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aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_building_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_building_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Major building types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_building_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monuments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Babur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Babur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akbar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akbar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Akbar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akbar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agra_Fort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agra_Fort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Agra Fort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agra_Fort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humayun's_Tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humayun's_Tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Humayun's Tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humayun's_Tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatehpur_Sikri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatehpur_Sikri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Fatehpur Sikri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatehpur_Sikri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_of_Salim_Chisti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_of_Salim_Chisti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Tomb of Salim Chisti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_of_Salim_Chisti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jahangir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jahangir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Jahangir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jahangir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Begum_Shahi_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Begum_Shahi_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Begum Shahi Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Begum_Shahi_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_of_I'timād-ud-Daulah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_of_I'timād-ud-Daulah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_of_I'timād-ud-Daulah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shah_Jahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shah_Jahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Shah Jahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shah_Jahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taj_Mahal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taj_Mahal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Taj Mahal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taj_Mahal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wazir_Khan_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wazir_Khan_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Wazir Khan Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wazir_Khan_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shalimar_Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shalimar_Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Shalimar Gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shalimar_Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shah_Jahan_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shah_Jahan_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Shah Jahan Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shah_Jahan_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shahi_Hammam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shahi_Hammam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Shahi Hammam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shahi_Hammam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aurangzeb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aurangzeb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Aurangzeb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aurangzeb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Badshahi_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badshahi_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Badshahi Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badshahi_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Additional monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibi_ka_Maqbara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibi_ka_Maqbara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Bibi ka Maqbara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibi_ka_Maqbara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Mughal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Mughal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Late Mughal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Mughal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lalbagh_Fort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lalbagh_Fort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Lalbagh Fort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lalbagh_Fort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunehri_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunehri_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Sunehri Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunehri_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_of_Safdar_Jang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_of_Safdar_Jang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Tomb of Safdar Jang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_of_Safdar_Jang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khan_Mohammad_Mridha_Mosque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khan_Mohammad_Mridha_Mosque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khan_Mohammad_Mridha_Mosque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mughal architecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="عمارة مغول الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة مغول الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Fol_memarl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Moğol memarlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moğol memarlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মুঘল স্থাপত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুঘল স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Архітэктура Вялікіх Маголаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Архітэктура Вялікіх Маголаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_mogol" title="Arquitectura mogol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura mogol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughalsk%C3%A1_architektura" title="Mughalská architektura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mughalská architektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul-Architektur" title="Mogul-Architektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mogul-Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulite_arhitektuur" title="Mogulite arhitektuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mogulite arhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_mogola" title="Arquitectura mogola – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura mogola" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogola_arkitekturo" title="Mogola arkitekturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mogola arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="معماری گورکانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری گورکانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_moghole" title="Architecture moghole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture moghole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="મુઘલ સ્થાપત્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મુઘલ સ્થાપત્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B5%B4_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="무굴 건축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무굴 건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मुग़ल वास्तुकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुग़ल वास्तुकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Mughal" title="Arsitektur Mughal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Mughal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_moghul" title="Architettura moghul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura moghul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות מוגולית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות מוגולית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮೊಗಲ್‌ ವಾಸ್ತುಶೈಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೊಗಲ್‌ ವಾಸ್ತುಶೈಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Mogul művészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mogul művészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="മുഗൾ വാസ്തുവിദ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഗൾ വാസ്തുവിദ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%98%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯃꯨꯘꯜ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯨꯘꯜ ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogol-architectuur" title="Mogol-architectuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mogol-architectuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="ムガル建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムガル建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogularkitektur" title="Mogularkitektur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mogularkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogularkitektur" title="Mogularkitektur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mogularkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="مغلیا طرز تعمیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مغلیا طرز تعمیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Архитектура Великих Моголов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Архитектура Великих Моголов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura_Mogule" title="Arkitektura Mogule – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkitektura Mogule" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mughal architecture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulska_arhitektura" title="Mogulska arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mogulska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogularkitektur" title="Mogularkitektur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mogularkitektur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="முகலாயக் கட்டிடக்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகலாயக் கட்டிடக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="สถาปัตยกรรมโมกุล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมโมกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C3%BCr_mimarisi" title="Babür mimarisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Babür mimarisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Архітектура Великих Моголів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Архітектура Великих Моголів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">16th–18th-century Indo-Islamic architecture</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal,_Agra,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg/220px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg/330px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg/440px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, is the most famous example of Mughal Architecture and one of India's most recognisable landmarks in general<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panch_Mahal-Fatehpur-Fatehpur_Sikri_India0014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Panch_Mahal-Fatehpur-Fatehpur_Sikri_India0014.JPG/220px-Panch_Mahal-Fatehpur-Fatehpur_Sikri_India0014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Panch_Mahal-Fatehpur-Fatehpur_Sikri_India0014.JPG/330px-Panch_Mahal-Fatehpur-Fatehpur_Sikri_India0014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Panch_Mahal-Fatehpur-Fatehpur_Sikri_India0014.JPG/440px-Panch_Mahal-Fatehpur-Fatehpur_Sikri_India0014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3393" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>Panch Mahal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badshahi_Mosque_front_picture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Badshahi_Mosque_front_picture.jpg/220px-Badshahi_Mosque_front_picture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Badshahi_Mosque_front_picture.jpg/330px-Badshahi_Mosque_front_picture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Badshahi_Mosque_front_picture.jpg/440px-Badshahi_Mosque_front_picture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, is the last and largest imperial mosque built by the Mughals<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mughal architecture</b> is the type of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It developed from the architectural styles of earlier <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> dynasties in India and from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Central Asian</a> architectural traditions, particularly <a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0522_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian architecture</a>, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (r. 1556–1605).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0522_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; examples of the style can be found in modern-day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. </p><p>The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> at <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat in 1526</a>. During his five-year reign, Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings, though few have survived. His grandson <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> built widely, and the style developed vigorously during his reign. Among his accomplishments were <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a>, the fort-city of <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Buland_Darwaza" title="Buland Darwaza">Buland Darwaza</a>. Akbar's son <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh,_Srinagar" title="Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar">Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir</a>. </p><p>Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, who constructed <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid of Delhi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens of Lahore</a>, and renovated the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>. High-ranking officials below the emperor were also able to build major monuments, as with the example of the <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a>. The last of the great Mughal patrons was <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, who built the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moti_Masjid_(Red_Fort)" title="Moti Masjid (Red Fort)">Moti Masjid</a> etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mughal emperors and elites consciously used architecture as a way to publicly display their presence and power. The extensive architectural patronage of the Mughals was made possible by their considerable wealth, which exceeded that of other contemporary Muslim empires like the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Indian subcontinent, more monuments survive from the Mughal period than any other period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major monuments of this time include mosques, mausoleums, palaces, gardens, and fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg/220px-Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg/330px-Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg/440px-Elephant-shaped_column_brackets_at_Lahore_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>The use of elephant-shaped column brackets at <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a> reflects <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu influences</a> on Mughal Architecture during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mughal architecture was derived from three main architectural traditions: local <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">architecture of Islamic Persia</a> and Central Asia, and indigenous <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because earlier Indo-Islamic architecture already borrowed from both Hindu and Islamic architectural styles, certain influences in Mughal architecture can be difficult to attribute to one source or the other. With regards to Hindu architecture, local <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> palaces were likely a key influence.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Mughal architecture developed from existing Indo-Islamic architecture while following the model of <a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid architecture</a> (based in Central Asia), due in part to the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> ancestry of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal dynasty</a>'s founder, <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0522_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 16th century, a more distinctive Mughal tradition emerged based on the combination of these two sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1556–1605</span>), the use of Hindu architectural elements was especially prolific, including in high-profile construction projects like <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign in particular, non-Muslims were present among the highest-ranking officials and were able to become patrons of architecture as well. The most notable example is <a href="/wiki/Man_Singh_I" title="Man Singh I">Raja Man Singh</a>, a Hindu <i><a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amir</a></i> who built both <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> and Muslim mosques and shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Akbar's successors, there was a shift towards more typically Islamic architectural designs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1628–1658</span>), a "classical" Mughal style was consolidated and remained essentially in use until the end of the Mughal period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A certain level of stylistic consistency was achieved throughout the empire at this period thanks to the role of a central department of architects, similar to the imperial architects that existed in the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_267.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Delhi_267.jpg/220px-Delhi_267.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Delhi_267.jpg/330px-Delhi_267.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Delhi_267.jpg/440px-Delhi_267.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a>, with exterior <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">four-centred pointed arches</a>, and a central <a href="/wiki/Bulbous_dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulbous dome">bulbous dome</a> visible</figcaption></figure> <p>Mughal architecture is distinguished by an elegant style in which careful linear divisions of spaces and surfaces took priority over the more three-dimensional combination of elements that distinguished earlier Indo-Islamic architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of colour was also relatively restrained, with emphasis instead on finishing surfaces with high-quality, polished materials. <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Bulbous domes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">ogive arches</a> were among the most prominent recurring elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to domes and arches, the local tradition of <a href="/wiki/Trabeate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabeate">trabeate</a> construction also continued, especially in secular architecture like palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another distinguishing characteristic was the use of red sandstone as a building material, along with white marble. This replaced the prominence of brick in earlier Indo-Islamic architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though construction materials still varied depending on the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandstone is a very hard material, but local Indian stonemasons were skilled in carving it with intricate detail, which was another distinguishing feature of the Mughal style. White marble was initially used as a cladding to compliment and finish the look of sandstone buildings, as in <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a>, but later it was used on a grander scale to cover entire buildings, as in the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brick was sometimes still used for domes and arches, but in these cases it was usually faced with plaster or stone as a finish.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decoration">Decoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_plant_motifs_on_Taj_Mahal_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Detail_of_plant_motifs_on_Taj_Mahal_wall.jpg/220px-Detail_of_plant_motifs_on_Taj_Mahal_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Detail_of_plant_motifs_on_Taj_Mahal_wall.jpg/330px-Detail_of_plant_motifs_on_Taj_Mahal_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Detail_of_plant_motifs_on_Taj_Mahal_wall.jpg/440px-Detail_of_plant_motifs_on_Taj_Mahal_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Example of carved flower <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> on marble and <i><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">pietra dura</a></i> (<i>parchin kari</i>) inlaid stonework above and below, at the Taj Mahal</figcaption></figure> <p>Decorative motifs included <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric</a> and floral designs, as well as elaborate inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and even in local languages during the late Mughal period.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decoration was commonly executed in <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> or stone.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tilework was more commonly applied to the exterior of buildings and existed in two main types: <i><a href="/wiki/Cuerda_seca" title="Cuerda seca">cuerda seca</a></i> and mosaic tilework. <i>Cuerda seca</i> tiles were decorated with coloured glazes separated by dark lines, while mosaic tilework consisted of single-coloured tile pieces that were cut and fitted together to create larger patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stonework was of high quality and marks one of the most sophisticated aspects of Mughal decoration. Carved stonework included ornately-sculpted pillars and corbels, flat panels carved in low <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> with depictions of flowers, and pierced marble screens known as <a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali"><i>jali</i>s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a></i>, known as <i>parchin kari</i> in the Indian subcontinent,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the technique of decorating with <a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">inlaid</a> stone. It developed in this region independently from the Italian technique that is widely known elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_Mosque_Ceiling_(28238850399).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Taj_Mahal_Mosque_Ceiling_%2828238850399%29.jpg/220px-Taj_Mahal_Mosque_Ceiling_%2828238850399%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Taj_Mahal_Mosque_Ceiling_%2828238850399%29.jpg/330px-Taj_Mahal_Mosque_Ceiling_%2828238850399%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Taj_Mahal_Mosque_Ceiling_%2828238850399%29.jpg/440px-Taj_Mahal_Mosque_Ceiling_%2828238850399%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5483" data-file-height="3665" /></a><figcaption>Dome with corner <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a> in the mosque of the Taj Mahal complex</figcaption></figure> <p>Elements of earlier Indo-Islamic architecture that continued in Mughal architecture are the <a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">cusped (multifoil) arches</a>, which appeared earlier in the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat</a>, as well as the <i>do-chala</i> roof, a feature originating in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali architecture">Bengali architecture</a> that was adopted in the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Features of Persian or Central Asian (Timurid) influence were the <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwan</a> (a vaulted space open to one side), the use of domes, the pointed <a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">four-centred arch</a>, the use of decorative tilework, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Chahar_bagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar bagh">chahar bagh</a></i> type of garden, along with various other motifs and building layouts.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dome construction, Persian-style <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a> were used in some cases, but in other cases the domes were supported by flat beams over the corners of the chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Architecture_of_Jama_Masjid,_Fatehpur_Sikri,_Agra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Architecture_of_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri%2C_Agra.jpg/220px-Architecture_of_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri%2C_Agra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Architecture_of_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri%2C_Agra.jpg/330px-Architecture_of_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri%2C_Agra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Architecture_of_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri%2C_Agra.jpg/440px-Architecture_of_Jama_Masjid%2C_Fatehpur_Sikri%2C_Agra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3285" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Trabeate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabeate">trabeate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbelled</a> constructions in the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Mosque,_Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Jama Mosque, Fatehpur Sikri">mosque of Fatehpur Sikri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Elements of Mughal architecture that demonstrate Hindu influences include the use of trabeate constructions, the use of <a href="/wiki/Corbel_arch" title="Corbel arch">corbel arches</a> instead of arches with <a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">voussoirs</a>, and the style of ornately-carved pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></i>s (projecting balconies), <a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri"><i>chhatri</i>s</a> (domed kiosks), and <i><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">chhajja</a></i><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">s</a> (wide stone <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">eaves</a>) are also elements that were borrowed from local Hindu architecture and became very popular in Mughal architecture. Some elements, such as projecting balconies, had parallels in Islamic architecture elsewhere but their specific Mughal forms were of local inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_building_types">Major building types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Major building types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg/220px-Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg/330px-Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg/440px-Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>The Alamgiri Gate at <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p>Large fortified citadels or palace complexes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> in Delhi, were enclosed in massive walls reinforced by semi-circular towers and entered via monumental gateways. Inside, the classic Mughal palace was laid out with symmetrical gardens and various pavilions. Open pavilions with rows of cusped arches were a recurring feature. Rich decoration was used to embellish rooms and halls.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gardens were a favourite concern of Mughal emperors, whether they were created as separate, dedicated garden sites or as the setting for pavilions and mausoleums within larger architectural complexes. They were laid out in a formal manner with terraces, precise divisions, and water features.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jama_Masjid,_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi.jpg/220px-Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi.jpg/330px-Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi.jpg/440px-Jama_Masjid%2C_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption>View of the courtyard, prayer hall, and minarets of the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid, Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mosques were relatively more restrained in their decoration but were built on a grand scale. The typical mosque layout in the classic Mughal era involved a large rectangular courtyard surrounded by an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a> on three sides and a prayer hall on one side. The prayer hall consisted of a wide vaulted hall fronted by an arcade of monumental arches, with the central archway consisting of a larger iwan rising above the others.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most monumental and elaborate Mughal structures were royal mausoleums, deliberately designed to show off the power and sophistication of their patrons. The classic Mughal tomb was an octagonal or rectangular structure with a central dome and outer iwans, raised on a terraced platform.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other public buildings and infrastructure works included roads, <a href="/wiki/Milestone" title="Milestone">milestones</a> (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kos_Minar" title="Kos Minar">kos minar</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a> (inns for merchants and travelers), and bridges. These were more functional in nature and less decorative, though some caravanserais were embellished with elaborate gateways.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments">Monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mughal_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Mughal architecture">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Babur">Babur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Babur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_inside_Bagh-e_Babur_in_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mosque_inside_Bagh-e_Babur_in_2013.jpg/220px-Mosque_inside_Bagh-e_Babur_in_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mosque_inside_Bagh-e_Babur_in_2013.jpg/330px-Mosque_inside_Bagh-e_Babur_in_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mosque_inside_Bagh-e_Babur_in_2013.jpg/440px-Mosque_inside_Bagh-e_Babur_in_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure><p>The architectural patronage of Babur, the first Mughal emperor, is mainly known for its terraced gardens. These gardens, often established in palaces and citadels, were modeled on the Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Chahar_bagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar bagh">chahar bagh</a></i> ("four gardens") type, in which gardens are geometrically divided into different plots, usually four equal parts. This type followed Timurid antecedents, though the use of water channels as linear dividers may have been a Mughal innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur himself was initially buried at Agra, but in 1644 his tomb was moved to one of his favourite gardens in Kabul, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the architectures Babur created in the present-day India includes <a href="/wiki/Aram_Bagh,_Agra" title="Aram Bagh, Agra">Aram Bagh in Agra</a>, Lotus Garden in Dholpur and more.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In religious architecture, Babur's mosques also followed the designs of earlier Timurid mosques, with a tall central entrance portal (<i>pishtaq</i>), a courtyard, and a prayer hall covered by a large central dome flanked by side aisles covered by smaller domes. An example of this is his <a href="/wiki/Kabuli_Bagh_Mosque" title="Kabuli Bagh Mosque">mosque at Panipat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Architecture;_VII._c._1500–c._1900;_D._India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0522_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akbar">Akbar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Akbar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Akbari_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbari Architecture">Akbari Architecture</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Fort" title="Allahabad Fort">Allahabad Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begum_Shahi_Mosque" title="Begum Shahi Mosque">Begum Shahi Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah" title="Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah">Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agra_Fort">Agra Fort</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agra Fort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agra_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra fort">Agra fort</a></div> <p>Agra fort is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, Uttar Pradesh. The major part of Agra fort was built by <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> from 1565 to 1574. The <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> of the fort clearly indicates the free adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> planning and construction. Some of the important buildings in the fort are <a href="/wiki/Jahangiri_Mahal" title="Jahangiri Mahal">Jahangiri Mahal</a> built for Jahangir and his family, the Moti Masjid, and Mena Bazaars. The Jahangiri Mahal has a courtyard surrounded by double-storeyed halls and rooms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humayun's_Tomb"><span id="Humayun.27s_Tomb"></span>Humayun's Tomb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Humayun's Tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humayun%27s_Tomb,_Delhi,_India_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Humayun%27s_Tomb%2C_Delhi%2C_India_2019.jpg/220px-Humayun%27s_Tomb%2C_Delhi%2C_India_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Humayun%27s_Tomb%2C_Delhi%2C_India_2019.jpg/330px-Humayun%27s_Tomb%2C_Delhi%2C_India_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Humayun%27s_Tomb%2C_Delhi%2C_India_2019.jpg/440px-Humayun%27s_Tomb%2C_Delhi%2C_India_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3993" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Humayun's tomb is the <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tomb</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> in Delhi, India. The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's first wife and chief consort, Empress <a href="/wiki/Bega_Begum" title="Bega Begum">Bega Begum</a> (also known as Haji Begum), in 1569–70, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad, Persian architects chosen by her. It was the first garden-tomb on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It is often regarded as the first mature example of Mughal architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatehpur_Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fatehpur Sikri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg/220px-Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg/330px-Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg/440px-Fatehput_Sikiri_Buland_Darwaza_gate_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2938" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buland_Darwaza" title="Buland Darwaza">Buland Darwaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, was built by <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a> to commemorate his victory.</figcaption></figure> <p>Akbar's greatest architectural achievement was the construction of <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, his capital city near Agra at a trade and Jain pilgrimages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of the walled city was started in 1569 and completed in 1574. </p><p>It contained some of the most beautiful buildings – both religious and secular which testify to the Emperor's aim of achieving social, political and religious integration. The main religious buildings were the huge <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Fatehpur_Sikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri">Jama Masjid</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Salim Chisti">Tomb of Salim Chisti</a>. Buland Darwaza, also known as the Gate of Magnificence, was built by Akbar in 1576 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat and the Deccan. It is 40 metres high and 50 metres from the ground. The total height of the structure is about 54 metres from ground level. </p><p>The Haramsara, the royal seraglio in <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> was an area where the royal women lived. The opening to the Haramsara is from the Khwabgah side separated by a row of cloisters. According to Abul Fazl, in <a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a>, the inside of Harem was guarded by senior and active women, outside the enclosure the <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> were placed, and at a proper distance there were faithful <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta,_Fathepur_Sikri:Akbar's_Magnificent_City_on_a_Hill146_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta,_Fathepur_Sikri:Akbar's_Magnificent_City_on_a_Hill146-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jodha_bai_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodha bai Palace">Jodha bai Palace</a> is the largest palace in the Fatehpur Sikri seraglio, connected to the minor <i>haramsara</i> quarters. The main entrance is double storied, projecting out of the <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a> to create a kind of <a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">porch</a> leading into a recessed entrance with a balcony. Inside there is a quadrangle surrounded by rooms. The columns of rooms are ornamented with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> sculptural motifs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tomb_of_Salim_Chisti">Tomb of Salim Chisti</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tomb of Salim Chisti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Salim Chisti">Tomb of Salim Chisti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg/220px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg/330px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg/440px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4574" data-file-height="3049" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Salim_Chisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh Salim Chisti">Shaikh Salim Chisti</a> is considered to be one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a> is famed as one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India, built during the years 1580 and 1581. The tomb, built in 1571 in the corner of the mosque compound, is a square marble chamber with a verandah. The cenotaph has an exquisitely designed lattice screen around it. It enshrines the burial place of the Sufi saint, Salim Chisti (1478 – 1572), a descendant of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, who lived in a cavern on the ridge at Sikri. The mausoleum, constructed by Akbar as a mark of his respect for the Sufi saint, who foretold the birth of his son. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jahangir">Jahangir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jahangir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Begum_Shahi_Mosque">Begum Shahi Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Begum Shahi Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Begum_Shahi_Mosque" title="Begum Shahi Mosque">Begum Shahi Mosque</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg/330px-Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg/440px-Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3933" data-file-height="5899" /></a><figcaption>Begum Shahi Mosque is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal period mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Begum_Shahi_Mosque" title="Begum Shahi Mosque">Begum Shahi Mosque</a> is an early 17th-century mosque situated in the <a href="/wiki/Walled_City_of_Lahore" title="Walled City of Lahore">Walled City of Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The mosque was built between 1611 and 1614 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> by his mother, <a href="/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani" title="Mariam-uz-Zamani">Mariam-Uz-Zamani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:22_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal-era mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher1992116-117116–117_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1992116-117116–117-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known for its exquisite fresco decoration of geometric and floral motifs painted on stucco, along with inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">names of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher1992116-117116–117_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1992116-117116–117-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosque would later influence construction of the larger <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a> a few decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tomb_of_I'timād-ud-Daulah"><span id="Tomb_of_I.27tim.C4.81d-ud-Daulah"></span>Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah" title="Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah">Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah,_Agra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah%2C_Agra.jpg/220px-I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah%2C_Agra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah%2C_Agra.jpg/330px-I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah%2C_Agra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah%2C_Agra.jpg/440px-I%27tim%C4%81d-ud-Daulah%2C_Agra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81j_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tāj Mahal">Tāj Mahal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah, is a mausoleum in the city of <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. Often described as a "jewel box", sometimes called the "<b>Bachcha Taj</b>", as the tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shah_Jahan">Shah Jahan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shah Jahan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahani_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Jahani architecture">Shah Jahani architecture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Dai_Anga" title="Tomb of Dai Anga">Tomb of Dai Anga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_Tomb_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jahangir_Tomb_-_1.jpg/220px-Jahangir_Tomb_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jahangir_Tomb_-_1.jpg/330px-Jahangir_Tomb_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jahangir_Tomb_-_1.jpg/440px-Jahangir_Tomb_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Tomb of Jahangir</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> does not have a <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> forbade construction of a dome over his tomb.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rather than building huge monuments like his predecessors to demonstrate their power, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> built elegant monuments. The force and originality of this previous building style gave way under Shah Jahan to a delicate elegance and refinement of detail, illustrated in the palaces erected during his reign at <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Fort">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore</a>. Some examples include the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, the tomb of his wife <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a>, under the chief architect <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Ahmad_Lahori" title="Ustad Ahmad Lahori">Ustad Ahmad Lahori</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Muslim">Punjabi Muslim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Janin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was said to have personal a preference for white marble in architecture, as in the Taj Mahal. Although some buildings built during his era were made of red sandstone, such as the Red Fort in Delhi, he preferred to use white marble for his private quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-h_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Moti_Masjid_(Agra_Fort)" title="Moti Masjid (Agra Fort)">Moti Masjid</a> (Pearl Mosque) in the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, the latter built under the supervision of his <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saadullah_Khan_(Mughal_Empire)" title="Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)">Saadullah Khan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Muslim">Punjabi Muslim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are imposing buildings of his era, and their position and architecture have been carefully considered so as to produce a pleasing effect and feeling of spacious elegance and well-balanced proportion of parts. Shah Jahan also renovated buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Moti_Masjid_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)">Moti Masjid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)">Sheesh Mahal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naulakha_pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Naulakha pavilion">Naulakha pavilion</a>, which are all enclosed in the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>. He also built a mosque named after himself in <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a> called <a href="/wiki/Shahjahan_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahjahan Mosque">Shahjahan Mosque</a> (not built in the Mughal architecture, but in <a href="/wiki/Safavid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid empire">Safavid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timurid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurid empire">Timurid</a> architecture that were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian architecture">Persian architecture</a>). Shah Jahan also built the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> in his new capital at Shah Jahanabad, now <a href="/wiki/Old_Delhi" title="Old Delhi">Old Delhi</a>. The red sandstone Red Fort is noted for its special buildings-<a href="/wiki/Diwan-i-Am_(Red_Fort)" title="Diwan-i-Am (Red Fort)">Diwan-i-Aam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diwan-i-Khas_(Red_Fort)" title="Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)">Diwan-i-Khas</a>. Another mosque was built during his tenure in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> called <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a>, by Shaikh Ilm-ud-din Ansari who was the court physician to the emperor. It is famous for its rich embellishment which covers almost every interior surface. Overall public works by high nobles of Shah Jahan's amirs included <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mardan_Khan" title="Ali Mardan Khan">Ali Mardan Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Lahore)" title="Wazir Khan (Lahore)">Ilmuddin Wazir Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Sabir" title="Khwaja Sabir">Khan-i Dauran Nasiri Khan</a>, and Kartalab Khan <a href="/wiki/Deccanis" title="Deccanis">Deccani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taj_Mahal">Taj Mahal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Taj Mahal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></div> <p>The Taj Mahal, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> was built between 1632 and 1653 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal .<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its construction took 22 years and required 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants, at a cost of 32 million <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">rupees</a>. (corresponding to <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> 827 million in 2015) It is a large, white marble structure standing on a square <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a> and consists of a symmetrical building with an <i><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwan</a></i> (an arch-shaped doorway) topped by a large dome and <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a>. </p><p>The building's longest <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">plane</a> of <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> runs through the entire complex except for the <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> of Shah Jahan, which is placed off centre in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry is extended to the building of an entire mirror <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in red sandstone, to complement the <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>-facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. <a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura"><i>Parchin kari</i></a>, a method of decoration on a large scale-inlaid work of jewels and <i><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></i> work has been used to decorate the structure. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal-10_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River (northern view)."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Taj_Mahal-10_%28cropped%29.jpg/1000px-Taj_Mahal-10_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Taj_Mahal-10_%28cropped%29.jpg/1500px-Taj_Mahal-10_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Taj_Mahal-10_%28cropped%29.jpg/2000px-Taj_Mahal-10_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal-10_(cropped).jpg" title="File:Taj Mahal-10 (cropped).jpg"> </a></div>Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a> (northern view).</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wazir_Khan_Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Wazir Khan Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courtyard_of_Wazir_Khan_Mosque,_Lahore_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Courtyard_of_Wazir_Khan_Mosque%2C_Lahore_19.jpg/220px-Courtyard_of_Wazir_Khan_Mosque%2C_Lahore_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Courtyard_of_Wazir_Khan_Mosque%2C_Lahore_19.jpg/330px-Courtyard_of_Wazir_Khan_Mosque%2C_Lahore_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Courtyard_of_Wazir_Khan_Mosque%2C_Lahore_19.jpg/440px-Courtyard_of_Wazir_Khan_Mosque%2C_Lahore_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5470" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>The Wazir Khan Mosque was commissioned during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1634, and completed in 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wazir Khan Mosque is renowned for its intricate <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> tile work known as <i>kashi-kari</i>, as well as its interior surfaces that are almost entirely embellished with elaborate Mughal-era <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>. The mosque has been under extensive restoration since 2009 under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Trust_for_Culture" title="Aga Khan Trust for Culture">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Government of Punjab, Pakistan">Government of Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shalimar_Gardens">Shalimar Gardens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Shalimar Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens, Lahore</a></div> <p>It is a <a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a> complex located in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>. The gardens date from the period when the Mughal Empire was at its artistic and aesthetic zenith.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the gardens began in 1641 during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rehman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was completed in 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981 the Shalimar Gardens were inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> as they embody Mughal garden design at the apogee of its development.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shah_Jahan_Mosque">Shah Jahan Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Shah Jahan Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jehan_Mosque,_Thatta,_Sindh..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shah_Jehan_Mosque%2C_Thatta%2C_Sindh..jpg/220px-Shah_Jehan_Mosque%2C_Thatta%2C_Sindh..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shah_Jehan_Mosque%2C_Thatta%2C_Sindh..jpg/330px-Shah_Jehan_Mosque%2C_Thatta%2C_Sindh..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shah_Jehan_Mosque%2C_Thatta%2C_Sindh..jpg/440px-Shah_Jehan_Mosque%2C_Thatta%2C_Sindh..jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>The mosque's tile work exhibits Timurid influences introduced during Shah Jahan's campaigns in Central Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid">central mosque</a> for the city of <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. The mosque commissioned by Shah Jahan, who bestowed it to the city as a token of gratitude.<sup id="cite_ref-khazeni_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khazeni-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its style is heavily influenced by Central Asian Timurid architecture, which was introduced after Shah Jahan's campaigns near <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-khazeni_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khazeni-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosque is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-khazeni_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khazeni-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also notable for its geometric brick work - a decorative element that is unusual for Mughal-period mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shahi_Hammam">Shahi Hammam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shahi Hammam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Hammam" title="Shahi Hammam">Shahi Hammam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg/220px-Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg/330px-Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg/440px-Central_dome_and_fresco_painting_of_Wazir_Khan_Hammam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5018" data-file-height="3457" /></a><figcaption>The central chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Hammam" title="Shahi Hammam">Shahi Hammam</a> is decorated with frescoes</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Hammam" title="Shahi Hammam">Shahi Hammam</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">Persian-style bath</a> which was built in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, in 1635 <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">C.E.</a> during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>. It was built by chief physician to the Mughal Court, Ilam-ud-din Ansari, who was widely known as <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Lahore)" title="Wazir Khan (Lahore)">Wazir Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher1992225_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1992225-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The baths were built to serve as a <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i>, or endowment, for the maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Aurangzeb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>'s reign (1658–1707) squared stone and marble was replaced by brick or rubble with <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> ornament. <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> have examples of later Indo-Mughal architecture. He made additions to the Lahore Fort and also built one of the thirteen gates which were later named after him (Alamgir). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Badshahi_Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Badshahi Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badshahi_Mosque_33_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg/220px-Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg/330px-Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg/440px-Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5690" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Badshahi Masjid">Badshahi Masjid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, the second-largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> in Lahore, Pakistan, was commissioned by the sixth <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>. Constructed between 1673 and 1674, it is the largest Mughal mosque and the last of the imperial mosques to be built.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosque is adjacent to the Lahore Fort and is the last in the series of congregational mosques in red sandstone. The red sandstone of the walls contrasts with the white marble of the domes and the subtle intarsia decoration. Aurangzeb's mosque's architectural plan is similar to that of his father, Shah Jahan, the Jama Masjid in Delhi; though it is much larger. It also functions as an <a href="/wiki/Idgah_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idgah (place)"><i>idgah</i></a>. The courtyard which spreads over 276,000 square feet, can accommodate one hundred thousand worshippers; ten thousand can be accommodated inside the mosque. The <a href="/wiki/Minarets" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets">minarets</a> are 196 feet (60 m) tall. The Mosque is one of the most famous Mughal structures but suffered greatly under the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In 1993, the Government of Pakistan included the Badshahi Mosque in the tentative list for <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whc.unesco.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_monuments">Additional monuments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Additional monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Safdar_Jang" title="Tomb of Safdar Jang">Tomb of Safdar Jang</a></div> <p>Additional monuments from this period are associated with women from Aurangzeb's imperial family. The construction of the elegant <a href="/wiki/Zeenat-ul-Masajid" title="Zeenat-ul-Masajid">Zinat al-Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Daryaganj" title="Daryaganj">Daryaganj</a> was overseen by Aurangzeb's second daughter <a href="/wiki/Zinat-un-Nissa_Begum" title="Zinat-un-Nissa Begum">Zinat-al-Nissa</a>. Aurangzeb's sister <a href="/wiki/Roshanara_Begum" title="Roshanara Begum">Roshan-Ara</a> who died in 1671. The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Roshanara_Begum" title="Roshanara Begum">Roshanara Begum</a> and the garden surrounding it were neglected for a long time and are now in an advanced state of decay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bibi_ka_Maqbara">Bibi ka Maqbara</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibi ka Maqbara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibi_Ka_Maqbara_-_The_Taj_Of_Deccan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara_-_The_Taj_Of_Deccan.jpg/220px-Bibi_Ka_Maqbara_-_The_Taj_Of_Deccan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara_-_The_Taj_Of_Deccan.jpg/330px-Bibi_Ka_Maqbara_-_The_Taj_Of_Deccan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara_-_The_Taj_Of_Deccan.jpg/440px-Bibi_Ka_Maqbara_-_The_Taj_Of_Deccan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5115" data-file-height="3438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a> is a tomb in <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad, Maharashtra">Aurangabad, Maharashtra</a>, which was built by <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in the memory of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Dilras_Banu_Begum" title="Dilras Banu Begum">Dilras Banu Begum</a></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a> was a mausoleum built by Emperor Aurangzeb, in the late 17th century as a loving tribute to his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Dilras_Banu_Begum" title="Dilras Banu Begum">Dilras Bano Begum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. Some accounts suggest that later it was taken care by Azam Shah, son of aurangzeb. It is a replica of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, and was designed by Ata-Ullah, the son of <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Ahmad_Lahori" title="Ustad Ahmad Lahori">Ahmed Lahori</a>, who was the principal designer of the Taj Mahal. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Mughal">Late Mughal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Late Mughal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lalbagh_Fort">Lalbagh Fort</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lalbagh Fort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awesome_look_of_Lalbagh_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Awesome_look_of_Lalbagh_Fort.jpg/220px-Awesome_look_of_Lalbagh_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Awesome_look_of_Lalbagh_Fort.jpg/330px-Awesome_look_of_Lalbagh_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Awesome_look_of_Lalbagh_Fort.jpg/440px-Awesome_look_of_Lalbagh_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a> in Dhaka, an incomplete fort built by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Azam Shah</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a> (also known as "Fort Aurangabad"), a Mughal palace fortress at the Buriganga River in the southwestern part of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, whose construction started in 1678 during the reign of Aurangzeb's son Azam Shah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sunehri_Mosque">Sunehri Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sunehri Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Mosque,_Lahore" title="Sunehri Mosque, Lahore">Sunehri Mosque, Lahore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG/220px-Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG/330px-Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG/440px-Sunehri_masjid_top_view_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Mosque,_Lahore" title="Sunehri Mosque, Lahore">Sunehri Mosque</a> is named for its <a href="/wiki/Gilded" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilded">gilded</a> domes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sunehri Mosque is a late Mughal-era mosque in the <a href="/wiki/Walled_City_of_Lahore" title="Walled City of Lahore">Walled City of Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Sunehri Mosque was built in 1753 when the empire was in decline, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tomb_of_Safdar_Jang">Tomb of Safdar Jang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tomb of Safdar Jang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Safdar_Jang" title="Tomb of Safdar Jang">Tomb of Safdar Jung</a> completed in 1754 is one of the last examples of Mughal Architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khan_Mohammad_Mridha_Mosque">Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Khan_Mohammad_Mridha_Mosque" title="Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque">Khan Mohammad Mridha Mosque</a> is a historical mosque near <a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a> in Dhaka, Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-begum_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begum-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Bangladesh;_Khan_Mohammad_Mridah_mosque_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Bangladesh;_Khan_Mohammad_Mridah_mosque-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mosque was built in Atish Khan Mahalla by Khan Mohammad Mridha under the instruction of Qadi Ibadullah in 1706 CE. The mosque rises above its surroundings because the tahkhana or underground rooms of the mosque are above grade. The roof of the tahkhana forms the platform on which the mosque is situated. The spacious prayer place before the main mosque is open in all directions allowing air to flow and keep the interior cool.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasan_01_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasan_01-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation of invaluable heritage sites in the 400-year-old city of Dhaka was ignored for many years. Destruction of heritage sites and historical monuments started during Pakistan period on a moderate scale but it gained momentum after independence. Heritage properties suffered destruction during the rule of military regime in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahbub_03_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahbub_03-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gardens">Gardens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shalimar_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Shalimar_Gardens.jpg/220px-Shalimar_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Shalimar_Gardens.jpg/330px-Shalimar_Gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Shalimar_Gardens.jpg/440px-Shalimar_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens in Lahore</a> are among the most famous Mughal gardens.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mughal_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal gardens">Mughal gardens</a> are gardens built by the Mughals in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic style</a>. This style was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a>. They are built in the <a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh"><i>char bagh</i></a> structure, which is a quadrilateral garden layout based on the <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">four gardens of Paradise</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. This style is intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens. </p><p>Some famous examples of Mughal gardens are the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Bagh-e-Babur</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehtab_Bagh" title="Mehtab Bagh">Mehtab Bagh gardens</a> at the Taj Mahal, gardens at Humayun's Tomb, <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wah_Gardens" title="Wah Gardens">Wah Gardens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wah" class="mw-redirect" title="Wah">Wah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khusro_Bagh" title="Khusro Bagh">Khusro Bagh</a> at <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Prayagraj</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pinjore_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinjore Gardens">Pinjore Gardens</a> at <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>. </p><p>The ensemble of six Mughal Gardens of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pari_Mahal" title="Pari Mahal">Pari Mahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nishat_Bagh" title="Nishat Bagh">Nishat Bagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh,_Srinagar" title="Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar">Shalimar Bagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chashme_Shahi" title="Chashme Shahi">Chashme Shahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verinag" title="Verinag">Verinag Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a>) are on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India#Tentative_list_of_Heritage_sites" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">tentative list</a> of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a> in India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mughal architecture has also influenced later Indian architectural styles, including the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic style</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Rajasthan" title="Architecture of Rajasthan">Rajput style</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh style</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One scholar has also noted similarities between Mughal architecture and architectural projects within the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> in the early 17th century, primarily those sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Susenyos_I" title="Susenyos I">Susenyos I</a> and carried out with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> missionaries that he patronized. This influence was likely due to the strong connections between the Jesuit missions in Ethiopia and Mughal India at the time. Indian craftsmen, possibly with experience in Mughal constructions, are also reported to have worked on the projects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez_d'Alòs-Moner201730–33_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez_d'Alòs-Moner201730–33-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several mosques in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Keling_Mosque" title="Kapitan Keling Mosque">Kapitan Keling Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamek_Mosque" title="Jamek Mosque">Jamek Mosque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zahir_Mosque" title="Zahir Mosque">Zahir Mosque</a>, were influenced by Mughal architecture in their designs.<sup id="cite_ref-THE_INFLUENCE_OF_MUGHAL_ARCHITECTURE_ON_MASJID_ZAHIR:_CASE_STUDY_ON_FIVE_RURAL_MOSQUES_IN_KEDAH,_MALAYSIA;_Sid_Hijaz_Md_Saaid;_Sanusi_Hassan_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE_INFLUENCE_OF_MUGHAL_ARCHITECTURE_ON_MASJID_ZAHIR:_CASE_STUDY_ON_FIVE_RURAL_MOSQUES_IN_KEDAH,_MALAYSIA;_Sid_Hijaz_Md_Saaid;_Sanusi_Hassan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_Mosque" title="Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque">Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque</a> also incorporates Mughal influences.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jali decorative work at the Tomb of Salim Chishti, Fatehpur Sikri."><img alt="Jali decorative work at the Tomb of Salim Chishti, Fatehpur Sikri." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg/127px-Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg/190px-Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg/254px-Salim_Chishti_Tomb-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></i> decorative work at the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akbar%27s_Tomb_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akbar's Tomb at Agra, India, uses red sandstone and white marble, like many of the Mughal monuments. The Taj Mahal is a notable exception, as it uses only marble."><img alt="Akbar's Tomb at Agra, India, uses red sandstone and white marble, like many of the Mughal monuments. The Taj Mahal is a notable exception, as it uses only marble." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Akbar%27s_Tomb_04.jpg/180px-Akbar%27s_Tomb_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Akbar%27s_Tomb_04.jpg/269px-Akbar%27s_Tomb_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Akbar%27s_Tomb_04.jpg/359px-Akbar%27s_Tomb_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's Tomb">Akbar's Tomb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, India, uses red sandstone and white marble, like many of the Mughal monuments. The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> is a notable exception, as it uses only marble.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Emperor_Jahangir_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jahangir's grave at the Tomb of Jahangir, Lahore is decorated with parchin kari work."><img alt="Jahangir's grave at the Tomb of Jahangir, Lahore is decorated with parchin kari work." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grave_of_Emperor_Jahangir_II.jpg/160px-Grave_of_Emperor_Jahangir_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grave_of_Emperor_Jahangir_II.jpg/240px-Grave_of_Emperor_Jahangir_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grave_of_Emperor_Jahangir_II.jpg/320px-Grave_of_Emperor_Jahangir_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5327" data-file-height="3999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>'s grave at the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Tomb of Jahangir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> is decorated with <i><a href="/wiki/Parchin_kari" class="mw-redirect" title="Parchin kari">parchin kari</a></i> work.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Nisar_Begum_at_Khusro_Bagh_Allahabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Nithar Begum at Khusro Bagh, Allahabad, India."><img alt="Tomb of Nithar Begum at Khusro Bagh, Allahabad, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Nisar_Begum_at_Khusro_Bagh_Allahabad.jpg/160px-Tomb_of_Nisar_Begum_at_Khusro_Bagh_Allahabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Nisar_Begum_at_Khusro_Bagh_Allahabad.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Nisar_Begum_at_Khusro_Bagh_Allahabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Nisar_Begum_at_Khusro_Bagh_Allahabad.jpg/320px-Tomb_of_Nisar_Begum_at_Khusro_Bagh_Allahabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Nithar Begum at <a href="/wiki/Khusro_Bagh" title="Khusro Bagh">Khusro Bagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ustad%27s_Tomb_Nakodar,_Punjab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar, India."><img alt="One of the Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ustad%27s_Tomb_Nakodar%2C_Punjab.jpg/160px-Ustad%27s_Tomb_Nakodar%2C_Punjab.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ustad%27s_Tomb_Nakodar%2C_Punjab.jpg/240px-Ustad%27s_Tomb_Nakodar%2C_Punjab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ustad%27s_Tomb_Nakodar%2C_Punjab.jpg/320px-Ustad%27s_Tomb_Nakodar%2C_Punjab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1095" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the <a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_Ustad-Shagird,_Nakodar" title="Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar">Tombs of Ustad-Shagird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakodar" title="Nakodar">Nakodar</a>, India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agra_03-2016_05_Taj_Mahal_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Darwaza-i-Rauza (Great Gate) of the Taj Mahal."><img alt="The Darwaza-i-Rauza (Great Gate) of the Taj Mahal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Agra_03-2016_05_Taj_Mahal_complex.jpg/160px-Agra_03-2016_05_Taj_Mahal_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Agra_03-2016_05_Taj_Mahal_complex.jpg/240px-Agra_03-2016_05_Taj_Mahal_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Agra_03-2016_05_Taj_Mahal_complex.jpg/320px-Agra_03-2016_05_Taj_Mahal_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4807" data-file-height="3605" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Origins_and_architecture_of_the_Taj_Mahal#Great_gate_(Darwaza-i_rauza)" title="Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal">Darwaza-i-Rauza</a> (Great Gate) of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Fort_in_Delhi_03-2016_img3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lahori Gate of the Red Fort, Delhi, India."><img alt="Lahori Gate of the Red Fort, Delhi, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Red_Fort_in_Delhi_03-2016_img3.jpg/180px-Red_Fort_in_Delhi_03-2016_img3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Red_Fort_in_Delhi_03-2016_img3.jpg/270px-Red_Fort_in_Delhi_03-2016_img3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Red_Fort_in_Delhi_03-2016_img3.jpg/360px-Red_Fort_in_Delhi_03-2016_img3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5387" data-file-height="3030" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lahori_Gate,_Delhi" title="Lahori Gate, Delhi">Lahori Gate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_Calligraphy_at_Wazir_Khan_Mosque2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The shahada in Arabic calligraphy at the Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan."><img alt="The shahada in Arabic calligraphy at the Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Arabic_Calligraphy_at_Wazir_Khan_Mosque2.jpg/105px-Arabic_Calligraphy_at_Wazir_Khan_Mosque2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Arabic_Calligraphy_at_Wazir_Khan_Mosque2.jpg/157px-Arabic_Calligraphy_at_Wazir_Khan_Mosque2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Arabic_Calligraphy_at_Wazir_Khan_Mosque2.jpg/209px-Arabic_Calligraphy_at_Wazir_Khan_Mosque2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewan-e-Khas_(Hall_of_Special_Audience).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of private audience) at Lahore Fort."><img alt="Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of private audience) at Lahore Fort." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dewan-e-Khas_%28Hall_of_Special_Audience%29.JPG/180px-Dewan-e-Khas_%28Hall_of_Special_Audience%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dewan-e-Khas_%28Hall_of_Special_Audience%29.JPG/270px-Dewan-e-Khas_%28Hall_of_Special_Audience%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dewan-e-Khas_%28Hall_of_Special_Audience%29.JPG/360px-Dewan-e-Khas_%28Hall_of_Special_Audience%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5530" data-file-height="3061" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Diwan-i-Khas_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Diwan-i-Khas (Lahore Fort)">Diwan-i-Khas</a></i> (Hall of private audience) at <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan_Mosque_Center_(20673302596).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta, Pakistan. The mosque is not built in the Mughal style, but reflects a heavy Persian influence."><img alt="Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta, Pakistan. The mosque is not built in the Mughal style, but reflects a heavy Persian influence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shah_Jahan_Mosque_Center_%2820673302596%29.jpg/180px-Shah_Jahan_Mosque_Center_%2820673302596%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shah_Jahan_Mosque_Center_%2820673302596%29.jpg/270px-Shah_Jahan_Mosque_Center_%2820673302596%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shah_Jahan_Mosque_Center_%2820673302596%29.jpg/360px-Shah_Jahan_Mosque_Center_%2820673302596%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>, Pakistan. The mosque is not built in the Mughal style, but reflects a heavy <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Persian</a> influence.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/">"Taj Mahal World Heritage"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage. Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201133603/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage.+Centre&rft.atitle=Taj+Mahal+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F252%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2005" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&dq=mughal+last+imperial+mosque+lahore&pg=PA91"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45596-5"><bdi>978-1-135-45596-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45596-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc1ZsBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmughal%2Blast%2Bimperial%2Bmosque%2Blahore%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher19921–2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher1992">Asher 1992</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1996" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (1996). "Mughals". <i>Dictionary of Islamic architecture</i>. 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India.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2011" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Philippa (2011). "Indian Subcontinent: from Sultanate to Mughal Empire". 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(2020). "Mughal architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mughal+architecture&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloomBlair2009Mughal_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloomBlair2009">Bloom & Blair 2009</a>, Mughal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton-Page2008" class="citation book cs1">Burton-Page, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDP_jlCYouAC&pg=PA36"><i>Indian Islamic Architecture: Forms and Typologies, Sites and Monuments</i></a>. Brill. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16339-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16339-3"><bdi>978-90-04-16339-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Islamic+Architecture%3A+Forms+and+Typologies%2C+Sites+and+Monuments&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16339-3&rft.aulast=Burton-Page&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDP_jlCYouAC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadlaniSharma2017" class="citation book cs1">Dadlani, Chanchal; Sharma, Yuthika (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1057">"Beyond the Taj Mahal: Late Mughal Visual Culture"</a>. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). <i>A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture</i>. Wiley Blackwell. p. 1057. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06857-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06857-0"><bdi>978-1-119-06857-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Taj+Mahal%3A+Late+Mughal+Visual+Culture&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=1057&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-119-06857-0&rft.aulast=Dadlani&rft.aufirst=Chanchal&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Yuthika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YgpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPh7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA537">Research & Teaching Aptitude Paper-I</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/19780531-mughal-ruins-in-dholpur-where-babur-sowed-the-seed-818429-2015-01-14">"Mughal ruins in Dholpur: Where Babur sowed the seed"</a>. 14 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mughal+ruins+in+Dholpur%3A+Where+Babur+sowed+the+seed&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fheritage%2Fstory%2F19780531-mughal-ruins-in-dholpur-where-babur-sowed-the-seed-818429-2015-01-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book</i>. 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatehpur+Sikri+was+once+a+Jain+pilgrimage+centre%3A+Book&rft.date=2013-02-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/excavation-at-akbars-fort-at-fatehpur-sikri-reveals-flourishing-jain-and-hindu-habitation/1/243578.html">"Excavation at Akbars fort at Fatehpur Sikri reveals flourishing Jain and Hindu habitation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London : Reaktion Books. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-185-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-185-3"><bdi>978-1-86189-185-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+empire+of+the+great+Mughals+%3A+history%2C+art+and+culture&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=London+%3A+Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-185-3&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft.au=Waghmar%2C+Burzine+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofgreatmug00anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1950" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, R. E. M. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.17045"><i>Five thousand years of Pakistan</i></a>. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+thousand+years+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=83&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=R.+E.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.17045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1992116-117116–117-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher1992116-117116–117_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher1992116-117116–117_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher1992">Asher 1992</a>, p. 116-117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-6-2004_pg7_22">"The mosque that Jodha Bai built"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. 26 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=The+mosque+that+Jodha+Bai+built&rft.date=2004-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dstory_26-6-2004_pg7_22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janin-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janin_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanin2006" class="citation book cs1">Janin, Hunt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTWDxDEY-Q0C&q=Ahmad+Lahori+Indian%7CPersian&pg=PA124"><i>The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003</i></a>. McFarland. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786429042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786429042"><bdi>978-0786429042</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Learning+in+the+Islamic+World%2C+610-2003&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0786429042&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Hunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTWDxDEY-Q0C%26q%3DAhmad%2BLahori%2BIndian%257CPersian%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qjdEi89Q34kC&q=ahmad"><i>Indian Journal of History of Science, Volume 44, Issues 1-3</i></a>. National Institute of Sciences of India. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science%2C+Volume+44%2C+Issues+1-3&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Sciences+of+India&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqjdEi89Q34kC%26q%3Dahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2FRAAAAYAAJ&q=Ahmad+Mimar+Lahori"><i>The Sikh Courier:Volumes 9-12</i></a>. Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain. 1977. p. 16. <q>Nadir-ul-Asar Ahmad Mimar Lahori Shahjehani was also a Punjabi who designed the Taj Mahal of Agra</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Courier%3AVolumes+9-12&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Sikh+Cultural+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2FRAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAhmad%2BMimar%2BLahori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamada_Atsumi_(山田敦美)2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yamada Atsumi (山田敦美) (2007). "Chapter 4 Supplementary Notes 9_Mughal Miniature Paintings, Gardens, and Architecture". In Hiroyuki Kotani (小谷汪之) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000009081227"><i>南アジア史 2</i></a> [<i>South Asian History 2</i>] (in Japanese). 山川出版社. pp. 187–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-634-46209-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-634-46209-0"><bdi>978-4-634-46209-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4+Supplementary+Notes+9_Mughal+Miniature+Paintings%2C+Gardens%2C+and+Architecture&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E5%8F%B2+2&rft.pages=187-192&rft.pub=%E5%B1%B1%E5%B7%9D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-4-634-46209-0&rft.au=Yamada+Atsumi+%28%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B0%E6%95%A6%E7%BE%8E%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndlsearch.ndl.go.jp%2Fbooks%2FR100000002-I000009081227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WLgyEAAAQBAJ&dq=moti+masjid+built+supervision&pg=PA226"><i>History and Civis</i></a>. S. Chand Publishing. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Civis&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=S.+Chand+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWLgyEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmoti%2Bmasjid%2Bbuilt%2Bsupervision%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhsan_Jan_Qaisar,_Saiyid_Nurul_Hasan,_Som_Prakash_Verma1993" class="citation book cs1">Ahsan Jan Qaisar, Saiyid Nurul Hasan, Som Prakash Verma (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4BuAAAAMAAJ&q=Besides+Ali+Mardan+Khan+,+Hakim+Alimuddin+Wazir+Khan+,+Khan+-+i+Dauran+Nasiri+Khan+and+Kartalab+Khan+Deccani+were"><i>Art and Culture: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor S. Nurul Hasan</i></a>. Publication Scheme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185263823" title="Special:BookSources/9788185263823"><bdi>9788185263823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Culture%3A+Felicitation+Volume+in+Honour+of+Professor+S.+Nurul+Hasan&rft.pub=Publication+Scheme&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788185263823&rft.au=Ahsan+Jan+Qaisar%2C+Saiyid+Nurul+Hasan%2C+Som+Prakash+Verma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN4BuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DBesides%2BAli%2BMardan%2BKhan%2B%2C%2BHakim%2BAlimuddin%2BWazir%2BKhan%2B%2C%2BKhan%2B-%2Bi%2BDauran%2BNasiri%2BKhan%2Band%2BKartalab%2BKhan%2BDeccani%2Bwere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827000354/http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/6585/original/DPC3347.pdf?1384798179">"Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Aga Khan Development Network. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/6585/original/DPC3347.pdf?1384798179">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Wazir Khan Mosque was built in 1634-35 AD (1044-45 AH), by Hakim 'Ali ud din* a governor of Punjab in the early part of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conservation+of+the+Wazir+Khan+Mosque+Lahore%3A+Preliminary+Report+on+Condition+and+Risk+Assessment&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsystem%2Fpublications%2Fcontents%2F6585%2Foriginal%2FDPC3347.pdf%3F1384798179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson2003" class="citation book cs1">Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (2003). <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century</i>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231038761" title="Special:BookSources/9789231038761"><bdi>9789231038761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+Development+in+contrast+%3A+from+the+sixteenth+to+the+mid-nineteenth+century&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789231038761&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Mikha%C4%ADlovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akdn.org/where-we-work/south-asia/pakistan/cultural-development/walled-city">"Walled city of Lahore conservation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Walled city of Lahore is famous for several historic monuments including the Lahore Fort – a World Heritage site, the Badshahi, and Wazir Khan mosques. Close to 2,000 buildings within the Walled city display a range of architectural features that mark Lahore's centuries-old cultural landscape. A majority of these buildings and the mohallas (local neighbourhoods) in which they are situated form a unique heritage footprint. The work consequently carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (A.K.T.C.) and the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) was initiated under a 2007 public-private partnership framework agreement with the Government of Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Walled+city+of+Lahore+conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akdn.org%2Fwhere-we-work%2Fsouth-asia%2Fpakistan%2Fcultural-development%2Fwalled-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/171/">"Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+and+Shalimar+Gardens+in+Lahore&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F171%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rehman-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rehman_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFREHMAN2009" class="citation journal cs1">REHMAN, A. (2009). "Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times". <i>Garden History</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 205–217. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27821596">27821596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Garden+History&rft.atitle=Changing+Concepts+of+Garden+Design+in+Lahore+from+Mughal+to+Contemporary+Times&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-217&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27821596%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=REHMAN&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mughalgardens.org/html/shalamar.html">Shalamar Gardens</a> Gardens of the Mughal Empire. Retrieved 20 June 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khazeni-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khazeni_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khazeni_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khazeni_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazeni2014" class="citation book cs1">Khazeni, Arash (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mnclDQAAQBAJ&q=shah+jahan+thatta&pg=PA68"><i>Sky Blue Stone: The Turquoise Trade in World History</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520279070" title="Special:BookSources/9780520279070"><bdi>9780520279070</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sky+Blue+Stone%3A+The+Turquoise+Trade+in+World+History&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780520279070&rft.aulast=Khazeni&rft.aufirst=Arash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmnclDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dshah%2Bjahan%2Bthatta%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1286/">"Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003131103/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1286/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Shah+Jahan+Mosque%2C+Thatta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F1286%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher1992">Asher 1992</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher1992225-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher1992225_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher1992">Asher 1992</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelomo Dov Goitein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmn8U8uNtFAC&dq=wazir+arabic+word&pg=PA170"><i>Studies in Islamic History and Institutions</i></a> BRILL, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004179313" title="Special:BookSources/9004179313">9004179313</a> p 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/sites/1750">"Masjid Vazir K̲h̲ān"</a>. <i>Archnet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>The mosque was founded by Hakim Ilmud Din Ansari, a distinguished physician from Chiniot who received the Ministerial title of 'Wazir Khan' under the reign of Shah Jahan, and was later promoted to the position of Viceroy of Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archnet&rft.atitle=Masjid+Vazir+K%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%81n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsites%2F1750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/publications/6586">"History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment"</a>. <i>Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme</i>. Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>The spectacular monumental ensemble of the Wazir Khan Mosque in the Walled City of Lahore was built in 1634 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aga+Khan+Historic+Cities+Programme&rft.atitle=History+and+Background+in+Conservation+of+the+Wazir+Khan+Mosque+Lahore%3A+Preliminary+Report+on+Condition+and+Risk+Assessment&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fpublications%2F6586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whc.unesco.org-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whc.unesco.org_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1277/">"Badshahi Mosque, Lahore – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. Whc.unesco.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Badshahi+Mosque%2C+Lahore+%26ndash%3B+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F1277%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-begum-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-begum_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegum1994" class="citation thesis cs1">Begum, Shabnam (1994). "Religious institutions of Bengal in the eighteenth century: Mosque of Khan Muhammad Mirdha". <i>Bengal's contribution to Islamic studies during the 18th century</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a>. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Bengal%27s+contribution+to+Islamic+studies+during+the+18th+century&rft.inst=Aligarh+Muslim+University&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Begum&rft.aufirst=Shabnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Bangladesh;_Khan_Mohammad_Mridah_mosque-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Bangladesh;_Khan_Mohammad_Mridah_mosque_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cw0vr9dzkjxo">"ঢাকায় মুঘল সাম্রাজ্যের জৌলুশ সম্পর্কে কী জানা যায়?"</a> (in Bashkir). BBC. BBC Bangladesh. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%3F&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fbengali%2Farticles%2Fcw0vr9dzkjxo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan_01-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hasan_01_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan1980" class="citation book cs1">Hasan, Syed Mahmudul (1980) [First published in 1971]. <i>Muslim Monuments of Bangladesh</i>. Dhaka: Anjuman Printing Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8430161">8430161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Monuments+of+Bangladesh&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Anjuman+Printing+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8430161&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Syed+Mahmudul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahbub_03-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahbub_03_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2011" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Mahbubur (2011). <i>City of an architect</i>. Dhaka: Delvistaa Publication. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9843324511" title="Special:BookSources/978-9843324511"><bdi>978-9843324511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+an+architect&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Delvistaa+Publication&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9843324511&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Mahbubur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFREHMAN2009" class="citation journal cs1">REHMAN, ABDUL (2009). "Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times". <i>Garden History</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 205–217. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1243">0307-1243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27821596">27821596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Garden+History&rft.atitle=Changing+Concepts+of+Garden+Design+in+Lahore+from+Mughal+to+Contemporary+Times&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-217&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27821596%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0307-1243&rft.aulast=REHMAN&rft.aufirst=ABDUL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez_d'Alòs-Moner201730–33-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartínez_d'Alòs-Moner201730–33_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartínez_d'Alòs-Moner2017">Martínez d'Alòs-Moner 2017</a>, pp. 30–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE_INFLUENCE_OF_MUGHAL_ARCHITECTURE_ON_MASJID_ZAHIR:_CASE_STUDY_ON_FIVE_RURAL_MOSQUES_IN_KEDAH,_MALAYSIA;_Sid_Hijaz_Md_Saaid;_Sanusi_Hassan-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THE_INFLUENCE_OF_MUGHAL_ARCHITECTURE_ON_MASJID_ZAHIR:_CASE_STUDY_ON_FIVE_RURAL_MOSQUES_IN_KEDAH,_MALAYSIA;_Sid_Hijaz_Md_Saaid;_Sanusi_Hassan_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMd_SaaidSanusi_Hassan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Md Saaid, Ahmad Sid Hijaz; Sanusi Hassan, Ahmad (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuengr.com/V10A/10A12IM.pdf">"The influence of Mughal architecture on Masjid Zahir: case study on five rural mosques in Kedah, Malaysia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies</i>. <b>10</b> (12). Kedah, Malaysia: 2–3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Ali and Hassan (2017) have conducted studies on the elements of Mughal architecture found in Malaysia through case studies in three mosques namely, Masjid Kapitan Keling in Georgetown, Penang, Masjid Alwi in Perlis and Masjid Jamek in Kuala Lumpur. This study had also compared the original elements found in India such as the Jami Mosque of Delhi and Taj Mahal in Agra. The researchers believed this study was not completed because the Mughal architectural elements recorded in the local context did not include the Masjid Zahir. A study by Ibrahim and Abdullah</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Transaction+Journal+of+Engineering%2C+Management%2C+%26+Applied+Sciences+%26+Technologies&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+Mughal+architecture+on+Masjid+Zahir%3A+case+study+on+five+rural+mosques+in+Kedah%2C+Malaysia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Md+Saaid&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Sid+Hijaz&rft.au=Sanusi+Hassan%2C+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuengr.com%2FV10A%2F10A12IM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRui_Oliveira_LopesNuriskandar_bin_Mohd_Hasnan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rui Oliveira Lopes; Nuriskandar bin Mohd Hasnan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354614534">"The Expression of Cultural Identity in Mosque Architecture in Brunei Darussalam"</a>. <i>Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>...Despite the evident Mughal-style architecture, fortress-like body, and minarets....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trans+-Regional+and+-National+Studies+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Expression+of+Cultural+Identity+in+Mosque+Architecture+in+Brunei+Darussalam&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Rui+Oliveira+Lopes&rft.au=Nuriskandar+bin+Mohd+Hasnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F354614534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_architecture&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher1992" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA349"><i>Architecture of Mughal India</i></a>. The New Cambridge History of India, Part I. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521267281" title="Special:BookSources/9780521267281"><bdi>9780521267281</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Mughal+India&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%2C+Part+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521267281&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Blanshard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ctLNvx68hIC%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA79"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell,_Amit_Pasricha2011" class="citation book cs1">George Michell, Amit Pasricha (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8-FZwEACAAJ"><i>Mughal Architecture & Gardens</i></a>. Antique Collectors' Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851496709" title="Special:BookSources/9781851496709"><bdi>9781851496709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Architecture+%26+Gardens&rft.pub=Antique+Collectors%27+Club&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781851496709&rft.au=George+Michell%2C+Amit+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8-FZwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_Fathepur_Sikri:Akbar's_Magnificent_City_on_a_Hill" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Subhadra Sen; Irani, Prakash (2013). <i>Fathepur Sikri: Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill</i>. Niyogi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789381523728" title="Special:BookSources/9789381523728"><bdi>9789381523728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fathepur+Sikri%3A+Akbar%27s+Magnificent+City+on+a+Hill&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789381523728&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Subhadra+Sen&rft.au=Irani%2C+Prakash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_d'Alòs-Moner2017" class="citation book cs1">Martínez d'Alòs-Moner, Andreu (2017). "The Infrastructure of the Mission: Convents, Palaces, and Temples". In Andreu Martínez d’Alòs-Moner, Victor; De Torres, Jorge; Martínez d'Alòs-Moner, Andreu; Cañete, Carlos (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtMuDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Archaeology of the Jesuit Missions in Ethiopia (1557–1632)</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004324695" title="Special:BookSources/9789004324695"><bdi>9789004324695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Infrastructure+of+the+Mission%3A+Convents%2C+Palaces%2C+and+Temples&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Jesuit+Missions+in+Ethiopia+%281557%E2%80%931632%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004324695&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+d%27Al%C3%B2s-Moner&rft.aufirst=Andreu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtMuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mathematics_and_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mathematics_and_art" title="Template talk:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics_and_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mathematics and art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mathematics_and_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics and art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenary" title="Catenary">Catenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">Hyperboloid structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_surface" title="Minimal surface">Minimal surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraboloid" title="Paraboloid">Paraboloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lucida" title="Camera lucida">Camera lucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_ratio" title="Plastic ratio">Plastic ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projective_geometry" title="Projective geometry">Projective geometry</a></li> <li>Proportion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportion_(architecture)" title="Proportion (architecture)">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_proportions" title="Body proportions">Human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">Symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_group" title="Wallpaper group">Wallpaper group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FWF_Samuel_Monnier_(vertical_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009"><img alt="Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/75px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/113px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg/150px-FWF_Samuel_Monnier_%28vertical_detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_art" title="Algorithmic art">Algorithmic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic_dome" title="Geodesic dome">Geodesic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">4D art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_art" title="Fractal art">Fractal art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">Knotting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Croatian interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_mathematics" title="Music and mathematics">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_paper_folding" title="Mathematics of paper folding">Mathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sculpture" title="Mathematical sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">Tiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_designed_with_the_golden_ratio" title="List of works designed with the golden ratio">List of works designed with the golden ratio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Continuum_(sculpture)" title="Continuum (sculpture)">Continuum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathematica:_A_World_of_Numbers..._and_Beyond" title="Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond">Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Octacube_(sculpture)" title="Octacube (sculpture)">Octacube</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi_(art_project)" title="Pi (art project)">Pi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi_in_the_Sky" title="Pi in the Sky">Pi in the Sky</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_(San_Francisco)" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco)">Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Pyramid of Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_artists" title="List of mathematical artists">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigianino" title="Parmigianino">Parmigianino</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Self-portrait_in_a_Convex_Mirror" title="Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror">Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th–20th<br />Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Blake)" title="Newton (Blake)">Newton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dancer_in_a_Caf%C3%A9" title="Dancer in a Café">Danseuse au café</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Oiseau_bleu_(Metzinger)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger)">L'Oiseau bleu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Circle_Limit_III" title="Circle Limit III">Circle Limit III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Print_Gallery_(M._C._Escher)" title="Print Gallery (M. C. Escher)">Print Gallery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relativity_(M._C._Escher)" title="Relativity (M. C. Escher)">Relativity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reptiles_(M._C._Escher)" title="Reptiles (M. C. Escher)">Reptiles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Condition_(Magritte)" title="The Human Condition (Magritte)">La condition humaine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(Corpus_Hypercubus)" title="Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)">Crucifixion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swallow%27s_Tail" title="The Swallow's Tail">The Swallow's Tail</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_Johnson" title="Crockett Johnson">Crockett Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bill" title="Max Bill">Max Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Demaine" title="Martin Demaine">Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Draves" title="Scott Draves">Scott Draves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dibbets" title="Jan Dibbets">Jan Dibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest" title="John Ernest">John Ernest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helaman_Ferguson" title="Helaman Ferguson">Helaman Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forakis" title="Peter Forakis">Peter Forakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Goldstine" title="Susan Goldstine">Susan Goldstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_Grossman" title="Bathsheba Grossman">Bathsheba Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Hart" title="George W. Hart">George W. Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Henry" title="Desmond Paul Henry">Desmond Paul Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hill_(artist)" title="Anthony Hill (artist)">Anthony Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jencks" title="Charles Jencks">Charles Jencks</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Cosmic_Speculation" title="Garden of Cosmic Speculation">Garden of Cosmic Speculation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Lomas" title="Andy Lomas">Andy Lomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Longhurst" title="Robert Longhurst">Robert Longhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_McLeod" title="Jeanette McLeod">Jeanette McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Naderi_Yeganeh" title="Hamid Naderi Yeganeh">Hamid Naderi Yeganeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Orosz" title="István Orosz">István Orosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinke_Osinga" title="Hinke Osinga">Hinke Osinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pevsner" title="Antoine Pevsner">Antoine Pevsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Robbin" title="Tony Robbin">Tony Robbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Rojo_Cama" title="Alba Rojo Cama">Alba Rojo Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Sarhangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Sarhangi">Reza Sarhangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sin" title="Oliver Sin">Oliver Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto" title="Hiroshi Sugimoto">Hiroshi Sugimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daina_Taimi%C5%86a" title="Daina Taimiņa">Daina Taimiņa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Verostko" title="Roman Verostko">Roman Verostko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wertheim" title="Margaret Wertheim">Margaret Wertheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polykleitos</a> <ul><li><i>Canon</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_pictura" title="De pictura">De pictura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria" title="De re aedificatoria">De re aedificatoria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_prospectiva_pingendi" title="De prospectiva pingendi">De prospectiva pingendi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divina_proportione" title="Divina proportione">De divina proportione</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Painting" title="A Treatise on Painting">A Treatise on Painting</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> <ul><li><i>Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a> <ul><li><i>Regole generali d'architettura</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">I quattro libri dell'architettura</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colman" title="Samuel Colman">Samuel Colman</a> <ul><li><i>Nature's Harmonic Unity</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Macody_Lund" title="Frederik Macody Lund">Frederik Macody Lund</a> <ul><li><i>Ad Quadratum</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Hambidge" title="Jay Hambidge">Jay Hambidge</a> <ul><li><i>The Greek Vase</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)#The_Grammar_of_Ornament" title="Owen Jones (architect)">The Grammar of Ornament</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin" title="Ernest Hanbury Hankin">Ernest Hanbury Hankin</a> <ul><li><i>The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mathematician%27s_Apology" title="A Mathematician's Apology">A Mathematician's Apology</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> <ul><li><i>Aesthetic Measure</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Salingaros" title="Nikos Salingaros">Nikos Salingaros</a> <ul><li><i>The 'Life' of a Carpet</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="Journal of Mathematics and the Arts">Journal of Mathematics and the Arts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Naturae" title="Lumen Naturae">Lumen Naturae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_Mathematics_with_Needlework" title="Making Mathematics with Needlework">Making Mathematics with Needlework</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_of_Structure" title="Rhythm of Structure">Rhythm of Structure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viewpoints:_Mathematical_Perspective_and_Fractal_Geometry_in_Art" title="Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art">Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ars_Mathematica_(organization)" title="Ars Mathematica (organization)">Ars Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridges_Organization" title="The Bridges Organization">The Bridges Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Mathematics_and_the_Arts" title="European Society for Mathematics and the Arts">European Society for Mathematics and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudreau_Museum_of_Mathematics_in_Art_and_Science" title="Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science">Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_For_Figuring" title="Institute For Figuring">Institute For Figuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathemalchemy" title="Mathemalchemy">Mathemalchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mathematics" title="National Museum of Mathematics">National Museum of Mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droste_effect" title="Droste effect">Droste effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry">Sacred geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a 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I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">Mughal–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)" title="Siege of Daulatabad (1633)">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–06)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque" title="Chawk Mosque">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (<i>interrupted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_India" title="Template:Architecture of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_India" title="Template talk:Architecture of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Indian_architecture" title="Ancient Indian architecture">Ancient Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam-type_architecture" title="Assam-type architecture">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chala_Style" title="Chala Style">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratna_Style" title="Ratna Style">Ratna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappan_architecture" title="Harappan architecture">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu-northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_Style" title="Nagara Style">Nagara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_architecture" title="Kalinga architecture">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ru-Gurjara_architecture" title="Māru-Gurjara architecture">Māru-Gurjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">Shikhara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhumija_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumija (architecture)">Bhumija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latina_(architecture)" title="Latina (architecture)">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhari_(architecture)" title="Sekhari (architecture)">Sekhari</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemadpanti_architecture" title="Hemadpanti architecture">Hemadpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_architecture" title="Meitei architecture">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilachal_architecture" title="Nilachal architecture">Nilachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu-southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_architecture" title="Badami Chalukya architecture">Badami Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_architecture" title="Kadamba architecture">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala architecture">Thantra-Samuchayam/Shilparatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mughal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbari_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbari Architecture">Akbari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharqi_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharqi architecture">Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival 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href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Rajasthan" title="Architecture of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Architecture of Tamil Nadu"> Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Architecture of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Telangana" title="Architecture of Telangana">Telangana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Bhubaneswar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Chennai" title="Architecture of Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Delhi" title="Architecture of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hyderabad" title="Architecture of Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Jaipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lucknow" title="Architecture of Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mumbai" title="Architecture of Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_India" title="Category:Architecture in India">Category:Architecture in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_Bangladesh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Architecture of Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:Architecture of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_Bangladesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture of Bangladesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Sultani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somapura_Mahavihara,_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paharpur vihara"><img alt="Paharpur vihara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/70px-Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/105px-Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/140px-Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Bangladesh" title="List of Hindu temples in Bangladesh">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Bangladesh" title="List of mosques in Bangladesh">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Bangladesh" title="List of museums in Bangladesh">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_viharas_in_Bangladesh" title="List of Buddhist viharas in Bangladesh">Viharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadiums_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadiums in Bangladesh">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Foyez_Ullah" title="Mohammad Foyez Ullah">Mohammad Foyez Ullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan" title="Fazlur Rahman Khan">Fazlur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayeed_M_Ahmed" title="Abu Sayeed M Ahmed">Abu Sayeed M Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salauddin_Ahmed" title="Salauddin Ahmed">Salauddin Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mainul_Hossain" title="Syed Mainul Hossain">Syed Mainul Hossain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzharul_Islam" title="Muzharul Islam">Muzharul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashirul_Haq" title="Bashirul Haq">Bashirul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yafes_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yafes Osman">Yafes Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Uddin" title="Saleh Uddin">Saleh Uddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Khalid_Palash" title="Mustapha Khalid Palash">Mustapha Khalid Palash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamul_Karim_Nirjhar" title="Enamul Karim Nirjhar">Enamul Karim Nirjhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khondaker_Hasibul_Kabir" title="Khondaker Hasibul Kabir">Khondaker Hasibul Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Khan_(architect)" title="Ehsan Khan (architect)">Ehsan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleda_Ekram" title="Khaleda Ekram">Khaleda Ekram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashef_Mahboob_Chowdhury" title="Kashef Mahboob Chowdhury">Kashef Mahboob Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubasshar_Hussein" title="Mubasshar Hussein">Mubasshar Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_Ul_Haque" title="Saif Ul Haque">Saif Ul Haque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Khaleed_Ashraf" title="Kazi Khaleed Ashraf">Kazi Khaleed Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Ahmad" title="Jalal Ahmad">Jalal Ahmad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Dhaka" title="Architecture of Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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