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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_of_military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historiography of military history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography_of_military_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography of military history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography_of_military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Online resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_war_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_war_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Military and war museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_war_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technological evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technological_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technological evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technological_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle-ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle-ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middle-ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle-ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunpowder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunpowder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Gunpowder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunpowder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_guns_and_artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_guns_and_artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Early guns and artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_guns_and_artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_firearm_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_firearm_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Early firearm tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_firearm_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Modern technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periods_of_military_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periods_of_military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Periods of military history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Periods_of_military_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Periods of military history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Periods_of_military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Prehistoric warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ancient warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Medieval warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunpowder_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunpowder_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Gunpowder warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunpowder_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Military Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Industrial warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Modern warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historiography and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Military history</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krygsgeskiedenis" title="Krygsgeskiedenis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Krygsgeskiedenis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تاريخ عسكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ عسكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_militar" title="Historia militar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia militar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99rb_tarixi" title="Hərb tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərb tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সেনাবাহিনীর ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেনাবাহিনীর ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Военна история – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военна история" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_militar" title="Història militar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història militar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6rhistorie" title="Militærhistorie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Militærhistorie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rgeschichte" title="Militärgeschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Militärgeschichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5jaajalugu" title="Sõjaajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjaajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Στρατιωτική ιστορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατιωτική ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_militar" title="Historia militar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia militar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milita_historio" title="Milita historio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milita historio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_militarra" title="Historia militarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Historia militarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تاریخ نظامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ نظامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_militaire" title="Histoire militaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire militaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair_mh%C3%ADleata" title="Stair mhíleata – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stair mhíleata" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%82%AC" title="군사사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군사사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռազմական պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռազմական պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="सैनिक इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैनिक इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_povijest" title="Vojna povijest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojna povijest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_militer" title="Sejarah militer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah militer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_militare" title="Storia militare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia militare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="היסטוריה צבאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה צבאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სამხედრო ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხედრო ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Әскери тарих – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әскери тарих" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C4%81r%C4%81_v%C4%93sture" title="Militārā vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Militārā vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karo_istorija" title="Karo istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karo istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Воена историја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воена историја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_ketenteraan" title="Sejarah ketenteraan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah ketenteraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krijgsgeschiedenis" title="Krijgsgeschiedenis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krijgsgeschiedenis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="軍事史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軍事史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6rhistorie" title="Militærhistorie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Militærhistorie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbiy_tarix" title="Harbiy tarix – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harbiy tarix" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="پوځي تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوځي تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_wojskowo%C5%9Bci" title="Historia wojskowości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia wojskowości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_militar" title="História militar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História militar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorie_militar%C4%83" title="Istorie militară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istorie militară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Военная история – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военная история" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ushtarake" title="Historia ushtarake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia ushtarake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="හමුදා ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හමුදා ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Military history" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voja%C5%A1ka_zgodovina" title="Vojaška zgodovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojaška zgodovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مێژووی سەربازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی سەربازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_istorija" title="Vojna istorija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vojna istorija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodank%C3%A4ynnin_historia" title="Sodankäynnin historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sodankäynnin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rhistoria" title="Militärhistoria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Militärhistoria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaysayang_militar" title="Kasaysayang militar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasaysayang militar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ประวัติศาสตร์การทหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์การทหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asker%C3%AE_tarih" title="Askerî tarih – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Askerî tarih" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Військова історія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військова історія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="فوجی تاریخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فوجی تاریخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_qu%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%B1" title="Lịch sử quân sự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử quân sự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaagi_hin_militar" title="Kaagi hin militar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaagi hin militar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="軍事史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="軍事史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_of_dancing_warrior_480_bC_lower_italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bronze_statue_of_dancing_warrior_480_bC_lower_italy.jpg/220px-Bronze_statue_of_dancing_warrior_480_bC_lower_italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bronze_statue_of_dancing_warrior_480_bC_lower_italy.jpg/330px-Bronze_statue_of_dancing_warrior_480_bC_lower_italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bronze_statue_of_dancing_warrior_480_bC_lower_italy.jpg/440px-Bronze_statue_of_dancing_warrior_480_bC_lower_italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> were the first military forces in history. This warrior statuette demonstrates that military culture was an important part of historical societies, c.480 BC, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Military history</b> is the study of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">armed conflict</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">history of humanity</a>, and its impact on the societies, cultures and economies thereof, as well as the resulting changes to <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">local</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relationships</a>. </p><p>Professional historians normally focus on military affairs that had a major impact on the societies involved as well as the aftermath of conflicts, while amateur historians and hobbyists often take a larger interest in the details of battles, equipment, and uniforms in use. </p><p>The essential subjects of military history study are the causes of war, the social and cultural foundations, <a href="/wiki/Doctrine#Military_usage" title="Doctrine">military doctrine on each side</a>, the logistics, leadership, technology, <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a> used, and how these changed over time. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war theory</a> explores the moral dimensions of warfare, and to better limit the destructive reality caused by war, seeks to establish a doctrine of military ethics. </p><p>As an applied field, military history has been studied at academies and service schools because the <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and control (military)">military command</a> seeks to not repeat past mistakes, and improve upon its current performance by instilling an ability in commanders to perceive historical parallels during a battle, so as to capitalize on the lessons learned from the past. When certifying military history instructors<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Combat_Studies_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Studies Institute">Combat Studies Institute</a> deemphasizes rote detail memorization and focuses on themes and context in relation to current and future conflict, using the motto "Past is Prologue."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discipline of military history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject area as the societies and organisations that make use of it.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynamic nature of the discipline of military history is largely due to the rapid change of military forces, and the art and science of managing them, as well as the frenetic pace of <a href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">technological development</a> that had taken place during the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and more recently in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Information age">information ages</a>. An important recent concept is the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_Military_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution in Military Affairs">Revolution in Military Affairs</a> (RMA) which attempts to explain how warfare has been shaped by emerging technologies, such as gunpowder. It highlights the short outbursts of rapid change followed by periods of relative stability. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_versus_academic_military_history">Popular versus academic military history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Popular versus academic military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of the history profession in major countries, military history is an orphan, despite its enormous popularity with the general public. <a href="/wiki/William_H._McNeill_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. McNeill (historian)">William H. McNeill</a> points out: </p> <dl><dd>This branch of our discipline flourishes in an intellectual ghetto. The 144 books in question [published in 1968-78] fall into two distinct classes: works aimed at a popular readership, written by journalists and men of letters outside academic circles, and professional work nearly always produced within the military establishment.... The study of military history in universities remains seriously underdeveloped. Indeed, lack of interest in and disdain for military history probably constitute one of the strangest prejudices of the profession.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In recent decades University level courses in military history remain popular; often they use films to humanize the combat experience. For example, Eugene P. A. Scleh, history professor at the University of Maine, has explored the advantages and problems of teaching a course of "Modern War and Its Images" entirely through films. Students said they found the documentaries more valuable than the dramas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, military historians are frustrated by their marginal status in major history departments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic historians concerned with military topics have their own scholarly organization, <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Military_History" title="Society for Military History">Society for Military History</a>. Since 1937 it has published <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. Its four issues a year include scholarly articles reviews of new books, and a bibliography of new publications and dissertations. The Society has 2300 members, holds an annual convention, and gives out prizes for the best scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography_of_military_history">Historiography of military history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historiography of military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a> is the study of the history and method of the discipline of history or the study of a specialised topic. In this case, military history with an eye to gaining an accurate assessment of conflicts using all available sources. For this reason military history is periodised, creating overlaying boundaries of study and analysis in which descriptions of battles by leaders may be unreliable due to the inclination to minimize mention of failure and exaggerate success. Military historians use Historiographical analysis in an effort to allow an unbiased, contemporary view of records.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One military historian, Jeremy Black, outlined problems 21st-century military historians face as an inheritance of their predecessors: Eurocentricity, a technological bias, a focus on leading military powers and dominant military systems, the separation of land from sea and recently air conflicts, the focus on state-to-state conflict, a lack of focus on political "tasking" in how forces are used.<sup id="cite_ref-p.ix,_Black_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.ix,_Black-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If these challenges were not sufficient for military historians, the limits of method are complicated by the lack of records, either destroyed or never recorded due to their value as a <a href="/wiki/Military_secret" class="mw-redirect" title="Military secret">military secret</a>. Scholars still do not know the exact nature of <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, for instance. Researching Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, for example, have presented unique challenges to historians due to records that were destroyed to protect classified military information, among other reasons. Historians use their knowledge of government regulation and military organization, and employing a targeted and systematic research strategy to piece together war histories.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these limits, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history. </p><p>Military historians have often <a href="/wiki/Comparative_history" title="Comparative history">compared</a> organization, tactical and strategic ideas, leadership, and national support of the militaries of different nations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s, historian <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kimball_(historian)" title="Jeffrey Kimball (historian)">Jeffrey Kimball</a> studied the influence of a historian's political position on current events on interpretive disagreement regarding the causes of 20th century wars. He surveyed the ideological preferences of 109 active diplomatic historians in the United States as well as 54 active military historians. He finds that their current political views are moderately correlated with their historiographical interpretations. A clear position on the left-right continuum regarding capitalism was apparent in most cases. All groups agreed with the proposition, "historically, Americans have tended to view questions of their national security in terms of such extremes as good vs. evil." Though the Socialists were split, the other groups agreed that "miscalculation and/or misunderstanding of the situation" had caused U.S. interventionism." Kimball reports that: </p> <dl><dd>Of historians in the field of diplomatic history, 7% are Socialist, 19% are Other, 53% are Liberal, 11% are None and 10% Conservative. Of military historians, 0% are Socialist, 8% are Other, 35% are Liberal, 18% are None and 40% are Conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_resources">Online resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Online resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People interested in military history from all periods of time, and all subtopics, are increasingly turning to the Internet for many more resources than are typically available in nearby libraries. Since 1993, one of the most popular sites, with over 4000 members (subscriptions are free) has been H-WAR, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/H-Net" title="H-Net">H-Net</a> network based at Michigan State University.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H-War has six coeditors, and an academic advisory board that sets policy. It sponsors daily moderated discussions of current topics, announcements of new publications and conferences, and reports on developments at conferences. The H-Net family of lists has sponsored and published over 46,000 scholarly book reviews, thousands of which deal with books in military history broadly conceived.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia itself has a very wide coverage of military history, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/Assessment#statistics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Assessment">with over 180,000 articles</a>. Its editors sponsor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history">Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history</a> and encourage readers to join.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_war_museums">Military and war museums<span class="anchor" id="military_museum"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military and war museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadianwarmuseummgs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canadianwarmuseummgs.jpg/220px-Canadianwarmuseummgs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canadianwarmuseummgs.jpg/330px-Canadianwarmuseummgs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Canadianwarmuseummgs.jpg/440px-Canadianwarmuseummgs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_and_war_museums" title="Category:Military and war museums">Category:Military and war museums</a></div> <p>Military museums specialize in military histories; they are often organized from a national point of view, where a museum in a particular country will have displays organized around conflicts in which that country has taken part. They typically take a broad view of warfare's role in the nation's history.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically include displays of weapons and other military equipment, <a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">uniforms</a>, wartime <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, and exhibits on civilian life during wartime, and <a href="/wiki/Military_orders,_awards_and_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="Military orders, awards and decorations">decorations</a>, among others. A military museum may be dedicated to a particular or area, such as the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum_Duxford" title="Imperial War Museum Duxford">Imperial War Museum Duxford</a> for military aircraft, <a href="/wiki/German_Tank_Museum" title="German Tank Museum">Deutsches Panzermuseum</a> for tanks, the <a href="/wiki/Lange_Max_Museum" title="Lange Max Museum">Lange Max Museum</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front (World War I)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Spy_Museum" title="International Spy Museum">International Spy Museum</a> for espionage, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Memorial#The_National_World_War_I_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Memorial">The National World War I Museum</a> for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the "D-Day Paratroopers Historical Center" (Normandy) for WWII airborne, or more generalist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a>. For the Italian alpine wall one can find the most popular museum of bunkers in the small museum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.n8bunker.com/">n8bunker</a> at Olang / Kronplatz in the heard of the dolomites of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>. The U.S. Army and the state National Guards operate 98 military history museums across the United States and three abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curators debate how or whether the goal of providing diverse representations of war, in terms of positive and negative aspects of warfare. War is seldom presented as a good thing, but soldiers are heavily praised. David Lowenthal has observed that in today's museums, "nothing seems too horrendous to commemorate". Yet as Andrew Whitmarsh notes, "museums frequently portray a sanitised version of warfare."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Japan became the focus of an angry national controversy with veterans attacking curators and historians when the Smithsonian Institution planned to put its fuselage on public display in 1995. The <a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay#Exhibition_controversy" title="Enola Gay">uproar</a> led to cancellation of the exhibit.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_historians">Early historians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The documentation of military history begins with the confrontation between <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a> c. 3150 BC and <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) c. 2700 BC near the modern <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>. The Egyptian military scribe Tjaneni recorded the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(15th_century_BC)" title="Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)">Battle of Megiddo</a> (15th century BC) which is accepted as the first battle in relatively reliable detail.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military details are abundant in <a href="/wiki/Heroic_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroic epic">heroic epics</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgames" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic of Gilgames">Epic of Gilgames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Jericho" title="Fall of Jericho">Fall of Jericho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Conquest of Canaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> (though their <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">historicity</a> has been challenged). More credible records of the Israelite military history from the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> to the defeats by the <a href="/wiki/New_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="New Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a> Empires are in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Biblical historical books</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a>. </p><p>Next were <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (484–425 BC) who is often called the "father of history",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. Despite being an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a>, Thucydides' impartiality allowed him to take advantage of his exile to research the war from different perspectives by carefully examining documents and interviewing eyewitnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An approach centered on the analysis of a leader was taken by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (430–355 BC) in <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a></i>, recording the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a> into <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. And <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_of_Alexander" title="Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis of Alexander</a></i> described the expedition in the reverse direction. Greek historians of the 2nd century BC, such as <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, and later Roman historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, wrote about wars of the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Rome">rise of Rome</a> to the primacy over the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a>. The memoirs of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar#Memoirs" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (100–44 BC) enable a comparative approach for campaigns such as <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">Commentarii de Bello Civili</a></i>. </p><p>East of the Mediterranean world, <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> in India and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lord_Shang" title="The Book of Lord Shang">The Book of Lord Shang</a></i>, and less known but not less rich in military records <i><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a></i> in China present strategic doctrines during the <a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei_Zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Fei Zi">Han Fei Zi</a></i> describe the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> of China and the former also its culmination in the <a href="/wiki/Qin_wars_of_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin wars of unification">Qin wars of unification</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technological_evolution">Technological evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technological evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">History of military technology</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>The nature of warfare <i>never</i> changes, only its superficial manifestations. <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> would recognize the combat that our soldiers and Marines have waged in the alleys of Somalia and Iraq. The uniforms evolve, bronze gives way to titanium, arrows may be replaced by laser-guided bombs, but the heart of the matter is still killing your enemies until any survivors surrender and do your will.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Peters" title="Ralph Peters">Ralph Peters</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rams%C3%A9s_II_en_Qadesh,_relieve_de_Abu_Simbel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rams%C3%A9s_II_en_Qadesh%2C_relieve_de_Abu_Simbel.jpg/200px-Rams%C3%A9s_II_en_Qadesh%2C_relieve_de_Abu_Simbel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rams%C3%A9s_II_en_Qadesh%2C_relieve_de_Abu_Simbel.jpg/300px-Rams%C3%A9s_II_en_Qadesh%2C_relieve_de_Abu_Simbel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Rams%C3%A9s_II_en_Qadesh%2C_relieve_de_Abu_Simbel.jpg/400px-Rams%C3%A9s_II_en_Qadesh%2C_relieve_de_Abu_Simbel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption>Relief of <a href="/wiki/Ramses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses II">Ramses II</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a> fighting at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>New weapons development can dramatically alter the face of war, the cost of warfare, the preparations, and the training of soldiers and leaders. A rule of thumb is that if your enemy has a potentially war winning weapon, you have to either match it or neutralize it.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariots</a> originated around 2000 BC. The chariot was an effective, fast weapon; while one man controlled the maneuvering of the chariot, a second bowman could shoot arrows at enemy soldiers. These became crucial to the maintenance of several governments, including the <a href="/wiki/New_Egyptian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Egyptian Kingdom">New Egyptian Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> and the nation states of the early to middle <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the military unit types and technologies which were developed in the ancient world are:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">Slinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariots">Chariots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul> <p>For settled agrarian civilizations, the infantry became the core of military action. The infantry started as opposing armed groups of soldiers underneath commanders. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and early Romans used rigid, heavily armed <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanx formation">phalanxes</a>. The Macedonians and Hellenistic states would adopt phalanx formations with <a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissa</a> pikemen. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Army">Romans</a> would later adopt more flexible <a href="/wiki/Maniple_(military_unit)" title="Maniple (military unit)">maniples</a> from their neighbors which made them extremely successful in the field of battle. The kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> in East Asia also adopted infantry combat, a transition from chariot warfare from centuries earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archers</a> were a major component of many ancient armies, notably those of the Persians, Scythians, Egyptians, Nubians, Indians, Chinese, Koreans and Japanese. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> became an important tool. In the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a>, led by Athens in an attempt to subdue <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a>, the well-trained Syracusan cavalry became crucial to the success of the Syracusans. <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> effectively deployed his cavalry forces to secure victories. In battles such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Persian Wars">Roman-Persian Wars</a>, the importance of the cavalry would be repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also <a href="/wiki/Horse_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archer">horse archers</a>, who had the ability to shoot on horseback—the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, and other various steppe people were especially fearsome with this tactic. By the 3rd–4th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavily armored cavalry</a> became widely adopted by the Parthians, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Byzantines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>, etc. </p><p>The early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a> developed the use of <a href="/wiki/War_chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="War chariot">chariots</a> in warfare. The <a href="/wiki/Scythed_chariot" title="Scythed chariot">scythed chariot</a> was later invented in India and soon adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">War elephants</a> were sometimes deployed for fighting in ancient warfare. They were first used in India and later adopted by the Persians. War elephants were also used in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Hydaspes River">Battle of the Hydaspes River</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> against the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important military transactions of the ancient world was <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>'s gift of 500 elephants to <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trireme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trireme.jpg/250px-Trireme.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trireme.jpg/375px-Trireme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Trireme.jpg/500px-Trireme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>A Greek <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">trireme</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a> was often crucial to military success. Early navies used sailing ships without cannons; often the goal was to ram the enemy ships and cause them to sink. There was human oar power, often using slaves, built up to ramming speed. <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galleys</a> were used in the <a href="/wiki/3000_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="3000 BC">3rd millennium BC</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretans</a>. The Greeks later advanced these ships.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1210 BC, the first recorded naval battle was fought between <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma II">Suppiluliuma II</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, which was defeated. In the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>, the navy became of increasing importance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Triremes</a> were involved in more complicated sea-land operations. <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> helped to build up a stronger Greek navy, composed of 310 ships, and defeated the Persians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a>, ending the Persian invasion of Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>, the war between <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> and Rome started with an advantage to Carthage because of their naval experience. A Roman fleet was built in 261 BC, with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Corvus_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (weapon)">corvus</a> that allowed Roman soldiers to board enemy ships. The bridge would prove effective at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Battle of Mylae</a>, resulting in a Roman victory. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, in the 8th century AD, invented a ship propelled by oars with a dragon decorating the prow, hence called the <a href="/wiki/Drekar" class="mw-redirect" title="Drekar">Drakkar</a>. The 12th century AD <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> invented ships with watertight bulkhead compartments while the 2nd century BC <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> invented rudders and sculled oars for their warships. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a> are important in warfare. Early <a href="/wiki/Hill-fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill-fort">hill-forts</a> were used to protect inhabitants in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. They were primitive forts surrounded by ditches filled with water. Forts were then built out of mud bricks, stones, wood, and other available materials. Romans used rectangular fortresses built out of wood and stone. As long as there have been fortifications, there have been contraptions to break in, dating back to the times of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> and earlier. <a href="/wiki/Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">Siege warfare</a> is often necessary to capture forts.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle-ages">Middle-ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle-ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/240px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/360px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/480px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4262" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> boarding <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> ships in 1281</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the military unit types and technologies which were used in the medieval period are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">Cataphract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">Fyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile guard">Mobile guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikeman">Pikeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">Trebuchet</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">Bows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow (weapon)">arrows</a> were often used by combatants. Egyptians shot arrows from chariots effectively. The <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> was developed around 500 BC in China, and was used heavily in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English/Welsh <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> from the 12th century also became important in the Middle Ages. It helped to give the English a large early advantage in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, even though the English were eventually defeated. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> are excellent examples of how to destroy an enemy using a longbow. It dominated battlefields for over a century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gunpowder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">History of gunpowder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg/200px-Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg/300px-Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg/400px-Ming_Dynasty_eruptor_proto-cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of an "eruptor", a proto-cannon, capable of firing cast-iron bombs filled with gunpowder, from the 14th century Ming dynasty book Huolongjing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_pic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cannon_pic.jpg/260px-Cannon_pic.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cannon_pic.jpg/390px-Cannon_pic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cannon_pic.jpg/520px-Cannon_pic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>A small <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>-era cannon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:155fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/155fire.jpg/220px-155fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/155fire.jpg/330px-155fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/155fire.jpg/440px-155fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A 155 mm <a href="/wiki/M198_howitzer" title="M198 howitzer">M198 howitzer</a> firing a shell</figcaption></figure> <p>There is evidence for <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> evolving slowly from formulations by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Chinese alchemists</a> as early as the 4th century, at first as experiments for life force and metal transmutation, and later experiments as pyrotechnics and incendiaries. By the 10th century, the developments in gunpowder led to many new weapons that were improved over time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese used incendiary devices based on this in siege warfare against the Mongols starting in the mid 13th century. "Pots with wicks of flax or cotton were used, containing a combination of sulfur, saltpeter (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">aconitine</a>, oil, resin, ground charcoal and wax."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a> argued the Chinese were able to destroy buildings and walls using such devices. Such experimentation was not present in Western Europe, where the combination of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal were used exclusively for explosives and as a propellant in firearms. What the Chinese often referred to as the "fire drug" arrived in Europe, fully fleshed out, as gunpowder.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannons</a> were first used in Europe in the early 14th century, and played a vital role in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. The first cannons were simply welded metal bars in the form of a cylinder, and the first cannonballs were made of stone. By 1346, at the Battle of Crécy, the cannon had been used; at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> they would be used again.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first infantry firearms, from <a href="/wiki/Fire_lances" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire lances">fire lances</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannons</a>, were held in one hand, while the <a href="/wiki/Explosive_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive charge">explosive charge</a> was ignited by a lit match or hot coal held in the other hand. In the mid-15th century came the <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a>, allowing the gun to be aimed and fired while held steady with both hands, as used in the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a>. Starting about 1500, clever but complicated firing mechanisms were invented to generate sparks to ignite the powder instead of a lit match, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel lock">wheel lock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snaplock" title="Snaplock">snaplock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snaphance" title="Snaphance">snaphance</a>, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Flintlock_mechanism" title="Flintlock mechanism">flintlock mechanism</a>, which was simple and reliable, becoming standard with the <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> by the early 17th century. </p><p>At the beginning of the 16th century, the first European <a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">fire ships</a> were used. Ships were filled with flammable materials, set on fire, and sent to enemy lines. This tactic was successfully used by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> to scatter the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> at the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would later be used by the Chinese, Russians, Greeks, and several other countries in naval battles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naval_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval mines">Naval mines</a> were invented in the 17th century, though they were not used in great numbers until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. They were used heavily in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First</a> and Second World Wars. Air-deployed naval mines were used to mine the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese">North Vietnamese</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> used naval mines extensively during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#Attacks_on_shipping" title="Iran–Iraq War">Tanker War</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. </p><p>The first navigable <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> was built in 1624 by <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Drebbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Drebbel">Cornelius Drebbel</a>, it could cruise at a depth of 15 feet (5 m). However, the first military submarine was constructed in 1885 by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Peral" title="Isaac Peral">Isaac Peral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="American Turtle"><i>Turtle</i></a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/David_Bushnell" title="David Bushnell">David Bushnell</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a> then improved the submarine design by creating the <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_(1800_submarine)" title="Nautilus (1800 submarine)"><i>Nautilus</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a>, was developed in the 17th century to fire high trajectory explosive shells at targets that could not be reached by flat trajectory projectiles. </p><p>Organizational changes resulting in better training and intercommunication, made the concept <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> possible, allowing the use of infantry, cavalry, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> in a coordinated way.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bayonets also became of wide usage to infantry soldiers. <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a> is named after <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, France where it was first manufactured in the 16th century. It is used often in infantry charges to fight in hand-to-hand combat. General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Martinet" title="Jean Martinet">Jean Martinet</a> introduced the bayonet to the French army. They were used heavily in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and continued to be used in modern wars like the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">Invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon (aircraft)">Balloons</a> were first used in warfare at the end of the 18th century. It was first introduced in Paris of 1783; the first balloon traveled over 5 miles (8 km). Previously military <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">scouts</a> could only see from high points on the ground, or from the mast of a ship. Now they could be high in the sky, signalling to troops on the ground. This made it much more difficult for troop movements to go unobserved.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 18th century, iron-cased <a href="/wiki/Artillery_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery rocket">artillery rockets</a> were successfully used militarily in India against the British by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>. Rockets were generally inaccurate at that time, though <a href="/wiki/William_Hale_(British_inventor)" title="William Hale (British inventor)">William Hale</a>, in 1844, was able to develop a better rocket. The new rocket no longer needed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocket_stick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocket stick (page does not exist)">rocket stick</a>, and had a higher accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1860s there were a series of advancements in <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">repeating rifle</a> was designed in 1860 by a company bought out by <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Repeating_Arms_Company" title="Winchester Repeating Arms Company">Winchester</a>, which made new and improved versions. <a href="/wiki/Springfield_rifle" title="Springfield rifle">Springfield rifles</a> arrived in the mid-19th century also. <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a> arrived in the late 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Automatic_rifle" title="Automatic rifle">Automatic rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">light machine guns</a> first arrived at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later part of the 19th century, the self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> was developed. The <a href="/wiki/HNoMS_Rap_(1873)" title="HNoMS Rap (1873)">HNoMS Rap</a> was the world's first torpedo boat.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_guns_and_artillery">Early guns and artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early guns and artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History of the firearm</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_orleans.jpg/220px-Siege_orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_orleans.jpg/330px-Siege_orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_orleans.jpg/440px-Siege_orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>The first Western image of a battle with <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Siege of Orléans">Siege of Orléans</a> in 1429</figcaption></figure> <p>The fire lance, the predecessor of the gun, was invented in China between the tenth and eleventh century. The barrel was originally designed out of bamboo shoots, later with metal. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham_Professor_of_Chinese_History,_Science,_and_Civilization" title="Joseph Needham Professor of Chinese History, Science, and Civilization">Joseph Needham</a> notes "all the long preparations and tentative experiments were made in China, and everything came to Islam and the West fully fledged, whether it was the fire lance or the explosive bomb, the rocket or the metal-barrel handgun and bombard."<sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1320s Europe had guns, but scholars state that the exact time and method of migration from China remains a mystery. Evidence of firearms is found in Iran and Central Asia in the late fourteenth century. It was not until roughly 1442 that guns were referenced in India. Reliable references to guns in Russia begin around 1382.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An illustration of a "pot-shaped gun" found in the Holkham Hall Milemete manuscript dated to 1326 shows earliest advent of firearms in European history. The illustration shows an arrow, set in the pot-shaped gun pointed directly at a structure. Archaeological evidence of such "gun arrows" were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Eltz_Castle" title="Eltz Castle">Eltz Castle</a>, "dated by relation to a historical event (a feud with the Archbishop of Trier in 1331–36 leading to a siege), seem to confirm again that this was at least one of the types of guns like the Milemete used in these very early examples."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Peter Fraser Purton, the best evidence of the earliest gun in Europe is the Loshult gun, dated to the fourteenth century. Discovered in 1861, the Loshult was made of bronze measured 11.8 inches in length. A replica of the Loshult was created, using similar gunpowder compounds with present-day materials, to determine the effectiveness of the weapon. The Gunpowder Research Group, who designed the recreation, found that at high elevations, the Loshult could fire as far as 1300 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though inaccurate, missing targets further than 200 meters, the Loshult could fire a range of projectiles such as arrows and shot.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was determined that the Loshult could be effectively fired at ranks of soldiers and structures. </p><p>Written works from the Cabinet des Titres of the Imperial Library of Paris has found evidence of canons in France in 1338. The works illustrate canons being used on-board ships at the Rouen during that time. "...an iron Fire-arm, which was provided with forty-eight bolts, made of iron and freather; also one pound of saltpetre and half a pound of sulphur to make the powder propel arrows."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers have been unable to determine the sizes of these cannons and others, outside the artifacts recovered. Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brackenbury" title="Henry Brackenbury">Henry Brackenbury</a> was able to surmise the approximate size of these cannons by comparing receipts for both the firearms and the corresponding amounts of gunpowder purchased. The receipts show a transaction for "25 Livres for 5 canons." Brackenbury was able to deduce, when comparing the costs of the cannons and the gunpowder apportioned, that they each iron cannon weighed approximately 25 lbs, while the brass cannons weighed roughly 22 lbs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a> (1363–1404) is credited<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> with creating the most effective artillery power in Europe in the late fourteenth century, effectively creating the Burgundian estate. Philip's development of a large artillery army made the small country a reputable force against larger empires such as England and France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (January 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Philip had achieved this by establishing a large scale artillery manufacturing economy in Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip used his new cache of artillery to help the French capture an English-held fortress of Odruik. The artillery used to take Odruik used cannonballs measuring to about 450 pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large artillery was a major contributing factor to the fall of Constantinople at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> (1432–1481). Having resigned his position as ruler due to youth and inexperience in 1446, Mehmed moved to the Ottoman capital of Manisa.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> died in 1451, Mehmed once again became Sultan. He turned his attention to claiming the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. Mehmed, like Philip, started mass-producing cannons by enticing craftsmen to his cause with money and freedom. For 55 days, Constantinople was bombarded with artillery fire, throwing cannonballs as large as 800 lbs at its walls. On 29 May 1453, Constantinople fell into Ottoman control.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_firearm_tactics">Early firearm tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early firearm tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley,_IGMN144483,_1526-31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/270px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/405px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/540px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a> in 1525. <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">Heavy cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">Landsknecht</a> mercenaries armed with <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As guns and artillery became more advanced and prevalent, so to did the tactics by which they were implemented. According to Historian Michael Roberts "...a military revolution began with the broad adoption of firearms and artillery by late sixteenth-century European armies."<sup id="cite_ref-Stavros_2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavros_2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infantry with firearms replaced cavalry. Empires adapted their strongholds to withstand artillery fire. Eventually drilling strategies and battlefield tactics were adapted for the evolution in firearms use. </p><p>In Japan, at the same time during the sixteenth-century, this military evolution was also taking hold. These changes included a universal adoption of firearms, tactical developments for effective use, logistical restructuring within the military itself, and "the emergence of centralized and political and institutional relationships indicative of the early modern order."<sup id="cite_ref-Stavros_2013_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavros_2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tactically, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, the technique known as "volleying" or countermarch drills were implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volley fire is an organized implementation of firearms, where infantry are structured in ranks. The ranks will alternate between loading and firing positions, allowing more consistent rates of fire and preventing enemies from taking over a position while members reload. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg/270px-Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg/405px-Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg/540px-Nagashino_Teppo-Ashigaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino" title="Battle of Nagashino">Battle of Nagashino</a> in 1575. Key to Oda success during the battle was the deployment of 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Ashigaru" title="Ashigaru">Ashigaru</a> arquebusiers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historical evidence shows that Oda Nobunaga implemented his volley technique successfully in 1575, twenty years before evidence of such a technique is shown in Europe. The first indications of the countermarch technique in Europe was by Lord William Louis of Nassau (1538–1574) in the mid-1590s.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavros_2013_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavros_2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Korea also seemed to be adapting the volley technique, earlier than even the Japanese. "Koreans seem to have employed some kind of volley principle with guns by 1447, when the Korean King Sejong the Great instructed his gunners to shoot their 'fire barrels' in squads of five, taking turns firing and loading."<sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was on display during what <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Swope" title="Kenneth Swope">Kenneth Swope</a> called the First Great East Asian War, when Japan was trying to take control and subjugate Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> (1537–1598) made a failed invasion of Korea, which lasted six years, eventually pushed back by the Koreans with the aid of Ming China.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_42-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan, using overwhelming firepower, had many early victories on the Korean peninsulas. Though the Koreans had similar manpower, "the curtain of arrows thrown up by defenders was wiped out by [Japanese] gunfire."<sup id="cite_ref-Stavros_2013_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavros_2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Japanese were finally pushed back in 1598, sweeping military reforms took place in Korea, largely based on updating and implementing the volley technique with firearms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Chaldiran,_Qajar_Iran,_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Battle_of_Chaldiran%2C_Qajar_Iran%2C_19th_century.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Chaldiran%2C_Qajar_Iran%2C_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Battle_of_Chaldiran%2C_Qajar_Iran%2C_19th_century.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Chaldiran%2C_Qajar_Iran%2C_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Battle_of_Chaldiran%2C_Qajar_Iran%2C_19th_century.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Chaldiran%2C_Qajar_Iran%2C_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>The advanced <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> weaponry (cannons and muskets wielded by <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a>) was the deciding factor of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>It was <a href="/wiki/Qi_Jiguang" title="Qi Jiguang">Qi Jiguang</a>, a Ming Chinese General that provided the original treatise, disseminated to Koreans, that aided in this venture. In these manuals, Qi "...gave detailed instructions in the use of small group tactics, psychological warfare, and other 'modern' techniques."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qi emphasized repetitive drilling, dividing men into smaller groups, separating the strong from weak. Qi's ethos was one of synthesizing smaller groups, trained in various tactical formations, into larger companies, battalions and armies. By doing this they could "operate as eyes, hands, and feet..." aiding to overall unit cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_technologies">Modern technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yokosuka_D4Y3_Suisei-Mitsubishi-aircraft-works-Japanese-plane-Zero-ca1945-GAG01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Yokosuka_D4Y3_Suisei-Mitsubishi-aircraft-works-Japanese-plane-Zero-ca1945-GAG01.jpg/220px-Yokosuka_D4Y3_Suisei-Mitsubishi-aircraft-works-Japanese-plane-Zero-ca1945-GAG01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Yokosuka_D4Y3_Suisei-Mitsubishi-aircraft-works-Japanese-plane-Zero-ca1945-GAG01.jpg/330px-Yokosuka_D4Y3_Suisei-Mitsubishi-aircraft-works-Japanese-plane-Zero-ca1945-GAG01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Yokosuka_D4Y3_Suisei-Mitsubishi-aircraft-works-Japanese-plane-Zero-ca1945-GAG01.jpg/440px-Yokosuka_D4Y3_Suisei-Mitsubishi-aircraft-works-Japanese-plane-Zero-ca1945-GAG01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">Yokosuka D4Y3</a>, a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Aircraft</a> used during WWII</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of the World Wars, various nations had developed weapons that were a surprise to their adversaries, leading to a need to learn from this, and alter how to combat them. <a href="/wiki/Flame_thrower" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame thrower">Flame throwers</a> were first used in the First World War. The French were the first to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armored car</a> in 1902. Then in 1918, the British produced the first <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armored troop carrier</a>. Many early <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> were proof of concept but impractical until further development. In World War I, the British and French held a crucial advantage due to their superiority in tanks; the Germans had only a few dozen A<sub>7</sub>V tanks, as well as 170 captured tanks. The British and French both had several hundred each. The French tanks included the 13 ton <a href="/wiki/Schneider_CA1" title="Schneider CA1">Schneider CA1</a>, with a 75 mm gun, and the British had the <a href="/wiki/Mark_I_tank#Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark I tank">Mark IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_I_tank#Mark_V_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark I tank">Mark V</a> tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 December 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright Brothers">Wright Brothers</a> performed the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight; it went 39 meters (120 ft). In 1907, the first <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> flew, but it was not practical for usage. <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="World War I Aviation">Aviation</a> became important in World War I, in which several <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">aces</a> gained fame. In 1911 an aircraft took off from a warship for the first time. Landings on a cruiser were another matter. This led to the development of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> with a decent unobstructed flight deck.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a> exploded into the public consciousness in World War I but may have been used in earlier wars without as much human attention. The Germans used gas-filled shells at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolimov" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bolimov">Battle of Bolimov</a> in January 1915. These were not lethal, however. In April 1915, the Germans developed a chlorine gas that was highly lethal, and used it to moderate effect at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>. Gas masks were invented in matter of weeks, and poison gas proved ineffective at winning battles. It was made illegal by all nations in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>World War II gave rise to even more technology. The worth of aircraft grew from mostly reconnaissance to strategic bombing and more. The worth of the aircraft carrier was proved in the battles between the United States and Japan like the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> was independently invented by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis powers</a>. It used <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> to detect objects. <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> were invented by General Franco in the Spanish Civil War, directing the Nationalists to use them against Soviet tanks in the assault on Toledo. The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> in 1945, quickly and controversially ending World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the main powers engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which comprised the making of atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, and more advanced nuclear bombs. In the <a href="/wiki/Space_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Space race">space race</a>, both nations attempted to launch human beings into space, to the moon and send satellites. Other technological advances were centered on intelligence (like the <a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">spy satellite</a>) and missiles (<a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarine</a> was invented in 1955. This meant submarines no longer needed to surface as often, and could run more quietly. They evolved into underwater missile platforms<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and completed what became called <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_triad" title="Nuclear triad">nuclear triad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periods_of_military_history">Periods of military history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Periods of military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_warfare">Prehistoric warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prehistoric warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></div> <p>Prehistoric warfare refers to war that occurred between societies without <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tollense_valley_battlefield" title="Tollense valley battlefield">Tollense valley battlefield</a> is the oldest evidence of a large scale battle in Europe. More than 4,000 warriors fought in a battle on the site in the 13th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_warfare">Ancient warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancient warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient warfare</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur_excavations_(1900)_(14767240352).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814767240352%29.jpg/250px-Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814767240352%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814767240352%29.jpg/375px-Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814767240352%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814767240352%29.jpg/500px-Ur_excavations_%281900%29_%2814767240352%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_Ur" title="Standard of Ur">Standard of Ur</a> with depictions of war and peace, from the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city-state of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, c. 2600 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of what we know of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a> is the history of militaries: their conquests, their movements, and their technological innovations. There are many reasons for this. Kingdoms and empires, the central units of control in the ancient world, could only be maintained through military force. Due to limited agricultural ability, there were relatively few areas that could support large communities, therefore fighting was common. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Umma%E2%80%93Lagash_war" title="Umma–Lagash war">Umma–Lagash war</a> was one of the first wars in recorded history, fought between the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city-states of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>. The border conflict over the fertile <a href="/wiki/Gu-Edin" title="Gu-Edin">Guedena</a> region lasted for several generations.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor">armor</a>, designed to be sturdy, tended to last longer than other artifacts, and thus a great deal of surviving artifacts recovered tend to fall in this category as they are more likely to survive. Weapons and armor were also mass-produced to a scale that makes them quite plentiful throughout history, and thus more likely to be found in archaeological digs. </p><p>Such items were also considered signs of prosperity or virtue, and thus were likely to be placed in tombs and monuments to prominent warriors. And writing, when it existed, was often used for kings to boast of military conquests or victories. </p><p>Writing, when used by the common man, also tended to record such events, as major battles and conquests constituted major events that many would have considered worthy of recording either in an epic such as the <a href="/wiki/Homeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric">Homeric</a> writings pertaining to the Trojan War, or even personal writings. Indeed, the earliest stories center on warfare, as war was both a common and dramatic aspect of life; the witnessing of a major battle involving many thousands of soldiers would be quite a spectacle, even today, and thus considered worthy both of being recorded in song and art, but also in realistic histories, as well as being a central element in a fictional work. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_Relief_Attack_on_Enemy_Town_from_Kalhu_(Nimrud)_Central_Palace_reign_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_British_Museum_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Assyrian_Relief_Attack_on_Enemy_Town_from_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29_Central_Palace_reign_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_British_Museum_-_2.jpg/250px-Assyrian_Relief_Attack_on_Enemy_Town_from_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29_Central_Palace_reign_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_British_Museum_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Assyrian_Relief_Attack_on_Enemy_Town_from_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29_Central_Palace_reign_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_British_Museum_-_2.jpg/375px-Assyrian_Relief_Attack_on_Enemy_Town_from_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29_Central_Palace_reign_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_British_Museum_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Assyrian_Relief_Attack_on_Enemy_Town_from_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29_Central_Palace_reign_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_British_Museum_-_2.jpg/500px-Assyrian_Relief_Attack_on_Enemy_Town_from_Kalhu_%28Nimrud%29_Central_Palace_reign_of_Tiglath-pileser_III_British_Museum_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7897" data-file-height="4132" /></a><figcaption>Siege engine in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> relief of attack on an enemy town during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a>, 743–720 BC, from his palace at <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lastly, as <a href="/wiki/Nation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation states">nation states</a> evolved and empires grew, the increased need for order and efficiency lead to an increase in the number of records and writings. Officials and armies would have good reason for keeping detailed records and accounts involving any and all things concerning a matter such as warfare that, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>, was "a matter of vital importance to the state". For all these reasons, military history comprises a large part of ancient history. </p><p>Notable militaries in the ancient world included the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> (notably the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Nubia" title="Military of ancient Nubia">Kushites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Indians</a> (notably the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a>), Early Imperial <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese</a> (notably the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a> dynasties), <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> Confederation, Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginians</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fertile_crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertile crescent">fertile crescent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> was the center of several prehistoric conquests. Mesopotamia was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> and Persians. <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranians</a> were the first nation to introduce <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> into their army.<sup id="cite_ref-Suren-Pahlav_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suren-Pahlav-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> began growing as an ancient power, but eventually fell to the <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubians</a>, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>. </p><p>The earliest recorded battle in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ten_Kings" title="Battle of the Ten Kings">Battle of the Ten Kings</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epics</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> are centered on conflicts and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry. <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> contains a detailed study on ancient warfare, including topics on <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek-Persian_duel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Greek-Persian_duel.jpg/220px-Greek-Persian_duel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Greek-Persian_duel.jpg/330px-Greek-Persian_duel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Greek-Persian_duel.jpg/440px-Greek-Persian_duel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>Greek <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> (right) and Persian warrior depicted fighting, on an ancient <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a>, 5th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> invaded Northwestern India and defeated <a href="/wiki/King_Porus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Porus">King Porus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Hydaspes River">Battle of the Hydaspes River</a>. The same region was soon re conquered by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> after defeating the Macedonians and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a>. He also went on to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda Empire</a> and unify Northern India. Most of Southern Asia was unified under his grandson <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka the Great</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_War" title="Kalinga War">Kalinga War</a>, though the empire collapsed not long after his reign. </p><p>In China, the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> had risen and collapsed. This led to a <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>, in which several states continued to fight with each other over territory. Philosopher-strategists such as <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> wrote various manuscripts on ancient warfare (as well as international diplomacy). </p><p>The Warring States era philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Micius" class="mw-redirect" title="Micius">Micius</a>) and his <a href="/wiki/Mohist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohist">Mohist</a> followers invented various siege weapons and siegecraft, including the Cloud Ladder (a four-wheeled, extendable ramp) to scale fortified walls during a siege of an enemy city. The warring states were first unified by <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> after a series of military conquests, creating the first empire in China. </p><p>His <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">empire</a> was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, which expanded into Central <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, Northern China/Manchuria, Southern China, and present day Korea and Vietnam. The Han came into conflict with settled people such as the <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a>, and proto-Vietnamese Nanyue. They also came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, and other steppe civilizations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Army_(6143564816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg/220px-Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg/330px-Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg/440px-Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Lifelike soldier statues from the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>, discovered near modern <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, which was meant to guard the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_First_Qin_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a>, 3rd century BC</figcaption></figure><p>The Han defeated and drove the Xiongnus west, securing the city-states along the silk route that continued into the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> Empire. After the decline of central imperial authority, the Han dynasty collapsed into an era of civil war and continuous warfare during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period in the 3rd century AD. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> Persian Empire was founded by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> after conquering the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. His successor <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambyses II of Persia">Cambyses</a> went on to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Empire">Egyptian Empire</a>, much of Central Asia, and parts of Greece, India and Libya. The empire later fell to Alexander the Great after defeating <a href="/wiki/Darius_III_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius III of Persia">Darius III</a>. After being ruled by the Seleucid dynasty, the Persian Empire was subsequently ruled by the Parthian and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> dynasties, which were the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>'s greatest rivals during the <a href="/wiki/Roman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Persian Wars">Roman-Persian Wars</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, several <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> rose to power, including <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. The Greeks successfully stopped two Persian invasions, the first at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a>, where the Persians were led by <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius the Great</a>, and the second at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a>, a naval battle where the Greek ships were deployed by orders of <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> and the Persians were under <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, and the land engagement of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> then erupted between the two Greek powers Athens and Sparta. Athens built a long wall to protect its inhabitants, but the wall helped to facilitate the spread of a plague that killed about 30,000 Athenians, including <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>. After a disastrous campaign against <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a>, the Athenian navy was decisively defeated by <a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aegospotami" title="Battle of Aegospotami">Battle of Aegospotami</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>, underneath <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> and Alexander the Great, invaded Persia and won several major victories, establishing Macedonia as a major power. However, following Alexander's death at an early age, the empire quickly fell apart. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps,_Roma,_Lazio,_00186,_Italia_-_Sarcofago_Grande_Ludovisi_(Grande_Ludovisi_sarcophagus)_-_Arte_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232047_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00186%2C_Italia_-_Sarcofago_Grande_Ludovisi_%28Grande_Ludovisi_sarcophagus%29_-_Arte_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232047_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00186%2C_Italia_-_Sarcofago_Grande_Ludovisi_%28Grande_Ludovisi_sarcophagus%29_-_Arte_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232047_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00186%2C_Italia_-_Sarcofago_Grande_Ludovisi_%28Grande_Ludovisi_sarcophagus%29_-_Arte_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232047_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10569" data-file-height="7000" /></a><figcaption>The 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Great_Ludovisi_sarcophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Ludovisi sarcophagus">Great Ludovisi sarcophagus</a> depicts a battle between <a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Rome was gaining power, following a rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>. During the three <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, the Romans defeated the neighboring power of Carthage. The <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> centered on <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> started with <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s invasion of Italy by crossing the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. He famously won the encirclement at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Battle of Cannae</a>. However, after <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio</a> invaded Carthage, Hannibal was forced to follow and was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">Battle of Zama</a>, ending the role of Carthage as a power. </p><p>After defeating Carthage the Romans went on to become the Mediterranean's dominant power, successfully campaigning in Greece, (<a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Paulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilius Paulus">Aemilius Paulus</a> decisive victory over Macedonia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna" title="Battle of Pydna">Battle of Pydna</a>), in the Middle East (<a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucius Licinius Lucullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>) and defeating several <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>). While Roman armies suffered several major losses, their large population and ability (and will) to replace battlefield casualties, their training, organization, tactical and technical superiority enabled Rome to stay a predominant military force for several centuries, utilizing well trained and maneuverable armies to routinely overcome the much larger "tribal" armies of their foes (see Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aquae_Sextiae" title="Battle of Aquae Sextiae">Aquae Sextiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercellae" title="Battle of Vercellae">Vercellae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tigranocerta" title="Battle of Tigranocerta">Tigranocerta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Alesia</a>). </p><p>In 54 BC, the Roman triumvir <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> took the offensive against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> in the east. In a decisive battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a> Romans were defeated and the golden <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">Aquilae</a> (legionary battle standards) were taken as trophies to <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. The battle was one of the worst defeats suffered by the Roman Republic in its entire history. </p><p>While successfully dealing with foreign opponents, Rome experienced numerous civil wars, notably the power struggles of Roman generals such as Marius and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> during the end of the Republic. Caesar was also notable for his role in the civil war against the other member of the Triumvirate (Pompey) and against the Roman Senate. </p><p>The successors of Caesar—Octavian and Mark Anthony—also fought a civil war with Caesar's assassins (Senators Brutus, Cassius, etc.). Octavian and Mark Anthony eventually fought another civil war between themselves to determine the sole ruler of Rome. Octavian emerged victorious and Rome was turned into an empire with a huge standing army of professional soldiers. </p><p>By the time of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, the Romans had expanded to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the east and controlled Northern Africa and Central Europe up to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. However, Aurelius marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty#Five_Good_Emperors" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Five Good Emperors</a>, and Rome quickly fell into decline. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, and other barbaric groups invaded Rome, which continued to suffer from <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and other internal strifes. Despite the attempts of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, western Rome collapsed and was eventually conquered in 476. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantine empire</a> continued to prosper, however. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_warfare">Medieval warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medieval warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Medieval warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/220px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/330px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/440px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> (1346) between the English and French in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Stirrups" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirrups">stirrups</a> came into use some time during the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> militaries were forever changed. This invention coupled with technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, changing military tactics and the role of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. </p><p>Similar patterns of warfare existed in other parts of the world. In China around the 5th century armies moved from massed infantry to cavalry based forces, copying the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a>. The Middle East and North Africa used similar, if often more advanced, technologies than Europe. </p><p>In Japan, the Medieval warfare period is considered by many to have stretched into the 19th century. In Africa along the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a> states like the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sennar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sennar">Kingdom of Sennar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulani_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani Empire">Fulani Empire</a> employed Medieval tactics and weapons well after they had been supplanted in Europe. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> was firmly implanted, and there existed many landlords in Europe. Landlords often owned <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> to protect their territory. </p><p>The Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab Empire</a> began rapidly expanding throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia, initially led by <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, and later under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>. While their attempts to invade Europe by way of the Balkans were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">defeated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Arabs expanded to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a> in the east. The <a href="/wiki/Abassid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abassid">Abassids</a> then took over the Arab Empire, though the Umayyads remained in control of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic Spain</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> stopped short a Muslim invasion. The Abassids defeated the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> Chinese army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a>, but were later defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turk">Seljuk Turks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> centuries later, until the Arab Empire eventually came to an end after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baghdad (1258)">Battle of Baghdad</a> in 1258. </p><p>In China, the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> had risen and conquered the Chen dynasty of the south. They invaded Vietnam (northern Vietnam had been in Chinese control since the Han dynasty), fighting the troops of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, who had cavalry mounted on elephants. After decades of economic turmoil and a <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo-Sui_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Goguryeo-Sui Wars">failed invasion of Korea</a>, the Sui collapsed and was followed by the Tang dynasty, who fought with various <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> groups, the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tanguts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tanguts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>, and collapsed due to political fragmentation of powerful regional military governors (jiedushi). The innovative <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> followed next, inventing new weapons of war that employed the use of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Fire">Greek Fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> (see section below) against enemies such as the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autor_nieznany_(malarz_z_kr%C4%99gu_Lukasa_Cranacha_Starszego),_Bitwa_pod_Orsz%C4%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Autor_nieznany_%28malarz_z_kr%C4%99gu_Lukasa_Cranacha_Starszego%29%2C_Bitwa_pod_Orsz%C4%85.jpg/220px-Autor_nieznany_%28malarz_z_kr%C4%99gu_Lukasa_Cranacha_Starszego%29%2C_Bitwa_pod_Orsz%C4%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Autor_nieznany_%28malarz_z_kr%C4%99gu_Lukasa_Cranacha_Starszego%29%2C_Bitwa_pod_Orsz%C4%85.jpg/330px-Autor_nieznany_%28malarz_z_kr%C4%99gu_Lukasa_Cranacha_Starszego%29%2C_Bitwa_pod_Orsz%C4%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Autor_nieznany_%28malarz_z_kr%C4%99gu_Lukasa_Cranacha_Starszego%29%2C_Bitwa_pod_Orsz%C4%85.jpg/440px-Autor_nieznany_%28malarz_z_kr%C4%99gu_Lukasa_Cranacha_Starszego%29%2C_Bitwa_pod_Orsz%C4%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7131" data-file-height="4469" /></a><figcaption>The victory of the <a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Polish-Lithuanian</a> forces over the Muscovites at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orsha" title="Battle of Orsha">Battle of Orsha</a> in 1514</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongols</a> under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> conquered most of Eurasia. They took over China, Persia, Turkestan, and Russia. After Kublai Khan took power and created the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, the divisions of the empire ceased to cooperate with each other, and the Mongol Empire was only nominally united. </p><p>In New Zealand, prior to European discovery, oral histories, legends and <a href="/wiki/Whakapapa" title="Whakapapa">whakapapa</a> include many stories of battles and wars. <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> warriors were held in high esteem. One group of <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, where they developed the largely pacifist <a href="/wiki/Moriori_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriori people">Moriori</a> culture. Their pacifism left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s. </p><p>They proceeded to massacre the Moriori and enslave the survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a> culture also developed in the isolated <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>. During the 1780s and 1790s the chiefs and alii were constantly fighting for power. After a series of battles the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunpowder_warfare">Gunpowder warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gunpowder warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder warfare">Gunpowder warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebastiaen_Vrancx_(1573-1647)_-_Veldslag_(1640)_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg/220px-Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg/330px-Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg/440px-Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> against Spain, painting by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiaen_Vrancx" title="Sebastiaen Vrancx">Sebastiaen Vrancx</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> weapons were first developed in <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> China (see also: <a href="/wiki/Technology_of_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology of the Song dynasty">Technology of the Song dynasty</a>), the technology later spread west to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, from where it spread to the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> of Persia and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> of India. The <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a> was later adopted by European armies during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> of the early 16th century. </p><p>This all brought an end to the dominance of armored cavalry on the battlefield. The simultaneous decline of the feudal system—and the absorption of the medieval city-states into larger states—allowed the creation of professional standing armies to replace the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal levies</a> and mercenaries that had been the standard military component of the Middle Ages. </p><p>In Africa, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi</a>, was the first African commander to use gunpowder on the continent in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a>, that lasted for fourteen years (1529–1543). </p><p>The period spanning between the 1648 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> and the 1789 <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> is also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kabinettskriege" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabinettskriege">Kabinettskriege</a></i> (Princes' warfare) as wars were mainly carried out by imperial or monarchics states, decided by cabinets and limited in scope and in their aims. They also involved quickly shifting alliances, and mainly used mercenaries. </p><p>Over the course of the 18th–19th centuries all military arms and services underwent significant developments that included a more mobile <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a>, the transition from use of battalion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infantry_drill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infantry drill (page does not exist)">infantry drill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Close_order_formation" title="Close order formation">close order</a> to open order formations and the transfer of emphasis from the use of <a href="/wiki/Bayonets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonets">bayonets</a> to the rifle that replaced the musket, and virtual replacement of all types of cavalry with the universal <a href="/wiki/Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoons">dragoons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">mounted infantry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Revolution">Military Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assault_on_Coevorden_in_1672_-_De_bestorming_van_Coevorden,_30_december_1672_(Pieter_Wouwerman).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Assault_on_Coevorden_in_1672_-_De_bestorming_van_Coevorden%2C_30_december_1672_%28Pieter_Wouwerman%29.jpg/220px-Assault_on_Coevorden_in_1672_-_De_bestorming_van_Coevorden%2C_30_december_1672_%28Pieter_Wouwerman%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Assault_on_Coevorden_in_1672_-_De_bestorming_van_Coevorden%2C_30_december_1672_%28Pieter_Wouwerman%29.jpg/330px-Assault_on_Coevorden_in_1672_-_De_bestorming_van_Coevorden%2C_30_december_1672_%28Pieter_Wouwerman%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Assault_on_Coevorden_in_1672_-_De_bestorming_van_Coevorden%2C_30_december_1672_%28Pieter_Wouwerman%29.jpg/440px-Assault_on_Coevorden_in_1672_-_De_bestorming_van_Coevorden%2C_30_december_1672_%28Pieter_Wouwerman%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Dutch forces storming <a href="/wiki/Coevorden" title="Coevorden">Coevorden</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, 1672</figcaption></figure> <p>The Military Revolution is a conceptual schema for explaining the transformation of European military strategy, tactics and technology in the early modern period.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument is that dramatic advances in technology, government finance, and public administration transformed and modernized European armies, tactics, and logistics. Since warfare was so central to the European state, the transformation had a major impact on modernizing government bureaucracies, taxation, and the national economy. The concept was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Michael Roberts</a> in the 1950s as he focused on <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden 1560–1660</a>. Roberts emphasized the introduction of muskets that could not be aimed at small targets, but could be very effective when fired in volleys by three ranks of infantry soldiers, with one firing while the other two ranks reloaded. All three ranks march forward to demolish the enemy. The infantry now had the firepower that had been reserved to the artillery, and had mobility that could rapidly advance in the battlefield, which the artillery lacked. The infantry thereby surpassed the artillery in tactical maneuvering on the battlefield. Roberts linked these advances with larger historical consequences, arguing that innovations in tactics, drill and doctrine by the Dutch and Swedes 1560–1660 led to a need for more and better trained troops and thus for permanent forces (standing armies). Armies grew much larger and more expensive. These changes in turn had major political consequences in the level of administrative support and the supply of money, men and provisions, producing new financial demands and the creation of new governmental institutions. "Thus, argued Roberts, the modern art of war made possible—and necessary—the creation of the modern state".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s the concept was modified and extended by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Geoffrey Parker</a>, who argued that developments in fortification and siege warfare caused the revolution. The concept of a military revolution based upon technology has given way to models based more on a slow evolution in which technology plays a minor role to organization, command and control, logistics and in general non-material improvements. The revolutionary nature of these changes was only visible after a long evolution that handed Europe a predominant place in warfare, a place that the industrial revolution would confirm.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a military revolution in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries has received a mixed reception among historians. Noted military historians Michael Duffy and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Jeremy Black</a> have strongly criticised it as misleading, exaggerated and simplistic.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_warfare">Industrial warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Industrial warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_Lizaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bataille_Lizaine.jpg/220px-Bataille_Lizaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bataille_Lizaine.jpg/330px-Bataille_Lizaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bataille_Lizaine.jpg/440px-Bataille_Lizaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As weapons—particularly small arms—became easier to use, countries began to abandon a complete reliance on professional soldiers in favor of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>. Technological advances became increasingly important; while the armies of the previous period had usually had similar weapons, the industrial age saw encounters such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sadowa">Battle of Sadowa</a>, in which possession of a more advanced technology played a decisive role in the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conscription was employed in industrial warfare to increase the number of military personnel that were available for combat. Conscription was notably used by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> and the major parties during the two World Wars. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a> was used in industrial warfare, the objective being to prevent the opposing nation to engage in war. Napoleon was the innovator.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">March to the Sea</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>'s burning of the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> were examples.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the largest scale the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing of enemy cities and industrial factories</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was total warfare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_warfare">Modern warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Modern warfare</a></div> <p>Since the 1940s, preparation for a major war has been based on technological arms races involving all sorts of new weapons systems, such as nuclear and biological, as well as computerized control systems, and the opening of new venues, such as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Space_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Space race">Space race</a> involving the United States, the Soviet Union, and more recently, China.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern war also saw the improvement of <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">armored tank</a> technology. While tanks were present in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, armored warfare technology came to a head with the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Many of the technologies commonly seen on main battle tanks today, such as <a href="/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">composite armor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">high caliber cannons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tank#Active_protection_system" title="Tank">advanced targeting systems</a>, would be developed during this time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A distinctive feature since 1945 is the <a href="/wiki/Long_Peace" title="Long Peace">decline in number and casualties</a> of interstate wars, the absence of wars between developed states, and, since 1954, the absence of wars between major powers. Instead actual fighting has largely been a matter of civil wars and insurgencies.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Ancient Greek warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">List of military writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval history">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman warfare">Roman warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Military_History" title="Society for Military History">Society for Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">Military history of ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa" title="Military history of Africa">Military history of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Oceania" title="Military history of Oceania">Military history of Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_North_America" title="Military history of North America">Military history of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_America" title="Military history of South America">Military history of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_by_country" title="Military history by country">Military history by country</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Military History">Journal of Military History</a></i>, scholarly journal</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_in_History" title="War in History">War in History</a></i>, scholarly journal</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_%26_Society" title="War & Society">War & Society</a></i>, scholarly journal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History of physical training and fitness</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/cace/csi/mhic">"Military History Instructor Course (MHIC) | US Army Combined Arms Center"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422130640/http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/cace/csi/mhic">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+History+Instructor+Course+%28MHIC%29+%26%23124%3B+US+Army+Combined+Arms+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2Forganizations%2Fcace%2Fcsi%2Fmhic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420171300/http://www.thegriffon108.com/articles/article-detail/articleid/3987/becoming-a-military-history-instructor-in-the-army.aspx">"Becoming a Military History Instructor in the Army"</a>. <i>The Griffon 108th</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegriffon108.com/articles/article-detail/articleid/3987/becoming-a-military-history-instructor-in-the-army.aspx">the original</a> on 20 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Griffon+108th&rft.atitle=Becoming+a+Military+History+Instructor+in+the+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegriffon108.com%2Farticles%2Farticle-detail%2Farticleid%2F3987%2Fbecoming-a-military-history-instructor-in-the-army.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowley, Parker, p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H McNeill, "Modern European History" in Michael Kammen, ed., <i>The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States</i> (1980) pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_F_W_Beckett2016" class="citation book cs1">Ian F W Beckett (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DILbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"><i>A Guide to British Military History: The Subject and the Sources</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473856677" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473856677"><bdi>978-1473856677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+British+Military+History%3A+The+Subject+and+the+Sources&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1473856677&rft.au=Ian+F+W+Beckett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDILbCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene P. A. Scleh, "Teaching History Through Film", <i>Film & History</i> (1973) 3#3 pp 12–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Lynn, "Rally Once Again: The Embattled Future of Academic Military History", <i>Journal of Military History</i> 61 (Oct. 1997), 777–89 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954086">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714101657/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954086">Archived</a> 2021-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Spector" title="Ronald H. Spector">Ronald H. Spector</a>, "Teetering on the Brink of Respectability." <i>Journal of American History</i> (2007) 93(4): 1158–1160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25094603">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714100952/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25094603">Archived</a> 2021-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Whiteclay Chambers, "The new military history: myth and reality." <i>The Journal of Military History</i> 55.3 (1991): 395+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morillo, Pevkovic, pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.ix,_Black-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p.ix,_Black_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black (2004), p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergen, Hilary, <i>Documenting Shock and Awe: Researching Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom</i> History Associations, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historyassociates.com/blog/historical-research-blog/researching-iraq-and-afghanistan-wars/">http://www.historyassociates.com/blog/historical-research-blog/researching-iraq-and-afghanistan-wars/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150803031135/http://www.historyassociates.com/blog/historical-research-blog/researching-iraq-and-afghanistan-wars/">Archived</a> 2015-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Kennedy, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000</i> (Random House, 1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Kimball, "The Influence of Ideology on Interpretive Disagreement: A Report on a Survey of Diplomatic, Military and Peace Historians on the Causes of 20th Century U. S. Wars", <i>The History Teacher</i> (May, 1984) 17#3 pp. 355–384 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/493146.pdf">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145354/http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/493146.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/pages/57133/h-war-policies">H-War policies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222719/https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/pages/57133/h-war-policies">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/reviews">H-War book reviews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224201/https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/reviews">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Jensen, "Military history on the electronic frontier: Wikipedia fights the War of 1812." <i>The Journal of Military History</i> 76.4 (2012): 523–556 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/31407940/rj-1812.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Wood, "Too serious a business to be left to military men"" <i>Museum International</i> 38.1 (1986): 20–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Cody Phillips,, "The Guide to US Army Museums" (Center for Military History, 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-51/CMH_Pub_70-51.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502014041/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-51/CMH_Pub_70-51.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Whitmarsh, "'We Will Remember Them': Memory and Commemoration in War Museums." <i>Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies</i> (2001) vol 7 pp. 11–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Mayr, "The 'Enola Gay' Fiasco: History, Politics, and the Museum." <i>Technology and culture</i> 39.3 (1998): 462–473. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1215894">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181217014802/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1215894">Archived</a> 2018-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1913" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Harold Hayden (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlemegiddo00nelsgoog/page/n14/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The Battle of Megiddo</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Megiddo&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Harold+Hayden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlemegiddo00nelsgoog%2Fpage%2Fn14%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tasmania/stories/s999564.htm">"Herodotus: The father of history"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231110832/http://www.abc.net.au/tasmania/stories/s999564.htm">Archived</a> 2005-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Warburton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farah, Karls, pp. 137–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, Ralph. <i>New Glory: Expanding America's Supremacy</i>, 2005. p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barton C. 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Rogers, <i>A History of Artillery</i> (1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jorge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/defeat_of_the_armada.htm">The "Invincible" Armada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512075645/http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/defeat_of_the_armada.htm">Archived</a> 2006-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed on May 18, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Parrish, <i>The Submarine: A History</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217031100/http://submarinehistory.homestead.com/EarlyUnderwaterwarfare.html">"Early Underwater Warfare"</a>. California Center for Military History. 18 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://submarinehistory.homestead.com/EarlyUnderwaterwarfare.html">the original</a> on 17 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Underwater+Warfare&rft.pub=California+Center+for+Military+History&rft.date=2006-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsubmarinehistory.homestead.com%2FEarlyUnderwaterwarfare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin J. Brayley, <i>Bayonets: An Illustrated History</i> (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Christopher, <i>Balloons at War: Gasbags, Flying Bombs & Cold War Secrets</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HM Iftekhar Jaim, and Jasmine Jaim, "The Decisive Nature of the Indian War Rocket in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of the Eighteenth Century." <i>Arms & Armour</i> 8.2 (2011): 131–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Held, <i>The Age of Firearms: a pictorial history.</i> (Harper, 1957).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Elliot Armstrong, <i>Torpedoes and Torpedo-vessels</i> (1896) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YDzWQbUP3sUC&dq=History+Torpedo+Armstrong&pg=PA1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620210024/https://books.google.com/books?id=YDzWQbUP3sUC&dq=History+Torpedo+Armstrong&pg=PA1">Archived</a> 2023-06-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurton2009" class="citation book cs1">Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). <i>A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500</i>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843834489" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843834489"><bdi>978-1843834489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Late+Medieval+Siege%2C+1200%E2%80%931500.&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1843834489&rft.aulast=Purton&rft.aufirst=Peter+Fraser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackenbury1865" class="citation book cs1">Brackenbury, Henry (1865). <i>Ancient Cannon in Europe</i>. Woolwich: The Royal Artillery Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cannon+in+Europe&rft.pub=Woolwich%3A+The+Royal+Artillery+Institution&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Brackenbury&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrombie2016" class="citation journal cs1">Crombie, Laura (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.12144">"A New Power in the Late Fourteenth-Century Low Countries: Philip the Bold's Planned Franco-Burgundian Invasion of England and Scottish Alliance, 1385–1386"</a>. <i>History</i>. <b>101</b> (344): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-229X.12144">10.1111/1468-229X.12144</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=A+New+Power+in+the+Late+Fourteenth-Century+Low+Countries%3A+Philip+the+Bold%27s+Planned+Franco-Burgundian+Invasion+of+England+and+Scottish+Alliance%2C+1385%E2%80%931386&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=344&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-229X.12144&rft.aulast=Crombie&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1468-229X.12144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2004" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, John (2004). <i>World Monarchies and Dynasties</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765680501" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765680501"><bdi>978-0765680501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Monarchies+and+Dynasties&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0765680501&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stavros_2013-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stavros_2013_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavros_2013_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavros_2013_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavros_2013_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavros2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stavros, Matthew (October 2013). "Military Revolution in Early Modern Japan". <i>Japanese Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10371397.2013.831733">10.1080/10371397.2013.831733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144268167">144268167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Military+Revolution+in+Early+Modern+Japan&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10371397.2013.831733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144268167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stavros&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwope2013" class="citation book cs1">Swope, Kenneth M. (2013). <i>A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806185026" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806185026"><bdi>978-0806185026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dragon%27s+Head+and+a+Serpent%27s+Tail%3A+Ming+China+and+the+First+Great+East+Asian+War&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0806185026&rft.aulast=Swope&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Wright, <i>Tank: the progress of a monstrous war machine</i> (Penguin, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Polmar, <i>Aircraft carriers: a graphic history of carrier aviation and its influence on world events</i> (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim Coleman, <i>A history of chemical warfare</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan Jenkins, <i>World War 2: New Technologies</i> (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul P. Craig and John A. Jungerman, <i>The Nuclear Arms Race: Technology and Society</i> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Black, <i>The Cold War: A Military History</i> (2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2016" class="citation web cs1">Curry, Andrew (24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/slaughter-bridge-uncovering-colossal-bronze-age-battle">"Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle"</a>. <i>Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Slaughter+at+the+bridge%3A+Uncovering+a+colossal+Bronze+Age+battle&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fslaughter-bridge-uncovering-colossal-bronze-age-battle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/pillar-first-evidence-neighbors-behaving-badly-180970969/">"Recently Deciphered 4,500-Year-Old Pillar Shows First Known Record of a Border Dispute"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>. 7 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Recently+Deciphered+4%2C500-Year-Old+Pillar+Shows+First+Known+Record+of+a+Border+Dispute&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fpillar-first-evidence-neighbors-behaving-badly-180970969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suren-Pahlav-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suren-Pahlav_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suren-Pahlav S., <i>General Surena; The Hero of Carrhae</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Great_Battles_of_Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="s:Great Battles of Bulgaria">s:Great Battles of Bulgaria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en">"Moriori – The impact of new arrivals"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172100/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en">Archived</a> 2009-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzealandatoz.com/index.php?pageid=607&PHPSESSID=1c2fab7979e45ccc7c3e7336e8636142">"Chatham Islands"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164905/http://www.newzealandatoz.com/index.php?pageid=607&PHPSESSID=1c2fab7979e45ccc7c3e7336e8636142">Archived</a> 2007-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>New Zealand A to Z</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Duffy, <i>The Military Revolution and the State, 1500–1800</i> (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Black, "A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective", in Clifford J. Rogers, ed., <i>The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe</i> (1995), pp. 95–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob, F. & Visoni-Alonzo, G., <i>The Military Revolution in Early Modern Europe, a Revision,</i> (2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Parker, "The Military Revolution, 1560–1660 – A Myth?" <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 48#2 (1976) pp 195–214; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1879826">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065816/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1879826">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Black, "A Military Revolution? A 1660–1792 Perspective", pp. 95–115; and Michael Duffy, <i>The Military Revolution and the State, 1500–1800</i> (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John France, <i>Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power</i> (2011) pp. 219–264 on 1815–1914.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Bell, <i>The first total war: Napoleon's Europe and the birth of modern warfare</i> (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bennett Walters, "General William T. Sherman and Total War." <i>Journal of Southern history</i> 14.4 (1948): 447–480. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2198124">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174808/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2198124">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark E. Neely Jr, "Was the Civil War a Total War?." <i>Civil War History</i> 37.1 (1991): 5–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Roland, "Was the Nuclear Arms Race Deterministic?." <i>Technology and Culture</i> 51.2 (2010): 444–461. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alex_Roland/publication/236825790_Was_the_Nuclear_Arms_Race_Deterministic/links/5603d7ad08ae08d4f1718818/Was-the-Nuclear-Arms-Race-Deterministic.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. Bunker and Pamela Ligouri Bunker, "The modern state in epochal transition: The significance of irregular warfare, state deconstruction, and the rise of new warfighting entities beyond neo-medievalism." <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i> 27.2 (2016): 325–344.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Archer, I. John R. Ferris, Holger H. Herwig, and Timothy H. E. Travers. <i>World History of Warfare</i> (2nd ed. 2008) 638 pp</li> <li>Black, Jeremy. <i>Warfare in the Western World, 1775–1882</i> (2001) 240 pp. <ul><li>Black, Jeremy. <i>Warfare in the Western World, 1882–1975</i> (2002), 256 pp.</li></ul></li> <li>Brownstone, David, and Irene M. Franck. <i>Timelines of War: A Chronology of Warfare from 100,000 BC to the Present</i> (1994)</li> <li>Chambers, John Whiteclay, ed. <i>The Oxford Companion to American Military History</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham">online</a></li> <li>Cowley, Robert, and Geoffrey Parker, eds. <i>The Reader's Companion to Military History</i> (2001) coverage by scholars. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040807042512/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_000105_entries.htm">Complete text online free of 1996 edition</a></li> <li>Dear, I. C. B., and M. R. D. Foot, eds. <i>Oxford Companion to World War II</i> (2005; 2nd ed. 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ira_D._Gruber" title="Ira D. Gruber">Ira D. Gruber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_K._Flint" title="Roy K. Flint">Roy K. Flint</a>, and Mark Grimsley. <i>Warfare In The Western World</i> (2 vol 1996), comprehensive textbook; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warfareinwestern00doug">online vol 1 to 1871</a></li> <li>Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. <i>The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present</i> (1977), 1465 pp; comprehensive summary focused on wars and battles; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060125448">online</a></li> <li>Dyer, Gwynne. <i>The Shortest History of War: From Hunter-Gatherers to Nuclear Superpowers – A Retelling for Our Times</i> (2022).</li> <li>Grossman, Mark. <i>World military leaders: a biographical dictionary</i> (Infobase Publishing, 2007).</li> <li>Holmes, Richard, ed. <i>The Oxford Companion to Military History</i> (2001) 1071 pp; online at OUP</li> <li>Jones, Archer, <i>The Art of War in the Western World</i> (2001)</li> <li>Kohn, George C. <i>Dictionary of Wars</i> (3rd ed. 2006) 704 pp; very useful summary across world history</li> <li>Karsten, Peter. ed., <i>Encyclopedia of War and American Society</i> (3 vols., 2005).</li> <li>Keegan, John. <i>The Face of Battle</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Face-Battle-John-Keegan/dp/0880290838/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804142624/https://www.amazon.com/Face-Battle-John-Keegan/dp/0880290838">Archived</a> 2018-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Keegan, John. <i>The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare</i> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lacroix" title="Paul Lacroix">Lacroix, Paul</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73559">Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance</a></i> (London: Bickers & Son, 1870)</li> <li>Lamphear, John, ed. <i>African Military History</i> (Routledge, 2007).</li> <li>Lawrence, D. R. (2009). <i>The complete soldier: military books and military culture in early Stuart England, 1603-1645</i>. Brill.</li> <li>Lee, Wayne E. <i>Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Waging-War-Conflict-Culture-Innovation/dp/0199797455/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109173137/https://www.amazon.com/Waging-War-Conflict-Culture-Innovation/dp/0199797455">Archived</a> 2023-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Lynn, John A. <i>Battle: A Cultural History of Combat and Culture</i> (2003).</li> <li>Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich, eds. <i>The Routledge History of Global War and Society</i> (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>Nolan, Cathal J. <i>The Allure of Battle: A History of How Wars Have Been Won and Lost</i> (2017)</li> <li>Nolan, Cathal J. <i>The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization</i> (2 vol 2006)</li> <li>Parkinson, Roger. <i>Encyclopedia of modern war</i> (Routledge, 2021); since 1793.</li> <li>Roy, Kaushik. <i>A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: Before the Rise of the West, 10,000 BCE–1500 CE.</i> (Routledge, 2021).</li> <li>De Salazar, Gonzalo, "War, Peace and Civilization" [Guerra, paz y civilización], (Madrid: MAEC, 2016).</li> <li>De Salazar, Gonzalo, "Crime and Armed Conflict" [Crimen y conflicto armado], (Madrid: MAEC, 2018).</li> <li>Townshend, Charles, ed. <i>The Oxford History of Modern War</i> (2nd ed. 2005)</li> <li>Trevor, N et al. <i>Encyclopedia of military biography</i> (Bloomsbury 2020).</li> <li>Tucker, Spencer C., ed.<i>Weapons and Warfare: From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century</i> (2 vol, ABC-CLIO, 2020).</li> <li>Tucker, Spencer C., ed. <i>Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i> (4 vol, ABC-CLIO, 2019).</li> <li>Tucker, Spencer. <i>Encyclopedia of American Military History</i> (2019).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnett, Correlli, Shelford Bidwell, Brian Bond, and John Terraine. <i>Old Battles and New Defences: Can We Learn from Military History?</i> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15086871#">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123175804/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15086871">Archived</a> 2009-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Beaumont, Joan. "Australian military historiography" <i>War & Society</i> 42#1 (2023) pp. 99–121 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07292473.2023.2150485">10.1080/07292473.2023.2150485</a></li> <li>Black, Jeremy. "Determinisms and Other Issues", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Military History">Journal of Military History</a></i>, 68 (Oct. 2004), 1217–1232. in <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Black, Jeremy. <i>Rethinking Military History</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108014389">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208041838/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108014389">Archived</a> 2009-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bucholz, Arden. "Hans Delbruck and Modern Military History." <i>The Historian</i> vol 55#3 (1993) pp. 517+.</li> <li>Chambers II, John Whiteclay. "The New Military History: Myth and Reality", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Military History">Journal of Military History</a></i>, 55 (July 1991), 395–406</li> <li>Chambers, John Whiteclay. "‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ (1930): the antiwar film and the image of the First World War." <i>Historical journal of film, radio and television</i> 14.4 (1994): 377–411.</li> <li>Charters, David A., Marc Milner, and J. Brent Wilson. eds. <i>Military History and the Military Profession</i>, (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Citino" title="Robert M. Citino">Citino, Robert M.</a> "Military Histories Old and New: A Reintroduction", <i>The American Historical Review</i> Vol. 112, no. 4 (October 2007), pp. 1070–1090 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?AHRahr.112.4.1070PDF">online version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827191044/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?AHRahr.112.4.1070PDF">Archived</a> 2021-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gill, John H. "From Great Captains to Common Grognards: research opportunities in Napoleonic military history." <i>War & Society</i> 41.1 (2022): 6–84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07292473.2022.2021752">10.1080/07292473.2022.2021752</a></li> <li>Grimsley, Mark. "Why Military History Sucks", Nov. 1996, War Historian.org, online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915180322/http://www.warhistorian.org/why_military_history_sucks.php">Why Military History Sucks</a></li> <li>Higham, John, ed. <i>A Guide to the Sources of British Military History</i> (2015) 654 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOGoCgAAQBAJ&q=George+Clark++Later+Stuarts+1660-1714">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hughes, Matthew, and W. Philpott, eds. <i>Palgrave Advances in Modern Military History</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Palgrave-Advances-Modern-Military-History/dp/140391768X/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116234914/https://www.amazon.com/Palgrave-Advances-Modern-Military-History/dp/140391768X">Archived</a> 2022-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Karsten, Peter. "The 'New' American Military History: A Map of the Territory, Explored and Unexplored", <i>American Quarterly</i>, 36 #3, (1984), 389–418 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1988340">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426060739/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1988340">Archived</a> 2019-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kimball, Jeffrey. "The Influence of Ideology on Interpretive Disagreement: A Report on a Survey of Diplomatic, Military and Peace Historians on the Causes of 20th Century U. S. Wars", <i>History Teacher</i> 17#3 (1984) pp. 355–384 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F493146">10.2307/493146</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/493146">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110044957/https://www.jstor.org/stable/493146">Archived</a> 2021-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kohn, Richard H. "The Social History of the American Soldier: A Review and Prospectus for Research", <i>American Historical Review</i>, 86 (June 1981), 553–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1860370">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426045545/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1860370">Archived</a> 2019-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Lee, Wayne E. "Mind and Matter – Cultural Analysis in American Military History: A Look at the State of the Field", <i>Journal of American History</i>, 93 (March 2007), 1116–1142. Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/History_Cooperative" title="History Cooperative">History Cooperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Information_Services" title="EBSCO Information Services">Ebsco</a></li> <li>Lynn, John A. "Rally Once Again: The Embattled Future of Academic Military History", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Military History">Journal of Military History</a></i>, 61 (Oct. 1997), 777–789.</li> <li>Mearsheimer, John J. <i>Liddell Hart and the Weight of History.</i> (1988). 234 pp.</li> <li>Messenger, Charles, ed. <i>Reader's Guide to Military History</i> (Routledge, 2001), 948 pp; detailed guide to the historiography of 500 topics <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Readers-Guide-Military-History-guiides/dp/1579582419/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312171042/http://www.amazon.com/Readers-Guide-Military-History-Guiides/dp/1579582419">Archived</a> 2016-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Morillo, Stephen. <i>What is Military History</i> (2006)</li> <li>Moyar, Mark. "The Current State of Military History", <i>The Historical Journal</i> (2007), 50: 225–240 online at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Journals_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Journals Online">CJO</a></li> <li>Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich, eds. <i>The Routledge History of Global War and Society</i> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-History-of-Global-War-and-Society/Muehlbauer-Ulbrich/p/book/9781138849808">The Routledge History of Global War and Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427123028/https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-History-of-Global-War-and-Society/Muehlbauer-Ulbrich/p/book/9781138849808">Archived</a> 2018-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich. <i>Ways of War: American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century</i> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Ways-of-War-American-Military-History-from-the-Colonial-Era-to-the-Twenty-First/Muehlbauer-Ulbrich/p/book/9781138681620">Ways of War: American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427050356/https://www.routledge.com/Ways-of-War-American-Military-History-from-the-Colonial-Era-to-the-Twenty-First/Muehlbauer-Ulbrich/p/book/9781138681620">Archived</a> 2018-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Murray, Williamson and Richard Hart Sinnreich, eds. <i>The Past as Prologue: The Importance of History to the Military Profession</i> (2006).</li> <li>Noe, Kenneth W., George C. Rable and Carol Reardon. "Battle Histories: Reflections on Civil War Military Studies" <i>Civil War History</i> 53#3 2007. pp. 229+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/5022722823?title=Battle%20Histories%3a%20Reflections%20on%20Civil%20War%20Military%20Studies">online edition</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Porch, Douglas. "Writing History in the 'End of History' Era: Reflections on Historians and the GWOT" <i>Journal of Military History</i> 2006 70(4): 1065–1079. on war on terror, 2001–present</li> <li>Reardon, Carol. <i>Soldiers and Scholars: The U.S. Army and the Uses of Military History, 1865–1920.</i> U. Press of Kansas 1990. 270 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700604661" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700604661">978-0700604661</a>.</li> <li>Reid, Brian Holden. "American Military History: the Need for Comparative Analysis." <i>Journal of American History</i> 2007 93(4): 1154–1157.</li> <li>Reid, Brian Holden, and Joseph G. Dawson III, eds., "Special Issue: The Vistas of American Military History, 1800–1898", <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i>, 7 (June 2006), 139–321.</li> <li>Riseman, Noah. "The Rise of Indigenous Military History." <i>History Compass</i> (2014) 12#12 pp. 901–911. cover 20th century. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12205">10.1111/hic3.12205</a>.</li> <li>Rogers, Clifford J. ed. <i>The Military Revolution Debate: Readings On The Military Transformation Of Early Modern Europe</i> (1995)</li> <li>Sharman, Jason C. "Myths of military revolution: European expansion and Eurocentrism." <i>European Journal of International Relations</i> 24.3 (2018): 491513 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1354066117719992">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116234911/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1354066117719992">Archived</a> 2022-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Schleh, Eugene P. "Books About Film and War." <i>Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies</i> 8.1 (1978): 11–14.</li> <li>Schleh, Eugene P. "All Quiet on the Western Front: A History Teacher's Reappraisal." <i>Film & History</i> 8.4 (1978): 66–69.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Spector" title="Ronald H. Spector">Spector, Ronald H.</a> "Teetering on the Brink of Respectability." <i>Journal of American History</i> 2007 93(4): 1158–1160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25094603">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714100952/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25094603">Archived</a> 2021-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Spiller, Roger. "Military History and its Fictions." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Military History">Journal of Military History</a></i> 2006 70(4): 1081–1097. online</li> <li>Winter, Jay, and Antoine Prost. <i>The Great War in History Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present</i> (Cambridge UP, 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Great-War-History-Controversies-Cultural/dp/1108823963/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804153443/https://www.amazon.com/Great-War-History-Controversies-Cultural/dp/1108823963">Archived</a> 2021-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Wolters, Timothy S. "Harvey A. DeWeerd and the Dawn of Academic Military History in the United States." <i>Journal of Military History</i> (Jan 2021) 85#1 pp 95–133.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_history_of_Europe" title="Template:Military history of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_history_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Military history of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_history_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military history of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Europe144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces#History" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Armenia" title="Military history of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Austria" title="Military history of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Military history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus#History" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces#Historyt" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Historya" title="Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces#History_of_the_Bulgarian_Army" title="Bulgarian Armed Forces">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Croatia" title="Military history of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard#History" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Czech_Republic#History" title="Army of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Denmark" title="Military history of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Estonia" title="Military history of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iceland" title="Military history of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ireland" title="Military history of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan#History" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces#History" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Liechtenstein" title="Military history of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces#History" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Luxembourg" title="Military history of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Malta#History" title="Armed Forces of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova#History" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Montenegro#History" title="Armed Forces of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands" title="Military history of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_North_Macedonia" title="Military history of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Norway" title="Military history of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Army" title="History of the Polish Army">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Romania" title="Military history of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia" title="Military history of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Armed_Forces" title="Slovak Armed Forces">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Armed_Forces#History" title="Slovenian Armed Forces">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Sweden" title="Military history of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine#History" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Armed_Forces#History" title="Abkhazian Armed Forces">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Military history of the Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force#History" title="Kosovo Security Force">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Ossetia#History" title="Armed Forces of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_North_America173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North 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and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Barbados" title="Military history of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cuba" title="Military history of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Haiti" title="Military history of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico" title="Military history of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Military history of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military history of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_South_America225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_South_America225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_America" title="Military history of South America">Military history of South America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Argentina" title="Military history of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Brazil" title="Military history of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Colombia (page does not exist)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ecuador" title="Military history of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Paraguay (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Venezuela (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Asia415" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Asia415" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military history of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Military history of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Armenia" title="Military history of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Military history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bhutan" title="Military history of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cambodia" title="Military history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iraq" title="Military history of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Laos" title="Military history of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Myanmar" title="Military history of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nepal" title="Military history of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Singapore" title="Military history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Syria" title="Military history of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Military history of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Taiwan" title="Military history of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hong_Kong" title="Military history of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Africa280" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Africa280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa" title="Military history of Africa">Military history of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Angola" title="Military history of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Chad" title="Military history of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Djibouti" title="Military history of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Gambia" title="Military history of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Libya" title="Military history of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Morocco" title="Military history of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia" title="Military history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Uganda" title="Military history of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Military history of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Oceania122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Oceania122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Oceania" title="Military history of Oceania">Military history of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Fiji (page does not exist)">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Tonga" title="Military history of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_historiography605" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography605" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)77" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles73" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_and_war324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_and_war" title="Template:Military and war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_and_war" title="Template talk:Military and war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_and_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military and war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_and_war324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_technology" title="History of military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Occupational roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">Airman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">Enlisted rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">Commanding officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">Executive officer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Protocols and structure:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_ranks" title="Category:Military ranks">Ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Armed Forces</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><i>Functional specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reconnaissance_units" title="List of reconnaissance units">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Military police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">Security forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_units_and_formations" title="Category:Military logistics units and formations">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Combat_occupations" title="Category:Combat occupations">Combat occupations</a></li> <li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruit_training" title="Military recruit training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_arms" title="Combat arms">Combat arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li> <li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_combatant" title="Surface combatant">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armed_forces" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armed forces">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_contemporary_armies" title="Category:Structure of contemporary armies">Armies by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General staff</a></li> <li><i>Land:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Field army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_corps" title="List of military corps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_divisions" title="List of military divisions">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brigades_by_type" title="Category:Brigades by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_country" title="Category:Regiments by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regiments_by_type" title="Category:Regiments by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">Battalion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_country" title="Category:Battalions by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battalions_by_type" title="Category:Battalions by type">By type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">Platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">Squad</a></li> <li><i>Naval:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">Naval fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_force#Naval" title="Task force">Task force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">Carrier strike group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_(naval)" title="Division (naval)">Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">Squadron</a></li> <li><i>Air:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">Combat box</a></li> <li><i>Special units by nation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_(military_formation)" title="Front (military formation)">Front; Russian land forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ground:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">Ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_vehicles" title="List of military vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_vehicle" title="Combat vehicle">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tracked_military_vehicles" title="Category:Tracked military vehicles">Tracked vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wheeled_military_vehicles" title="Category:Wheeled military vehicles">Wheeled vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles" title="Lists of armoured fighting vehicles">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_by_country" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">Armored car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_car" title="Scout car">Scout car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle#Military_trucks" title="Military vehicle">Truck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_trucks" title="Category:Military trucks">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_truck" title="Gun truck">Gun truck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers#Self-propelled_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_anti-aircraft_weapon" title="Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon">Anti-aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Rail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Artillery:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery" title="List of artillery">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artillery_by_country" title="List of artillery by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_field_guns" title="List of field guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_howitzers" title="List of howitzers">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_artillery" title="List of rocket artillery">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Infantry guns</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">Pistols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_guns" title="List of machine guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">Service rifles</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle rifles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifle</a></li> <li><i>Other infantry weapons:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">Bazooka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_guns" title="List of anti-tank guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">Grenade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grenades" title="Category:Grenades">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">Flamethrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_knife" title="Combat knife">Combat knife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_knives" title="Category:Military knives">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Missiles</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder-fired_missile" title="Shoulder-fired missile">Shoulder-fired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country" title="List of missiles by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_mortars" title="List of infantry mortars">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_mortars" title="List of heavy mortars">Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sea/Air:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Guided missiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missiles" title="List of missiles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Naval</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_guns" title="List of naval guns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">Anti-ship missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system" title="Close-in weapon system">Close-in weapons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_guns" title="Category:Aircraft guns">Guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air-launched_missiles" title="Category:Air-launched missiles">Missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">Bombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_equipment" title="Lists of military equipment">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_by_country" title="Category:Military equipment by country">By country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_combat_helmets" title="List of combat helmets">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></li> <li><i>Facilities:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li> <li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo Data Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>By era:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>By type:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armoured warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a></li> <li><i>Public policy:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Defense budget</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures" title="List of countries with highest military expenditures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_military_expenditure" title="List of countries by past military expenditure">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries with highest military expenditure per capita">Per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Defense policy</a></li> <li><i>Related:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Military lists</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">Military tactics</a></li> <li><i>History lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wars" title="Lists of wars">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><i>Related lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other namespace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War">War</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_ranks_by_country" title="Template:Military ranks by country">Ranks</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Vehicles and weapons</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Tanks" title="Template:Tanks">Tanks</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons">Weapons</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_IFV_and_APC" title="Template:Modern IFV and APC">Infantry fighting vehicles</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries">Modern warships</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Military_aircraft_types_(roles)" title="Template:Military aircraft types (roles)">Aircraft</a>}}</span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Specific modern wars</i> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I">World War I</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II">World War II</a>}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War">Cold War</a>}}</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars_by_country_involved" title="Category:Lists of wars by country involved">Lists of wars by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_by_time" title="Category:Conflicts by time">Conflicts by time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism in international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">International cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations">International relations</a>}}</span></li> <li><i>Categories:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_organizations" title="Category:Peace organizations">Peace organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">Category</a></b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/CategoryWar" class="extiw" title="commons:CategoryWar">Commons</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences710" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_sciences710" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_social_science" title="Outline of social science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology 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