br>(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br>(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br>(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br>(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br>(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br>(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br>(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3<br>(48.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6<br>(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br>(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br>(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br>(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br>(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br>(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br>(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br>(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br>(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br>(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br>(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.7<br>(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.3<br>(41.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.1<br>(12.0) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.7<br>(12.7) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2<br>(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br>(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br>(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br>(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br>(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br>(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br>(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br>(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br>(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.9<br>(16.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.9<br>(35.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41.2<br>(−42.2) </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.2<br>(−35.0) </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.3<br>(−18.9) </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.7<br>(−3.5) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9<br>(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br>(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br>(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br>(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br>(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.0<br>(3.2) </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.9<br>(−23.6) </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−41.4<br>(−42.5) </td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−41.4<br>(−42.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50<br>(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br>(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br>(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br>(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br>(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73<br>(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75<br>(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68<br>(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59<br>(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67<br>(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52<br>(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59<br>(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">665<br>(26.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br>(12) </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br>(17) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br>(16) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br>(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br>(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br>(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br>(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br>(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br>(0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br>(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br>(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br>(6.3) </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43<br>(17) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">151 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #0000A4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #0000B9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20 </td> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">133 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #444444; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.6 </td> <td style="background: #959595; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.7 </td> <td style="background: #C5C506; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.0 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">307.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">317.1 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.3 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.7 </td> <td style="background: #9A9A9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.7 </td> <td style="background: #4A4A4A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 </td> <td style="background: #2A2A2A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23.4 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,968.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_constituency" title="Nizhny Novgorod constituency">Nizhny Novgorod constituency</a> for the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN-07-2021_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NN-07-2021_04.jpg/220px-NN-07-2021_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NN-07-2021_04.jpg/220px-NN-07-2021_04.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NN-07-2021_04.jpg/330px-NN-07-2021_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/NN-07-2021_04.jpg/440px-NN-07-2021_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The former <a href="/wiki/City_Duma_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod">City Duma</a> building on <a href="/wiki/Minin_and_Pozharsky_Square" title="Minin and Pozharsky Square">Minin and Pozharsky Square</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Nizhny Novgorod is governed by the city administration and the City Duma. The mayor of the city may be the chairman of the City Duma; however, it may be another person. </p><p>The mayor is at the head of the city. The city administration and the city duma are subordinate to him. There are no direct elections of the mayor for city residents. The mayor is appointed by the decision of the <a href="/wiki/City_Duma_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod">City Duma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 28 October 2020, Yuri Shalabaev has been the mayor of Nizhny Novgorod.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>District heads are not elected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Mayor of Nizhny Novgorod">Mayor of Nizhny Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_Duma_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod">City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AE.%D0%92.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AE.%D0%92.jpg/220px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AE.%D0%92.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="3510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 331px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AE.%D0%92.jpg/220px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AE.%D0%92.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="331" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AE.%D0%92.jpg/330px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AE.%D0%92.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AE.%D0%92.jpg/440px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%AE.%D0%92.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The current mayor of Nizhny Novgorod is Yuri Shalabaev</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1991 to 2009, the mayor of the city was elected by the townspeople for a term of 5 years. During this time, four people have been in this post: Dmitry Bednyakov, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sklyarov" title="Ivan Sklyarov">Ivan Sklyarov</a>, Yuri Lebedev, <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Bulavinov" title="Vadim Bulavinov">Vadim Bulavinov</a> (twice). </p><p>In recent years, the role of the regional government headed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Governor of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">governor</a> in city affairs has significantly increased. </p><p>On 25 October 2010, the position of mayor was abolished and instead two formal positions appeared - the head of the city and the head of the administration. Oleg Sorokin was elected mayor of the city. At an extraordinary meeting of the City Duma on 3 December 2010, Oleg Kondrashov was approved as the head of the administration of Nizhny Novgorod. </p><p>On 22 July 2015, by the decision of the City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod, Kondrashov was removed from his post. Since then, he has been wanted by the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast_Police" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Police">police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 December 2017, the mayor of the city, Oleg Sorokin, was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 March 2019, the Nizhny Novgorod District Court sentenced him to 10 years in a strict regime colony with a fine of 460.8 million rubles.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 October 2015, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Karnilin" title="Ivan Karnilin">Ivan Karnilin</a> became the head of the city. In December 2016, opposition blogger <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a> published a video of his investigation, featuring Karnilin as the hero. As it turned out, it is possible that his ex-wife bought two apartments in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> in 2013 and 2014 for a total of almost $2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 May 2017, Karnilin wrote a letter of resignation, which was adopted by the City Duma.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All this time, an anti-corruption check was going on, which began long before the “investigation” of Alexei Navalny.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Ivan Karnilin, the last position of the head of the city was held by <a href="/wiki/Elizaveta_Solonchenko" title="Elizaveta Solonchenko">Elizaveta Solonchenko</a>, who held it from 21 June to 20 December 2017. After that, the post of mayor of the city returned, which was taken by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Panov" title="Vladimir Panov">Vladimir Panov</a>. He held this position from 17 January 2018 to 6 May 2020. Panov resigned ahead of schedule in connection with the transfer to a new position of Deputy Chairman of the State Commission for the Development of the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 6 May 2020, Yury Shalabaev has taken the post of mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced the practice of weekly online meetings with city residents in his <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> channel.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This significantly affected the speed of execution of various instructions and control. Shalabaev works closely with <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Governor of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gleb_Nikitin" title="Gleb Nikitin">Gleb Nikitin</a>. Under his mayorship, a large-scale modernization of public transport continues: the purchase of new transport, the introduction of contactless payment,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the construction of new <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro" title="Nizhny Novgorod Metro">metro</a> stations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of roads has also improved. The system of Nizhny Novgorod central diameters was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_symbols">City symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: City symbols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod">Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="670"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Nizhny_Novgorod.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod was approved on 16 August 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coat of arms and flag of the city depicts a red deer, which is a symbol of nobility, purity and greatness, life, wisdom and justice. The current city coat of arms and flag were adopted on 20 December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coat of arms of the city of Nizhny Novgorod is an image of a deer on a <a href="/wiki/French_heraldry#Arms_of_major_cities" title="French heraldry">French heraldic shield</a>, framed on the sides and bottom with a ribbon of the Order of Lenin. Above the upper part of the coat of arms there is a five-toothed crown, showing that Nizhny Novgorod is an urban district - the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</a>. </p><p>The unofficial historical symbols of the city are also the <a href="/wiki/Dmitrievskaya_Tower" title="Dmitrievskaya Tower">Dmitrievskaya Tower</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Kremlin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Spit of Nizhny Novgorod">Spit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chkalov_Stairs" title="Chkalov Stairs">Chkalov Stairs</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_BolPokrovskaya_Street_08-2016_img2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NN_BolPokrovskaya_Street_08-2016_img2.jpg/220px-NN_BolPokrovskaya_Street_08-2016_img2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="2998"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NN_BolPokrovskaya_Street_08-2016_img2.jpg/220px-NN_BolPokrovskaya_Street_08-2016_img2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NN_BolPokrovskaya_Street_08-2016_img2.jpg/330px-NN_BolPokrovskaya_Street_08-2016_img2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/NN_BolPokrovskaya_Street_08-2016_img2.jpg/440px-NN_BolPokrovskaya_Street_08-2016_img2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>State Bank of Nizhny Novgorod, built in 1913</figcaption></figure><p>Since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_all_the_Russias" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of all the Russias">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>, Nizhny Novgorod has become the centre of all-Russian merchants. On 15 July 1822 the largest <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">Nizhny Novgorod fair</a> was solemnly opened on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Oka_(river)" title="Oka (river)">Oka</a>. Then Nizhny Novgorod became the main city of all-Russian and international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, the Fair was closed, and the city's economy began to develop in a completely different direction. </p><p>The Soviet city of Gorky became one of the largest industrial centres in Russia, the leading role in which belonged to the enterprises of mechanical engineering, metalworking and information technology. At the same time, the first auto giant, the <a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">Gorky Automobile Plant</a>, was built.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The very foundation of the city at the confluence of two navigable rivers predetermined both its military-strategic and commercial significance. Local merchants traded not only with Moscow, Kazan, Yaroslavl, Astrakhan, but also with the cities of Europe and Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1767, during the royal visit of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_all_the_Russias" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of all the Russias">Empress</a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a>, she ordered the creation of a new enterprise, the Nizhny Novgorod Trading Company. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">Nizhny Novgorod Fair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN-16-05-2022_41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NN-16-05-2022_41.jpg/220px-NN-16-05-2022_41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NN-16-05-2022_41.jpg/220px-NN-16-05-2022_41.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NN-16-05-2022_41.jpg/330px-NN-16-05-2022_41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NN-16-05-2022_41.jpg/440px-NN-16-05-2022_41.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Nizhny Novgorod Fair</figcaption></figure> <p>The main factor in the formation of Nizhny Novgorod as the main trading centre of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> at the beginning of the 19th century was the transfer here in 1817 of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">Makariev Fair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the expense of the treasury, under the general project and under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Betancourt" title="Agustín de Betancourt">Augustine de Betancourt</a>, the largest guest complex in Europe was created.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the stage before 1822, the Cathedral of the Savior was built according to the project of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Montferrand" title="Auguste de Montferrand">Auguste de Montferrand</a>, 3 administrative, 4 “Chinese” wooden and 56 brick buildings with thousands of shops, hotels, taverns and a summer theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time in <a href="/wiki/Europe#History" title="Europe">Europe</a>, sewerage was provided here. At the second stage, the complex of the Cathedral of the Savior was completed, a mosque and an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian-Gregorian church</a> were built. The third stage marked a strict rectangular redevelopment of the fair with the paving of all streets, the creation of a number of new places of worship, including the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Nizhny Novgorod">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a>, a three-story commercial building, called the Persian Caravanserai, was erected near the mosque. The fourth stage was the last in a series of reconstructions and included: the construction of the stone circus of the Nikitin brothers, the Brazilian passage on theatre Square, the new Main Fair House in the Russian style, which became one of the largest passages of the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current Nizhny Novgorod fair is an interactive museum. The inauguration of the governor and various official events are held in the armorial hall. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_center_Nizhny_Novgorod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/World_Trade_center_Nizhny_Novgorod.jpg/220px-World_Trade_center_Nizhny_Novgorod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="641"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/World_Trade_center_Nizhny_Novgorod.jpg/220px-World_Trade_center_Nizhny_Novgorod.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/World_Trade_center_Nizhny_Novgorod.jpg/330px-World_Trade_center_Nizhny_Novgorod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/World_Trade_center_Nizhny_Novgorod.jpg/440px-World_Trade_center_Nizhny_Novgorod.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>World Trade centre Nizhny Novgorod</figcaption></figure> <p>Currently, trade in Nizhny Novgorod is represented mainly by its retail sector. In the 1990s, Belinsky Street was actively built up with shopping centres. In the mid-2000s, three shopping centres were built on the territory of Old Kanavino near the Railway Station, on Revolution Square. In 2008, in the very centre of Nizhny Novgorod, near the historical quarter known as the Black Pond, the Lobachevsky Plaza business centre was built, which was recognized as one of the best architectural projects of 2009. </p><p>In January 2019, Nizhny Novgorod was recognized as the best city in Russia in terms of quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took first place among Russian cities and 109th in the world in terms of quality of life. The rating was compiled by the website numbeo.com, which specializes in statistics on the cost of living and consumer prices in different countries of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When compiling the rating, the purchasing power of the population, safety, health care, the cost of living, the ratio of real estate prices and incomes of the population, traffic congestion, the level of environmental pollution, and climate were taken into account. </p><p>In 2022, the average nominal salary in Nizhny Novgorod, according to <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>, was 45,795 rubles.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Information technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankudinovka_IT-Park-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ankudinovka_IT-Park-01.jpg/220px-Ankudinovka_IT-Park-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ankudinovka_IT-Park-01.jpg/220px-Ankudinovka_IT-Park-01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ankudinovka_IT-Park-01.jpg/330px-Ankudinovka_IT-Park-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ankudinovka_IT-Park-01.jpg/440px-Ankudinovka_IT-Park-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>IT-Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centres of the IT industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> providers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> has a big software research and development centre with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major data centre. In 2022 Intel suspended business operations in Nizhny Novgorod.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Nizhny Novgorod, there are also a number of <a href="/wiki/Offshore_outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore outsourcing">offshore outsourcing</a> <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd, MERA, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom and Teleca, as well as many other smaller companies specialising in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors. </p><p>There are 25 scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and 33 higher educational institutions, among them are <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizhny Novgorod State University">Nizhny Novgorod State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_State_Technical_University" title="Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University">Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privolzhsky_Research_Medical_University" title="Privolzhsky Research Medical University">Privolzhsky Research Medical University</a>, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management. </p><p>Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park – a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favourable tax and customs policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_industry">Engineering industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Engineering industry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg/220px-Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg/220px-Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg/330px-Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg/440px-Gorky_Automobile_Plant._Main_entrance._09-2019_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Gorky Automobile Plant</figcaption></figure> <p>Engineering is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod's economy with transportation – the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture, and machine tools – predominating; the auto industry being the leading sector (50%). </p><p>Some of the largest plants include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">JSC</a> “<a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">Gorky Automobile Plant</a>” – personal cars, trucks, armored personnel carriers, and other autos</li> <li>JSC “<a href="/wiki/Krasnoye_Sormovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnoye Sormovo">Krasnoye Sormovo</a>” – river and sea ships, submarines</li> <li>JSC “<a href="/wiki/Sokol_design_bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokol design bureau">Sokol</a>” – planes, jets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_joint-stock_company" title="Open joint-stock company">PJSC</a> “<a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Machine-building_Plant" title="Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant">Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant</a>” – armament, artillery, howitzers, anti-tank guns, oil and gas fittings</li> <li>JSC “<a href="/wiki/Hydromash" title="Hydromash">Hydromash</a>” – hydraulic actuators, landing gear</li> <li>JSC “<a href="/wiki/NITEL_(Russian_company)" title="NITEL (Russian company)">Nitel</a>” – TV sets</li> <li>JSC “<a href="/wiki/RUMO_Plant" title="RUMO Plant">RUMO</a>” – diesel generators</li> <li>JSC “Krasny yakor” – anchor chains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKBM_Afrikantov" title="OKBM Afrikantov">OKBM Afrikantov</a> – nuclear reactors</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro._Avtozavodskaya_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro._Avtozavodskaya_Station.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro._Avtozavodskaya_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro._Avtozavodskaya_Station.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro._Avtozavodskaya_Station.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro._Avtozavodskaya_Station.jpg/330px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro._Avtozavodskaya_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro._Avtozavodskaya_Station.jpg/440px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro._Avtozavodskaya_Station.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Avtozavodskaya_(Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro)" title="Avtozavodskaya (Nizhny Novgorod Metro)">Avtozavodskaya</a> metro station</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_public_transportation">Local public transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Local public transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Public transportation within the city is provided by a <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Trams in Nizhny Novgorod">trams</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">marshrutkas</a></i> (routed taxis), buses, and <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metro">Metro</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Metro" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro" title="Nizhny Novgorod Metro">Nizhny Novgorod Metro</a> underground rapid transit system was opened in 1985; it now has two lines with 15 stations, connecting with <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_railway_station" title="Nizhny Novgorod railway station">railway terminal</a>, and carrying 102,000 passengers daily.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="S-Train">S-Train</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: S-Train" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Urban_Electric_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizhny Novgorod Urban Electric Train">Nizhny Novgorod City Rail</a> is a network of railway transport (<a href="/wiki/S-train" class="mw-redirect" title="S-train">S-Train</a>) in the city. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Metro" title="Nizhny Novgorod Metro">metro</a> it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: <i>Sormovskaya</i> and <i>Priokskaya</i>. It was founded on 24 June 2013, on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Gorky_Railway" title="Gorky Railway">Gorky Railway</a>, as an addition to the metro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Railway" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_Emperor%27s_Pavilion_on_Moscow_Station_08-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NN_Emperor%27s_Pavilion_on_Moscow_Station_08-2016.jpg/220px-NN_Emperor%27s_Pavilion_on_Moscow_Station_08-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3845" data-file-height="2564"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NN_Emperor%27s_Pavilion_on_Moscow_Station_08-2016.jpg/220px-NN_Emperor%27s_Pavilion_on_Moscow_Station_08-2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NN_Emperor%27s_Pavilion_on_Moscow_Station_08-2016.jpg/330px-NN_Emperor%27s_Pavilion_on_Moscow_Station_08-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NN_Emperor%27s_Pavilion_on_Moscow_Station_08-2016.jpg/440px-NN_Emperor%27s_Pavilion_on_Moscow_Station_08-2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Emperor's Pavilion on <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_railway_station" title="Nizhny Novgorod railway station">Moskovsky railway terminal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gorky_Railway" title="Gorky Railway">Gorky Railway</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a> department which operates some 5,700 km (3,500 mi) of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and 1,200 km (750 mi) in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a> and others. А fast <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than four hours. Passengers can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>, with direct trains to major cities in the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, as well as to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan"><i>Sapsan</i> train</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kursky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kursky Rail Terminal">Kursky Rail Terminal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moskovsky_railway_station_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Moskovsky railway station (Saint Petersburg)">Moskovsky Rail Terminal</a>) was launched on 30 July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The route has been run using <a href="/wiki/Strizh_(train)" title="Strizh (train)"><i>Strizh</i> trains</a> since 2015. </p><p>Suburban <a href="/wiki/Commuter_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter train">commuter trains</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Elektrichka" title="Elektrichka">elektrichka</a></i>) connect Nizhny Novgorod with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzerzhinsk,_Russia" title="Dzerzhinsk, Russia">Dzerzhinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arzamas" title="Arzamas">Arzamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zavolzhye,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Zavolzhye, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Zavolzhye</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balakhna,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (page does not exist)">Balakhna</a>, and others. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_Volga_Terminal_08-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NN_Volga_Terminal_08-2016.jpg/220px-NN_Volga_Terminal_08-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NN_Volga_Terminal_08-2016.jpg/220px-NN_Volga_Terminal_08-2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NN_Volga_Terminal_08-2016.jpg/330px-NN_Volga_Terminal_08-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NN_Volga_Terminal_08-2016.jpg/440px-NN_Volga_Terminal_08-2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>River terminal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Waterways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nizhny Novgorod is an important centre of <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofoils">hydrofoils</a> resumed operations on the Volga river. In August 2019, river navigation within the region was resumed. The hydrofoil Valdai began to sail along the routes Nizhny Novgorod – Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod – Makaryevo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway">Highway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Highway" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The city is served by the <a href="/wiki/M7_highway_(Russia)" title="M7 highway (Russia)">Russian highway M-7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> – Nizhny Novgorod – <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>), and is a hub of the regional highway network. Also through the city passes the federal highway P158 (Nizhny Novgorod – <a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a> – <a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercity_buses">Intercity buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Intercity buses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Square (just south of the city centre) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the city's main bus terminals are the following: </p> <ul><li>Kanavino Bus Station, near the Moscow Railway Station. Mostly serves directions west and northwest (e.g. toward Moscow)</li> <li>Scherbinki Bus Station, a few miles south of the city centre. Mostly serves directions east and south.</li></ul> <p>Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerial_cableway">Aerial cableway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Aerial cableway" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN-Bor_Volga_Cableway_08-2016_img10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NN-Bor_Volga_Cableway_08-2016_img10.jpg/220px-NN-Bor_Volga_Cableway_08-2016_img10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5267" data-file-height="3511"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NN-Bor_Volga_Cableway_08-2016_img10.jpg/220px-NN-Bor_Volga_Cableway_08-2016_img10.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NN-Bor_Volga_Cableway_08-2016_img10.jpg/330px-NN-Bor_Volga_Cableway_08-2016_img10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/NN-Bor_Volga_Cableway_08-2016_img10.jpg/440px-NN-Bor_Volga_Cableway_08-2016_img10.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Cableway" title="Nizhny Novgorod Cableway">Nizhny Novgorod-Bor Cableway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Cableway" title="Nizhny Novgorod Cableway">cableway</a> connecting Nizhny Novgorod and <a href="/wiki/Bor,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Bor, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast">Bor</a> was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of the cableway is 3.5 km (2.2 miles). It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface, which is 861 metres (2,825 feet). The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses. The cable car has also become a popular tourist attraction, thanks to panoramic views from the cabins. </p><p>Not far from Nizhegorodskaya station there are the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Cathedral_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque">Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pechersky_Ascension_Monastery" title="Pechersky Ascension Monastery">Pechersky Ascension Monastery</a>. </p><p>Around 100 metres (330 feet) from the Borskaya station is the park of historical reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i>, which represents a collective image of a site of the Roman borderland at the turn of the 1st-2nd centuries AD, with a military camp and a small town that developed from the Marktant village at the camp. On 31 July 2014, there was an incident when lightning struck a metal support near the booth during a heavy thunderstorm, and the cable car was stopped with people in the cabins.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_travel">Air travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Air travel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_International_Airport_(Strigino)_-_new_terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nizhny_Novgorod_International_Airport_%28Strigino%29_-_new_terminal.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_International_Airport_%28Strigino%29_-_new_terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="2246"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nizhny_Novgorod_International_Airport_%28Strigino%29_-_new_terminal.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_International_Airport_%28Strigino%29_-_new_terminal.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nizhny_Novgorod_International_Airport_%28Strigino%29_-_new_terminal.jpg/330px-Nizhny_Novgorod_International_Airport_%28Strigino%29_-_new_terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nizhny_Novgorod_International_Airport_%28Strigino%29_-_new_terminal.jpg/440px-Nizhny_Novgorod_International_Airport_%28Strigino%29_-_new_terminal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Strigino_International_Airport" title="Strigino International Airport">Strigino International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nizhny Novgorod is served by <a href="/wiki/Strigino_International_Airport" title="Strigino International Airport">Strigino International Airport</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has direct flights to major Russian cities and the Middle East. The <a href="/wiki/Sormovo_(airfield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sormovo (airfield)">air base Sormovo</a> was an important military airlift facility, and <a href="/wiki/Pravdinsk_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pravdinsk (air base)">Pravdinsk air base</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor aircraft</a> base during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. <a href="/wiki/S7_Airlines" title="S7 Airlines">S7 Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> fly to Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Domodedovo International Airport">Domodedovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport" title="Sheremetyevo International Airport">Sheremetyevo Airports</a> daily. </p><p>It is unknown when the first <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">aerodrome</a> in Nizhny Novgorod was built, but its location was 0.5 km (0.31 mi) north of where the “Moscow” cinema stands today. This aerodrome was named Nizhny Novgorod Airport. In 2011 HC Airports of Regions won their bid on the investment project into Nizhny Novgorod International Airport. In 2012, renovations were made in order to more efficiently exploit the existing facility while the new one is being built. </p><p>A new terminal was opened on 29 December 2015, able to handle around 300 passengers per hour. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Main sights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Special:EditPage/Nizhny Novgorod">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nizhny+Novgorod%22">"Nizhny Novgorod"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nizhny+Novgorod%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nizhny+Novgorod%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nizhny+Novgorod%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nizhny+Novgorod%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nizhny+Novgorod%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_centre_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Historic centre of Nizhny Novgorod">central city</a> is built in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revival">Russian Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalin_Empire_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Empire style">Stalin Empire styles</a>. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Kremlin</a> (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the Kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–1631), first built in stone in the 13th century. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nizhny_Novgorod_banner.jpg/1600px-Nizhny_Novgorod_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="1600" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1600px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nizhny_Novgorod_banner.jpg/1600px-Nizhny_Novgorod_banner.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1600" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Nizhny_Novgorod_banner.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_banner.jpg" title="File:Nizhny Novgorod banner.jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin</a></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.jpg/330px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.jpg/440px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin wall.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions, there are eight theatres, five concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 17 cinemas (including five for children), 25 institutions of children's optional education, eight museums (16 including branches), and seven parks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fair">The Fair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: The Fair" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_the_Fair_01-11-2021_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NN_the_Fair_01-11-2021_02.jpg/220px-NN_the_Fair_01-11-2021_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="1742"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 83px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NN_the_Fair_01-11-2021_02.jpg/220px-NN_the_Fair_01-11-2021_02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NN_the_Fair_01-11-2021_02.jpg/330px-NN_the_Fair_01-11-2021_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NN_the_Fair_01-11-2021_02.jpg/440px-NN_the_Fair_01-11-2021_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Main Fair Building</figcaption></figure> <p>The centre of the fair was the main building in the spirit of classicism and the side administrative buildings that formed the central square. To protect from floods, a 3.5 m (11 ft) high dam was built. On 4 November 2017, a new multimedia exhibition called “Russia is My History” was opened in the Main Fair Building. The main focus of the exhibition is the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="History of Nizhny Novgorod">history of Nizhny Novgorod</a>, starting from <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic peoples</a>. On the territory of the complex there are departments in which they tell about the foundation of the city, the struggle for independence in the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">bombing of the city</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolshaya_Pokrovskaya_street">Bolshaya Pokrovskaya street</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bolshaya Pokrovskaya street" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4587" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolshaya_Pokrovskay_street_during_the_rain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bolshaya_Pokrovskay_street_during_the_rain.jpg/220px-Bolshaya_Pokrovskay_street_during_the_rain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bolshaya_Pokrovskay_street_during_the_rain.jpg/220px-Bolshaya_Pokrovskay_street_during_the_rain.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bolshaya_Pokrovskay_street_during_the_rain.jpg/330px-Bolshaya_Pokrovskay_street_during_the_rain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bolshaya_Pokrovskay_street_during_the_rain.jpg/440px-Bolshaya_Pokrovskay_street_during_the_rain.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Bolshaya Pokrovskay street during the rain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main street of Nizhny Novgorod, located in the city center. Most part of it is pedestrian. There are many architectural monuments and various street sculptures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nizhny_Novgorod_art_gallery">Nizhny Novgorod art gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Nizhny Novgorod art gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_Kremlin_08-2016_img9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NN_Kremlin_08-2016_img9.jpg/220px-NN_Kremlin_08-2016_img9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="2338"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NN_Kremlin_08-2016_img9.jpg/220px-NN_Kremlin_08-2016_img9.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NN_Kremlin_08-2016_img9.jpg/330px-NN_Kremlin_08-2016_img9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NN_Kremlin_08-2016_img9.jpg/440px-NN_Kremlin_08-2016_img9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The State art gallery</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">art gallery</a> in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a> of human <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. </p><p>Nizhny Novgorod has a significant art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Briullov" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Briullov">Karl Briullov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishkin" title="Ivan Shishkin">Ivan Shishkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kramskoi" title="Ivan Kramskoi">Ivan Kramskoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Yefimovich_Repin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Yefimovich Repin">Ilya Yefimovich Repin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Iljitsch_Lewitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan">Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Surikov" title="Vasily Surikov">Vasily Surikov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a>. There are also greater collections of works by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> art including works by <a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger" title="David Teniers the Younger">David Teniers the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto" title="Bernardo Bellotto">Bernardo Bellotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_Grebber" title="Pieter de Grebber">Pieter de Grebber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Maria_Crespi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Maria Crespi">Giuseppe Maria Crespi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi" title="Giovanni Battista Piranesi">Giovanni Battista Piranesi</a>. </p><p>The gallery also includes a collection of <a href="/wiki/Russian_avant-garde" title="Russian avant-garde">Russian avant-garde</a> works including those by <a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Natalia Goncharova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Larionov" title="Mikhail Larionov">Mikhail Larionov</a>. There is also a collection of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Houses_of_worship">Houses of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Houses of worship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_Pechersky_Monastery_08-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NN_Pechersky_Monastery_08-2016.jpg/220px-NN_Pechersky_Monastery_08-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2427"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NN_Pechersky_Monastery_08-2016.jpg/220px-NN_Pechersky_Monastery_08-2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NN_Pechersky_Monastery_08-2016.jpg/330px-NN_Pechersky_Monastery_08-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NN_Pechersky_Monastery_08-2016.jpg/440px-NN_Pechersky_Monastery_08-2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pechersky_Ascension_Monastery" title="Pechersky Ascension Monastery">Pechersky Ascension Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_AlexanderNevsky_Cathedral_08-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NN_AlexanderNevsky_Cathedral_08-2016.jpg/220px-NN_AlexanderNevsky_Cathedral_08-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2807" data-file-height="3509"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NN_AlexanderNevsky_Cathedral_08-2016.jpg/220px-NN_AlexanderNevsky_Cathedral_08-2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NN_AlexanderNevsky_Cathedral_08-2016.jpg/330px-NN_AlexanderNevsky_Cathedral_08-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NN_AlexanderNevsky_Cathedral_08-2016.jpg/440px-NN_AlexanderNevsky_Cathedral_08-2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Nizhny Novgorod">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a> (New Fair Cathedral)</figcaption></figure> <p>Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pechersky_Ascension_Monastery" title="Pechersky Ascension Monastery">Pechersky Ascension Monastery</a> features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov. </p><p>There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the <a href="/wiki/Stroganovs" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroganovs">Stroganovs</a> in the nascent <a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Baroque style</a>. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood. </p><p>Other notable churches include: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair#Transfiguration_Cathedral" title="Nizhny Novgorod Fair">Transfiguration Cathedral</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the Old Fair Cathedral, a huge domed edifice built at the site of the great fair to an <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> design by <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Betancourt" title="Agustín de Betancourt">Agustín de Betancourt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Montferrand" title="Auguste de Montferrand">Auguste de Montferrand</a> in 1822;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Nizhny Novgorod">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed in the Russian Revival style and constructed between 1856 and 1880 at the <a href="/wiki/Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Spit of Nizhny Novgorod">Spit of Nizhny Novgorod</a> (the confluence of the Oka and the Volga). It is the third-tallest Cathedral in Russia;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Stroganov_Church" title="Stroganov Church">Church of the Nativity</a>. One of the most beautiful churches in the city. Was built 1696–1719 on the means of the merchant <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Dmitriyevich_Stroganov" title="Grigory Dmitriyevich Stroganov">Grigory Stroganov</a>. It is one of the best examples of Stroganov style. Church located at the <a href="/wiki/Rozhdestvenskaya_Street" title="Rozhdestvenskaya Street">Rozhdestvenskaya Street</a>.</li> <li>the recently reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(Nizhny_Novgorod)" title="Church of St. John the Baptist (Nizhny Novgorod)">Church of the Nativity of John the Precursor</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1676–83), standing just below the Kremlin walls; it was used during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet period</a> as an apartment house;</li> <li>the parish churches of the Holy Wives<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1649) and of Saint Elijah<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1656);</li> <li>the Assumption Church on St Elijah's Hill<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1672), with five green-tiled domes arranged unorthodoxly on the lofty cross-shaped barrel roof;</li> <li>the shrine of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> at the Bugrovskoe cemetery,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erected in the 1910s to a critically acclaimed design by Vladimir Pokrovsky;</li> <li>the wooden chapel of the Intercession<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1660), transported to Nizhny Novgorod from a rural area.</li></ul> <p>The centrally located <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community of Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue</a> was built in 1881–1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened circa 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chkalov_Stairs">Chkalov Stairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Chkalov Stairs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chkalov_Stairs" title="Chkalov Stairs">Chkalov Staircase</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Minin_and_Pozharsky_Square" title="Minin and Pozharsky Square">Minin and Pozharsky Square</a>, the Upper Volga, and the Lower Volga embankments. It was built by the architects Alexander Yakovlev, Lev Rudnev, and Vladimir Munts. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">German prisoners</a> of war forced to labour around Gorky. It is the longest staircase in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The staircase starts from the monument to <a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a>, near St. George's Tower of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Kremlin</a>. It is built in the form of a figure of eight and consists of 560 steps if you count it on both sides. The number of steps from the bottom to the top is 442 on the right. In the intersections of the side slopes there are two observation platforms. At the bottom of the stairs is a monument to the Hero boat, which is located at the Lower Volga embankment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium">Nizhny Novgorod Stadium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nizhny Novgorod Stadium" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium" title="Nizhny Novgorod Stadium">Nizhny Novgorod Stadium</a></div> <p>Standing on a spit of the Volga and Oka Rivers in the city centre is the international-class Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. This arena hosted six games of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>. After the World Cup, the stadium serves as a multipurpose sports complex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A singular monument of industrial architecture is a 128 m (420 ft) <a href="/wiki/Shukhov_tower_on_the_Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukhov tower on the Oka River">open-work hyperboloid tower</a> built on the bank of the Oka near <a href="/wiki/Dzerzhinsk,_Russia" title="Dzerzhinsk, Russia">Dzerzhinsk</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">powerline</a> river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shukhov" title="Vladimir Shukhov">Vladimir Shukhov</a> in 1929. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View as seen to Rozhdestvenskaya st., Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, Church of St John the Baptist and the Spit"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg/1000px-Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10774" data-file-height="2662"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg/1000px-Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1000" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg/1500px-Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg/2000px-Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rozhdestvenskaja_st.jpg" title="File:Rozhdestvenskaja st.jpg"> </a></div>View as seen to <a href="/wiki/Rozhdestvenskaya_Street" title="Rozhdestvenskaya Street">Rozhdestvenskaya st.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Kremlin" title="Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin">Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin</a>, Church of St John the Baptist and the <a href="/wiki/Spit_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Spit of Nizhny Novgorod">Spit</a></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_lower_part_of_the_Nizhny_Novgorod_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/View_of_the_lower_part_of_the_Nizhny_Novgorod_city.jpg/220px-View_of_the_lower_part_of_the_Nizhny_Novgorod_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/View_of_the_lower_part_of_the_Nizhny_Novgorod_city.jpg/220px-View_of_the_lower_part_of_the_Nizhny_Novgorod_city.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/View_of_the_lower_part_of_the_Nizhny_Novgorod_city.jpg/330px-View_of_the_lower_part_of_the_Nizhny_Novgorod_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/View_of_the_lower_part_of_the_Nizhny_Novgorod_city.jpg/440px-View_of_the_lower_part_of_the_Nizhny_Novgorod_city.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>View of the lower part of the Nizhny Novgorod city.</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_01-09-2021_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NN_01-09-2021_08.jpg/220px-NN_01-09-2021_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NN_01-09-2021_08.jpg/220px-NN_01-09-2021_08.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NN_01-09-2021_08.jpg/330px-NN_01-09-2021_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/NN_01-09-2021_08.jpg/440px-NN_01-09-2021_08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Main Entrance of Medical University</figcaption></figure> <p>Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._I._Lobachevsky_State_University_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod">N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_State_Technical_University" title="Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University">Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Medical_University_of_Volga_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Medical University of Volga region">Research Medical University of Volga region</a></li> <li>Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering</li> <li>Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University</li> <li>Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University</li> <li>Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy</li> <li>Volgo-Vyatsky Region Civil Service Academy<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are also twenty research institutes located in the city. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <p>Several sports clubs are active in the city: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club</th> <th>Sport</th> <th>Founded</th> <th>Current League</th> <th>League<br>Rank</th> <th>Stadium </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Nizhny_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Nizhny Novgorod">FC Nizhny Novgorod</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Premier_League" title="Russian Premier League">Russian Premier League</a> </td> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium" title="Nizhny Novgorod Stadium">Nizhny Novgorod Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod">Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">Kontinental Hockey League</a> </td> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Sport_Palace" title="Trade Union Sport Palace">Trade Union Sport Palace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Start_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Start Nizhny Novgorod">Start Nizhny Novgorod</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> </td> <td>1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Bandy_Super_League" title="Russian Bandy Super League">Bandy Super League</a> </td> <td>1st </td> <td>Start Stadium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BC_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="BC Nizhny Novgorod">BC Nizhny Novgorod</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VTB_United_League" title="VTB United League">VTB United League</a> </td> <td>1st </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Sport_Palace" title="Trade Union Sport Palace">Trade Union Sport Palace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ASC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Major League A </td> <td>2nd </td> <td>FOK Zarechye </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sparta </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Women's Volleyball Supreme League A </td> <td>2nd </td> <td>FOK Zarechye </td></tr> <tr> <td>Futbol-Hokkey NN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Futsal Supreme League </td> <td>2nd </td> <td>FOK Krasnaya Gorka </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_FIFA_World_Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 2018 FIFA World Cup" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:408px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Nizhny Novgorod Stadium hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup games"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg/400px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7416" data-file-height="3708"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg/400px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="400" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg/600px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg/800px-Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium_asv2019-05.jpg" title="File:Nizhny Novgorod Stadium asv2019-05.jpg"> </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium" title="Nizhny Novgorod Stadium">Nizhny Novgorod Stadium</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> games</div></div></div> <p>Russia hosted the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>, and six matches were played at the new <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Stadium" title="Nizhny Novgorod Stadium">Nizhny Novgorod Stadium</a>. The stadium is built beside the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka</a> rivers and has a capacity of 44,899 people.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stadium hosted six matches of the FIFA World Cup: </p> <ul><li>18 June 2018 15:00 Sweden – South Korea, Group F</li> <li>21 June 2018 21:00 Argentina – Croatia, Group D</li> <li>24 June 2018 15:00 England – Panama, Group G</li> <li>27 June 2018 21:00 Switzerland – Costa Rica, Group E</li> <li>1 July 2018 21:00 Croatia – Denmark Round of 16</li> <li>6 July 17:00, Uruguay – France Quarter-finals</li></ul> <p>During the World Cup, the Minin and Pozharsky Square hosted the FIFA Fan Fest. The venue was open on game days from 13.00 till 00.00. The Fan Fest venue included a hospitality area, a folk art craft shop, and food outlets (20 stationary and 7 mobile outlets). The games were broadcast on a big screen. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">Media of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod._Printing_Company_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nizhny_Novgorod._Printing_Company_building.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod._Printing_Company_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1795"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nizhny_Novgorod._Printing_Company_building.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod._Printing_Company_building.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nizhny_Novgorod._Printing_Company_building.jpg/330px-Nizhny_Novgorod._Printing_Company_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nizhny_Novgorod._Printing_Company_building.jpg/440px-Nizhny_Novgorod._Printing_Company_building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Nizhpoligraf - Polygraphic industrial and Publishing centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Nizhny Novgorod is the centre of television and radio broadcasting in the region and the Volga Federal District. There are local TV stations, the Internet, and print media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Newspapers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Russia" title="List of newspapers in Russia">List of newspapers in Russia</a></div> <p>In the city, there are some popular urban newspapers. <i>Nizhegorodskaya Pravda</i>, <i>Stolitsa Nizhny</i> and <i>Nizhegorodsky rabochiy</i> are Russian-language media headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. <i>Nizhegorodskaya pravda</i> is the oldest newspaper of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_and_radio">TV and radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: TV and radio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizhny_Novgorod_TV-Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nizhny_Novgorod_TV-Tower.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_TV-Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nizhny_Novgorod_TV-Tower.jpg/220px-Nizhny_Novgorod_TV-Tower.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nizhny_Novgorod_TV-Tower.jpg/330px-Nizhny_Novgorod_TV-Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nizhny_Novgorod_TV-Tower.jpg/440px-Nizhny_Novgorod_TV-Tower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>View of TV-Tower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NN_04-07-2022_Gorky_Square_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NN_04-07-2022_Gorky_Square_03.jpg/220px-NN_04-07-2022_Gorky_Square_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NN_04-07-2022_Gorky_Square_03.jpg/220px-NN_04-07-2022_Gorky_Square_03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NN_04-07-2022_Gorky_Square_03.jpg/330px-NN_04-07-2022_Gorky_Square_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NN_04-07-2022_Gorky_Square_03.jpg/440px-NN_04-07-2022_Gorky_Square_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Communications House, Central Post Office and Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Russia">Radio in Russia</a></div> <p>One of the first TV channels in the city was NNTV. It was created during the Soviet period, on the basis of the Gorky television. Also, there is the TV channel <i>Volga</i>. The earlier existing most popular TV channel, Seti-NN, stopped broadcasting in December 2015. </p><p>Nizhny Novgorod television networks: </p> <table cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel One (Russia)">Channel One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-1_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia-1 (TV channel)">Russia-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-2_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia-2 (TV channel)">Russia-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_(Russia)" title="NTV (Russia)">NTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Tsentr" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Tsentr">TV Tsentr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_%E2%80%93_Channel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersburg – Channel 5">Channel 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-K" title="Russia-K">Russia-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-24_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia-24 (TV channel)">Russia-24</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_of_Russia" title="Public Television of Russia">Public Television of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN_TV" title="REN TV">REN TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS_(TV_channel)" title="STS (TV channel)">STS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Angels">3ABN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="TNT (Russian TV channel)">TNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-3_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-3 (Russia)">TV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(TV_channel)" title="Zvezda (TV channel)">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domashny" title="Domashny">Domashny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(TV_channel)" title="Carousel (TV channel)">Carousel</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peretz_(TV_channel,_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peretz (TV channel, Russia)">Peretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%C3%972_(TV_channel)" title="2×2 (TV channel)">2x2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyatnica!_(TV_channel,_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyatnica! (TV channel, Russia)">Pyatnica!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Channel (Russia)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBC_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC TV">RBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU.TV" title="RU.TV">RU.TV</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STRC_Nizhny_Novgorod_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STRC Nizhny Novgorod (TV channel) (page does not exist)">STRC Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNTV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNTV (page does not exist)">NNTV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volga_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volga (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Volga</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nizhny Novgorod radio stations: </p> <table cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <ul><li>3ABN Russia Radio</li> <li>”<a href="/wiki/Russkoye_Radio" title="Russkoye Radio">Russian (Russkoye) Radio</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Europa_Plus" title="Europa Plus">Europa Plus</a>"</li> <li>"DFM"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/NRJ_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="NRJ Russia">NRJ (Russia)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radio_Maximum" title="Radio Maximum">Radio Maximum</a>"</li> <li>"Obraz"</li> <li>"NN-Radio"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gazprom-Media#Media_assets" title="Gazprom-Media">Comedy Radio</a>"</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Igor_Krutoy#Krutoy_Media_(formerly_ARS_Media)_group" title="Igor Krutoy">Love Radio</a>"</li> <li>"Pioneer FM"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Igor_Krutoy#Krutoy_Media_(formerly_ARS_Media)_group" title="Igor Krutoy">Radio Dacha</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nashe_Radio" title="Nashe Radio">Nashe Radio</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company#European_Media_Group" title="Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company">Radio 7</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gazprom-Media#Media_assets" title="Gazprom-Media">Yumor FM</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company#European_Media_Group" title="Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company">Retro FM</a>"</li> <li>"Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>"Radio Rendez Vous"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(TV_channel)" title="Zvezda (TV channel)">Zvezda</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radio_Rossii" title="Radio Rossii">Radio Rossii</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radio_Mayak" title="Radio Mayak">Radio Mayak</a>"</li> <li>"Business FM"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/AvtoRadio" title="AvtoRadio">Autoradio</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Silver_Rain_Radio" title="Silver Rain Radio">Silver Rain</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Igor_Krutoy#Krutoy_Media_(formerly_ARS_Media)_group" title="Igor Krutoy">Shanson</a>"</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company#European_Media_Group" title="Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company">Dorozhnoe Radio (Radio of roads)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vesti_FM" title="Vesti FM">Vesti FM</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a> FM"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gazprom-Media#Media_assets" title="Gazprom-Media">Children's (Detskoe) Radio</a>"</li> <li>"Radio Alla"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hit_FM_(Russia)" title="Hit FM (Russia)">Hit FM</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radio_Record" title="Radio Record">Radio Record</a>"</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="List of people from Nizhny Novgorod">List of people from Nizhny Novgorod</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chkalov_Stairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chkalov_Stairs.jpg/220px-Chkalov_Stairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4548" data-file-height="3032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chkalov_Stairs.jpg/220px-Chkalov_Stairs.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chkalov_Stairs.jpg/330px-Chkalov_Stairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chkalov_Stairs.jpg/440px-Chkalov_Stairs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Volga riverside, Kremlin and <a href="/wiki/Chkalov_Stairs" title="Chkalov Stairs">Chkalov Stairs</a> view</figcaption></figure> <p>Nizhny Novgorod is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><noscript><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" data-alt="Moldova" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi" title="Bălți">Bălți</a>, Moldova</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><noscript><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="Bulgaria" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dobrich" title="Dobrich">Dobrich</a>, Bulgaria</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><noscript><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="Hungary" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a>, Hungary</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><noscript><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="Greece" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>, Greece</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><noscript><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><noscript><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="Austria" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, Austria</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><noscript><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" data-alt="Cuba" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Matanzas" title="Matanzas">Matanzas</a>, Cuba</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><noscript><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" data-alt="Belarus" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><noscript><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" data-alt="Serbia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Serbia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sant_Boi_de_Llobregat" title="Sant Boi de Llobregat">Sant Boi de Llobregat</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><noscript><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" data-alt="Georgia (country)" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, Georgia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><noscript><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="South Korea" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a>, South Korea</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><noscript><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="Finland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, Finland</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the 13th to the 17th century <b>Novgorod of the Lower Land</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref818-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref818_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref818_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref818_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref818_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref818_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref818_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref818_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #184-Z</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-found-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-found_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-found_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizhnynovgorod.com/welcome/history/">"Founding of Nizhny Novgorod"</a>. nizhnynovgorod.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815224534/http://www.nizhnynovgorod.com/welcome/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Founding+of+Nizhny+Novgorod&rft.pub=nizhnynovgorod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizhnynovgorod.com%2Fwelcome%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Nizhny Novgorod, Article 26.1.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stnmedia.ru/news/28130/">"Дума Нижнего Новгорода выбрала Юрия Шалабаева главой города"</a> [The Duma of Nizhny Novgorod has chosen Yuri Shalabayev as the head of the city]. <i>stnmedia.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101042723/https://stnmedia.ru/news/28130/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stnmedia.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstnmedia.ru%2Fnews%2F28130%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeadTitle-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeadTitle_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Nizhny Novgorod, Article 26.1.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutCity-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AboutCity_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of Nizhny Novgorod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admgor.nnov.ru/references/nn.html">Overview of the city</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430163414/http://www.admgor.nnov.ru/references/nn.html">Archived</a> April 30, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]</bdi> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar">"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года"</a>. Federal State Statistics Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=26.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fdoc_2018%2Fbul_dr%2Fmun_obr2018.rar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref825-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref825_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref825_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref825_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #205-Z</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vremeni-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vremeni_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">"Об исчислении времени"</a>. <i>Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</i> (in Russian). 3 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostalCode-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PostalCode_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (<i>Russian Post</i>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department">Поиск объектов почтовой связи</a> (<i>Postal Objects Search</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-codes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-codes_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826093929/http://adm.nnov.ru/en/contacts/">"Contacts"</a>. adm.nnov.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adm.nnov.ru/en/contacts/">the original</a> on 26 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contacts&rft.pub=adm.nnov.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadm.nnov.ru%2Fen%2Fcontacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nn.ru/news/more/vnov_okonchatelno_den_goroda_v_nizhnem_novgorode_perenesli_na_avgust/66097765/">"Вновь окончательно. День города в Нижнем Новгороде перенесли на август — Новости NN.RU"</a> [Again, finally. City Day in Nizhny Novgorod postponed to August - News NN.RU]. <i>www.nn.ru</i> (in Russian). 22 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805094728/https://www.nn.ru/news/more/vnov_okonchatelno_den_goroda_v_nizhnem_novgorode_perenesli_na_avgust/66097765/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nn.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE.+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82+%E2%80%94+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+NN.RU&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nn.ru%2Fnews%2Fmore%2Fvnov_okonchatelno_den_goroda_v_nizhnem_novgorode_perenesli_na_avgust%2F66097765%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-est-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-est_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/volga/">"RUSSIA: Privolžskij Federal'nyj Okrug: Volga Federal District"</a>. City Population.de. 4 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106142358/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/volga/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RUSSIA%3A+Privol%C5%BEskij+Federal%27nyj+Okrug%3A+Volga+Federal+District&rft.pub=City+Population.de&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Frussia%2Fcities%2Fvolga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/">Citypopulation.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140057/https://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html">Archived</a> June 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Population of the major agglomerations of the world</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Kuchin2018" class="citation book cs1">Vladimir Kuchin (2018). <i>Десять веков Нижегородского края. 1152—2018</i> [<i>Ten centuries of the Nizhny Novgorod region. 1152 - 2018</i>]. Vol. 3. Издательские решения ('Publishing Solutions'). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4490-6270-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4490-6270-3"><bdi>978-5-4490-6270-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F.+1152%E2%80%942018&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%28%27Publishing+Solutions%27%29&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-5-4490-6270-3&rft.au=Vladimir+Kuchin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrevName2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrevName2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of 22 October 1990, Article 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mir-travel.com/en/news/nizhny-800/">"NIZHNY NOVGOROD 800TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION"</a>. <i>MIR Travel Company</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812190612/https://www.mir-travel.com/en/news/nizhny-800/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIR+Travel+Company&rft.atitle=NIZHNY+NOVGOROD+800TH+ANNIVERSARY+CELEBRATION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mir-travel.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnizhny-800%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbr.ru/eng/press/pr/?file=27052021_123528ENG_COINS26052021_170836.htm">"Bank of Russia issues new commemorative coins dedicated to the 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod"</a>. <i>Bank of Russia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604044521/https://cbr.ru/eng/press/pr/?file=27052021_123528ENG_COINS26052021_170836.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bank+of+Russia&rft.atitle=Bank+of+Russia+issues+new+commemorative+coins+dedicated+to+the+800th+anniversary+of+Nizhny+Novgorod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbr.ru%2Feng%2Fpress%2Fpr%2F%3Ffile%3D27052021_123528ENG_COINS26052021_170836.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230235928/http://vote.duma.gov.ru/vote/79982">"Д1 (2 чтение) ФЗ №186614-6 "О мерах воздействия на лиц, причастных к нарушению основополагающих прав и свобод человека, прав и свобод граждан РФ" – Система анализа результатов голосований на заседаниях Государственной Думы"</a>. Vote.duma.gov.ru. 19 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vote.duma.gov.ru/vote/79982">the original</a> on 30 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%941+%282+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%29+%D0%A4%D0%97+%E2%84%96186614-6+%22%D0%9E+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%A4%22+%E2%80%93+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft.pub=Vote.duma.gov.ru&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvote.duma.gov.ru%2Fvote%2F79982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fvpn%2F2020%2FTom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopCensus-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopCensus_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_State_Statistics_Service2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a> (21 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls"><bdi lang="ru">Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек</bdi></a> [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002]</bdi> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+3+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.date=2004-05-21&rft.au=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Fct%2Fdoc%2F1_TOM_01_04.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1989-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census1989_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php"><bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров</bdi></a> [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. <bdi lang="ru">Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989]</bdi> (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via <i>Demoscope Weekly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+1989+%D0%B3.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%91%D0%BB-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%3A+%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%5BInstitute+of+Demography+at+the+National+Research+University%3A+Higher+School+of+Economics%5D&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus89_reg.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ВПН-2020-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-%D0%92%D0%9F%D0%9D-2020_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://52.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/2.%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%201.%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC(1).xlsx">"Национальный состав населения"</a>. Rosstat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703043924/https://52.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/2.%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%201.%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC(1).xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Rosstat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F52.rosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2F2.%2520%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25201.%2520%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9%2520%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%2520%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%2520%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%2520%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%2520%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%281%29.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27459.htm">"Pogoda.ru.net"</a> (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110200716/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27459.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pogoda.ru.net&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F27459.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/NizhnijNovgor_27459.csv">"Gorkij (Nizhny Novgorod) Climate Normals 1961-1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029151836/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/NizhnijNovgor_27459.csv">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gorkij+%28Nizhny+Novgorod%29+Climate+Normals+1961-1990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FRussianFederation%2FCSV%2FNizhnijNovgor_27459.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polit.nnov.ru/2014/01/28/election/">"Вернутся ли в Нижний Новгород прямые выборы мэра?"</a>. <i>www.polit.nnov.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110812/https://www.polit.nnov.ru/2014/01/28/election/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polit.nnov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polit.nnov.ru%2F2014%2F01%2F28%2Felection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-village.ru/city/news/380469-mer-nizhnego-novgoroda-vladimir-panov-slozhil-polnomochiya">"Мэр Нижнего Новгорода Владимир Панов сложил полномочия"</a>. <i>The Village</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110812/https://www.the-village.ru/city/news/380469-mer-nizhnego-novgoroda-vladimir-panov-slozhil-polnomochiya">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Village&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-village.ru%2Fcity%2Fnews%2F380469-mer-nizhnego-novgoroda-vladimir-panov-slozhil-polnomochiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКурильченко2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Курильченко, Алексей (29 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvzvezda.ru/news/20201029452-s5wiT.html">"Экс-глава администрации Нижнего Новгорода объявлен в международный розыск"</a>. <i>Телеканал «Звезда»</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://tvzvezda.ru/news/20201029452-s5wiT.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB+%C2%AB%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft.atitle=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvzvezda.ru%2Fnews%2F20201029452-s5wiT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currenttime.tv/a/28981038.html">"Бизнес-империя бывшего мэра Нижнего Новгорода: чем занимался до ареста Олег Сорокин"</a>. <i>Настоящее Время</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110809/https://www.currenttime.tv/a/28981038.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81-%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currenttime.tv%2Fa%2F28981038.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vremyan.ru/news/oleg_sorokin_poluchil_10_let_lisheniya_svobody.html">"Олег Сорокин получил десять лет лишения свободы"</a>. <i>www.vremyan.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://www.vremyan.ru/news/oleg_sorokin_poluchil_10_let_lisheniya_svobody.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vremyan.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vremyan.ru%2Fnews%2Foleg_sorokin_poluchil_10_let_lisheniya_svobody.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navalny.com/p/5173/">"Вопросы агитации. Возможно, эта квартира мэра в Майами будет неплохо агитировать за меня"</a>. <i>Алексей Навальный</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120004856/https://navalny.com/p/5173/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavalny.com%2Fp%2F5173%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3305247">"Глава Нижнего Новгорода Иван Карнилин досрочно покинет свой пост"</a>. <i>www.kommersant.ru</i> (in Russian). 23 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312172115/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3305247">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kommersant.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F3305247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedpress.ru/article/1792603">"Новая глава Нижнего. Иван Карнилин ушел после антикоррупционной проверки | Нижегородская область"</a>. <i>ФедералПресс</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://fedpress.ru/article/1792603">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE.+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%7C+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffedpress.ru%2Farticle%2F1792603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niann.ru/?id=552561">"Экс-глава Нижнего Новгорода Владимир Панов назначен зампредом Госкомиссии по вопросам развития Арктики"</a>. <i>www.niann.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603182739/https://www.niann.ru/?id=552561">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.niann.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niann.ru%2F%3Fid%3D552561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/v-strane/9839479">"Мэром Нижнего Новгорода стал Юрий Шалабаев - ТАСС"</a>. <i>TACC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110809/https://tass.ru/v-strane/9839479">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TACC&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2+-+%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fv-strane%2F9839479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://t.me/yuriy_shalabaev">"Юрий Шалабаев"</a>. <i>Telegram</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110809/https://t.me/yuriy_shalabaev">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegram&rft.atitle=%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ft.me%2Fyuriy_shalabaev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitnizhny.ru/transport/nizhny-city">"ТИЦ Нижний Новгород"</a>. <i>visitnizhny.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://visitnizhny.ru/transport/nizhny-city">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitnizhny.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A6+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitnizhny.ru%2Ftransport%2Fnizhny-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpamela2021" class="citation web cs1">pamela (13 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/nizhny-novgorod-metro-extension-contract-awarded/">"Nizhny Novgorod metro extension contract awarded"</a>. <i>Railway PRO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212141354/https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/nizhny-novgorod-metro-extension-contract-awarded/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Railway+PRO&rft.atitle=Nizhny+Novgorod+metro+extension+contract+awarded&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft.au=pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaypro.com%2Fwp%2Fnizhny-novgorod-metro-extension-contract-awarded%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/147455/">"Запущена первая линия "Нижегородских центральных диаметров"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Сделано у нас</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110810/https://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/147455/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdelanounas.ru%2Fblogs%2F147455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://admgor.nnov.ru/Gorod/Simvolika-goroda">"Символика города"</a>. <i>Администрация Нижнего Новгорода</i> (in Russian). 12 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810220735/https://admgor.nnov.ru/Gorod/Simvolika-goroda">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadmgor.nnov.ru%2FGorod%2FSimvolika-goroda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://admgor.nnov.ru/upload/getODA/document467_0.html">"Постановление № 25"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/City_Duma_of_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod">Администрация Нижнего Новгорода</a></i> (in Russian). 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%E2%84%96+25&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadmgor.nnov.ru%2Fupload%2FgetODA%2Fdocument467_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simvolika.rsl.ru/index.php?doc=933">"Государственные символы России » Символы субъектов РФ » Нижний Новгород"</a>. <i>simvolika.rsl.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212113452/http://simvolika.rsl.ru/index.php?doc=933">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=simvolika.rsl.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%C2%BB+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%C2%BB+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimvolika.rsl.ru%2Findex.php%3Fdoc%3D933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yarmarka.ru/about/">"История | Нижегородская Ярмарка"</a>. <i>www.yarmarka.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125935/http://www.yarmarka.ru/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yarmarka.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%7C+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yarmarka.ru%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.gaz.ru/history/gaz-history/">"История завода "ГАЗ"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>museum.gaz.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619211949/https://museum.gaz.ru/history/gaz-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=museum.gaz.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%22%D0%93%D0%90%D0%97%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.gaz.ru%2Fhistory%2Fgaz-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archive-nnov.ru/?id=3677">"2014 год: 300-летие Нижегородской губернии"</a>. <i>www.archive-nnov.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125939/https://www.archive-nnov.ru/?id=3677">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.archive-nnov.ru&rft.atitle=2014+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%3A+300-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive-nnov.ru%2F%3Fid%3D3677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2015/02/event-dedicated-to-the-statesman-agustin-betancourt-at-the-russian-centre/">"Event dedicated to the statesman Agustín Betancourt at the Russian Centre"</a>. <i>The Diplomat in Spain</i>. 6 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331193943/https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2015/02/event-dedicated-to-the-statesman-agustin-betancourt-at-the-russian-centre/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat+in+Spain&rft.atitle=Event+dedicated+to+the+statesman+Agust%C3%ADn+Betancourt+at+the+Russian+Centre&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomatinspain.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F02%2Fevent-dedicated-to-the-statesman-agustin-betancourt-at-the-russian-centre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzeva2022" class="citation web cs1">Guzeva, Alexandra (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/business/335314-nizhny-novgorod-fair-russia">"How Nizhny Novgorod became the trade center of the Russian Empire"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125935/https://www.rbth.com/business/335314-nizhny-novgorod-fair-russia">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=How+Nizhny+Novgorod+became+the+trade+center+of+the+Russian+Empire&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.aulast=Guzeva&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fbusiness%2F335314-nizhny-novgorod-fair-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20190115/1549364358.html">"Нижний Новгород назвали лучшим городом России по качеству жизни"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a></i> (in Russian). 15 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212132414/https://ria.ru/20190115/1549364358.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIA+Novosti&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20190115%2F1549364358.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp">"Quality of Life Index by City 2023"</a>. <i>www.numbeo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612070505/https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.numbeo.com&rft.atitle=Quality+of+Life+Index+by+City+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.numbeo.com%2Fquality-of-life%2Frankings.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries">"Росстат — Рынок труда, занятость и заработная плата"</a>. <i>rosstat.gov.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154712/https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rosstat.gov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82+%E2%80%94+%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Flabor_market_employment_salaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/ru-banner-inside.html">"Communications"</a>. <i>Intel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212125928/https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/ru-banner-inside.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intel&rft.atitle=Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fcontent%2Fwww%2Fus%2Fen%2Fsupport%2Fru-banner-inside.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2016/2015.pdf">"Technical and operational parameters of subways in 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The International Association "Metro". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004945/http://asmetro.ru/upload/docs/2016/2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+and+operational+parameters+of+subways+in+2015&rft.pub=The+International+Association+%22Metro%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasmetro.ru%2Fupload%2Fdocs%2F2016%2F2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620194250/http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/nizhniy_novgorod_wokzal.html">"Железнодорожный вокзал Московский г. Нижний Новгород"</a> [Railway station Moskovsky, Nizhny Novgorod] (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/nizhniy_novgorod_wokzal.html">the original</a> on June 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3.+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nnov-airport.ru%2Frus%2Fnizhniy_novgorod_wokzal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624021505/http://press.rzd.ru/isvp/public/press?STRUCTURE_ID=654&layer_id=4069&refererVpId=1&refererPageId=704&refererLayerId=4065&id=74920">"Russian Railways Sapsan to Nizhny Novgorod press release"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.rzd.ru/isvp/public/press?STRUCTURE_ID=654&layer_id=4069&refererVpId=1&refererPageId=704&refererLayerId=4065&id=74920">the original</a> on 24 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Railways+Sapsan+to+Nizhny+Novgorod+press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.rzd.ru%2Fisvp%2Fpublic%2Fpress%3FSTRUCTURE_ID%3D654%26layer_id%3D4069%26refererVpId%3D1%26refererPageId%3D704%26refererLayerId%3D4065%26id%3D74920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nn.mk.ru/articles/2015/01/29/v-svyazi-s-zakrytiem-avtovokzala-na-lyadova-menyaetsya-raspisanie-prigorodnykh-avtobusov.html">В связи с закрытием автовокзала на Лядова меняется расписание пригородных автобусов</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118050427/http://nn.mk.ru/articles/2015/01/29/v-svyazi-s-zakrytiem-avtovokzala-na-lyadova-menyaetsya-raspisanie-prigorodnykh-avtobusov.html">Archived</a> November 18, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Due to the closing of the Lyadov Sq bus terminal, schedule of commuter buses changes), 2015-01-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kp.ru/daily/26447.5/3317664/">Полный список автобусов, которые будут отправляться с новой автостанции «Щербинки»: Новый вокзал откроется 25 октября</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102093008/http://www.kp.ru/daily/26447.5/3317664/">Archived</a> January 2, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Full list of bus routes which will depart from the new Scherbinki bus terminal. The new terminal will open on 25 October), 2015-10-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rg.ru/2012/02/09/reg-pfo/kanatka-anons.html"><bdi lang="ru">Канатная дорога через Волгу "Нижний Новгород - Бор" начала работу</bdi></a>. <i>Российская газета</i> (in Russian). 9 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312063401/http://www.rg.ru/2012/02/09/reg-pfo/kanatka-anons.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%83+%22%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+-+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%22+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frg.ru%2F2012%2F02%2F09%2Freg-pfo%2Fkanatka-anons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://progorodnn.ru/news/29614"><bdi lang="ru">В Нижнем Новгороде во время грозы в канатную дорогу ударила молния</bdi></a>. <i>progorodnn.ru</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716111924/https://progorodnn.ru/news/29614">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=progorodnn.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83+%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprogorodnn.ru%2Fnews%2F29614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rossiya-airlines.com/">"Россия – российские авиалинии"</a>. Rossiya-airlines.com. 25 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114105647/https://www.rossiya-airlines.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Rossiya-airlines.com&rft.date=2007-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rossiya-airlines.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00892">"Нижний Новгород-Церковь Собора Пресвятой Богородицы ("Строгановская")"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod-Church of the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary ("Stroganov")]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024654/http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00892">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%28%22%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Farticle%2Findex.html%3Fobject%3D00892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024649/http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5119">"Нижний Новгород. Церковь Смоленской иконы Божией Матери, фотография"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God, photograph]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5119">the original</a> on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%2C+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Fphoto%2Findex.html%3Fphoto%3D5119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00895">"Нижний Новгород-Собор Происхождения Честных Древ Креста Господня (Спасский Староярмарочный)"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod-Cathedral of the Origin of the Honorable Trees of the Holy Cross (Spassky Old Fair)]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024553/http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=00895">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F+%28%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Farticle%2Findex.html%3Fobject%3D00895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=01787">"Нижний Новгород-Кафедральный собор Александра Невского ("Новоярмарочный")"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod-Alexander Nevsky Cathedral ("New Fair")]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311001746/http://www.sobory.ru/article/index.html?object=01787">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%28%22%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Farticle%2Findex.html%3Fobject%3D01787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024634/http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=10051">"Нижний Новгород. Церковь Рождества Иоанна Предтечи на Торгу, фотография"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist at the Auction, photograph]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=10051">the original</a> on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%2C+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Fphoto%2Findex.html%3Fphoto%3D10051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031024330/http://sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5523">"Нижний Новгород. Церковь Жён-Мироносиц на Верхнем посаде, фотография"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Myrrh-Bearing Women in Upper Posad, photograph]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5523">the original</a> on 31 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%96%D1%91%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%2C+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Fphoto%2Findex.html%3Fphoto%3D5523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024604/http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=9535">"Нижний Новгород. Церковь Илии Пророка, фотография"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod. Church of Elijah the Prophet, photograph]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=9535">the original</a> on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Fphoto%2Findex.html%3Fphoto%3D9535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024541/http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=9550">"Нижний Новгород. Церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы на Ильинской горе, фотография"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary on Ilinskaya Hill, photograph]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=9550">the original</a> on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%2C+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Fphoto%2Findex.html%3Fphoto%3D9550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031022513/http://sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5248">"Нижний Новгород. Церковь Успения Пресвятой Богородицы на новом Бугровском кладбище, фотография"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod. Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the new Bugrovsky cemetery, photograph]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5248">the original</a> on 31 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%2C+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Fphoto%2Findex.html%3Fphoto%3D5248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031022518/http://sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5253">"Нижний Новгород. Музей-заповедник "Щёлоковский хутор". Церковь Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы из с. Зелёного Городецкого района, фотография"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod. Museum-reserve "Shchelokovsky farm". Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin from the village. Zeleny Gorodetsky district, photograph]. <i>www.sobory.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sobory.ru/photo/index.html?photo=5253">the original</a> on 31 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sobory.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4.+%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%22%D0%A9%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%22.+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%81.+%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sobory.ru%2Fphoto%2Findex.html%3Fphoto%3D5253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329044720/http://www.nntu.sci-nnov.ru/nstu.html">"Welcome to Nizhniy Novgorod State Technical University!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nntu.sci-nnov.ru/nstu.html">the original</a> on March 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Nizhniy+Novgorod+State+Technical+University%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nntu.sci-nnov.ru%2Fnstu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224120011/http://vvags.ru/">"Нижегородский институт управления - филиал РАНХиГС (бывш. ВВАГС)"</a> [Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management - branch of RANEPA (formerly VVAGS)]. Vvags.ru. June 25, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vvags.ru/">the original</a> on December 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+-+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%93%D0%A1+%28%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%88.+%D0%92%D0%92%D0%90%D0%93%D0%A1%29&rft.pub=Vvags.ru&rft.date=2012-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vvags.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia2018-2022.com/en/the-bid/host-cities/nizhny-novgorod.aspx">Volga Cluster: Nizhny Novgorod City and Population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012020715/http://www.russia2018-2022.com/en/the-bid/host-cities/nizhny-novgorod.aspx">Archived</a> October 12, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803091854/https://admgor.nnov.ru/Gostyam/Goroda-pobratimy">"Города-побратимы"</a>. <i>admgor.nnov.ru</i> (in Russian). Nizhny Novgorod. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://admgor.nnov.ru/Gostyam/Goroda-pobratimy">the original</a> on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=admgor.nnov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadmgor.nnov.ru%2FGostyam%2FGoroda-pobratimy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Munro-Butler-Johnstone, Henry Alexander, <i>A trip up the Volga to the fair of Nijni-Novgorod</i>, Oxford: J. Parker and co., 1876.</li> <li>Fitzpatrick, Anne Lincoln, <i>The Great Russian Fair: Nizhnii Novgorod, 1840-90</i>, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, in association with St. Antony's College, Oxford, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-42437-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-42437-9">0-333-42437-9</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Городская Дума города Нижнего Новгорода. №91 23 ноября 2005 г. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorduma.nnov.ru/?id=249">Устав города Нижнего Новгорода</a>». Вступил в силу с 1 января 2006 г., но не ранее официального опубликования после государственной регистрации, за исключением подпункта 13 пункта 10 статьи 43, вступающего в силу в сроки, установленные федеральным законом, определяющим порядок организации и деятельности муниципальной милиции. Опубликован: "Нижегородский рабочий", No.234/15894, 30 декабря 2005 г.</span></span> (City Duma of the City of Nizhny Novgorod. #91 November 23, 2005 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.gorduma.nnov.ru/?id=249">Charter of the City of Nizhny Novgorod</a></i>. Effective as of January 1, 2006, but not earlier than the official publication date following the state registration, and with the exception of subitem 13 of item 10 of Article 43, which takes effect during the timeframe to be set by a federal law legislating the organization and functioning of the municipal <a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">militsiya</a>.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Законодательное собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №184-З от 16 ноября 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области», в ред. Закона №58-З от 5 мая 2016 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Нижегородской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №218(3390), 23 ноября 2005 г.</span></span> (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #184-Z of November 16, 2005 <i>On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</i>, as amended by the Law #58-Z of May 5, 2016 <i>On Amending the Law of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast"</i>. Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Законодательное Собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №205-З от 22 декабря 2005 г. «О утверждении границ, состава территории городского округа город Нижний Новгород», в ред. Закона №16-З от 7 февраля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Нижегородской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №2(3414), 11 января 2006 г.</span></span> (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #205-Z of December 22, 2005 <i>On Establishing the Borders, Territorial Composition of the Urban Okrug of the City of Nizhny Novgorod</i>, as amended by the Law #16-Z of February 7, 2011 <i>On Amending Various Laws of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</i>. Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Президиум Верховного Совета РСФСР. Указ от 22 октября 1990 г. «О переименовании города Горького в город Нижний Новгород и Горьковской области в Нижегородскую области».</span></span> (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Decree of October 22, 1990 <i>On Changing the Name of the City of Gorky to the City of Nizhny Novgorod and the Name of Gorky Oblast to Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</i>. ).</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nizhny_Novgorod#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Nizhny Novgorod">Bibliography of the history of Nizhny Novgorod</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nizhny_Novgorod" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod#Q891" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nizhniy-Novgorod (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nizhniy-Novgorod_(town)">"Nizhniy-Novgorod (town)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). p. 721.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nizhniy-Novgorod+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=721&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANizhny+Novgorod" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizhnynovgorod.com/welcome/">Official website of Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qex8AzSTdbA"><span class="plainlinks">NIZHNY NOVGOROD – 2018 FIFA World Cup Host City</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330062830/http://kremlin.nnov.ru/">Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artmuseumnn.ru/">Official website of Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nne.ru/">The Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas Archdiocese</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&oldid=1266700900">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&oldid=1266700900</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Readdiwiki" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1735766628"> <span>Last edited on 1 January 2025, at 21:23</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizjni_Nowgorod" title="Nizjni Nowgorod – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nizjni Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Алтыгы Новгород – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Алтыгы Новгород" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A5%E1%8A%92_%E1%8A%96%E1%89%AD%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%AE%E1%8B%B5" title="ኒዥኒ ኖቭጎሮድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒዥኒ ኖቭጎሮድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نيجني نوفغورود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيجني نوفغورود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhni_N%C3%B3vgorod" title="Nizhni Nóvgorod – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nizhni Nóvgorod" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_Novqorod" title="Nijni Novqorod – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nijni Novqorod" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نیژنی نووقورود – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیژنی نووقورود" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6" title="নিঝনি নোভগরদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিঝনি নোভগরদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Түбәнге Новгород – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Түбәнге Новгород" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ніжні Ноўгарад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніжні Ноўгарад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ніжні Ноўгарад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ніжні Ноўгарад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижни Новгород – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нижни Новгород" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEnji_Novgorod" title="Nižnji Novgorod – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nižnji Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijniy_Novgorod" title="Nijniy Novgorod – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nijniy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Доодо Новгород – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Доодо Новгород" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_N%C3%B3vgorod" title="Nijni Nóvgorod – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nijni Nóvgorod" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чулхула – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чулхула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhniy_Novgorod" title="Nizhniy Novgorod – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nizhniy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEnij_Novgorod" title="Nižnij Novgorod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nižnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhniy_Novgorod" title="Nizhniy Novgorod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nizhniy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisjnij_Novgorod" title="Nisjnij Novgorod – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nisjnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEni_Novgorod" title="Nižni Novgorod – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nižni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nischni_Nowgorod" title="Nischni Nowgorod – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nischni Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEni_Novgorod" title="Nižni Novgorod – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nižni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Νίζνι Νόβγκοροντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νίζνι Νόβγκοροντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Алоош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Алоош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhni_N%C3%B3vgorod" title="Nizhni Nóvgorod – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nizhni Nóvgorod" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%B5nij_Novgorod" title="Niĵnij Novgorod – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Niĵnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhni_Novgorod" title="Nizhni Novgorod – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nizhni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نیژنی نووگورود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیژنی نووگورود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_Novgorod" title="Nijni Novgorod – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nijni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizjni_Novgorod" title="Nizjni Novgorod – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nizjni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhnii_Novgorod" title="Nizhnii Novgorod – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nizhnii Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%88%EB%85%B8%EB%B8%8C%EA%B3%A0%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C" title="니즈니노브고로드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니즈니노브고로드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AA%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Նիժնի Նովգորոդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիժնի Նովգորոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6" title="निज़्हनी नोव्ग्रद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निज़्हनी नोव्ग्रद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEny_Nowgorod" title="Nižny Nowgorod – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nižny Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEnji_Novgorod" title="Nižnji Novgorod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nižnji Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_Novgorod" title="Nijni Novgorod – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nijni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Дæллаг Новгород – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дæллаг Новгород" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADzhn%C3%ADj_Novgorod" title="Nízhníj Novgorod – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nízhníj Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEnij_Novgorod" title="Nižnij Novgorod – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nižnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%27%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93" title="ניז'ני נובגורוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניז'ני נובגורוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗಾರ್ಕಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾರ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნიჟნი-ნოვგოროდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიჟნი-ნოვგოროდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Төменгі Новгород – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Төменгі Новгород" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhniy_Novgorod" title="Nizhniy Novgorod – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nizhniy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%8F" title="Макаръя – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Макаръя" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_Novgorod" title="Nijni Novgorod – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nijni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEjn%C3%AE_Novgorod" title="Nîjnî Novgorod – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîjnî Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижний Новгород – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нижний Новгород" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Угарман – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Угарман" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_Novgorod" title="Nijni Novgorod – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nijni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novogardia_Inferior" title="Novogardia Inferior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Novogardia Inferior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85i%C5%BE%C5%86ijnovgoroda" title="Ņižņijnovgoroda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ņižņijnovgoroda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Агъа Новгород – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Агъа Новгород" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemutinis_Naugardas" title="Žemutinis Naugardas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemutinis Naugardas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizjni_Novgorod" title="Nizjni Novgorod – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nizjni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyizsnyij_Novgorod" title="Nyizsnyij Novgorod – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyizsnyij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижни Новгород – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нижни Новгород" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6" title="निज्नी नॉवगोरोद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निज्नी नॉवगोरोद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნიჟნი-ნოვგოროდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიჟნი-ნოვგოროდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نيجنى نوفجورود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيجنى نوفجورود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Ала ош – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ала ош" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Доод Новгород – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Доод Новгород" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%97%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ညီးရှ်နီး နော့ဗ်ဂေါရတ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ညီးရှ်နီး နော့ဗ်ဂေါရတ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizjni_Novgorod" title="Nizjni Novgorod – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nizjni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89" title="ニジニ・ノヴゴロド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニジニ・ノヴゴロド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижни Новгород – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нижни Новгород" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nischni_Nowgorod_(Steed)" title="Nischni Nowgorod (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nischni Nowgorod (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizjnij_Novgorod" title="Nizjnij Novgorod – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nizjnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizjnij_Novgorod" title="Nizjnij Novgorod – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nizjnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhni_N%C3%B2vgorod" title="Nizhni Nòvgorod – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nizhni Nòvgorod" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Угарман – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Угарман" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijniy_Novgorod" title="Nijniy Novgorod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nijniy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="نیژنی نووگورد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیژنی نووگورد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نېژني نوګورود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نېژني نوګورود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Макарья – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Макарья" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nischni_Nowgorod" title="Nischni Nowgorod – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nischni Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BCny_Nowogr%C3%B3d" title="Niżny Nowogród – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niżny Nowogród" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_Novgorod" title="Nijni Novgorod – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nijni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijniy_Novgorod" title="Nijniy Novgorod – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nijniy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_Novgorod" title="Nijni Novgorod – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nijni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_Novgorod" title="Nijni Novgorod – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Nijni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhniy_Novgorod" title="Nizhniy Novgorod – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nizhniy Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижнїй Новгород – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нижнїй Новгород" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижний Новгород – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нижний Новгород" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Алын Новгород – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алын Новгород" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEnij_Novgorod" title="Nižnij Novgorod – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nižnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEn%C3%BD_Novgorod" title="Nižný Novgorod – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nižný Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEni_Novgorod" title="Nižni Novgorod – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nižni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%BD%D2%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Нижьн҄ии Новъ Градъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нижьн҄ии Новъ Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83i%C5%BC%C5%84ij_Nowgorod" title="Ńiżńij Nowgorod – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ńiżńij Nowgorod" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижњи Новгород – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нижњи Новгород" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEnji_Novgorod" title="Nižnji Novgorod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nižnji Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEni_Novgorod" title="Nižni Novgorod – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nižni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizjnij_Novgorod" title="Nizjnij Novgorod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nizjnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="நீசுனி நோவ்கோரத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீசுனி நோவ்கோரத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Түбән Новгород – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Түбән Новгород" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="นิจนีนอฟโกรอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิจนีนอฟโกรอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижний Новгород – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нижний Новгород" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijni_Novgorod" title="Nijni Novgorod – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nijni Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEnij_Novgorod" title="Nižnij Novgorod – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nižnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижний Новгород – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нижний Новгород" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Нижній Новгород – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нижній Новгород" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="نیژنی نووگورود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیژنی نووگورود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauz%27lidn" title="Alauz'lidn – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alauz'lidn" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Nizhny Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E5%93%A5%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" title="下诺夫哥罗德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="下诺夫哥罗德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AB%BE%E5%A4%AB%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" title="下諾夫哥羅德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="下諾夫哥羅德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E5%93%A5%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7" title="下诺夫哥罗德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="下诺夫哥罗德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEnij_Novgorod" title="Nižnij Novgorod – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nižnij Novgorod" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 January 2025, at 21:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-5bbdfc8c46-77q8d","wgBackendResponseTime":275,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_8ac7d155567a7b0e2932d4a602c46d8df6cd7ba3":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q891","properties":{"title":"Nizhny Novgorod","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q891","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Nizhny Novgorod"}}],"_b5639e028d18fecea3ccec6664bf0608366dedc9":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q891","properties":{"title":"Nizhny Novgorod","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":1,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q891","properties":{"stroke-width":1,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Nizhny Novgorod"}},{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[44.0075,56.32694444444445],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Nizhny Novgorod","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.110","walltime":"2.585","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18334,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":451540,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":51657,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":31,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":37,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":309082,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2195.394 1 -total"," 33.78% 741.620 1 Template:Infobox_Russian_inhabited_locality"," 33.41% 733.520 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 28.73% 630.662 1 Template:Infobox"," 17.04% 374.011 20 Template:Wikidata"," 15.70% 344.572 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.50% 252.419 60 Template:Cite_web"," 7.27% 159.672 54 Template:Main_other"," 6.80% 149.248 1 Template:Lang-rus"," 5.62% 123.448 1 Template:Language_with_name"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.281","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26577887,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","440","29.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","16.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","12.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","100","6.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::interwikiMap","40","2.7"],["(for generator)","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","40","2.7"],["[others]","140","9.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-666cd4db5c-ktj8d","timestamp":"20250107061135","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nizhny Novgorod","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nizhny_Novgorod","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q891","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q891","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-28T09:33:08Z","dateModified":"2025-01-01T21:23:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/07\/NN_01-09-2021_06.jpg","headline":"capital of the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District in central Russia"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>