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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الثقافة الهندية الفارسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثقافة الهندية الفارسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ইন্দো-ফার্সি সংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্দো-ফার্সি সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فرهنگ هندوپارسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ هندوپارسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Հնդիրանական մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդիրանական մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="インド・イスラーム文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド・イスラーム文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ہند ایرانی ثقافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہند ایرانی ثقافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ہند ایرانی ثقافت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہند ایرانی ثقافت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10844808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Cultural synthesis of Indian and Persian culture</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/300px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/450px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/600px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> era <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> unites <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Indian cultural</a> and architectural elements; it is among the most famous examples of Indo-Persian culture as well as a symbol of Indian culture in its own right.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Indo-Persian culture</b> refers to a cultural synthesis present on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is characterised by the <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">absorption or integration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Persian aspects</a> into the various cultures of modern-day republics of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The earliest introduction of Persian influence and culture to the subcontinent was by various <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turko-Persian</a> rulers, such as the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi</a>, rapidly pushed for the heavy Persianization of conquered territories in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Indian subcontinent">northwestern Indian subcontinent</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> influence was also firmly established. This socio-cultural synthesis arose steadily through the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> from the 13th to 16th centuries, and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> from then onwards until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various dynasties of Turkic, Iranian and local Indian origin patronized the Persian language and contributed to the development of a Persian culture in India.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Delhi Sultanate developed their own cultural and political identity which built upon Persian and Indic languages, literature and arts, which formed the basis of an Indo-Muslim civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> was the official language of most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">Muslim dynasties</a> in the Indian subcontinent, such as the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Sultanate" title="Kashmir Sultanate">Kashmir Sultanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and their successor states, and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>. It was also the dominant cultured language of poetry and literature. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> and nobility in the Sultanate period were Persianised Turks from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> who spoke <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongues</a>. The Mughals were also culturally Persianised Central Asians (of <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turko-Mongol</a> origin on their paternal side), but spoke <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai Turkic</a> as their first language at the beginning, before eventually adopting Persian. Persian became the preferred language of the Muslim elite of northern India. <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Alam" title="Muzaffar Alam">Muzaffar Alam</a>, a noted scholar of Mughal and Indo-Persian history, suggests that Persian became the official <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of the Mughal Empire under <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of these languages led to a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> called <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> that is the direct ancestor language of today's <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> varieties. </p><p>The Persianisation of the Indian subcontinent resulted in its incorporation into the cosmopolitan Persianate world of <i><a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></i>, known today academically as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a>, which historically gave many inhabitants a secular, Persian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg/220px-Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg/330px-Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg/440px-Basawan_-_Alexander_Visits_the_Sage_Plato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1798" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> Visits the Sage <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></i>, from <i>Khamsa-e Nizami</i> by the Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusro" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusro">Amir Khusro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the presence of <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> culture in the region in the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uch" title="Uch">Uch</a> were established as centres of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Runi" title="Abu-al-Faraj Runi">Abu-al-Faraj Runi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa'd Salman">Masud Sa'd Salman</a> (d. 1121) were the two earliest major Persian poets based in Lahore. The earliest of the "great" Indo-Persian poets was <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrow</a> (d. 1325) of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, who has since attained iconic status within the Urdu speakers of the Indian subcontinent as, among other things, the "father" of Urdu literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi_sultanate_and_the_Mughal_era">Delhi sultanate and the Mughal era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Delhi sultanate and the Mughal era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persians in the Mughal Empire</a></div> <p>Indo-Persian culture flourished in North India during the period of the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526). The invasion of Babur in 1526, the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the establishment of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> would usher the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">golden age</a> of Indo-Persian culture with particular reference to the art and architecture of the Mughal era. </p><p>During the Mughal era, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> persisted as the language of the Mughals up to and including the year 1707 which marked the death of the <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Emperor Aurangzeb</a>, generally considered the last of the "Great Mughals". Thereafter, with the decline of the Mughal empire, the 1739 invasion of Delhi by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> and the gradual growth initially of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Hindu Marathas</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> power within the Indian subcontinent, Persian or Persian culture commenced a period of decline although it nevertheless enjoyed patronage and may even have flourished within the many regional empires or kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent including that of the Sikh Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> (r. 1799–1837). </p><p>Persian as a language of governance and education was abolished in 1839 by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> and the last Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a>, even if his rule was purely symbolic or ceremonial, was dethroned in 1857 by the British. </p><p>Further, C.E. Bosworth writes about the significance of Persian culture that developed a mark within Muslim sultans in this era that: "The sultans were generous patrons of the Persian literary traditions of Khorasan, and latterly fulfilled a valuable role as transmitters of this heritage to the newly conquered lands of northern India, laying the foundations for the essentially Persian culture which was to prevail in Muslim India until the 19th century."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deccan">Deccan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deccan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG/250px-Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG/330px-Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG/500px-Complete_view_of_Mahumad_Gawan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2221" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of a <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan_Madrasa" title="Mahmud Gawan Madrasa">madrassa</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan" title="Mahmud Gawan">Mahmud Gawan</a>, the Bahmani minister.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Deccan region's integration into the Indo-Persian culture of the north began in the early 14th century, when the Delhi Sultanate made political movements towards the south, and the Deccan was brought into the Sultanate under the conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Tughluq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughluq dynasty">Tughluq dynasty</a>. Due to the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad Shah</a> policy of ordering a migration of the North Indian Muslim population of Delhi to the Deccan city of Daulatabad in 1327, in order to build a large Muslim urban centre in the Deccan. This led to a formal introduction of Indo-Persian culture in the Deccan, extending beyond the realm of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200822-24_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200822-24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kousar.J._Azam_2017_8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kousar.J._Azam_2017_8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GolGumbaz2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GolGumbaz2.jpg/220px-GolGumbaz2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GolGumbaz2.jpg/330px-GolGumbaz2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GolGumbaz2.jpg/440px-GolGumbaz2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz" title="Gol Gumbaz">Gol Gumbaz</a>, the mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the middle of the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking</a> immigrant population of Daulatabad staged a revolt breaking off from the Delhi Sultanate, but Indo-Persian culture lived on in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Kousar.J._Azam_2017_8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kousar.J._Azam_2017_8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakaway <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> was established in 1347, by <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Gangu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Gangu">Hasan Gangu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its rulers were greatly influenced by Persian culture, they were well-versed in the language and its literature, and promoted Persian language education throughout their empire. The Persianised nature of the court is reflected in the fact that the Bahmanis celebrated festivals like <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architecture cultivated by them had significant Iranian influences, even more than that of the Muslims in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bahmani Sultans actively recruited Persian or Persianised men in their administration, and such foreigners were in fact favoured over Indians who were known as the Dakhani. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Taj_ud-Din_Firuz_Shah" title="Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah">Firuz Shah</a> (1397–1422) sent ships from his ports in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to bring back talented men of letters, administrators, jurists, soldiers and artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200851-52_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200851-52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included the high-born Iranian <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan" title="Mahmud Gawan">Mahmud Gawan</a> (1411–1481) who rose to become a powerful minister of that state during the reign of another Bahmani Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200859-72_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200859-72-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahamani_Tombs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bahamani_Tombs.JPG/220px-Bahamani_Tombs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bahamani_Tombs.JPG/330px-Bahamani_Tombs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bahamani_Tombs.JPG/440px-Bahamani_Tombs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3485" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bahmani Tombs</figcaption></figure> <p>This led to factional strife between the <a href="/wiki/Deccani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani people">Dakhanis</a>, the ruling indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty, being descendants of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> immigrants from Northern India,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the foreign newcomers like Mahmud Gawan who were called the Afaqis(Cosmopolitans or Travellers).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Richard Eaton, Dakhanis believed that the privileges, patronage and positions of power in the Sultanate should have been reserved solely for them, based on their ethnic origin and their sense of pride of having launched the Bahmanid dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eaton also cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke the Dakhni dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> language while the Afaqis favored the Persian language.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1481, the Dakhanis poisoned the ears of the Sultan, leading to the execution of Mahmud Gawan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194710_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194710-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What followed was a wholescale massacre of the Iranian Georgian and Turkmen population in the urban centres by Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, who lead the Deccani faction.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factional strife between the Afaqis and Dakhanis resulted in pitched battles with the Afaqis usually being victims of violence due to the Deccanis' greater ties to local military networks.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This frequently resulted in indiscriminate violence towards people of Iranian origin including learned men, pilgrims, petty merchants, nobles and servants, such the massacres of foreigners of Chakan in 1450, Bidar in 1481, and Ahmadnagar in 1591 by the Deccan Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Eaton, the Dakhanis and Afaqis represented more than just two competing factions jostling for influence in the court; they stood for differing conceptions of state and society. If the Dakhanis manifested a colonial idea, namely, a society composed of transplanted settler-founders and their descendants, the Afaqis or Cosmopolitans represented a cultural idea, a refined style of comportment, an eminent tradition of statescraft, a prestigious language. Since each class was legitimate in its own way, neither could be fully disloged from the Bahmanid political system or the Deccan Sultanates.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the activity of the Afaqis, unlike the Dakhani Muslim nobles, were solely dependent on the patronization of their host Dakhani Sultans, so that whenever there was a change or instability in the court, the Afaqis would leave altogether. <a href="/wiki/Sebouh_Aslanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebouh Aslanian">Sebouh Aslanian</a> described this mobile community as a "circulation society".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Roy Fischel, more than any other group, the Dakhani Muslims were the social group that were most associated with the Deccan Sultanates, and the most dominant political group when it comes to determining the direction of the Sultanates.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Richard Eaton, even the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> empire from the same period was highly Persianised in its culture. The royal quarters of the capital had many Persian architectural elements such as domes and vaulted arches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200899-101_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200899-101-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bahmani Sultanate disintegrated into five <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a>, similar in culture. <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Golconda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golconda Sultanate">Golconda Sultanate</a> in the 16th century, was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of Persian as a court language in Hyderabad continued under the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizams of Hyderabad</a>, and was only replaced by Urdu in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court language during the Deccan sultanate period was Persian or Arabic, however, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> was widely used during the period especially by the <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahis</a> of Bijapur and the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenue collectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population. Political expediency made it important for the sultans to make use of Marathi. Nevertheless, Marathi in official documents from the era is totally <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persianised</a> in its vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian influence continues to this day with many Persian derived words used in everyday speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar (city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāgad (paper), khurchi (chair), zamīn (land), zāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār (thousand).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal">Bengal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture of Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif/220px-Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>A puthi called Halat-un-Nabi written by <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Ali" title="Sadeq Ali">Sadeq Ali</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a> script represents the <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adina_Mosque_Malda_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Adina_Mosque_Malda_%2814%29.jpg/220px-Adina_Mosque_Malda_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Adina_Mosque_Malda_%2814%29.jpg/330px-Adina_Mosque_Malda_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Adina_Mosque_Malda_%2814%29.jpg/440px-Adina_Mosque_Malda_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adina_Mosque" title="Adina Mosque">Adina Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bengal was the easternmost frontier of the Persian cultural sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For over 600 years (1204–1837), the Persian language was an official language in Bengal, including during the provincial period of the Delhi Sultanate; the independent period of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>; the dominion period of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> in the Mughal Empire; and the quasi-independent <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabi period</a>. Bengal was the subcontinent's wealthiest region for centuries, where <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian people</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Persianate_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate Turks">Persianate Turks</a>, settled in the Ganges delta to work as teachers, lawyers, poets, administrators, soldiers and aristocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bengali language continues to have a significant number of Persian loanwords. A popular literary dialect called <a href="/wiki/Dobhashi" title="Dobhashi">Dobhashi</a> emerged which mixed Persian and Bengali words as a writing format. Several Bengali cities were once centres of Persian prose and poetry. <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, one of the masters of Persian poetry, kept a notable correspondence with Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a> and they composed a poem together. The Mughal period saw the zenith of Persian cultural expression in Bengal. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a>, Persian was studied by not only <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> but even <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a>. From the mid-eighteenth century towards the 19th century, five to six daily magazines were published in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, most notably the Durbin and the Sultan al-Akhbar. </p><p>The use of Persian as an official language was prohibited by Act no. XXIX of 1837 passed by the President of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_India" title="Council of India">Council of India</a> in Council on 20 November 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_the_British_colonial_era">During the British colonial era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: During the British colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_the_Khaksar_Tehrik%27s_promissory_note.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Image_of_the_Khaksar_Tehrik%27s_promissory_note.jpg/220px-Image_of_the_Khaksar_Tehrik%27s_promissory_note.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Image_of_the_Khaksar_Tehrik%27s_promissory_note.jpg/330px-Image_of_the_Khaksar_Tehrik%27s_promissory_note.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Image_of_the_Khaksar_Tehrik%27s_promissory_note.jpg/440px-Image_of_the_Khaksar_Tehrik%27s_promissory_note.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Image of the Punjabi Khaksar Movement's poster for the freedom of British India, written in Persian</figcaption></figure> <p>Given that the Mughals had historically symbolised Indo-Persian culture to one degree or another, the dethroning of Bahadur Shah Zafar and the institution of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">direct control of the British Crown</a> in 1858 may be considered as marking the end of the Indo-Persian era, even if, after the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a>, Persian would still retain an audience and even produce commendable literature such as the philosophical poetry of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> (d. 1938). The British would absorb elements of the culture's architectural style into the buildings of the Raj, producing <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic architecture</a>. For 20th century Indian Muslims, and Urdu poets in particular, learning the Persian language was viewed as necessary for a full understanding of Urdu and central to the comportment of an educated North Indian Muslim man.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adab">Adab</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Indo-Persian cultures in North India, Adab, which could be understood as a form of virtue ethics, is a code of values determining social behavior that forms the defining characteristic in Indo-Muslim culture.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughlai cuisine</a></div> <p>The Indo-Persian synthesis led to the development of cuisine that combined indigenous foods and ingredients with the tastes and methods of the Turko-Persians. This was especially under the Mughals, who invited cooks (<i>bawarchis)</i> from various parts of the Islamic world. This resultant cuisine is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughlai cuisine</a>, and has left a great impact on the regional eating habits of South Asia. It was further developed in the kitchens of regional Islamic powers, leading to distinctive styles such as the <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_cuisine" title="Awadhi cuisine">Awadhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_cuisine" title="Hyderabadi cuisine">Hyderabadi</a> cuisines.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to this synthesis, the Indian subcontinent shares <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asian</a> food, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">naan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a></i>, and is home to unique dishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a></div> <p>The Indian subcontinent's Islamic period produced architecture that drew stylistically from Persianate culture, using features such as domes, <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">baghs</a>. Early Islamic rulers tended to use <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a> from Hindu, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> buildings, resulting in an Indianised style which would be refined by later kingdoms. Hence monuments came to feature uniquely Indian architectural elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Corbel_arch" title="Corbel arch">corbelled arches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">jali</a>. The main buildings produced were mosques, forts, and tombs. These still stand today and are well-represented in the architecture of cities such as <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lahore" title="Architecture of Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Delhi" title="Architecture of Delhi">Delhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hyderabad" title="Architecture of Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, to name a few. </p><p>Indo-Persian architecture was not exclusive to Islamic power, as the members and rulers of other religions incorporated it in their monuments. <a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh architecture</a> is a notable example of this. The Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> used Indo-Persian architecture in courtly monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbed_rubab_(lute),_1660-1670_CE,_Golkonda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Barbed_rubab_%28lute%29%2C_1660-1670_CE%2C_Golkonda.png/220px-Barbed_rubab_%28lute%29%2C_1660-1670_CE%2C_Golkonda.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Barbed_rubab_%28lute%29%2C_1660-1670_CE%2C_Golkonda.png/330px-Barbed_rubab_%28lute%29%2C_1660-1670_CE%2C_Golkonda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Barbed_rubab_%28lute%29%2C_1660-1670_CE%2C_Golkonda.png/440px-Barbed_rubab_%28lute%29%2C_1660-1670_CE%2C_Golkonda.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golkonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda">Golkonda</a> 1660–1670. Musician plays a form of <a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">rubab</a>. Related instruments include the medieval Iranian rubab, the rubab of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India, the Indian <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sursingar" title="Sursingar">sursingar</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/kamaica" class="extiw" title="de:kamaica">kamaica</a>, the Nepali-Tibetan-Bhutanese <a href="/wiki/Tungana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungana">tungana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pamiri_rubab" title="Pamiri rubab">Pamiri rubab</a> and the Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Rawap" title="Rawap">rawap</a>. The family of instruments blended Persian and Indian cultures, and has been played by Hindus, Buddhists and Muslims.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to Islamic conquest, the Indian subcontinent had a history of musical practice that drew from Sanskritic culture. The subsequent Indo-Persian synthesis resulted in an influx of Iranian musical elements, leading to further developments in the region's musical culture through the patronage of new Persianate rulers. This appears to have been the impetus for divergence in indigenous music, leading to the divergence of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a> from <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Music">Carnatic Music</a>. Some of the main instruments used in this style, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">santoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod">sarod</a>, are thought to have close historical ties with Persian instruments (for an example, see <a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">setar</a>). Musical genres such as <i><a href="/wiki/Khyal" title="Khyal">khyal</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tarana" title="Tarana">tarana</a></i>, and the musical performance of <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal"><i>ghazals</i></a>, are examples of the Indo-Persian musical confluence. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> devotional music of <i><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a></i> bears evident impact from Persian influence, such as the frequent usage of Persian poems.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The creation of many of these practices is credited to 13th-century poet, scholar, and musician <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_ancient_Indian_literature" title="Central Asians in ancient Indian literature">Central Asians in ancient Indian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Mughal clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Inscriptions_on_Indian_Monuments" title="Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments">Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam in South Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlka_Patel,_Karen_Isaksen_Leonard2012" class="citation book cs1">Alka Patel, Karen Isaksen Leonard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ij0M2D0moC&q=indo-muslim+culture"><i>Indo-Muslim Cultures in Transition</i></a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004212091" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004212091"><bdi>978-9004212091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Muslim+Cultures+in+Transition&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004212091&rft.au=Alka+Patel%2C+Karen+Isaksen+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_Ij0M2D0moC%26q%3Dindo-muslim%2Bculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigfried J. de Laet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734"><i>History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</i></a> UNESCO, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231028138" title="Special:BookSources/9231028138">9231028138</a> p 734</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranklin_D._Lewis2014" class="citation book cs1">Franklin D. Lewis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YB29DwAAQBAJ&dq=the+moghul+and+other+local+dynasties&pg=PT316"><i>Rumi - Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalâl Al-Din Rumi</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780747378" title="Special:BookSources/9781780747378"><bdi>9781780747378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rumi+-+Past+and+Present%2C+East+and+West%3A+The+Life%2C+Teachings%2C+and+Poetry+of+Jal%C3%A2l+Al-Din+Rumi&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781780747378&rft.au=Franklin+D.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYB29DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bmoghul%2Band%2Bother%2Blocal%2Bdynasties%26pg%3DPT316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbd_Allāh_Aḥmad_Naʻīm2002" class="citation book cs1">Abd Allāh Aḥmad Naʻīm (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0zCFM0fwkC&dq=pakistan+represent+indo-muslim+civilization&pg=PA202"><i>Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842770931" title="Special:BookSources/9781842770931"><bdi>9781842770931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Family+Law+in+a+Changing+World%3A+A+Global+Resource+Book&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781842770931&rft.au=Abd+All%C4%81h+A%E1%B8%A5mad+Na%CA%BB%C4%ABm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHg0zCFM0fwkC%26dq%3Dpakistan%2Brepresent%2Bindo-muslim%2Bcivilization%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alam, Muzaffar. "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics." In <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>, vol. 32, no. 2. (May, 1998), pp. 317–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuzaffar2003" class="citation book cs1">Muzaffar, Alam (2003). "The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan". In Pollock, Sheldon I. (ed.). <i>Literary cultures in history : reconstructions from South Asia</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92673-8"><bdi>978-0-520-92673-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/835227498">835227498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Culture+and+Politics+of+Persian+in+Precolonial+Hindustan&rft.btitle=Literary+cultures+in+history+%3A+reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F835227498&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92673-8&rft.aulast=Muzaffar&rft.aufirst=Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28">Delhi, the Capital of India By Anon, John Capper, p.28. "This source establishes the Maratha control of Delhi before the British"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids</a> Iranica: GHURIDS or Āl-e Šansab; a medieval Islamic dynasty of the eastern Iranian lands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200822-24-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200822-24_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2008">Eaton 2008</a>, p. 22-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kousar.J._Azam_2017_8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kousar.J._Azam_2017_8_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kousar.J._Azam_2017_8_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKousar.J._Azam2017" class="citation book cs1">Kousar.J. Azam (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://google.ca/books/edition/Languages_and_Literary_Cultures_in_Hyder/SusrDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bahmani+political+deccan&pg=PT120&printsec=frontcover"><i>Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Literary+Cultures+in+Hyderabad&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Kousar.J.+Azam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.ca%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FLanguages_and_Literary_Cultures_in_Hyder%2FSusrDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dbahmani%2Bpolitical%2Bdeccan%26pg%3DPT120%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA._Rā_KulakarṇīM._A._NayeemTeotonio_R._De_Souza1996" class="citation book cs1">A. Rā Kulakarṇī; M. A. Nayeem; Teotonio R. De Souza (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC"><i>Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171545797" title="Special:BookSources/9788171545797"><bdi>9788171545797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Deccan+History%3A+Commemoration+Volume+in+Honour+of+Purshottam+Mahadeo+Joshi&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788171545797&rft.au=A.+R%C4%81+Kulakar%E1%B9%87%C4%AB&rft.au=M.+A.+Nayeem&rft.au=Teotonio+R.+De+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_WNqSH4ByQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnsari" class="citation web cs1">Ansari, N. H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahmanid-dynasty-a-dynasty-founded-in-748-1347-in-the-deccan-sanskrit-daksia-lit">"Bahmanid Dynasty"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Bahmanid+Dynasty&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=N.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbahmanid-dynasty-a-dynasty-founded-in-748-1347-in-the-deccan-sanskrit-daksia-lit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200851-52-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200851-52_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2008">Eaton 2008</a>, p. 51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200859-72-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200859-72_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2008">Eaton 2008</a>, p. 59-72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSir_Wolseley_Haig1907" class="citation book cs1">Sir Wolseley Haig (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSdWELuOikMC&dq=Ahmad+Shah+I+Wali+foreigners&pg=PA4"><i>Historic Landmarks of the Deccan</i></a>. Pioneer Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Landmarks+of+the+Deccan&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Pioneer+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Sir+Wolseley+Haig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSdWELuOikMC%26dq%3DAhmad%2BShah%2BI%2BWali%2Bforeigners%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamal_Malik2020" class="citation book cs1">Jamal Malik (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&dq=firoz+afaqi&pg=PA168"><i>Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition</i></a>. Brill. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004422711" title="Special:BookSources/9789004422711"><bdi>9789004422711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+South+Asia%3A+Revised%2C+Enlarged+and+Updated+Second+Edition&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789004422711&rft.au=Jamal+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAT1DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfiroz%2Bafaqi%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurjor_Avari2013" class="citation book cs1">Burjor Avari (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&q=deccanis%20gawan&pg=PA89"><i>Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415580618" title="Special:BookSources/9780415580618"><bdi>9780415580618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Civilization+in+South+Asia%3A+A+History+of+Muslim+Power+and+Presence+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415580618&rft.au=Burjor+Avari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGHpVtQ8eKoC%26q%3Ddeccanis%2520gawan%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Eaton2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard Eaton (17 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&dq=deccanis+violence&pg=PA67"><i>A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761:Eight Indian Lives · Part 1, Volume 8</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521254847" title="Special:BookSources/9780521254847"><bdi>9780521254847</bdi></a>. <q>On the one hand, the court was obliged to patronize the descendants of those north Indian settlers who had migrated to the Deccan in the fourteenth century, and who, rebelling against Delhi, had launched the dynasty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300-1761%3AEight+Indian+Lives+%C2%B7+Part+1%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.isbn=9780521254847&rft.au=Richard+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGd2huLXEVYC%26dq%3Ddeccanis%2Bviolence%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=deccanis+looked+upon+empire&pg=RA1-PA137"><i>Indian History</i></a>. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184245684" title="Special:BookSources/9788184245684"><bdi>9788184245684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788184245684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26dq%3Ddeccanis%2Blooked%2Bupon%2Bempire%26pg%3DRA1-PA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarika_Sardar,_Navina_Najat_Haidar2011" class="citation book cs1">Marika Sardar, Navina Najat Haidar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC&dq=rama+raya+religious+war&pg=PA5"><i>Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323-1687</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588394385" title="Special:BookSources/9781588394385"><bdi>9781588394385</bdi></a>. <q>considerable resentment among Muslims born in the Deccan, many of whom were descendants of the original Muslim settlers who had migrated from North India in the previous century and who had in fact launched the Bahmani state. These were the "Deccanis", people who were just as proud of their local origins as the Westerners were of their foreign origins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans+of+the+South%3A+Arts+of+India%27s+Deccan+Courts%2C+1323-1687&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781588394385&rft.au=Marika+Sardar%2C+Navina+Najat+Haidar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWNHYID4WqAC%26dq%3Drama%2Braya%2Breligious%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanjay_Subrahmanyam1996" class="citation book cs1">Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NUKGAAAAIAAJ&q=afaqis++merchants"><i>Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World</i></a>. Variorum. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860785071" title="Special:BookSources/9780860785071"><bdi>9780860785071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+Networks+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780860785071&rft.au=Sanjay+Subrahmanyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNUKGAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dafaqis%2B%2Bmerchants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194710-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYazdani,_194710_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYazdani,_1947">Yazdani, 1947</a>, pp. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x8LAQAAIAAJ&q=Fathullah+Imad-ul-Mulk,+massacre"><i>History: Mediaeval period</i></a>. 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%3A+Mediaeval+period&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6x8LAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DFathullah%2BImad-ul-Mulk%2C%2Bmassacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPran_Nath_ChopraT._K._RavindranN._Subrahmanian1979" class="citation book cs1">Pran Nath Chopra; T. K. Ravindran; N. Subrahmanian (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2FDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+mulk+massacre+afaqis"><i>History of South India: Medieval period</i></a>. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+India%3A+Medieval+period&rft.pages=77&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Pran+Nath+Chopra&rft.au=T.+K.+Ravindran&rft.au=N.+Subrahmanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2FDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dnizam%2Bmulk%2Bmassacre%2Bafaqis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egY9AAAAIAAJ&dq=foreigners+victims+deccanis&pg=PA290"><i>The Cambridge Shorter History of India</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Shorter+History+of+India.&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegY9AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dforeigners%2Bvictims%2Bdeccanis%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowman2000" class="citation book cs1">John Bowman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&dq=bahmanis+massacre+persian+shias&pg=PA275"><i>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</i></a>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=John+Bowman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYoHOqC7Yx4C%26dq%3Dbahmanis%2Bmassacre%2Bpersian%2Bshias%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnnemarie_Schimmel2022" class="citation book cs1">Annemarie Schimmel (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfVgEAAAQBAJ&dq=massacre+of+shia+sayyids+bahmanid&pg=PA54"><i>Islam in the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Annemarie+Schimmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfVgEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmassacre%2Bof%2Bshia%2Bsayyids%2Bbahmanid%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManu_S._Pillai2018" class="citation book cs1">Manu S. Pillai (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq5oDwAAQBAJ&dq=deccani+massacre+pilgrims&pg=PA141"><i>Rebel Sultans:The Deccan from Khilji to Shivaji</i></a>. Juggernaut. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebel+Sultans%3AThe+Deccan+from+Khilji+to+Shivaji&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Juggernaut&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Manu+S.+Pillai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRq5oDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddeccani%2Bmassacre%2Bpilgrims%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Eaton" class="citation book cs1">Richard Eaton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&dq=deccanis+violence&pg=PA67"><i>A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761:Eight Indian Lives · Part 1, Volume 8</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300-1761%3AEight+Indian+Lives+%C2%B7+Part+1%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.au=Richard+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGd2huLXEVYC%26dq%3Ddeccanis%2Bviolence%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeelan_Overton2020" class="citation book cs1">Keelan Overton (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ&dq=the+foreigners+dependent+on+the+conditions+of+the+host+courts&pg=PA139"><i>Iran and the Deccan:Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+Deccan%3APersianate+Art%2C+Culture%2C+and+Talent+in+Circulation%2C+1400%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Keelan+Overton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_yHXDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bforeigners%2Bdependent%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bconditions%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhost%2Bcourts%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy_S._Fischel2020" class="citation book cs1">Roy S. Fischel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ&dq=foreigners+host+states+deccan&pg=PA137"><i>Local States in an Imperial World:Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474436090" title="Special:BookSources/9781474436090"><bdi>9781474436090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+States+in+an+Imperial+World%3AIdentity%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+the+Early+Modern+Deccan&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781474436090&rft.au=Roy+S.+Fischel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHoxEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dforeigners%2Bhost%2Bstates%2Bdeccan%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy_S._Fischel2020" class="citation book cs1">Roy S. Fischel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoxEAAAQBAJ&dq=foreigners+host+states+deccan&pg=PA137"><i>Local States in an Imperial World:Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474436090" title="Special:BookSources/9781474436090"><bdi>9781474436090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+States+in+an+Imperial+World%3AIdentity%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+the+Early+Modern+Deccan&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781474436090&rft.au=Roy+S.+Fischel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUHoxEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dforeigners%2Bhost%2Bstates%2Bdeccan%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton200899-101-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton200899-101_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2008">Eaton 2008</a>, p. 99-101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Persianate-culture-forms-intrinsic-part-of-Hyderabad/articleshow/11369711.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Persianate culture forms intrinsic part of Hyderabad' - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Persianate+culture+forms+intrinsic+part+of+Hyderabad%27+-+Times+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fhyderabad%2FPersianate-culture-forms-intrinsic-part-of-Hyderabad%2Farticleshow%2F11369711.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Stewart (1993). Cambridge History of India: The Marathas 1600-1818. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press. p. 16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7">978-0-521-26883-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malik Mohamed, The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India, 2007, p. 249, p. 434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kulkarni, G.T. (1992). "DECCAN (MAHARASHTRA) UNDER THE MUSLIM RULERS FROM KHALJIS TO SHIVAJI : A STUDY IN INTERACTION, PROFESSOR S.M KATRE Felicitation". <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>. 51/52: <span class="nowrap">501–</span>510. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930434">42930434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=DECCAN+%28MAHARASHTRA%29+UNDER+THE+MUSLIM+RULERS+FROM+KHALJIS+TO+SHIVAJI+%3A+A+STUDY+IN+INTERACTION%2C+PROFESSOR+S.M+KATRE+Felicitation&rft.volume=51%2F52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E510&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42930434%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=G.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdul Karim, Influence of Persian on Marathi Language, Indo-Iran society, 1974, pp.163–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal">"Bengal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Bengal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSirajul_IslamMiahKhanamAhmed2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The">"Iranians, The"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranians%2C+The&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIranians%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Musa_Mohammad_Arif_Billah2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian">"Persian"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Sirajul Islam</a>; Miah, Sajahan; <a href="/wiki/Mahfuza_Khanam" title="Mahfuza Khanam">Khanam, Mahfuza</a>; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</a></i> (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6" title="Special:BookSources/984-32-0576-6"><bdi>984-32-0576-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52727562">52727562</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30677644M">30677644M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+the+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka%2C+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Banglapedia+Trust%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52727562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30677644M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=984-32-0576-6&rft.au=Abu+Musa+Mohammad+Arif+Billah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPersian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA._Sean_Pue2014" class="citation book cs1">A. Sean Pue (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edgkDQAAQBAJ&dq=pakistan+represent+indo-muslim+civilization&pg=PA44"><i>I Too Have Some Dreams: N.M. Rashed and Modernism in Urdu Poetry</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520283107" title="Special:BookSources/9780520283107"><bdi>9780520283107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Too+Have+Some+Dreams%3A+N.M.+Rashed+and+Modernism+in+Urdu+Poetry&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520283107&rft.au=A.+Sean+Pue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedgkDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpakistan%2Brepresent%2Bindo-muslim%2Bcivilization%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabassum_Ruhi_Khan2015" class="citation book cs1">Tabassum Ruhi Khan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foM8DwAAQBAJ&dq=india+adab&pg=PT164"><i>Beyond Hybridity and Fundamentalism Emerging Muslim Identity in Globalized India</i></a>. OUP India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908950-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908950-5"><bdi>978-0-19-908950-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Hybridity+and+Fundamentalism+Emerging+Muslim+Identity+in+Globalized+India&rft.pub=OUP+India&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908950-5&rft.au=Tabassum+Ruhi+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoM8DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dindia%2Badab%26pg%3DPT164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRICHARD_SHUMACK2020" class="citation book cs1">RICHARD SHUMACK (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xDYDwAAQBAJ&dq=indo+persian+adab&pg=PT109"><i>Jesus Through Muslim Eyes</i></a>. SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281081943" title="Special:BookSources/9780281081943"><bdi>9780281081943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Through+Muslim+Eyes&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780281081943&rft.au=RICHARD+SHUMACK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xDYDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dindo%2Bpersian%2Badab%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvril_Ann_Powell_·2013" class="citation book cs1">Avril Ann Powell · (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szMsBgAAQBAJ&dq=india+adab&pg=PA2"><i>Muslims and Missionaries in Pre-Mutiny India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136100420" title="Special:BookSources/9781136100420"><bdi>9781136100420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Missionaries+in+Pre-Mutiny+India&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136100420&rft.au=Avril+Ann+Powell+%C2%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DszMsBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dindia%2Badab%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaudan2013" class="citation book cs1">Laudan, Rachel (2013). <i>Cuisine and Empire: Cooking in World History</i>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520266452" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520266452"><bdi>978-0520266452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuisine+and+Empire%3A+Cooking+in+World+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0520266452&rft.aulast=Laudan&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaton2005" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&q=+persian+culture&pg=PR12"><i>The new Cambridge history of India</i></a> (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521254847" title="Special:BookSources/9780521254847"><bdi>9780521254847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Cambridge+history+of+India.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521254847&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGd2huLXEVYC%26q%3D%2Bpersian%2Bculture%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southasia.stanford.edu/news/call-papers-indo-persian-musical-confluence">"The Indo-Persian Musical Confluence"</a>. <i>Stanford Center for South Asia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Center+for+South+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Indo-Persian+Musical+Confluence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthasia.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2Fcall-papers-indo-persian-musical-confluence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEaton2008" class="citation cs2">Eaton, Richard (2008), <i>A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139053907" title="Special:BookSources/9781139053907"><bdi>9781139053907</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+the+Deccan%2C+1300-1761&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781139053907&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYazdani,_1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Yazdani" title="Ghulam Yazdani">Yazdani, Ghulam</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1"><i>Bidar, Its History and Monuments</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bidar%2C+Its+History+and+Monuments&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Yazdani&rft.aufirst=Ghulam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.279710%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMultiple_authors2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Multiple authors (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/india">"India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Multiple+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Findia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Persian+culture" class="Z3988"></span> (series of entries that cover Indian history and its relations with Iran)</li> <li>Chopra, R.M. <i>Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through The Ages</i>. Iran Society, 2005.</li> <li>Chopra, R. M.,"The Rise Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature", Iran Culture House, New Delhi, 2012. 2nd revised edition published in 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cole" title="Juan Cole">Cole, Juan R.I.</a> "Iranian Culture and South Asia, 1500–1900". in: <a href="/wiki/Nikki_R._Keddie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikki R. Keddie">Keddie, Nikki</a>; Matthee, Rudolph P. (ed.). (2002). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLlcCgAAQBAJ">Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics</a></i>. University of Washington Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98206-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98206-3">0-295-98206-3</a>. pp. 15–35.</li> <li>Eaton, Richard M., <i>India in the Persianate Age</i> (Allen Lane, 2019)</li> <li>Islam, Riazul, "Indo-Persian Relations". Iranian Culture Foundation, Tehran, 1970.</li> <li>Kirmani, Waris. <i>Dreams Forgotten: An Anthology of Indo-Persian Poetry.</i> (Aligarh, 1984)</li> <li>Nabi Hadi. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qjJmzdJFOHwC">Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature</a>.</i> (New Delhi, 1995)</li> <li>Fabrizio Speziale, <i>Culture persane et médecine ayurvédique an Asie du Sud</i>, Leiden – Boston, E. J. Brill, Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35275-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35275-9">978-90-04-35275-9</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">Mughal–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad" title="Siege of Daulatabad">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%931606)" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–1606)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque,_Dhaka" title="Chawk Mosque, Dhaka">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (<i>interrupted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&oldid=1279668587">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Persian_culture&oldid=1279668587</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persian_culture" title="Category:Persian culture">Persian culture</a></li><li><a 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