CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kara-Khanid Khanate - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"19dc18c1-916a-4a01-9c08-f3cc92800780","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kara-Khanid_Khanate","wgTitle":"Kara-Khanid Khanate","wgCurRevisionId":1253520763,"wgRevisionId":1253520763,"wgArticleId":188057,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","Articles containing Chinese-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021", "Ashina tribe","1212 disestablishments in Asia","840 establishments","Former countries in Central Asia","Former countries in Chinese history","Khanates","Former confederations","Diarchies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kara-Khanid_Khanate","wgRelevantArticleId":188057,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q494354","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kara-Khanid Khanate - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kara-Khanid_Khanate rootpage-Kara-Khanid_Khanate skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kara-Khanid+Khanate" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kara-Khanid+Khanate" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kara-Khanid+Khanate" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kara-Khanid+Khanate" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_(840_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_(840_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formation of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840 CE)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_(840_CE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formation of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840 CE) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_(840_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam_(c._934_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Islam_(c._934_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conversion to Islam (c.<span> 934 CE</span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam_(c._934_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Transoxiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Transoxiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Conquest of Transoxiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Transoxiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_western_Tarim_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_western_Tarim_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Conquest of western Tarim Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_western_Tarim_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Division of the Kara-Khanid Khanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seljuk_suzerainty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuk_suzerainty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Seljuk suzerainty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuk_suzerainty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qara_Khitai_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qara_Khitai_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Qara Khitai invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qara_Khitai_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Identification with China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Monarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kara-Khanid Khanate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة القراخانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة القراخانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarakh%C3%A1nides" title="Qarakhánides – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Qarakhánides" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraxanl%C4%B1lar_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Qaraxanlılar dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaraxanlılar dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قاراخانلیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاراخانلیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Караханиди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Караханиди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarakh%C3%A0nida" title="Qarakhànida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qarakhànida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachaniden" title="Karachaniden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karachaniden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Χανάτο των Καραχανιδών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χανάτο των Καραχανιδών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1nidas" title="Karajánidas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karajánidas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%A5anida_%C4%A4anlando" title="Karaĥanida Ĥanlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karaĥanida Ĥanlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="آل افراسیاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آل افراسیاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarakhanides" title="Qarakhanides – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Qarakhanides" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%95%9C_%EC%B9%B8%EA%B5%AD" title="카라한 칸국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카라한 칸국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4" title="काराख़ानी ख़ानत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काराख़ानी ख़ानत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekhanan_Kara-Khanid" title="Kekhanan Kara-Khanid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekhanan Kara-Khanid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakhanidi" title="Karakhanidi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karakhanidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90-%D7%97%27%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השושלת הקרא-ח'אנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת הקרא-ח'אנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ყარახანიდების სახელმწიფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყარახანიდების სახელმწიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Қарахан мемлекеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қарахан мемлекеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Караханийлер мамлекети – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Караханийлер мамлекети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachanid%C5%B3_chanatas" title="Karachanidų chanatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karachanidų chanatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karah%C3%A1nid%C3%A1k" title="Karahánidák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karahánidák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekhanan_Kara-Khanid" title="Kekhanan Kara-Khanid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kekhanan Kara-Khanid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Хар ханы улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар ханы улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachaniden" title="Karachaniden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karachaniden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E6%9C%9D" title="カラハン朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラハン朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoraxoniylar_davlati" title="Qoraxoniylar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoraxoniylar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਖਨਾਨ ਕਾਰਾਖਾਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਨਾਨ ਕਾਰਾਖਾਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خانان کاراخانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خانان کاراخانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachanidzi" title="Karachanidzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karachanidzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canato_Carac%C3%A2nida" title="Canato Caracânida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canato Caracânida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Караханидское государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Караханидское государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Харахаан илэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харахаан илэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karach%C3%A1novsk%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t" title="Karachánovský štát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karachánovský štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahanidski_Kanat" title="Karahanidski Kanat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karahanidski Kanat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakhanidit" title="Karakhanidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karakhanidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanatet_Kara-Khanid" title="Khanatet Kara-Khanid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khanatet Kara-Khanid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="காரா கானிய கானரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காரா கானிய கானரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Давлати Қарохониён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлати Қарохониён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahanl%C4%B1lar" title="Karahanlılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karahanlılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Кара-хааннар күрүнези – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кара-хааннар күрүнези" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Караханідська держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Караханідська держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خانان قاراخانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خانان قاراخانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89" title="قاراخانىيلار خانلىقى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قاراخانىيلار خانلىقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid" title="Kara-Khanid – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kara-Khanid" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喀喇汗国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%96%87%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="喀喇汗国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喀喇汗国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q494354#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kara-Khanid_Khanate" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&oldid=1253520763" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&id=1253520763&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKara-Khanid_Khanate"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKara-Khanid_Khanate"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kara-Khanids" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q494354" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkic state in Central Asia from 840 to 1212</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Turkic-ruled state. For the Khitan-ruled state, see <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kara-Khanid Khanate</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">840–1212</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Kara-Khanid Khanate is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/300px-Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/450px-Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/600px-Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="3178" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x60" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KARAKHANID KHANATE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>x</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Kara Khanid Khanate, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Independent <a href="/wiki/Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaganate">khaganate</a> (840–1089)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> vassal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(1089–1141)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> vassal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(1141–1212)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a> (942–1130)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> (1130–1211)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> (1040–1212)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004165_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPozziJanhunenWeiers2006114_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPozziJanhunenWeiers2006114-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (administrative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaqani_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaqani Turkic">Khaqani Turkic</a> (court, dynastic, literature)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-iranica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(poetry)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christianity">Nestorian Christianity</a> (775-934)<sup id="cite_ref-ES_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> (840–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (840–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (934–1212)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy (<a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 840–893 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bilge_Kul_Qadir_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilge Kul Qadir Khan">Bilge Kul Qadir Khan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1204–1212 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Uthman ibn Ibrahim">Uthman Ulugh-Sultan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hajib" title="Hajib">Hajib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellor</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 11th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABsuf_Balasaguni" title="Yūsuf Balasaguni">Yūsuf Balasaguni</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">840</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1212</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabghu" title="Karluk Yabghu">Karluk Yabghu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kara-Khanid Khanate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">قراخانیان</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Qarākhāniyān</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">喀喇汗國</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kālā Hánguó</span></i>), also known as the <b>Karakhanids</b>, <b>Qarakhanids</b>, <b>Ilek Khanids</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <b>Afrasiabids</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">آل افراسیاب</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Āl-i Afrāsiyāb</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'House of <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a>'), was a <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanate</a> that ruled <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> from the 9th to the early 13th century. The dynastic names of Karakhanids and Ilek Khanids refer to royal titles with Kara <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> being the most important Turkic title up until the end of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998120_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998120-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khanate conquered <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and ruled it independently between 999 and 1089. Their arrival in Transoxiana signaled a definitive shift from Iranic to Turkic predominance in Central Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet the Kara-khanids gradually assimilated the Perso-Arab <a href="/wiki/Muslim_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim culture">Muslim culture</a>, while retaining some of their native Turkic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khanate split into the Eastern and Western Khanates in the 1040s. In the late 11th century, they came under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (Western Liao dynasty) who defeated the Seljuks in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a> in 1141. The Eastern Khanate ended in 1211, and the Western Khanate was extinguished by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a> in 1212.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004168_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004168-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capitals of the Kara-Khanid Khanate included <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzgen">Uzgen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. The history of the Kara-Khanid Khanate is reconstructed from fragmentary and often contradictory written sources, as well as studies on their <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">coinage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <p>The term <i>Karakhanid</i> was derived from <i>Qara Khan</i> or <i>Qara Khaqan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">قراخان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Qarākhān</i></span>), the foremost title of the rulers of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990354_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990354-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "Kara" means "black" and also "courageous" from Old Turkic (𐰴𐰺𐰀) and <i>khan</i> means ruler. The term was devised by European <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalists</a> in the 19th century to describe both the dynasty and the Turks ruled by it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Arabic Muslim sources called this dynasty <i>al-Khaqaniya</i> ("That of the Khaqans") or <i>al Muluk al-Khaniyya al-Atrak</i> (The Khanal kings of the Turks).</li> <li>In his linguistic treatise <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a>, a native-born Karakhanid, listed two endonyms: "Khāqānī Turks" or just "Turks",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter he also used to denote <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Persian sources often used the term <i>Al-i Afrasiyab</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آل افراسیاب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Āl-i Afrāsiyāb</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'House of Afrisyab') based on a supposed link to the legendary though actually unrelated King <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a> of pre-Islamic Transoxania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kashgari refers to him as <a href="/wiki/Alp_Er_Tunga" title="Alp Er Tunga">Alp Er Tunga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>They are also referred to as Ilek Khanids or Ilak Khanids (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ایلک خانیان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Ilak-Khānīyān</i></span>) in Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chinese sources refer to this dynasty as <i>Kalahan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">喀喇汗</span>) or <i>Heihan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">黑汗</span>, literally "Black Khan") or <i>Dashi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">大食</span>, a term for Arabs that extends to Muslims in general).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabghu" title="Karluk Yabghu">Karluk Yabghu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piatto_con_decorazione_di_castello_assediato,_arg,_samirechye,_da_bolshoe-anikovskaya,_IX-X_sec_su_orig_del_l%27VIII_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Piatto_con_decorazione_di_castello_assediato%2C_arg%2C_samirechye%2C_da_bolshoe-anikovskaya%2C_IX-X_sec_su_orig_del_l%27VIII_sec.JPG/280px-Piatto_con_decorazione_di_castello_assediato%2C_arg%2C_samirechye%2C_da_bolshoe-anikovskaya%2C_IX-X_sec_su_orig_del_l%27VIII_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Piatto_con_decorazione_di_castello_assediato%2C_arg%2C_samirechye%2C_da_bolshoe-anikovskaya%2C_IX-X_sec_su_orig_del_l%27VIII_sec.JPG/420px-Piatto_con_decorazione_di_castello_assediato%2C_arg%2C_samirechye%2C_da_bolshoe-anikovskaya%2C_IX-X_sec_su_orig_del_l%27VIII_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Piatto_con_decorazione_di_castello_assediato%2C_arg%2C_samirechye%2C_da_bolshoe-anikovskaya%2C_IX-X_sec_su_orig_del_l%27VIII_sec.JPG/560px-Piatto_con_decorazione_di_castello_assediato%2C_arg%2C_samirechye%2C_da_bolshoe-anikovskaya%2C_IX-X_sec_su_orig_del_l%27VIII_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Anikova_dish" title="Anikova dish">Anikova dish</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christian">Nestorian Christian</a> plate with decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jericho" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jericho">Siege of Jericho</a>, probably made by <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdian</a> artists under <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a> dominion, in <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Semirechye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ES_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cast silver of the 9th-10th century, copied from an original 8th century plate.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Kara-Khanid Khanate originated from a confederation formed some time in the 9th century by <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a>, and other peoples living in <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>), and Western <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> around <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10th-century Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> listed two "Khagan of Khagans" of the Karluk horde:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanah, a possible rendition of <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina</a> (compare Śaya (also by al-Masudi), Aś(i)nas (al-Tabari), Ānsa (Hudud al-'Alam), and Śaba (Ibn Khordadbeh)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and Afrasiab,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom 11th-century Karakhanid scholar <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a> identified with Turkic king <a href="/wiki/Alp_Er_Tunga" title="Alp Er Tunga">Alp Er Tunga</a>, the legendary progenitor of the Karakhanid ruling dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Kara-khanid heads of state claimed the title <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a>, which indicates that they may have been descended from the Ashina.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, the tribal origin of Bilge Kul Qadir Khan, the first Kara-Khan, is still unknown: if Bilge Kul Qadir descended from the <a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabghu" title="Karluk Yabghu">Karluk Yabghus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then he indeed belonged to the Ashina dynasty as they did; if Bilge Kul Qadir descended from the Yagma (as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Vasily Bartold</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then he did not, considering that the <a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a> stated that "Their [Yagmas'] king is from the family of the <a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toġuzġuz</a> kings",<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Ashina tribe was not listed among the Toquz Oghuz (Ch. 九姓 <i>Jĭu Xìng</i> "Nine Surnames") in Chinese-language sources<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that early Uyghur khagans belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Yaglakar_clan" title="Yaglakar clan">Yaglakar clan</a> of Toquz Oghuz<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later Uyghur khagans belonged to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%84diz_clan" title="Ädiz clan">Ädiz clan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, Bilge Kul Qadir might belong to the Eðgiş or <a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_history">Early history</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Karluks" title="Timeline of the Karluks">Timeline of the Karluks</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a> were a nomadic people from the western <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> who moved to <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a> (Semirechye). In 742, the Karluks were part of an alliance led by the <a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghurs</a> that rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk">Göktürks</a> and led to the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> (682–744).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009142_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009142-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the realignment of power that followed, the Karluks were elevated from a tribe led by an <i><a href="/wiki/Elteber" title="Elteber">Elteber</a></i> to one led by a <i><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">yabghu</a></i>, which was one of the highest Turkic dignitaries and also implies membership in the <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina</a> clan in whom the "heaven-mandated" right to rule resided. The Karluks and Uyghurs later allied themselves against the Basmyl, and within two years they toppled the Basmyl khagan. The Uyghur yabghu became khagan and the Karluk leader yabghu. This arrangement lasted less than a year. Hostilities between the Uyghur and Karluk forced the Karluk to migrate westward into the western <a href="/wiki/Turgesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgesh">Turgesh</a> lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990349_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990349-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anikova,_two_horsemen_(grey_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg/220px-Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg/330px-Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg/440px-Anikova%2C_two_horsemen_%28grey_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Armoured horsemen on the <i><a href="/wiki/Anikova_dish" title="Anikova dish">Anikova dish</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Semirechye</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-GK37_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GK37-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By 766 the Karluks had forced the submission of the Turgesh and they established their capital at <a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Chu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu River">Chu River</a>. The Karluk confederation by now included the Chigil and Tukshi tribes who may have been Türgesh tribes incorporated into the Karluk union. The Karluks converted to <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christianity">Nestorian Christianity</a> at the end of the 8th century CE, about 15 years after they established themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Semerich'e</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-ES_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ES-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> received such major sponsorship by an eastern power.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remains of a Nestorian church have been found in the Karluk capital of <a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a>, as well as hundreds of tomstones with Nestorian Syriac inscriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Semerich'e</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-9th century, the Karluk confederation had gained control of the sacred lands of the Western Türks after the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kirghiz">Old Kirghiz</a>. Control of sacred lands, together with their affiliation with the Ashina clan, allowed the Khaganate to be passed on to the Karluks along with domination of the steppes after the previous Khagan was killed in a revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990350–351_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990350–351-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 9th century southern Central Asia was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a>, while the Central Asian steppe was dominated by Turkic nomads such as the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>, and the Karluks. The domain of the Karluks reached as far north as the Irtysh and the <a href="/wiki/Kimek_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek tribe">Kimek</a> confederation, with encampments extending to the Chi and Ili rivers, where the Chigil and Tukshi tribes lived, and east to the Ferghana valley and beyond. The area to the south and east of the Karluks was inhabited by the Yagma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990348_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990348-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Karluk center in the 9th and 10th centuries appears to have been at <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a> on the Chu River. In the late 9th century the Samanids marched into the steppes and captured <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a>, one of the headquarters of the Karluk khagan, and a large church was transformed into a mosque. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_(840_CE)"><span id="Formation_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate_.28840_CE.29"></span>Formation of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840 CE)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-Qarakhanid_issue._Arabic_legend_around_central_square_hole,_Semirech%E2%80%99e._Circa_950_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Proto-Qarakhanid_issue._Arabic_legend_around_central_square_hole%2C_Semirech%E2%80%99e._Circa_950_CE.jpg/220px-Proto-Qarakhanid_issue._Arabic_legend_around_central_square_hole%2C_Semirech%E2%80%99e._Circa_950_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Proto-Qarakhanid_issue._Arabic_legend_around_central_square_hole%2C_Semirech%E2%80%99e._Circa_950_CE.jpg/330px-Proto-Qarakhanid_issue._Arabic_legend_around_central_square_hole%2C_Semirech%E2%80%99e._Circa_950_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Proto-Qarakhanid_issue._Arabic_legend_around_central_square_hole%2C_Semirech%E2%80%99e._Circa_950_CE.jpg/440px-Proto-Qarakhanid_issue._Arabic_legend_around_central_square_hole%2C_Semirech%E2%80%99e._Circa_950_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Proto-Karakhanid coinage from <a href="/wiki/Semirech%E2%80%99e" class="mw-redirect" title="Semirech’e">Semirech’e</a>, with Arabic legend around central square hole, c. 950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutuq_Bughraxan_Qebrisi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sutuq_Bughraxan_Qebrisi.JPG/220px-Sutuq_Bughraxan_Qebrisi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sutuq_Bughraxan_Qebrisi.JPG/330px-Sutuq_Bughraxan_Qebrisi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sutuq_Bughraxan_Qebrisi.JPG/440px-Sutuq_Bughraxan_Qebrisi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Satuq_Bughra_Khan" title="Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan">Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan</a> (r. 920–955 CE), the first Muslim khan of the Kara-Khanids, in <a href="/wiki/Artush" title="Artush">Artush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 9th century, the Karluk confederation (including three chief tribes: the Bulaq (<i>Mouluo</i> 謀落 / <i>Moula</i> 謀剌), Taşlïk (<i>Tashili</i> 踏實力), and Sebek (Suofu 娑匐)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, along with <a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks#Traditional_tribal_organization" title="Oghuz Turks">Charuks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Barskhans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Az_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Az (people)">Azkishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsis</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the last three being possibly remnants of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the Yaghma, possible descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a>, joined forces and formed the first Karluk-Karakhanid khaganate. The Chigils appear to have formed the nucleus of the Karakhanid army. The date of its foundation and the name of its first khan is uncertain, but according to one reconstruction, the first Karakhanid ruler was <a href="/wiki/Bilge_Kul_Qadir_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilge Kul Qadir Khan">Bilge Kul Qadir Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990355–356_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990355–356-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rulers of the Karakhanids were likely to be from the Chigil and Yaghma tribes – the Eastern Khagan bore the title <i>Arslan Qara Khaqan</i> (Arslan "lion" was the totem of the Chigil) and the Western Khagan the title <i>Bughra Qara Khaqan</i> (Bughra "male camel" was the totem of the Yaghma). The names of animals were a regular element in the Turkic titles of the Karakhanids: thus Aslan (lion), Bughra (camel), Toghan (falcon), Böri (wolf), and Toghrul or Toghrïl (a bird of prey).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Khagans were four rulers with the titles Arslan Ilig, Bughra Ilig, Arslan Tegin and Bughra Tegin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990355–356_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990355–356-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The titles of the members of the dynasty changed with their position, normally upwards, in the dynastic hierarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Islam_(c._934_CE)"><span id="Conversion_to_Islam_.28c._934_CE.29"></span>Conversion to Islam (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 934 CE</span>)</h3></div> <p>In the mid-10th century the Kara-Khanids converted to Islam and adopted Muslim names and honorifics, but retained Turkic regnal titles such as Khan, <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a>, Ilek (Ilig) and <a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later they adopted the Arab titles <i>sultan</i> and <i>sultān al-salātīn</i> ("Sultan of Sultans"). According to the Ottoman historian known as Munajjim-bashi, a Karakhanid prince named <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Satuq_Bughra_Khan" title="Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan">Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan</a> was the first of the khans to convert. After conversion, he obtained a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> which permitted him in effect to kill his presumably-still-pagan father, after which he conquered <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> (of the old <a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990357_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990357-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 960, according to Muslim historians <a href="/wiki/Ebn_Meskavayh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebn Meskavayh">Ibn Miskawaih</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a>, there was a mass conversion of the Turks (reportedly "200,000 tents of the Turks"), and circumstantial evidence suggests these were the Karakhanids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990357_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990357-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Transoxiana">Conquest of Transoxiana</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/350px-Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/525px-Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/700px-Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Kara-Khanid Khanate as of 1006 AD, when it reached its greatest extent</figcaption></figure> <p>The grandson of Satuk Bughra Khan, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_b._Sulayman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan b. Sulayman">Hasan b. Sulayman</a> (or Harun) (title: Bughra Khan) attacked the Samanids in the late 10th century. Between 990 and 992, Hasan took <a href="/wiki/Isfijab" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfijab">Isfijab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilaq" title="Ilaq">Ilaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Samanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid">Samanid</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frye156-157_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye156-157-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hasan Bughra Khan died in 992 due to an illness,<sup id="cite_ref-Frye156-157_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frye156-157-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Samanids returned to Bukhara. </p><p>Hasan's cousin <a href="/wiki/Ali_Arslan_Khan" title="Ali Arslan Khan">Ali b. Musa</a> (title: Kara Khan or Arslan Khan) resumed the campaign against the Samanids, and by 999 Ali's son Nasr had taken Chach, Samarkand, and Bukhara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samanid domains were divided between the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, who gained <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and the Karakhanids, who received Transoxiana. The <a href="/wiki/Oxus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus River">Oxus River</a> thus became the boundary between the two rival empires. </p><p>The Karakhanid state was divided into <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanages</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cl%C3%BC%C5%9F_system" title="Ülüş system">Ülüş system</a>), as was common of Turkic and Mongol nomads. The Karakhanid appanages were associated with four principal urban centers, <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a> (then the capital of the Karakhanid state) in Zhetysu, Kashgar in Xinjiang, <a href="/wiki/Uzgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzgen">Uzgen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a>, and Samarkand in Transoxiana. The dynasty's original domains of Zhetysu and Kasgar and their khans retained an implicit seniority over those who ruled in Transoxiana and Fergana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four sons of Ali (Ahmad, Nasr, Mansur, Muhammad) each held their own independent appanage within the Karakhanid state. Nasr, the conqueror of Transoxiana, held the large central area of Transoxiana (Samarkand and Bukhara), Fergana (Uzgen) and other areas, although after his death his appanage was further divided. Ahmad held <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Chach</a> and became the head of the dynasty after the death of Ali. The brothers Ahmad and Nasr conducted different policies towards the Ghaznavids in the south – while Ahmad tried to form an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud of Ghazna">Mahmud of Ghazna</a>, Nasr attempted to expand unsuccessfully into Ghaznavid territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant,_Persian_painting,_1306-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/350px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/525px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg/700px-The_Kara-Khanid_ruler_Ilig_Khan_on_horse_submitting_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_riding_an_elephant%2C_Persian_painting%2C_1306-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>The Kara-Khanid ruler "Ilig Khan" on horse, submitting to <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, who is riding an elephant, in 1017. They agreed to partition former <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a> territory along the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus river">Oxus river</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></i>, circa 1306–1314.<sup id="cite_ref-Bos106_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bos106-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ahmad was succeeded by Mansur, and after the death of Mansur, the Hasan Bughra Khan branch of the Karakhanids became dominant. Hasan's sons Muhammad Toghan Khan II, and Yusuf Kadir Khan who held <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, became in turn the head of the Karakhanid dynasty. The two families, <i>i.e.</i>, the descendants of Ali Arslan Khan and Hasan Bughra Khan, would eventually split the Karakhanid Khanate in two. </p><p>In 1017–1018, the Karakhanids repelled an attack by a large mass of nomadic Turkic tribes in what was described in Muslim sources as a great victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990363_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990363-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, the Kara-Khanid ruler Ilig Khan reached an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, in which they agreed to partition former <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a> territory along the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus river">Oxus river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bos106_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bos106-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_western_Tarim_Basin">Conquest of western Tarim Basin</h3></div> <p>The Islamic conquest of the Buddhist cities east of Kashgar began when the Karakhanid <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Satuq_Bughra_Khan" title="Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan">Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan</a> converted to Islam in 934 and then captured Kashgar. He and his son directed endeavors to proselytize Islam among the Turks and engage in military conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2012226_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012226-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-10th century, Satuq's son Musa began to put pressure on Khotan, and a long period of war between Kashgar and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200955–56_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200955–56-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satok Bughra Khan's nephew or grandson Ali Arslan was said to have been killed by Buddhists during the war;<sup id="cite_ref-RingSalkin1994_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingSalkin1994-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the reign of Ahmad b. Ali, the Karakhanids also engaged in wars against non-Muslims to the east and northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriyasu2004207_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriyasu2004207-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim accounts tell the tale of the four imams from Mada'in city (possibly now in Iraq) who travelled to help Yusuf Qadir Khan, the Qarakhanid leader, in his conquest of Khotan, Yarkend, and Kashgar. The "infidels" were said to have been driven towards Khotan, but the four Imams were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThum2012633_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThum2012633-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1006, Yusuf Qadir Khan of Kashgar conquered the Kingdom of Khotan, ending Khotan's existence as an independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquest of the western Tarim Basin which includes Khotan and Kashgar is significant in the eventual <a href="/wiki/Islamization_and_Turkification_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang">Turkification and Islamification of the Tarim Basin</a>, and modern <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> identify with the Karakhanids even though the name Uyghur was taken from the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200952–56_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200952–56-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr201542_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr201542-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate">Division of the Kara-Khanid Khanate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_on_his_throne,_with_standing_courtesans,_Afrasiyab,_Samarkand,_1170-1220_CE._National_History_Museum_of_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Prince_on_his_throne%2C_with_standing_courtesans%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand%2C_1170-1220_CE._National_History_Museum_of_Samarkand.jpg/260px-Prince_on_his_throne%2C_with_standing_courtesans%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand%2C_1170-1220_CE._National_History_Museum_of_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Prince_on_his_throne%2C_with_standing_courtesans%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand%2C_1170-1220_CE._National_History_Museum_of_Samarkand.jpg/390px-Prince_on_his_throne%2C_with_standing_courtesans%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand%2C_1170-1220_CE._National_History_Museum_of_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Prince_on_his_throne%2C_with_standing_courtesans%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand%2C_1170-1220_CE._National_History_Museum_of_Samarkand.jpg/520px-Prince_on_his_throne%2C_with_standing_courtesans%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand%2C_1170-1220_CE._National_History_Museum_of_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>Prince on his throne, with standing courtiers, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, dated 1170–1220 CE. <a href="/wiki/State_Museum_of_History_of_Uzbekistan" title="State Museum of History of Uzbekistan">National History Museum of Samarkand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali-Tegin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ali-Tegin.jpg/260px-Ali-Tegin.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ali-Tegin.jpg/390px-Ali-Tegin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ali-Tegin.jpg/520px-Ali-Tegin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a> of Kara-Khanid ruler <a href="/wiki/Ali-Tegin" title="Ali-Tegin">Ali-Tegin</a>, minted at <a href="/wiki/Dabusiyya" title="Dabusiyya">Dabusiyya</a> in 1032/3.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in the 11th century the unity of the Karakhanid dynasty was fractured by frequent internal warfare that eventually resulted in the formation of two independent Karakhanid states. A son of Hasan Bughra Khan, <a href="/wiki/Ali-Tegin" title="Ali-Tegin">Ali Tegin</a>, seized control of Bukhara and other towns. He expanded his territory further after the death of Mansur. The son of Nasr, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ritigin" title="Böritigin">Böritigin</a>, later waged war against the sons of Ali Tegin, and won control of a large part of Transoxiana, making Samarkand the capital. In 1041, another son of Nasr b. Ali, Muhammad 'Ayn ad-Dawlah (reigned 1041–52) took over the administration of the western branch of the family that eventually led to a formal separation of the Khara-Khanid Khanate. Ibrahim Tamghach Khan was considered by Muslim historians as a great ruler, and he brought some stability to the Western Karakhanids by limiting the appanage system that caused much of the internal strife in the Kara-Khanid Khanate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hasan family remained in control of the Eastern Khanate. The Eastern Khanate had its capital at Balasaghun and later Kashgar. The Fergana-Zhetysu areas became the border between the two states and were frequently contested. When the two states were formed, Fergana fell into realm of the Eastern Khanate, but was later captured by Ibrahim and became part of the Western Khanate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seljuk_suzerainty">Seljuk suzerainty</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara-Khanid_Turkic_bowman_with_long_braids,_Afrasiab,_circa_1200_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kara-Khanid_Turkic_bowman_with_long_braids%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/170px-Kara-Khanid_Turkic_bowman_with_long_braids%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kara-Khanid_Turkic_bowman_with_long_braids%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/255px-Kara-Khanid_Turkic_bowman_with_long_braids%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kara-Khanid_Turkic_bowman_with_long_braids%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/340px-Kara-Khanid_Turkic_bowman_with_long_braids%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Kara-Khanid bowman with characteristic Turkic long braids, Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1040, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> defeated the Ghaznavids at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dandanaqan" title="Battle of Dandanaqan">Battle of Dandanaqan</a> and entered Iran. Conflict with the Karakhanids broke out, but the Karakhanids were able to withstand attacks by the Seljuks initially, even briefly taking control of Seljuk towns in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>. The Karakhanids, however, developed serious conflicts with the religious classes (the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i>), and the <i>ulama</i> of Transoxiana then requested the intervention of the Seljuks. In 1089, during the reign of Ibrahim's grandson Ahmad b. Khidr, the Seljuks entered and took control of Samarkand, together with the domains belonging to the Western Khanate. For half a century, the Western Karakhanid Khanate was a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the Seljuks, who largely controlled the appointment of the Khanate's rulers in that time. Ahmad b. Khidr was returned to power by the Seljuks, but in 1095, the <i>ulama</i> accused Ahmad of heresy and managed to secure his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Karakhanids of Kashgar also declared their submission following a Seljuk campaign into Talas and Zhetysu, but the Eastern Khanate was a Seljuk vassal for only a short time. At the beginning of the 12th century the Eastern Khanate invaded Transoxiana and briefly occupied the Seljuk town of Termez.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qara_Khitai_invasion">Qara Khitai invasion</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (Western Liao dynasty) host which invaded Central Asia was composed of remnants from the defunct <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> which was annihilated by the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> in 1125. The Liao noble <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> recruited warriors from various tribes and formed a horde that moved westward to rebuild the Liao dynasty. Yelü occupied Balasagun on the <a href="/wiki/Chu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu River">Chu River</a>, then defeated the Western Karakhanids in <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a> in 1137.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1141 <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> became the dominant force in the region after they dealt a devastating blow to the Seljuk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a> and the Kara-Khanids at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a> near <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several military commanders of Karakhanid lineages such as the father of Osman of <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> fled from Karakhanid lands in the wake of the Qara Khitai invasion. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara-Khanid_ruler_(itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne),_Afrasiab,_circa_1200_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/220px-Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/330px-Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/440px-Kara-Khanid_ruler_%28itting_cross-legged_on_a_throne%29%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a Kara-Khanid ruler, probably <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Uthman ibn Ibrahim">Uthman ibn Ibrahim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sitting cross-legged on a throne in the complete reconstructed relief, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, circa 1200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portrait was possibly defaced in 1212 when the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a> shah <a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_b._Tekish" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammad b. Tekish">Muḥammad b. Tekish</a> took over Samarkand.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite losing to the Qara Khitai, the Karakhanid dynasty remained in power as their vassals. The Qara Khitai themselves stayed at <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a> near Balasagun, and allowed some of the Karakhanids to continue to rule as their tax collectors in Samarkand and Kashgar. Under the Qara Khitai the Karakhanids functioned as administrators for sedentary Muslim populations. While the Qara Khitai were Buddhists ruling over a largely Muslim population, they were considered fair-minded rulers whose reign was marked by religious tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic religious life continued uninterrupted and Islamic authority persevered under the Qara Khitai. Kashgar became a <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolitan see</a> and Christian gravestones in the Chu River Valley appeared beginning in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a> who usurped the throne of the Qara Khitai dynasty, instituted anti-Islamic policies on the local populations under his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005194–196_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005194–196-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downfall">Downfall</h3></div> <p>The decline of the Seljuks following their defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitais" class="mw-redirect" title="Qara Khitais">Qara Khitais</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a> (1141) allowed the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian dynasty</a>, then a vassal of the Qara Khitai, to expand into former Seljuk territory, where they became independent rulers circa 1190. In 1207, the citizens of Bukhara revolted against the <i>sadrs</i> (leaders of the religious classes), which the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmshah" title="Khwarazmshah">Khwarazmshah</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm" title="Muhammad II of Khwarazm">'Ala' ad-Din Muhammad</a> used as a pretext to conquer Bukhara. Muhammad then formed an alliance with the Western Karakhanid ruler <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Uthman ibn Ibrahim">Uthman ibn Ibrahim</a> (who later married Muhammad's daughter) against the Qara Khitai. In 1210, the Khwarezm-Shah took Samarkand after the Qara Khitai retreated to deal with the rebellion from the Naiman Kuchlug, who had seized the Qara Khitans' treasury at Uzgen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khwarezm-Shah then defeated the Qara Khitai near Talas. Muhammad and Kuchlug had, apparently, agreed to divide up the Qara Khitan's empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990370_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990370-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1212, the population of Samarkand staged a revolt against the Khwarezmians, a revolt which Uthman supported, and massacred them. The Khwarezm-Shah returned, recaptured Samarkand and executed Uthman. He demanded the submission of all leading Karakhanids, and finally extinguished the Western Karakhanid state. </p><p>In 1204, a rebellion of the Eastern Kara-Khanid in Kashgar was suppressed by the Kara-Khitai who took the prince Yusuf hostage to Balasagun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200581_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200581-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prince was later released but he was killed in Kashgar by rebels in 1211, effectively ending the Eastern Kara-Khanid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200581_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200581-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1214, the rebels in Kashgar surrendered to <a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a>, who had usurped the Kara-Khitai throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200581_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200581-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1218, Kuchlug was killed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol army</a>. Some of the Kara-Khitai's eastern vassals including Eastern Kara-Khanids then joined the Mongol forces to conquer the Khwarezmian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200587_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200587-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture of Central Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk_(original).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk_%28original%29.jpg/220px-D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk_%28original%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk_%28original%29.jpg/330px-D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk_%28original%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk_%28original%29.jpg/440px-D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk_%28original%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Early_world_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Early world map">Early world map</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</a></i> ("Compendium of the languages of the Turks"), an Arab-Turkish dictionary by the Kara-Khanid writer <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> Baghdad in 1072-74 CE (1266 copy).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burana_tower_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Burana_tower_2009.jpg/220px-Burana_tower_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Burana_tower_2009.jpg/330px-Burana_tower_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Burana_tower_2009.jpg/440px-Burana_tower_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a>, an early Kara-Khanid minaret built in <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a> in the 11th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The takeover by the Karakhanids did not change the essentially Iranian character of Central Asia, though it set into motion a demographic and ethnolinguistic shift. During the Karakhanid era, the local population began using Turkic in speech – initially the shift was linguistic with the local people adopting the Turkic language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Central Asia became Turkicized over the centuries, culturally the Turks came close to being Persianized or, in certain respects, Arabicized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the official or court language used in Kashgar and other Karakhanid centers, referred to as "Khaqani" (royal), remained Turkic. The language was partly based on dialects spoken by the Turkic tribes that made up the Karakhanids and possessed qualities of linear descent from <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Kök</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a> Turkic. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Turkic script</a> was also used for all documents and correspondence of the khaqans, according to <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81nu_l-Lu%C4%A1at_al-Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk">Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UzgenMausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/UzgenMausoleum.jpg/220px-UzgenMausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/UzgenMausoleum.jpg/330px-UzgenMausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/UzgenMausoleum.jpg/440px-UzgenMausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>11th–12th-century Karakhanid mausolea in <a href="/wiki/Uzgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzgen">Uzgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk</i> (Dictionary of Languages of the Turks) was written by a prominent Karakhanid historian, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a>, who may have lived for some time in Kashgar at the Karakhanid court. He wrote this first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages in Arabic for the Caliphs of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1072–76. Another famous Karakhanid writer was <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Balasaghuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Balasaghuni">Yusuf Balasaghuni</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Kutadgu_Bilig" title="Kutadgu Bilig">Kutadgu Bilig</a></i> (The Wisdom of Felicity), the only known literary work written in <a href="/wiki/Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki">Turkic</a> from the Karakhanid period.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kutadgu Bilig</i> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_advice_literature" title="Islamic advice literature">advice literature</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Mirrors_for_princes" title="Mirrors for princes">mirrors for princes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anthology_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anthology-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkic identity is evident in both of these pieces of work, but they also showed the influences of Persian and Islamic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetley200927_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETetley200927-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the court culture of the Karakhanids remained almost entirely Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetley200927_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETetley200927-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two last western khaqans also wrote poetry in Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Cambridge World History</i> describes the Kara-Khanid state as the first of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Iranian</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam and its civilization flourished under the Karakhanids. The earliest example of <i><a href="/wiki/Madrasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasas">madrasas</a></i> in Central Asia was founded in Samarkand by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ritigin" title="Böritigin">Ibrahim Tamghach Khan</a>. Ibrahim also founded a hospital to care for the sick as well as providing shelter for the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Mulk_Nasr" title="Shams al-Mulk Nasr">Shams al-Mulk Nasr</a> built <a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">ribats</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Caravanserais" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravanserais">caravanserais</a> on the route between Bukhara and Samarkand, as well as a palace near Bukhara. Some of the buildings constructed by the Karakhanids still survive today, including the <a href="/wiki/Kalyan_minaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyan minaret">Kalyan minaret</a> built by Mohammad Arslan Khan beside the main mosque in Bukhara, and three mausolea in Uzgend. The early Karakhanid rulers, as nomads, lived not in the city but in an army encampment outside the capital, and while by the time of Ibrahim the Karakhanids still maintained a nomadic tradition, their extensive religious and civil constructions showed that they had assimilated the culture and traditions of the settled population of Transoxiana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the excavations of the citadel of Samarkand, the ruins of the palace of the Karakhanid ruler Ibrahim ibn Hussein (1178–1202) were found. The palace was decorated with wall paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara-Khanid_Band_of_inscription_containing_a_fragment_of_poetry_reading_k%C4%81m-i_dil,_Afrasiab,_circa_1200_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kara-Khanid band of inscription containing a fragment of poetry reading kām-i dil, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE.[85]"><img alt="Kara-Khanid band of inscription containing a fragment of poetry reading kām-i dil, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE.[85]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kara-Khanid_Band_of_inscription_containing_a_fragment_of_poetry_reading_k%C4%81m-i_dil%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/193px-Kara-Khanid_Band_of_inscription_containing_a_fragment_of_poetry_reading_k%C4%81m-i_dil%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kara-Khanid_Band_of_inscription_containing_a_fragment_of_poetry_reading_k%C4%81m-i_dil%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/290px-Kara-Khanid_Band_of_inscription_containing_a_fragment_of_poetry_reading_k%C4%81m-i_dil%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kara-Khanid_Band_of_inscription_containing_a_fragment_of_poetry_reading_k%C4%81m-i_dil%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/386px-Kara-Khanid_Band_of_inscription_containing_a_fragment_of_poetry_reading_k%C4%81m-i_dil%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="1564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kara-Khanid band of inscription containing a fragment of poetry reading kām-i dil, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, circa 1200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Karev115_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karev115-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara-Khanid_decorative_band_with_aniimals,_Afrasiab,_circa_1200_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kara-Khanid decorative band with animals, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Kara-Khanid decorative band with animals, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kara-Khanid_decorative_band_with_aniimals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/200px-Kara-Khanid_decorative_band_with_aniimals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kara-Khanid_decorative_band_with_aniimals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/300px-Kara-Khanid_decorative_band_with_aniimals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kara-Khanid_decorative_band_with_aniimals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/400px-Kara-Khanid_decorative_band_with_aniimals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="815" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kara-Khanid decorative band with animals, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara-Khanid_bands_of_inscription_with_running_animals,_Afrasiab,_circa_1200_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kara-Khanid bands of inscription with running animals, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE.[85]"><img alt="Kara-Khanid bands of inscription with running animals, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE.[85]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kara-Khanid_bands_of_inscription_with_running_animals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/200px-Kara-Khanid_bands_of_inscription_with_running_animals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kara-Khanid_bands_of_inscription_with_running_animals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/300px-Kara-Khanid_bands_of_inscription_with_running_animals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kara-Khanid_bands_of_inscription_with_running_animals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/400px-Kara-Khanid_bands_of_inscription_with_running_animals%2C_Afrasiab%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kara-Khanid bands of inscription with running animals, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Karev115_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karev115-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Numerous works of art and decorative objects are also known from the realm of the Kara-Khanids during the time of their rule (840–1212). Samarkand, with its old citadel of <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiab</a> where many works of art have been excavated, was conquered by the Kara-Khanids between 990 and 992, and held until 1212 (11th–12th centuries): </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowl_with_bird_-_Uzbekistan,_Afrasiab_(Samarkand)_-11th_century_-_Reserve,_A_-398-1_;_KP_1829.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bowl with bird. Afrasiab (Samarkand), 11th century.[86]"><img alt="Bowl with bird. Afrasiab (Samarkand), 11th century.[86]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bowl_with_bird_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarkand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve%2C_A_-398-1_%3B_KP_1829.jpg/200px-Bowl_with_bird_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarkand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve%2C_A_-398-1_%3B_KP_1829.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bowl_with_bird_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarkand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve%2C_A_-398-1_%3B_KP_1829.jpg/300px-Bowl_with_bird_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarkand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve%2C_A_-398-1_%3B_KP_1829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bowl_with_bird_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarkand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve%2C_A_-398-1_%3B_KP_1829.jpg/400px-Bowl_with_bird_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarkand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve%2C_A_-398-1_%3B_KP_1829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3281" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bowl with bird. <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiab</a> (Samarkand), 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bol_-_Uzbekistan,_Afrasiab_(Samarcand)_-11th_century_-_Reserve_A-49-311_;_KP-215.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated bowl. Afrasiab (Samarkand), 11th century.[87]"><img alt="Decorated bowl. Afrasiab (Samarkand), 11th century.[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bol_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarcand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve_A-49-311_%3B_KP-215.jpg/187px-Bol_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarcand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve_A-49-311_%3B_KP-215.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bol_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarcand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve_A-49-311_%3B_KP-215.jpg/281px-Bol_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarcand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve_A-49-311_%3B_KP-215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bol_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarcand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve_A-49-311_%3B_KP-215.jpg/375px-Bol_-_Uzbekistan%2C_Afrasiab_%28Samarcand%29_-11th_century_-_Reserve_A-49-311_%3B_KP-215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="2310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated bowl. <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiab</a> (Samarkand), 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_with_figure_of_a_Harpy,_11-12th_century,_Termez,_Uzbekistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mirror with figure of a Harpy, 11–12th century, Termez.[88]"><img alt="Mirror with figure of a Harpy, 11–12th century, Termez.[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mirror_with_figure_of_a_Harpy%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Termez%2C_Uzbekistan.jpg/198px-Mirror_with_figure_of_a_Harpy%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Termez%2C_Uzbekistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mirror_with_figure_of_a_Harpy%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Termez%2C_Uzbekistan.jpg/297px-Mirror_with_figure_of_a_Harpy%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Termez%2C_Uzbekistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mirror_with_figure_of_a_Harpy%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Termez%2C_Uzbekistan.jpg/396px-Mirror_with_figure_of_a_Harpy%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Termez%2C_Uzbekistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mirror with figure of a <a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a>, 11–12th century, <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AC234_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC234-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampe_%C3%A0_double_bec_(Paykend).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamp with double beak, 11–12th century. Paykend.[88]"><img alt="Lamp with double beak, 11–12th century. Paykend.[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lampe_%C3%A0_double_bec_%28Paykend%29.jpg/200px-Lampe_%C3%A0_double_bec_%28Paykend%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lampe_%C3%A0_double_bec_%28Paykend%29.jpg/300px-Lampe_%C3%A0_double_bec_%28Paykend%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lampe_%C3%A0_double_bec_%28Paykend%29.jpg/400px-Lampe_%C3%A0_double_bec_%28Paykend%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lamp with double beak, 11–12th century. <a href="/wiki/Paykend" title="Paykend">Paykend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AC234_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC234-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>Kara-Khanid is arguably the most enduring cultural heritage among coexisting cultures in Central Asia from the 9th to the 13th centuries. The Karluk-Uyghur dialect spoken by the nomadic tribes and Turkified sedentary populations under Kara-Khanid rule formed two major branches of the Turkic language family, the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kypchak</a>. The Kara-Khanid cultural model that combined nomadic Turkic culture with Islamic, sedentary institutions spread east into former <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Kara-Khoja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a> territories and west and south into the subcontinent, Khorasan (Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Northern Iran), <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> territories (<a href="/wiki/Tataristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tataristan">Tataristan</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatay</a>, Timurid, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbek</a> states and societies inherited most of the cultures of the Kara-Khanids and the Khwarezmians without much interruption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Kara-Khanids translated the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Turkic">Middle Turkic</a>. There are four surviving copies of the Quran translations found in various collections and a Middle Turkic excerpt of <a href="/wiki/Al-Fatiha" title="Al-Fatiha">Al-Fatiha</a>, which supposedly belong to the Kara-Khanid period.<sup id="cite_ref-tercume_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tercume-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_with_China">Identification with China</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_(mute).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate is located in Central Asia (mute)"><img alt="Kara-Khanid Khanate is located in Central Asia (mute)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png/300px-Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png/450px-Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png/600px-Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="3178" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/300px-Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/450px-Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png/600px-Map_of_the_Kara-Khanid_Khanate.png 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="3178" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x60" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:60px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KARAKHANID KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x35" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:35px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">CUMANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x50" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:50px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHAZARS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x35" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:35px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIMEKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_245x50" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:50px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHITAN EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/AD_1000" title="AD 1000"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">1000</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x65" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:65px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_167x84" style="position:absolute; left:167px; top:84px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHOTAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x95" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:95px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GHAZNAVID<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x95" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:95px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">HINDU<br />SHAHIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x105" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:105px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Buyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyids"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">BUYIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x155" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:155px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />CHALUKYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x130" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:130px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">PALA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_65x50" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:50px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">OGHUZ<br />YABGUS</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_(mute).png" title="File:Central Asia (mute).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Kara Khanid Khanate and neighbouring polities, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>.</div></div></div> <p>Kara-Khanid monarchs adopted <i>Tamghaj Khan</i> (Turkic for "Khan of China"; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">桃花石汗</span></span>) or <i>Malik al-Mashriq wa-l’Sin</i> (Arabic for "King of the East and China"; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">東方與秦之主</span></span>) as their title, and minted coins bearing these titles.<sup id="cite_ref-China1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-China2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another title they used was <i>Sulṭān al-Sharq wa al-Ṣīn</i> (Sultan of the East and China).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early period "proto-Qarakhanid" coinage featured Chinese-style square-holed coins, combined with Arabic writing.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the realm of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, including <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> and the western <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, had been under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a> in 751, and the Kara-Khanid rulers continued to identify their dynasty with China several centuries later.<sup id="cite_ref-China1_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yusuf Qadir Khan sent the first Kara-Khanid envoy to the Song dynasty, Boyla Saghun, to request the Song to send an official envoy who would help 'pacify' Khotan, apparently seeking to use the prestige of the Chinese court to strengthen the Kara-Khanids' local status.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kara-Khanid rulers also formed marriage relations with the Liao dynasty and addressed the Song emperors as "maternal uncle", in possible imitation of Uyghur and Tibetan rulers who had marital relations with the previous Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an account, the Kara-Khanid scholar <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a> referred to his homeland, around <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, then part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, as "Lower China".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200598_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200598-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakhanid_female,_Jambyl_Region_Museum,_Kazakhstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karakhanid_female%2C_Jambyl_Region_Museum%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/220px-Karakhanid_female%2C_Jambyl_Region_Museum%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karakhanid_female%2C_Jambyl_Region_Museum%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/330px-Karakhanid_female%2C_Jambyl_Region_Museum%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karakhanid_female%2C_Jambyl_Region_Museum%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/440px-Karakhanid_female%2C_Jambyl_Region_Museum%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Karakhanid female, Jambyl Region Museum, Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks#Genetics" title="Göktürks">Göktürks § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karluks#Genetics" title="Karluks">Karluks § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimek_tribe#Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek tribe">Kimek tribe § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks#Genetics" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde#Genetics" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde § Genetics</a></div> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in May 2018 examined the remains of three Khara-Khanid individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_117-119_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_117-119-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were found to be carrying the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup G (mtDNA)">G2a2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup A (mtDNA)">A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J1c</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Rows_60-62_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Rows_60-62-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kara-Khanid were found to have more <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> ancestry than the preceding <a href="/wiki/Gokt%C3%BCrks" class="mw-redirect" title="Goktürks">Goktürks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monarchs">Monarchs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genealogy_of_the_Karakhanids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Genealogy_of_the_Karakhanids.png/260px-Genealogy_of_the_Karakhanids.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Genealogy_of_the_Karakhanids.png/390px-Genealogy_of_the_Karakhanids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Genealogy_of_the_Karakhanids.png/520px-Genealogy_of_the_Karakhanids.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Genealogy of the Karakhanids</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">History of the Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Kara-Khanid_dynasty">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Kara-Khanid_dynasty">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template talk:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:History of Central Asia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of <span class="fn org label">Central Asia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bringing_the_sheep_home,_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_(3968109583).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Asia"><img alt="Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/220px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/330px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/440px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#Ancient_era" title="History of Central Asia">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#Medieval" title="History of Central Asia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 200s–1000s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 440s–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 552–745</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 665–744</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 743–1220</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–1055</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 840–1212</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1124–1218</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1206–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1240s–1446</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#Colonization_period_(XVI-XIX_a.d)" title="History of Central Asia">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#Colonization_period_(XVI-XIX_a.d)" title="History of Central Asia">Colonization period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1918</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia#The_Great_Game" title="History of Central Asia">Great game period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> XIX a.d.–</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Central Asia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Central_Asia" title="Sports in Central Asia">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Central_Asia" title="Template:History of Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Central_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Central Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilge_Kul_Qadir_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilge Kul Qadir Khan">Bilge Kul Qadir Khan</a> (840–893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazir_Arslan_Khan" title="Bazir Arslan Khan">Bazir Arslan Khan</a> (893–920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghulcak_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghulcak Khan">Oghulcak Khan</a> (893–940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Satuq_Bughra_Khan" title="Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan">Satuk Bughra Khan</a> 920–955, in 932 adopted Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004145_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004145-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 940 took power over <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Bughra_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa Bughra Khan">Musa Bughra Khan</a> 955–958</li> <li>Suleyman Arslan Khan 958–970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Arslan_Khan" title="Ali Arslan Khan">Ali Arslan Khan</a> 970–998, Great Qaghan</li> <li>Ahmad Arslan Qara Khan 998–1017, son of Ali Arslan</li> <li>Mansur Arslan Khan 1017–1024, son of Ali Arslan</li> <li>Muhammad Toghan Khan 1024–1026, son of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_b._Sulayman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan b. Sulayman">Hasan b. Sulayman</a></li> <li>Yusuf Qadir Khan 1026–1032, son of Hasan b. Sulayman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Tigin_Bughra_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Tigin Bughra Khan">Ali Tigin Bughra Khan</a> (1020–1034), Great Qaghan in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, son of Hasan b. Sulayman</li> <li>Abu Shuja’ Sulayman 1034–1042</li></ul> <p><b>Western Karakhanids</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamghach_Khan_Ibrahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamghach Khan Ibrahim">Tamghach Khan Ibrahim</a> (also known as Böritigin) c. 1040–1068</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Mulk_Nasr" title="Shams al-Mulk Nasr">Shams al-Mulk Nasr</a> 1068–1080: married Aisha, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Khidr 1080–1081</li> <li>Ahmad 1081–1089</li> <li>Ya'qub Qadir Khan 1089–1095</li> <li>Mas'ud 1095–1097</li> <li>Sulayman Qadir Tamghach 1097</li> <li>Mahmud Arslan Khan 1097–1099</li> <li>Jibrail Arslan Khan 1099–1102</li> <li>Muhammad Arslan Khan 1102–1129</li> <li>Nasr 1129</li> <li>Ahmad Qadir Khan 1129–1130</li> <li>Hasan Jalal ad-Dunya 1130–1132</li> <li>Ibrahim Rukn ad-Dunya 1132</li> <li>Mahmud 1132–1141</li> <li>Ibrahim Tabghach Khan 1141–1156</li> <li>Ali Chaghri Khan 1156–1161</li> <li>Mas'ud Tabghach Khan 1161–1171</li> <li>Muhammad Tabghach Khan 1171–1178</li> <li>Ibrahim Arslan Khan 1178–1202</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Uthman ibn Ibrahim">Uthman ibn Ibrahim</a> 1202–1212</li></ul> <p><b>Eastern Karakhanids</b> </p> <ul><li>Ebu Shuca Sulayman 1042–1056</li> <li>Muhammad bin Yusuph 1056–1057</li> <li>İbrahim bin Muhammad Khan 1057–1059</li> <li>Mahmud 1059–1075</li> <li>Umar (Kara-Khanid) 1075</li> <li>Ebu Ali el-Hasan 1075–1102</li> <li>Ahmad Khan 1102–1128</li> <li>İbrahim bin Ahmad 1128–1158</li> <li>Muhammad bin İbrahim 1158–?</li> <li>Yusuph bin Muhammad ?–1205</li> <li>Ebul Feth Muhammad 1205–1211</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yaghmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sunni Muslim dynasties">List of Sunni Muslim dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_central_steppe" title="History of the central steppe">History of the central steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_and_Turkification_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang">Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When listing 20 Turkic peoples, Kashgari also included the non-Turkic <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a> (<i>qāy</i>), <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a> (<i>xitāy</i>) <a href="/wiki/Tanguts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanguts">Tanguts</a> (<i>taŋut</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tuoba#Legacy" title="Tuoba">Tawγač</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also known as Chisi in Chinese sources. Golden (1992) hesitantly identifies Chisi with Chuyue, whom he also links to Chigils;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atwood (2010) identified Chisi 熾俟 with Zhusi 朱斯, who were also mentioned in Xiu Tangshu. Atwood does not link Chisi 熾俟 ~ Zhusi 朱斯 to Chuyue 處月, but instead to Zhuxie 朱邪, the original tribal surname of the Shatuo ruling house<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbazov2016" class="citation book cs1">Abazov, R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1wYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR56"><i>Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia</i></a>. Springer. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61090-3"><bdi>978-0-230-61090-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palgrave+Concise+Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61090-3&rft.aulast=Abazov&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df1wYDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998119–144_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsimov1998">Asimov 1998</a>, pp. 119–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthold1962" class="citation book cs1">Barthold, V.V. (1962). <i>Four Studies on the History of Central Asia</i>. E.J. Brill. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Studies+on+the+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=V.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004165-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004165_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset2004">Grousset 2004</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPozziJanhunenWeiers2006114-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPozziJanhunenWeiers2006114_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPozziJanhunenWeiers2006">Pozzi, Janhunen & Weiers 2006</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvatopluk_Soucek2000" class="citation book cs1">Svatopluk Soucek (2000). <i>A history of inner Asia</i>. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+inner+Asia&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Svatopluk+Soucek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemal_Silay1996" class="citation book cs1">Kemal Silay (1996). <i>An Anthology of Turkish Literature</i>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anthology+of+Turkish+Literature&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Kemal+Silay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranica_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Biran, Michal (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ilak-khanids">"Ilak-Khanids"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909080737/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ilak-khanids">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2014</span>. <q>The two last western ḵāqāns, Ebrāhim b. Ḥo-sayn (1178–1203) and ʿOṯmān (1202–12), wrote poetry in Persian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ilak-Khanids&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Filak-khanids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ES-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ES_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ES_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2002" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Eleanor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peerlessimagespe0000sims/page/294/mode/1up"><i>Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources</i></a>. New Haven : Yale University Press. pp. 293–294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09038-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09038-3"><bdi>978-0-300-09038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peerless+images+%3A+Persian+painting+and+its+sources&rft.pages=293-294&rft.pub=New+Haven+%3A+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09038-3&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeerlessimagespe0000sims%2Fpage%2F294%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Qara-khanids", <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East</i>, Vol. 1, Ed. Jamie Stokes, (Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998120-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998120_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsimov1998">Asimov 1998</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoucek2000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoucek2000_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoucek2000">Soucek 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9062103">"Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202055513/http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9062103">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9062103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004168-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004168_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset2004">Grousset 2004</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990354-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990354_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maħmūd al-Kaśġari. (1982) "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dankoff" title="Robert Dankoff">Robert Dankoff</a> in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. Part I. pp. 75–76; 82–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, P.B. (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275968776_THE_TURKIC_WORLD_IN_MAH_MUD_AL-KASHGHARI">"The Turkic World in Maḥmûd al Kâshgarî"</a> p. 506. quote: "He appears to waver in his usage, often employing <i>Turk</i> to denote his only Qarakhanids, i.e. Türks and at other times to encompass Turkic-speakers in general"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Kaśġari (1982), Dankoff (translator). pp. 82–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schönig, Klaus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/e/turkologie/institut/mitarbeiter/professor/Textdateien/Kashgari.pdf">"On some unclear, doubtful and contradictory passages in Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarī's "Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk"</a>, <i>Türk Dilteri Araştrımaları</i> 14 (2004): pp. 42–47 of 35–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsman_Aziz_Basan2010" class="citation book cs1">Osman Aziz Basan (2010). <i>The Great Seljuqs: A History</i>. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Seljuqs%3A+A+History&rft.pages=177&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Osman+Aziz+Basan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2016" class="citation book cs1">Biran, Michal (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/wbeoe156%20qarakhanids%20eoe%2016.pdf">"Karakhanid Khanate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In John M. MacKenzie (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Empire</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118440643" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118440643"><bdi>978-1118440643</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031906/http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/wbeoe156%20qarakhanids%20eoe%2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karakhanid+Khanate&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Empire&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1118440643&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmongol.huji.ac.il%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwbeoe156%2520qarakhanids%2520eoe%252016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2001" class="citation journal cs1">Biran, Michal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiecentrale.revues.org/619">"Qarakhanid Studies: A View from the Qara Khitai Edge"</a>. <i>Cahiers d'Asie centrale</i>. <b>9</b>: 77–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826033815/https://asiecentrale.revues.org/619">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27Asie+centrale&rft.atitle=Qarakhanid+Studies%3A+A+View+from+the+Qara+Khitai+Edge&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=77-89&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiecentrale.revues.org%2F619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/08.+applied+arts/97259">"Hermitage Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermitage+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hermitagemuseum.org%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fhermitage%2Fdigital-collection%2F08.%2Bapplied%2Barts%2F97259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorelik1979" class="citation book cs1">Gorelik, Michael (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.tk/Gorelik-Oriental_Armour.htm"><i>"Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik, in: Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. Robert Elgood, London 1979</i></a>. Robert Elgood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Oriental+Armour+of+the+Near+and+Middle+East+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Fifteenth+Centuries+as+Shown+in+Works+of+Art%22%2C+by+Michael+Gorelik%2C+in%3A+Islamic+Arms+and+Armour%2C+ed.+Robert+Elgood%2C+London+1979.&rft.pub=Robert+Elgood&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gorelik&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.tk%2FGorelik-Oriental_Armour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Masudi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl00masrich">Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems</a> vol. 1 pp. 311–312. translated by Aloys Spreger</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. B. Golden, "Irano-Turcica: The Khazar sacral kingship revisited," in <i>Acta Orientalia Hungarica</i> 60:2 (2007) pp. 165, 172, n. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris Zhivkov, (2010), <i>Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries</i>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982) Part I, p. 92 and Part II. pp. 225, 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter V. Findley, (2004), <i>The Turks in World History</i> p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-history.kz/en/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9505/">"Karluk Yabghu State (756–940)"</a> <i>Qazaqstan Tarihy</i>. quote: "In 840, in the Central Asian steppes an important event occurred. The Yenisei Kyrgyz invasion destroyed the Uighur Khaganate, forcing the Uighurs to flee to Turfan oasis and to <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> [original article mistakenly has <i><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></i>]. <b>The Karluk Djabgu and the ruler of Isfijab, Bilge Kul Qadeer-Khan,</b> took advantage of the situation and proclaimed himself as a sovereign ruler and assumed a new title of Khagan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, P.B. (1992) <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples</i>. Series: <i>Turcologica</i> <b>9</b>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ḥudūd al'Ālam</i> "§13. Discourse on the country of Yaghmā and its towns". Translated and Explained by V. Minorsky. pp. 95–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tang_Huiyao" title="Tang Huiyao">Tang Huiyao</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=956267">vol. 98</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Tangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiu Tangshu">Jiu Tangshu</a> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7195">vol. 195</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Xin_Tangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xin Tangshu">Xin Tangshu</a> <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7217%E4%B8%8A">vol. 217a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriyasu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Moriyasu, Takao (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopth-2015-0016">"New Developments in the History of East Uighur Manichaeism"</a>. <i>Open Theology</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 327–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopth-2015-0016">10.1515/opth-2015-0016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2300-6579">2300-6579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Theology&rft.atitle=New+Developments+in+the+History+of+East+Uighur+Manichaeism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=327-328&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fopth-2015-0016&rft.issn=2300-6579&rft.aulast=Moriyasu&rft.aufirst=Takao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fopth-2015-0016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1940–, Kochnev, Boris Dmitrievich (2006). <i>Numizmaticheskai︠a︡ istorii︠a︡ Karakhanidskogo kaganata</i>, 991–1209 gg. Nastich, V. N. Moskva: Sofii︠a︡.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009142-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009142_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990349-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990349_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GK37-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GK37_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaramianMaksymiuk2017" class="citation book cs1">Karamian, Gholamreza; Maksymiuk, Katarzyna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Silver-gilt-plate-showing-a-siege-found-in-Siberia-and-thought-to-have-be-made-in_fig153_323545452"><i>Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets: the headgear in Iranian history</i></a>. Siedlce Tehran: Institute of history and international relations, Faculty of Humanities, Siedlce University Department of archaeology and history, central Tehran branch, Tehran Azad University. p. 251, Fig. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-62447-19-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-62447-19-0"><bdi>978-83-62447-19-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crowns%2C+hats%2C+turbans+and+helmets%3A+the+headgear+in+Iranian+history&rft.place=Siedlce+Tehran&rft.pages=251%2C+Fig.+37&rft.pub=Institute+of+history+and+international+relations%2C+Faculty+of+Humanities%2C+Siedlce+University+Department+of+archaeology+and+history%2C+central+Tehran+branch%2C+Tehran+Azad+University&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-83-62447-19-0&rft.aulast=Karamian&rft.aufirst=Gholamreza&rft.au=Maksymiuk%2C+Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FSilver-gilt-plate-showing-a-siege-found-in-Siberia-and-thought-to-have-be-made-in_fig153_323545452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Daly2021" class="citation journal cs1">O'Daly, Briton (Yale University) (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp308_Zhetysu_Karluk_Turks_Sogdians.pdf">"An Israel of the Seven Rivers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>: 3. <q>The conversion of the Karluk Turks by the Church of the East in the eighth century marked an important moment of self-determination for Christians living in early medieval Central Asia: never before had Christianity enjoyed the official backing of such a significant power in the region as the Karluks, who established their kingdom in Zhetysu, the "Land of the Seven Rivers" beneath Lake Balkhash. The Karluks most likely converted to Christianity about fifteen years after they conquered Zhetysu from the Türgesh Khaganate, bridging the identity of the new Karluk state to a religion that had rarely, if ever, been formally associated with the rulers who controlled Central Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=An+Israel+of+the+Seven+Rivers&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=O%27Daly&rft.aufirst=Briton+%28Yale+University%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp308_Zhetysu_Karluk_Turks_Sogdians.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tang, Li (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/88021440">"Christian Communities in Medieval Central Asia: Syriac and Syro-Turkic Inscriptions from Zhetysu and the Chuy Valley (9th - 14th Centuries)"</a>. <i>Silk Road Traces: Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia</i>: 210–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Silk+Road+Traces%3A+Studies+on+Syriac+Christianity+in+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.atitle=Christian+Communities+in+Medieval+Central+Asia%3A+Syriac+and+Syro-Turkic+Inscriptions+from+Zhetysu+and+the+Chuy+Valley+%289th+-+14th+Centuries%29&rft.pages=210-211&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F88021440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990350–351-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990350–351_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, pp. 350–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990348-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990348_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, P.B. (1992) <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples</i>. Series: <i>Turcologica</i> <b>9</b>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 196–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atwood, Christopher P. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/16">"The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatuo Dynastic Myth"</a>. <i>Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations</i>. 16. pp. 600–601 of 593–621.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-history.kz/en/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9505/">Karluk Yabghu State (756–940)</a> in <i>Qazagstan Tarihy</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Gumilyov">Gumilyov, L.</a> <i>Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The trefoil of the Bird's Eye View</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/English/sik2b.htm">Ch. 5: The Shattered Silence (961–1100)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pylypchuk, Ya. "Turks and Muslims: From Confrontation to Conversion to Islam (End of VII century – Beginning of XI Century)" in <i>UDK</i> 94 (4): 95 (4). In Ukrainian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minorsky, V. "Commentary" on "§17. The Tukhs" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281514/mode/2up"><i>Ḥudūd al'Ālam</i></a>. Translated and Explained by V. Minorsky. pp. 300–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990355–356-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990355–356_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990355–356_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, pp. 355–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119170546/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/showfile.asp?pubid=518&type=2">"Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No.44 A History of Uighur Religious Conversions (5th-16th Centuries) by Li Tang"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/showfile.asp?pubid=518&type=2">the original</a> on 2008-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asia+Research+Institute+Working+Paper+Series+No.44+A+History+of+Uighur+Religious+Conversions+%285th-16th+Centuries%29+by+Li+Tang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ari.nus.edu.sg%2Fshowfile.asp%3Fpubid%3D518%26type%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990357-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990357_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990357_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frye156-157-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frye156-157_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frye156-157_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Samanids</i>, Richard Nelson Frye, <b>The Cambridge History of Iran</b>, Vol. 4, ed. R. N. Frye, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bos106-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bos106_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bos106_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA99"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i></a>. UNESCO. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>. <q>An agreement was reached at this point with the Karakhanid Ilig Nasr <a href="/wiki/Ali_Arslan_Khan" title="Ali Arslan Khan">b. Ali</a> making the Oxus the boundary between the two empires [the Karakhanids and the Ghaznavids], for the shrunken Samanid amirate came to an inglorious end when the Ilig occupied Bukhara definitively in 999</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990363-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990363_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2012226-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen2012226_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2012">Hansen 2012</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200955–56-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200955–56_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2009">Millward 2009</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RingSalkin1994-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RingSalkin1994_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_RingRobert_M._SalkinSharon_La_Boda1994" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA457"><i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 457–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6"><bdi>978-1-884964-04-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510152451/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA457">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=457-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-04-6&rft.au=Trudy+Ring&rft.au=Robert+M.+Salkin&rft.au=Sharon+La+Boda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriyasu2004207-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriyasu2004207_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoriyasu2004">Moriyasu 2004</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThum2012633-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThum2012633_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThum2012">Thum 2012</a>, p. 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aurel Stein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/page/0231.html.en">Ancient Khotan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912230458/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/page/0231.html.en">Archived</a> 2011-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Clarendon Press, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200952–56-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200952–56_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2009">Millward 2009</a>, pp. 52–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr201542-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr201542_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarr2015">Starr 2015</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2022" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Grenet (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>. <q>Fig. 181 – Prince en trône flanqué de deux courtisans -Iran- vers 1170–1220 Samarcande, Musée National d'histoire (...) Des vaisselles de typologie iranienne (...) ont été mises à jour à Afrasiab. Des coupes lustrées et des fragments à décor polychrome (...) y ont également été découverts (fig. 181)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Grenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrayReutova2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fray, Géraldine; Reutova, Marina (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.fr/58776530-Du-terrain-a-la-museographique-la-restauration-de-peintures-murales-en-ouzbekistan-kazakl-iyatkan-akchkhan.html">"Du terrain à la muséographique. La restauration de peintures murales en Ouzbékistan : Kazakl iyatkan/akchkhan - PDF Free Download"</a>. <i>Cahiers d'Asie centrale</i>. 21/22: 618, Figure 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27Asie+centrale&rft.atitle=Du+terrain+%C3%A0+la+mus%C3%A9ographique.+La+restauration+de+peintures+murales+en+Ouzb%C3%A9kistan+%3A+Kazakl+iyatkan%2Fakchkhan+-+PDF+Free+Download&rft.volume=21%2F22&rft.pages=618%2C+Figure+16&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Fray&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9raldine&rft.au=Reutova%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.fr%2F58776530-Du-terrain-a-la-museographique-la-restauration-de-peintures-murales-en-ouzbekistan-kazakl-iyatkan-akchkhan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2022" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Grenet (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 221–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Grenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsimov1998_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsimov1998">Asimov 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2022" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Grenet (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Uthman ibn Brahim (...) très probablement commanditaire des peintures de Samarkand"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Grenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarev2013" class="citation book cs1">Karev, Yury (2013). <i>Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004257009" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004257009"><bdi>978-9004257009</bdi></a>. <q>The ceramics and monetary finds in the pavilion can be dated to no earlier than to the second half of the twelfth century, and more plausibly towards the end of that century. This is the only pavilion of those excavated that was decorated with paintings, which leave no doubt about the master of the place. (...) The whole artistic project was aimed at exalting the royal figure and the magnificence of his court. (...) the main scenes from the northern wall represents the ruler sitting cross-legged on a throne (see Figs 13, 14) (...) It was undoubtedly a private residence of the Qarakhanid ruler and his family and not a place for solemn receptions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Mongol+rulers%2C+cities+and+city+life&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004257009&rft.aulast=Karev&rft.aufirst=Yury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2022" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Grenet (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 221–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>. <q>Peintures murales qui ornaient (...) la résidence privée des derniers souverains qarakhanides de Samarkande (fin du 12ième - début du 13ième siècle (...) le souverain assis, les jambes repliées sur le trône, tient une flèche, symbole du pouvoir (Fig. 171).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Grenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarev2013" class="citation book cs1">Karev, Yury (2013). <i>Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004257009" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004257009"><bdi>978-9004257009</bdi></a>. <q>We cannot exclude the possibility that this action was related to the dramatic events of the year 1212, when Samarqand was taken by the Khwarazmshah Muḥammad b. Tekish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Mongol+rulers%2C+cities+and+city+life&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004257009&rft.aulast=Karev&rft.aufirst=Yury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran2005194–196-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran2005194–196_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, pp. 194–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990370-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990370_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200581-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200581_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200581_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200581_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200587-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200587_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongPeng2008" class="citation book cs1">Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (14 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC&pg=PA379"><i>Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 379–380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156167-2"><bdi>978-0-19-156167-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Lexicography%3A+A+History+from+1046+BC+to+AD+1911&rft.pages=379-380&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156167-2&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Heming&rft.au=Peng%2C+Jing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYFBtTUZFxEC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2011">Golden 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Clark2010" class="citation cs2">Larry Clark (2010), "The Turkic script and Kutadgu Bilig", <i>Turkology in Mainz</i>, Otto Harrasowitz GmbH & Co, p. 96, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06113-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06113-1"><bdi>978-3-447-06113-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turkic+script+and+Kutadgu+Bilig&rft.btitle=Turkology+in+Mainz&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Otto+Harrasowitz+GmbH+%26+Co&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06113-1&rft.au=Larry+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anthology-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anthology_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Cameron_LeviRon_Sela2010" class="citation book cs1">Scott Cameron Levi; Ron Sela (2010). "Chapter 13 – Yusuf Hass Hajib: Advice to the Qarakhanid Rulers". <i>Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 76–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35385-6"><bdi>978-0-253-35385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13+%E2%80%93+Yusuf+Hass+Hajib%3A+Advice+to+the+Qarakhanid+Rulers&rft.btitle=Islamic+Central+Asia%3A+An+Anthology+of+Historical+Sources&rft.pages=76-81&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35385-6&rft.au=Scott+Cameron+Levi&rft.au=Ron+Sela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETetley200927-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetley200927_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETetley200927_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTetley2009">Tetley 2009</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazanov2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Khazanov" title="Anatoly Khazanov">Khazanov, Anatoly M.</a> (2015). "Pastoral nomadic migrations and conquests". In <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Z._Kedar" title="Benjamin Z. Kedar">Kedar, Benjamin Z.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merry_Wiesner-Hanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Merry Wiesner-Hanks">Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge World History (Vol. V): Expanding Webs of Exchange and Conflict, 500 CE–1500 CE</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19074-9"><bdi>978-0-521-19074-9</bdi></a>. <q>Meanwhile, a new type of statehood, the Islamic Turco-Iranian states, emerged in Central Asia and the Middle East. These were states of the conquest-type, in which the nomadic or formerly nomadic elites, who had converted to Islam, ruled over the conquered sedentary countries with the assistance of Iranian bureaucracy. The first such state was the Qarakhanid one, named after the ruling dynasty, which lasted from 992 to 1214</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pastoral+nomadic+migrations+and+conquests&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+%28Vol.+V%29%3A+Expanding+Webs+of+Exchange+and+Conflict%2C+500+CE%E2%80%931500+CE&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19074-9&rft.aulast=Khazanov&rft.aufirst=Anatoly+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karev, Yury (2005) “Qarākhānid wall paintings in the citadel of Samarqand. First report and preliminary observations”, Muqarnas, 22: 43–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karev, Yury (2003) “Un cycle de peintures murales d’époque qarākhānide (XIIème-XIIIème siècles) à la citadelle de Samarkand: le souverain et le peintre”, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, fasc. 4: 301–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karev115-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karev115_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karev115_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarev2013" class="citation book cs1">Karev, Yury (2013). <i>Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004257009" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004257009"><bdi>978-9004257009</bdi></a>. <q>The ceramics and monetary finds in the pavilion can be dated to no earlier than to the second half of the twelfth century, and more plausibly towards the end of that century. This is the only pavilion of those excavated that was decorated with paintings, which leave no doubt about the master of the place. (...) The whole artistic project was aimed at exalting the royal figure and the magnificence of his court. (...) It was undoubtedly a private residence of the Qarakhanid ruler and his family and not a place for solemn receptions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Mongol+rulers%2C+cities+and+city+life&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=115-120&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004257009&rft.aulast=Karev&rft.aufirst=Yury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinet2022" class="citation book cs1">Collinet, Anabelle (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Collinet&rft.aufirst=Anabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinet2022" class="citation book cs1">Collinet, Anabelle (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Collinet&rft.aufirst=Anabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC234-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AC234_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AC234_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinet2022" class="citation book cs1">Collinet, Anabelle (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Collinet&rft.aufirst=Anabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tercume-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tercume_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atalarmirasi.org/tr/234-kuran-terc%C3%BCmeleri">"Kur'an Tercümeleri"</a> (in Turkish). International Turkic Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kur%27an+Terc%C3%BCmeleri&rft.pub=International+Turkic+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatalarmirasi.org%2Ftr%2F234-kuran-terc%25C3%25BCmeleri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China1_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China1_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2001" class="citation journal cs1">Biran, Michal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/619">"Qarakhanid Studies: A View from the Qara Khitai Edge"</a>. <i>Cahiers d'Asie centrale</i>. <b>9</b>: 77–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27Asie+centrale&rft.atitle=Qarakhanid+Studies%3A+A+View+from+the+Qara+Khitai+Edge&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=77-89&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fasiecentrale%2F619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China2-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-China2_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2016" class="citation book cs1">Biran, Michal (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/wbeoe156%20qarakhanids%20eoe%2016.pdf"><i>Karakhanid Khanate</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karakhanid+Khanate&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmongol.huji.ac.il%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwbeoe156%2520qarakhanids%2520eoe%252016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilnova_Duturaeva2022" class="citation book cs1">Dilnova Duturaeva (2022). <i>Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations</i>. Brill. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3"><bdi>978-90-04-51033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qarakhanid+Roads+to+China%3A+A+History+of+Sino-Turkic+Relations&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51033-3&rft.au=Dilnova+Duturaeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilnova_Duturaeva2022" class="citation book cs1">Dilnova Duturaeva (2022). <i>Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations</i>. Brill. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3"><bdi>978-90-04-51033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qarakhanid+Roads+to+China%3A+A+History+of+Sino-Turkic+Relations&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51033-3&rft.au=Dilnova+Duturaeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilnova_Duturaeva2022" class="citation book cs1">Dilnova Duturaeva (2022). <i>Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations</i>. Brill. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3"><bdi>978-90-04-51033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qarakhanid+Roads+to+China%3A+A+History+of+Sino-Turkic+Relations&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51033-3&rft.au=Dilnova+Duturaeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilnova_Duturaeva2022" class="citation book cs1">Dilnova Duturaeva (2022). <i>Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations</i>. Brill. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3"><bdi>978-90-04-51033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qarakhanid+Roads+to+China%3A+A+History+of+Sino-Turkic+Relations&rft.pages=109-110&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51033-3&rft.au=Dilnova+Duturaeva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiran200598-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiran200598_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiran2005">Biran 2005</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuturaeva2022" class="citation book cs1">Duturaeva, Dilnoza (2022). <i>Qarakhanid roads to China: a history of Sino-Turkic relations</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 70, Figure 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51033-3"><bdi>978-90-04-51033-3</bdi></a>. <q>Figure 1 Qarakhanid Female Image on a Ceramic Fragment. Courtesy of Jambyl Region History Museum, Kazakhstan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qarakhanid+roads+to+China%3A+a+history+of+Sino-Turkic+relations&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=70%2C+Figure+1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51033-3&rft.aulast=Duturaeva&rft.aufirst=Dilnoza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_117-119-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_117-119_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 117-119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Rows_60-62-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Rows_60-62_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, Supplementary Table 8, Rows 60-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004145-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset2004145_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset2004">Grousset 2004</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann K. S. Lambton, <i>Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia</i>, (State University of New York, 1988), 263.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2016), <i>The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13597-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Age%3A+China%2C+Military+Innovation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+West+in+World+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13597-7&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1998" class="citation cs2">Asimov, M. S. (1998), <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting</i>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Publishing">UNESCO Publishing</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia+Volume+IV+The+age+of+achievement%3A+A.D.+750+to+the+end+of+the+fifteenth+century+Part+One+The+historical%2C+social+and+economic+setting&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarfield1989" class="citation cs2">Barfield, Thomas (1989), <i>The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China</i>, Basil Blackwell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perilous+Frontier%3A+Nomadic+Empires+and+China&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Barfield&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2008" class="citation cs2">Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), <i>The Woman Who Discovered Printing</i>, Great Britain: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12728-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12728-7"><bdi>978-0-300-12728-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman+Who+Discovered+Printing&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12728-7&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span> (alk. paper)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1987" class="citation cs2">Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), <i>The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Empire+in+Central+Asia%3A+A+History+of+the+Struggle+for+Great+Power+among+Tibetans%2C+Turks%2C+Arabs%2C+and+Chinese+during+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation cs2">Beckwith, Christopher I (2009), <i>Empires of the Silk Road</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran2005" class="citation cs2">Biran, Michal (2005), <i>The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Qara+Khitai+in+Eurasian+History%3A+Between+China+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Biran&rft.aufirst=Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregel2003" class="citation cs2">Bregel, Yuri (2003), <i>An Historical Atlas of Central Asia</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bregel&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidovich1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davidovich, E. A. (1998), "The Karakhanids", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20karakhanids.pdf"><i>History of Civilisations of Central Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO Publishing, p. 120, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-103467-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-103467-7"><bdi>92-3-103467-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Karakhanids&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilisations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=92-3-103467-7&rft.aulast=Davidovich&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fsites%2Fsilkroad%2Ffiles%2Fknowledge-bank-article%2Fvol_IVa%2520silk%2520road_the%2520karakhanids.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (May 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>557</b> (7705). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 369–373. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=369-373&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Marchi%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrompp2005" class="citation cs2">Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), <i>Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+And+The+Collapse+Of+The+Uighur+Empire%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Drompp&rft.aufirst=Michael+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey" title="Patricia Buckley Ebrey">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i></a>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X"><bdi>0-521-66991-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-66991-X&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeillustr00ebre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation cs2">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0"><i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i></a>, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4"><bdi>0-618-13384-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-618-13384-4&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastasiacultural00ebre_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1990" class="citation cs2">Golden, Peter. B. (1990), "The Karakhanids and Early Islam", in Sinor, Denis (ed.), <i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-2-4304-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-2-4304-1"><bdi>0-521-2-4304-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Karakhanids+and+Early+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-2-4304-1&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation cs2">Golden, Peter B. (1992), <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East</i>, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+Peoples%3A+Ethnogenesis+and+State-Formation+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=OTTO+HARRASSOWITZ+%C2%B7+WIESBADEN&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2011" class="citation cs2">Golden, Peter B. (2011), <i>Central Asia in World History</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset2004" class="citation cs2">Grousset, Rene (2004), <i>The Empire of the Steppes</i>, Rutgers University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2012" class="citation cs2">Hansen, Valerie (2012), <i>The Silk Road: A New History</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood1998" class="citation cs2">Haywood, John (1998), <i>Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492</i>, Barnes & Noble</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Medieval+World%2C+AD+600-1492&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatourette1964" class="citation cs2">Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), <i>The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2</i>, Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese%2C+their+history+and+culture%2C+Volumes+1-2&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Latourette&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kochnev, Boris D. (1996) “The Origins of the Karakhanids. A Reconsideration”, Der Islam, 73: 352-7.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorge2008" class="citation cs2">Lorge, Peter A. (2008), <i>The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60954-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60954-8"><bdi>978-0-521-60954-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Military+Revolution%3A+from+Gunpowder+to+the+Bomb&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60954-8&rft.aulast=Lorge&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2009" class="citation cs2">Millward, James (2009), <i>Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriyasu2004" class="citation cs2">Moriyasu, Takao (2004), <i>Die Geschichte des uigurischen Manichäismus an der Seidenstrasse: Forschungen zu manichäischen Quellen und ihrem geschichtlichen Hintergrund</i>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+des+uigurischen+Manich%C3%A4ismus+an+der+Seidenstrasse%3A+Forschungen+zu+manich%C3%A4ischen+Quellen+und+ihrem+geschichtlichen+Hintergrund&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Moriyasu&rft.aufirst=Takao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1986), <i>Science & Civilisation in China</i>, vol. V:7: <i>The Gunpowder Epic</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30358-3"><bdi>0-521-30358-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-30358-3&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPozziJanhunenWeiers2006" class="citation book cs1">Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C"><i>Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05378-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05378-5"><bdi>978-3-447-05378-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tumen+Jalafun+Jecen+Aku%3A+Manchu+Studies+in+Honour+of+Giovanni+Stary&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05378-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbmP_1KIQ_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRong2013" class="citation cs2">Rong, Xinjiang (2013), <i>Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteen+Lectures+on+Dunhuang&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Rong&rft.aufirst=Xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaban1979" class="citation cs2">Shaban, M. A. (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_03AAAAIAAJ"><i>The ʿAbbāsid Revolution</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29534-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29534-3"><bdi>0-521-29534-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81sid+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-521-29534-3&rft.aulast=Shaban&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_03AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima2015" class="citation cs2">Sima, Guang (2015), <i>Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤</i>, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-32-0876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-957-32-0876-1"><bdi>978-957-32-0876-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%B3y%C3%A1ngb%C7%8En+Z%C4%ABzh%C3%ACt%C5%8Dngji%C3%A0n+54+hu%C3%A1ngh%C3%B2u+sh%C4%ABz%C5%8Dng+%E6%9F%8F%E6%A5%8A%E7%89%88%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%9154%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E%E5%A4%B1%E8%B9%A4&rft.pub=Yu%C7%8Enli%C3%BA+ch%C5%ABb%C7%8Ensh%C3%ACy%C3%A8+g%C7%94f%C3%A8n+y%C7%92uxi%C3%A0n+g%C5%8Dngs%C4%AB&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-957-32-0876-1&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Guang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaff2012" class="citation cs2">Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012), <i>Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires)</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+China+and+Its+Turko-Mongol+Neighbors%3A+Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+Connections%2C+580-800+%28Oxford+Studies+in+Early+Empires%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2000" class="citation cs2">Soucek, Svatopluk (2000), <i>A history of Inner Asia</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svatopluk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2015" class="citation cs2">Starr, S. (2015), <i>Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetley2009" class="citation cs2">Tetley, G.E. (2009), <i>Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghaznavid+and+Seljuk+Turks%3A+Poetry+as+a+Source+for+Iranian+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tetley&rft.aufirst=G.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThum2012" class="citation cs2">Thum, Rian (2012), <i>Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism</i>, The Association for Asian Studies, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modular+History%3A+Identity+Maintenance+before+Uyghur+Nationalism&rft.pub=The+Association+for+Asian+Studies%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Thum&rft.aufirst=Rian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2013" class="citation cs2">Wang, Zhenping (2013), <i>Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War</i>, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+in+Multi-Polar+Asia%3A+A+History+of+Diplomacy+and+War&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Zhenping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fedorov M.N. Karakhanidskaya numizmatika kak istochnik po istorii Sredney Azii kontsa X — nachala XIII vv. Avtoreferat doktorskoy dissertatsii. Novosibirsk. 1990</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). <i>Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088467" title="Special:BookSources/9780674088467"><bdi>9780674088467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual%2C+4th+edition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center+distributed+by+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780674088467&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2001" class="citation cs2">Yuan, Shu (2001), <i>Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代</i>, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-32-4273-7" title="Special:BookSources/957-32-4273-7"><bdi>957-32-4273-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%B3y%C3%A1ngb%C7%8En+T%C5%8Dngji%C3%A0n+j%C3%ACsh%C3%ACb%C4%9Bnm%C3%B2+28+d%C3%AC%C3%A8rc%C3%AChu%C3%A0ngu%C3%A1nsh%C3%ADd%C3%A0i+%E6%9F%8F%E6%A5%8A%E7%89%88%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%AB28%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.pub=Yu%C7%8Enli%C3%BA+ch%C5%ABb%C7%8Ensh%C3%ACy%C3%A8+g%C7%94f%C3%A8n+y%C7%92uxi%C3%A0n+g%C5%8Dngs%C4%AB&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=957-32-4273-7&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Shu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2000" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), <i>Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)</i>, U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892641371" title="Special:BookSources/0892641371"><bdi>0892641371</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+Chang%27an%3A+A+Study+in+the+Urban+History+of+Late+Medieval+China+%28Michigan+Monographs+in+Chinese+Studies%29&rft.pub=U+OF+M+CENTER+FOR+CHINESE+STUDIES&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0892641371&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2009" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i>, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860537"><bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810860537&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXue1992" class="citation cs2">Xue, Zongzheng (1992), <i>Turkic peoples</i>, 中国社会科学出版社</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkic+peoples&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Zongzheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKara-Khanid+Khanate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Historical polities in Xinjiang (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical polities in Xinjiang</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Pre-Mongol Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> (5th century BC–5th century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a> (200 BC-709 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan Kingdom</a> (?–77 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (60 BC–107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a> (?-460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a> (77 BC–630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> (460-640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> (?–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Yanqi</a> (?–9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> (?–1006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> (640-790)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> (840–1212)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> (843–1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (1124–1218)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mongol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> (1225–1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (1347–1680s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a> (1389–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a> (1487-1660?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> (1514–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> (1634–1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a> (1696–1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a> (1757-1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang (ROC)</a> (1912-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> (1949-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inner_Asia" title="Template talk:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> history series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Mongolia_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate range of Inner Asia"><img alt="Approximate range of Inner Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/120px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/180px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/240px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">against Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">against Western Turks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">against Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">against Northwest khanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">against Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">against Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">against Dzungar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia" title="The Cambridge History of Inner Asia">The Cambridge History of Inner Asia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br /> <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&oldid=1253520763">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&oldid=1253520763</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ashina_tribe" title="Category:Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1212_disestablishments_in_Asia" title="Category:1212 disestablishments in Asia">1212 disestablishments in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:840_establishments" title="Category:840 establishments">840 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Central_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in Central Asia">Former countries in Central Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Chinese_history" title="Category:Former countries in Chinese history">Former countries in Chinese history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Khanates" title="Category:Khanates">Khanates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_confederations" title="Category:Former confederations">Former confederations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diarchies" title="Category:Diarchies">Diarchies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 12:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kara-Khanid_Khanate&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-f67jk","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.959","walltime":"2.219","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13250,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":430230,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19735,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":390674,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1817.867 1 -total"," 21.29% 387.063 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.18% 366.874 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 14.06% 255.591 32 Template:Cite_book"," 13.11% 238.362 57 Template:Sfn"," 10.50% 190.828 37 Template:Citation"," 8.32% 151.260 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.66% 139.213 5 Template:Langx"," 7.04% 128.033 1 Template:History_of_the_Turks_pre-14th_century"," 6.02% 109.483 4 Template:Plainlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.217","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23381647,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbazov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrade2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsimov1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarfield1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrett2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarthold1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckwith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiran2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBiran2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiran2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiran2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBosworth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBregel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinet2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidovich1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilnova_Duturaeva2022\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFDrompp2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuturaeva2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantz2022\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFFrayReutova2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorelik1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrousset2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaywood1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaramianMaksymiuk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarev2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKemal_Silay1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhazanov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry_Clark2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatourette1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorge2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoriyasu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoriyasu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Daly2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsman_Aziz_Basan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPozziJanhunenWeiers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott_Cameron_LeviRon_Sela2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaban1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSima2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSims2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkaff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvatopluk_Soucek2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTetley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThum2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudy_RingRobert_M._SalkinSharon_La_Boda1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiong2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXue1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYongPeng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuan2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotation\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 2,\n [\"Central Asia 1000 CE\"] = 1,\n [\"Central Asian history\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 37,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical polities in Xinjiang\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Central Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the Turks pre-14th century\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Inner Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 2,\n [\"Nq\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 57,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkic topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","24.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","18.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","15.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","3.0"],["type","20","1.5"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","20","1.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:710\u003E","20","1.5"],["[others]","240","18.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-qbl6l","timestamp":"20241128193603","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kara-Khanid Khanate","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kara-Khanid_Khanate","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q494354","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q494354","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-25T02:32:42Z","dateModified":"2024-10-26T12:39:11Z","headline":"Turkic dynasty"}</script> </body> </html>