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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urartu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Urartu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urartu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kingdom of Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantines,_Sassanids,_and_the_Artsrunis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantines,_Sassanids,_and_the_Artsrunis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Byzantines, Sassanids, and the Artsrunis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantines,_Sassanids,_and_the_Artsrunis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seljuk_Empire_and_Rum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuk_Empire_and_Rum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Seljuk Empire and Rum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuk_Empire_and_Rum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turco-Iranian_rivalry_and_the_Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turco-Iranian_rivalry_and_the_Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Turco-Iranian rivalry and the Ottoman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turco-Iranian_rivalry_and_the_Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Era_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Era_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Ottoman Era demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Era_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877–1878" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877–1878"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877–1878-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_Armenian_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_Armenian_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>World War I and Armenian genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_Armenian_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_War_of_Independence_and_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_War_of_Independence_and_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Turkish War of Independence and Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_War_of_Independence_and_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Van_cat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Van_cat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Van cat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Van_cat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Twin towns – Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Van, Turkey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="وان (مدينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وان (مدينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(T%C3%BCrkiye)" title="Van (Türkiye) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Van (Türkiye)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Ван (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ван (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ван – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ван" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ван (Турция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ван (Турция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(k%C3%AAr)" title="Van (kêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Van (kêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Van (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Van (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(m%C4%9Bsto_v_Turecku)" title="Van (město v Turecku) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Van (město v Turecku)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Twrci" title="Van, Twrci – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Van, Twrci" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(T%C3%BCrkei)" title="Van (Türkei) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Van (Türkei)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(T%C3%BCrgi)" title="Van (Türgi) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Van (Türgi)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD_(%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Βαν (Τουρκία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαν (Τουρκία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(ciudad)" title="Van (ciudad) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Van (ciudad)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(Turquie)" title="Van (Turquie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Van (Turquie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Van, Turquía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Van, Turquía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="وان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98_(%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88)" title="반 (튀르키예) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반 (튀르키예)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(grad)" title="Van (grad) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Van (grad)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turki" title="Van, Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Van, Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Ван (Турчы сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ван (Турчы сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(Turchia)" title="Van (Turchia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Van (Turchia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_(%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ואן (טורקיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואן (טורקיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(Turki)" title="Van (Turki) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Van (Turki)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Van, Turkey" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ვანი (თურქეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვანი (თურქეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ван – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ван" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(umujyi)" title="Van (umujyi) – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Van (umujyi)" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan" title="Wan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Ван (хала) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ван (хала)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana" title="Vana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanas_(Turkija)" title="Vanas (Turkija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vanas (Turkija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Van (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Van (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مدينه وان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه وان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turki" title="Van, Turki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Van, Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(stad)" title="Van (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Van (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="भ्यान, टर्की – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भ्यान, टर्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3" title="ヴァン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C)" title="Ван (гӀала, Туркойчоь) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ван (гӀала, Туркойчоь)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(Tyrkia)" title="Van (Tyrkia) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Van (Tyrkia)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_i_Tyrkia" title="Van i Tyrkia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Van i Tyrkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(shahar)" title="Van (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Van (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_(miasto)" title="Wan (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wan (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A3_(cidade)" title="Vã (cidade) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vã (cidade)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turcia" title="Van, Turcia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Van, Turcia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4,_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ван (город, Турция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ван (город, Турция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Van, Turkey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vani" title="Vani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Van, Turkey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ван – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ван" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turska" title="Van, Turska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Van, Turska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_(Turkki)" title="Van (Turkki) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Van (Turkki)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turkiet" title="Van, Turkiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Van, Turkiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="வான், துருக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வான், துருக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="วาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ван – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ван" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Van" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Ван (кар) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ван (кар)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Ван (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ван (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="وان، ترکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وان، ترکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Van, Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Van, Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turkeya" title="Van, Turkeya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Van, Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%9F%8E" title="凡城 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="凡城" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%9F%8E" title="凡城 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凡城" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan" title="Wan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Wan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%9F%8E" title="凡城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凡城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83061#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in eastern Turkey</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a city in Turkey. For other uses of Van, see <a href="/wiki/Van_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Van (disambiguation)">Van (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Van</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Fortress_From_Northwest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Van_Fortress_From_Northwest.JPG/280px-Van_Fortress_From_Northwest.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Van_Fortress_From_Northwest.JPG/420px-Van_Fortress_From_Northwest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Van_Fortress_From_Northwest.JPG/560px-Van_Fortress_From_Northwest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3393" data-file-height="1416" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Insel_Akdamar_%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%2C_armenische_Kirche_zum_Heiligen_Kreuz_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B9_%28um_920%29_%2839526195355%29.jpg/278px-Insel_Akdamar_%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%2C_armenische_Kirche_zum_Heiligen_Kreuz_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B9_%28um_920%29_%2839526195355%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg/139px-Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg/209px-Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg/278px-Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wan,Mizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG/139px-Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG/209px-Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG/278px-Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2115" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iskele_St._Van.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Iskele_St._Van.JPG/139px-Iskele_St._Van.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Iskele_St._Van.JPG/209px-Iskele_St._Van.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Iskele_St._Van.JPG/278px-Iskele_St._Van.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2677" data-file-height="1752" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:65500_G%C3%B6recek-Muradiye-Van,_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/65500_G%C3%B6recek-Muradiye-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg/139px-65500_G%C3%B6recek-Muradiye-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/65500_G%C3%B6recek-Muradiye-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg/209px-65500_G%C3%B6recek-Muradiye-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/65500_G%C3%B6recek-Muradiye-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg/278px-65500_G%C3%B6recek-Muradiye-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1719" data-file-height="1146" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%"><b>Clockwise from top</b>: <a href="/wiki/Van_Fortress" title="Van Fortress">Van Fortress</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Aghtamar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Aghtamar">Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Aghtamar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tu%C5%9Fba" title="Tuşba">Tushba</a>; <a href="/wiki/Muradiye" title="Muradiye">Muradiye Waterfalls</a>; İskele Street; <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Van Lake</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ho%C5%9Fap_Castle" title="Hoşap Castle">Hoşap Castle</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Van"><img alt="Official logo of Van" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Van_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_logo.svg/100px-Van_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Van_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_logo.svg/150px-Van_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Van_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_logo.svg/200px-Van_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="281" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Emblem of Van Municipality</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Van is located in Turkey"><img alt="Van is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/280px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/420px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/560px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.226%;left:91.735%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Van"><img alt="Van" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Van</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Van,_Turkey&params=38_29_39_N_43_22_48_E_type:city_region:TR-65"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°29′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°22′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.49417°N 43.38000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.49417; 43.38000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Turkey">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Zeydan" title="Abdullah Zeydan">Abdullah Zeydan</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,726 m (5,663 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(end 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-citypop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">525,016</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Van_(view_from_Van_Kalesi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg/220px-City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg/330px-City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg/440px-City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption>City of Van (view from Van Kalesi)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F124I30.OldCityOfVanRuins.cn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/F124I30.OldCityOfVanRuins.cn.jpg/220px-F124I30.OldCityOfVanRuins.cn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/F124I30.OldCityOfVanRuins.cn.jpg/330px-F124I30.OldCityOfVanRuins.cn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/F124I30.OldCityOfVanRuins.cn.jpg/440px-F124I30.OldCityOfVanRuins.cn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of ancient Van</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Van</b> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Վան</span>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <i lang="ku-Latn">Wan</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a city in eastern Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van Province</a>, on the eastern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>. It is the capital and largest city of Van Province. </p><p>Van has a long history as a major urban area. It has been a large city since the first millennium <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, initially as <a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a>, the capital of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> from the 9th century BCE to the 6th century BCE, and later as the center of the Armenian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a>. Turkic presence in Van and in the rest of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> started as a result of <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malazgirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malazgirt">Battle of Malazgirt</a> (1071) against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van was densely populated by <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in the 1910s. Today, it is mostly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UrartianCaldron02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/UrartianCaldron02.jpg/220px-UrartianCaldron02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/UrartianCaldron02.jpg/330px-UrartianCaldron02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/UrartianCaldron02.jpg/440px-UrartianCaldron02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2690" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption>An Urartian cauldron at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological excavations and surveys carried out in <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van Province</a> indicate that the history of human settlement in this region goes back at least as far as 5000 BCE. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tilkitepe_Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tilkitepe Mound (page does not exist)">Tilkitepe Mound</a>, which is on the shores of Lake Van and a few kilometres to the south of <a href="/wiki/Van_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Castle">Van Castle</a>, is the only source of information about the oldest culture of Van. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urartu">Urartu</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG/220px-Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG/330px-Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG/440px-Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_inscription_at_Van" title="Xerxes I inscription at Van">Inscription of Xerxes the Great</a> on the cliffs below Van castle</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the ancient name of <i><a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a></i>, Van was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian kingdom</a> in the 9th century BCE. The early settlement was centered on the steep-sided bluff now known as <a href="/wiki/Van_Fortress" title="Van Fortress">Van Castle</a> (<i>Van Kalesi</i>), close to the edge of Lake Van and a few kilometers west of the modern city. Urartian <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> inscriptions dating to the 8th and 7th centuries BCE have been found here. The name 'Van' comes from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartianlanguage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urartianlanguage (page does not exist)">Urartian</a> endonym <i>Biaina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Armenia">Kingdom of Armenia</h3></div> <p>The region came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontids</a> in the 7th century BCE and quickly later the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> in the mid 6th century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Van_Fortress" title="Van Fortress">Van Fortress</a>, located outside Van city center, holds an inscribed stereotyped trilingual inscription of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes the Great">Xerxes the Great</a> from the 5th century BCE upon a smoothed section of the rock face, some 20 metres (66 feet) above the ground near the fortress. The inscription survives in near perfect condition and is divided into three columns of 27 lines written in (from left to right) <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Babylonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a>. In 331 BCE, Van was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and after his death became part of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. By the early 2nd century BCE it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>. It became an important center during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_II_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigranes II of Armenia">Tigranes II</a>, who founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Tigranocerta" title="Tigranocerta">Tigranakert</a> in the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early centuries BCE, it fell to the emerging <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty of Parthia">Arsacid dynasty of Parthia</a> until the 3rd century CE. However, it also fell once to the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid dynasty of Armenia</a> in this timespan. In the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia_(Movses_Khorenatsi)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Armenia (Movses Khorenatsi)">History of Armenia</a></i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi" title="Movses Khorenatsi">Movses Khorenatsi</a>, the city is called <i>Tosp</i>, from Urartian <i>Tushpa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantines,_Sassanids,_and_the_Artsrunis"><span id="Byzantines.2C_Sassanids.2C_and_the_Artsrunis"></span>Byzantines, Sassanids, and the Artsrunis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vaspurakan" title="Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:18em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif/20px-13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif/30px-13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif/40px-13-Urartu-9-6mta.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="474" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> 832 BC–590 BC<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yervanduni_Armenia,_IV-II_BC.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif/20px-Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif/30px-Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif/40px-Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a> 570 BC–321 BC<br /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> 321 BC–428 AD<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Armenian Marzbanate</a> 428–646<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Caucasus,_740_CE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Map_of_the_Caucasus%2C_740_CE.svg/20px-Map_of_the_Caucasus%2C_740_CE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Map_of_the_Caucasus%2C_740_CE.svg/30px-Map_of_the_Caucasus%2C_740_CE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Map_of_the_Caucasus%2C_740_CE.svg/40px-Map_of_the_Caucasus%2C_740_CE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="898" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a> 654–884<br /> <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a> 884–1024<br /> ↳<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Kingdom of Vaspurakan</a> 908–1024<br /> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> 1024–1071<br /> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> 1071–1100s<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> 1240s–1330s<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Safavid_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/20px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/30px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Safavid_Flag.svg/40px-Safavid_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> 1502–1515, 1520–1548, 1604–1639<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_(1517-1793).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> 1515–1520, 1548–1604, 1639–1916<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Armenia_(1918%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_Armenia_%281918%E2%80%931922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Armenia_%281918%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_Armenia_%281918%E2%80%931922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia_%281918%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_Armenia_%281918%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia_%281918%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="432" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> 1918–1920<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/20px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Turkey</a> 1922–Present </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Following the fall of the Parthians and the emergence of the Neo-Persian Empire, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sassanian Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the town fell into the possession of the latter. During the over 700 years-long <a href="/wiki/Roman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Persian Wars">Roman-Persian Wars</a>, some of the wars were waged at and around the location of modern-day Van. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> briefly held the region from 628 to 640, following the victory in the climactic <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a>, after which it was invaded by the Muslim Arabs, who consolidated their conquests as the province of <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decline in Arab power eventually allowed local <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> rulers to re-emerge, with the <a href="/wiki/Artsruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsruni">Artsruni</a> dynasty soon becoming the most powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially dependent on the rulers of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>, they declared their independence in 908, founding the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Kingdom of Vaspurakan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armenian-History_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armenian-History-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom had no specific capital: the court would move as the king transferred his residence from place to place, such as Van city, Vostan, <a href="/wiki/Aghtamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghtamar">Aghtamar</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Armenian-History_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armenian-History-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1021 the last king of Vaspurakan, <a href="/wiki/Senekerim-Hovhannes_Artsruni" title="Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni">John-Senekerim Artsruni</a>, ceded his entire kingdom to the Byzantine empire, who established the Vaspurakan <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_administrative_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (Byzantine administrative unit)">theme</a> on the former Artsruni territories. Van was called Eua or Eva (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Εύα</span>) during Byzantine rule.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seljuk_Empire_and_Rum">Seljuk Empire and Rum</h3></div> <p>Incursions by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> into Vaspurakan started in the 1050s. After their victory in 1071 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">battle of Manzikert</a> the entire region fell under their control.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After them, local Muslim rulers emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ahlatshahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahlatshahs">Ahlatshahs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a> (1207). For a 20-year period, Van was held by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Rûm">Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate</a> until the 1240s when it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. In the 14th century, Van was held by the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a>, followed subsequently by the Turkoman <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a> confederations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turco-Iranian_rivalry_and_the_Ottoman_era">Turco-Iranian rivalry and the Ottoman era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Van">Eyalet of Van</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Van">Vilayet of Van</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wan,Mizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG/220px-Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG/330px-Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG/440px-Wan%2CMizgefta_Hezret%C3%AE_Omer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2115" /></a><figcaption>Hz. Ömer Mosque in Van</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van,_Van_Merkez-Van,_Turkey_-_panoramio_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Van%2C_Van_Merkez-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg/220px-Van%2C_Van_Merkez-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Van%2C_Van_Merkez-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg/330px-Van%2C_Van_Merkez-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Van%2C_Van_Merkez-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg/440px-Van%2C_Van_Merkez-Van%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>A replica of a 19th-century house</figcaption></figure> <p>The first half of the 15th century saw the Van region become a land of conflict as it was disputed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid Empire</a>. The Safavids captured Van in 1502, as it went naturally with all former territories of the Ak Koyunlu. The Ottomans took the city in 1515 following the climactic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a> and held it for a short period. The Safavids retook it again in 1520 but the Ottomans gained an almost definite hold of it in 1548 during another Ottoman-Safavid War. Ottoman control over the town was confirmed in the 1555 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Peace of Amasya</a> which came as a result after the end of the war. They first made Van into a <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum eyalet">Erzurum eyalet</a>, and later into a separate <a href="/wiki/Van_eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Van eyalet">Van eyalet</a> in about 1570. In 1604, the Safavids under king <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Abbas the Great</a> recaptured Van alongside other swaths of lost territories in Eastern Anatolia. However, Ottoman control over it was at last now made final and definite in 1639 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wan_Tournefort.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wan_Tournefort.png/220px-Wan_Tournefort.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wan_Tournefort.png/330px-Wan_Tournefort.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wan_Tournefort.png/440px-Wan_Tournefort.png 2x" data-file-width="3345" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>Van from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a>'s 1717 book <i>Relation d'un voyage du Levant</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rock_and_Walled_City_of_Van_(1893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Rock_and_Walled_City_of_Van_%281893%29.jpg/220px-The_Rock_and_Walled_City_of_Van_%281893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Rock_and_Walled_City_of_Van_%281893%29.jpg/330px-The_Rock_and_Walled_City_of_Van_%281893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Rock_and_Walled_City_of_Van_%281893%29.jpg/440px-The_Rock_and_Walled_City_of_Van_%281893%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>The rock and walled city of Van in 1893 by <a href="/wiki/H._F._B._Lynch" title="H. F. B. Lynch">H. F. B. Lynch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 1900s, the city of Van had eleven Armenian schools and ten Turkish schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen-2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen-2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the second half of the 19th century Van began to play an increased role in the politics of the Ottoman Empire due to its location near the borders of the Persian, Russian and Ottoman Empire, as well as its proximity to Mosul. During the period leading up to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, Armenians were well represented in the local administration.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Era_demographics">Ottoman Era demographics</h4></div> <p>The demographics of Ottoman Van are a debated and contentious point as they relate directly to claims of ownership by either side prior to the outbreak of World War I. For the city of Van itself it has been estimated that it had around 50,000 inhabitants prior to World War I, of whom 30,000 were Armenian and 20,000 were Muslims. Based on the official 1914 Ottoman census, the population of Van province consisted of 179,422 Muslims and 67,797 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman census figures include only male citizens, excluding women and children, and according to more recent research, an estimate for Van province (including women and children) is that it had 313,000 Muslims, 130,000 Armenians, and 65,000 others, including <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demographics of Van are a greatly debated point also given the changing provincial borders. For example, in 1875 the province was divided; Van and Hakkari were separated, only to be rejoined in 1888, drastically changing the census numbers. Some writers argue that this merging was done to keep the Armenians from forming a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862 it was estimated that in Van there were 90,100 Christians (including <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christians</a>) and 95,100 Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Consul in Van reported that in Van and Bitlis 51.46% were <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, 32.70% were <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and 5.53% were Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople estimated 185,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> in Van, 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, 72,000 <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, 47,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Yezidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidis">Yezidis</a>, 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a> and 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Gypsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies">Gypsies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides have been accused of over-counting the numbers at the time given the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and population statistics became important during the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877–1878"><span id="The_Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877.E2.80.931878"></span>The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878</h3></div> <p>During this war the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> Sheikh Jelaludin led thousands of soldiers to massacre <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> of the province and destroyed and plundered many of their villages.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events are described in <i>Armenia and the Campaign of 1877</i> by British war correspondent Charles B. Norman and in the fictional novella <a href="/wiki/Jalaleddin_(novella)" title="Jalaleddin (novella)"><i>Jalaleddin</i></a> by the Armenian novelist <a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a> in very similar terms.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_Armenian_genocide">World War I and Armenian genocide</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Defense of Van (1915)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_City_Van_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Old_City_Van_2009.JPG/220px-Old_City_Van_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Old_City_Van_2009.JPG/330px-Old_City_Van_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Old_City_Van_2009.JPG/440px-Old_City_Van_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the old walled city of Van seen from the castle rock</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in Van Province started in late 1914 with attacks by the Ottoman Empire's <a href="/wiki/Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Special Organization</a> and affiliated paramilitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regional Albanian administrator, <a href="/wiki/Djevdet_Bey" title="Djevdet Bey">Djevdet Bey</a>, was reported to have said that "We have cleansed the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Syriac Christians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Azarbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Azarbaijan">Azarbaijan</a>, and we will do the same in Van".<sup id="cite_ref-Akçam,_201_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akçam,_201-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous reports from Ottoman officials, such as a parliament deputy, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> as well as the German consul in Van, suggested that deliberate provocations against the Armenians were being orchestrated by the local government.<sup id="cite_ref-Akçam,_201_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akçam,_201-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-April 1915, Cevdet Bey ordered the execution of four Armenian leaders,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he demanded that all Armenian males of military age gather before him, which drove the Armenians to take up arms in self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, historian and sociologist <a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Taner Akçam</a> acknowledges that in the case of Van, the deportations may have been driven by military necessity<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and states the resistance in Van should be examined as a separate case.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATD_of_the_regions_of_Turkey_occupied_by_Russian_troops_during_WW1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ATD_of_the_regions_of_Turkey_occupied_by_Russian_troops_during_WW1.png/220px-ATD_of_the_regions_of_Turkey_occupied_by_Russian_troops_during_WW1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ATD_of_the_regions_of_Turkey_occupied_by_Russian_troops_during_WW1.png/330px-ATD_of_the_regions_of_Turkey_occupied_by_Russian_troops_during_WW1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ATD_of_the_regions_of_Turkey_occupied_by_Russian_troops_during_WW1.png/440px-ATD_of_the_regions_of_Turkey_occupied_by_Russian_troops_during_WW1.png 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>Van region in the administrative-territorial division of the regions of Turkey occupied by Russian troops during World War I 1916–1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1915, as slaughter was being inflicted upon the rural populations surrounding Van, the Armenian residents of the city <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">launched a rebellion</a> hoping to avoid the same fate, defending themselves in the Armenian quarters of the city against the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-gens_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gens-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians finally relieved the Armenian defenders of Van in late May 1915 and local Armenians gave the keys of the city to Russian general <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a> on May 21. In August, a victory over the Russian army allowed the Ottoman army to retake Van. In September 1915, the Russians forced the Turks out of Van for the second time. Russian forces began to leave the area after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia in 1917, and by April 1918, it was recaptured by the Ottoman army again. According to Taner Akçam, citing the <i>Osmanli Belgelerinde Ermeniler 1915–1920</i> (Armenians in Ottoman Documents, 1915–1920), after the Turks took back the city from the Russians, they killed the Armenian population in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Ussher" title="Clarence Ussher">Clarence Ussher</a>, an American physician and missionary in Van, and an eye-witness to the events, reported that 55,000 Armenians had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sjacobs_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjacobs-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of World War I forced the Ottoman army to surrender its claim to Van. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_War_of_Independence_and_Republic">Turkish War of Independence and Republic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iskele_St._Van.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Iskele_St._Van.JPG/220px-Iskele_St._Van.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Iskele_St._Van.JPG/330px-Iskele_St._Van.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Iskele_St._Van.JPG/440px-Iskele_St._Van.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2677" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Streets of the city center</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IOC_Offshore_Van_Grand_Prix_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IOC_Offshore_Van_Grand_Prix_2010.JPG/220px-IOC_Offshore_Van_Grand_Prix_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IOC_Offshore_Van_Grand_Prix_2010.JPG/330px-IOC_Offshore_Van_Grand_Prix_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IOC_Offshore_Van_Grand_Prix_2010.JPG/440px-IOC_Offshore_Van_Grand_Prix_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>IOC Offshore Van Grand Prix 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fest%C3%AEvala_u_Behra_Wan%C3%AA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fest%C3%AEvala_u_Behra_Wan%C3%AA.JPG/220px-Fest%C3%AEvala_u_Behra_Wan%C3%AA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fest%C3%AEvala_u_Behra_Wan%C3%AA.JPG/330px-Fest%C3%AEvala_u_Behra_Wan%C3%AA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fest%C3%AEvala_u_Behra_Wan%C3%AA.JPG/440px-Fest%C3%AEvala_u_Behra_Wan%C3%AA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption>Festival of Van lake 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a> decided to cede the city to the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish revolutionaries">Turkish revolutionaries</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, rejected the terms of the treaty and instead waged the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. However, the idea of ceding Van to the Armenians was floated, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> was said to have surveyed army officers on 14 October 1919 on the issue of ceding Van and <a href="/wiki/Bitlis" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a>. However, the parliament in Ankara rejected any compromise on this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 1920, Van fell under Turkish control again and its remaining Armenian inhabitants were expelled in a final round of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gens_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gens-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a>, the Treaty of Sèvres was annulled and Van remained de facto under Turkish sovereignty. </p><p>By the end of the conflicts, the town of Van was empty and in ruins. The city was rebuilt after the war a few kilometers east of the ancient citadel, which is now known as <a href="/wiki/Van_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Castle">Van Castle</a> (<i>Van Kalesi</i>). The city now lies at about 1,750 metres (5,741 feet) above sea level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg/230px-Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg/345px-Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg/460px-Akhtamar_Island_on_Lake_Van_with_the_Armenian_Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The main places with tourism potential in Van are <a href="/wiki/Ho%C5%9Fap_Castle" title="Hoşap Castle">Hoşap Castle</a>, Muradiye Fall, <a href="/wiki/Akdamar_Island" title="Akdamar Island">Akdamar Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Fortress" title="Van Fortress">Van Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turna" title="Lake Turna">Lake Turna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Akg%C3%B6l" title="Lake Akgöl">Lake Akgöl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Museum" title="Van Museum">Van Museum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Turkish_local_elections_BDP_%26_HDP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/2019_Turkish_local_elections_BDP_%26_HDP.png/220px-2019_Turkish_local_elections_BDP_%26_HDP.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/2019_Turkish_local_elections_BDP_%26_HDP.png/330px-2019_Turkish_local_elections_BDP_%26_HDP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/2019_Turkish_local_elections_BDP_%26_HDP.png/440px-2019_Turkish_local_elections_BDP_%26_HDP.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>HDP won in a landslide in Van in the 2019 municipal elections.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019 municipal elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedia_%C3%96zg%C3%B6k%C3%A7e_Ertan" title="Bedia Özgökçe Ertan">Bedia Özgökçe Ertan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> party was elected mayor of Van. In August 2019 she was dismissed and subsequently sentenced to 30 years imprisonment accused of supporting terrorism as part of a government crackdown against politicians of the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> party; the Turkish state appointed an unelected state-trustee, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Emin_Bilmez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Emin Bilmez (page does not exist)">Mehmet Emin Bilmez</a>, in her place. Many other Kurdish mayors in other Kurdish cities across the region also suffered a similar fate.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests against the decision arose which were suppressed by the Turkish police with the use of water cannons; some protestors were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>At the end of 2022 the population figure for the city of Van was 525,016,<sup id="cite_ref-citypop_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but former Mayor Burhan Yengun is quoted as saying it may be as high as 600,000.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former Van Central (<i>Merkez</i>) District stretched over 1,938.14 km<sup>2</sup>, but has subsequently been split into two new districts (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0pekyolu" title="İpekyolu">İpekyolu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tu%C5%9Fba" title="Tuşba">Tuşba</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Van has a <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> majority and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> minority.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozoglu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozoglu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <p>The city of Van is located at the western foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erek" title="Mount Erek">Mount Erek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>Van has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Mediterranean-influenced humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dsa,</i> <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a><i>: Dc</i>) with cold, snowy winters and very warm, dry summers. Precipitation can be observed for the majority of the year, with a slight peak during spring and autumn, and a brief dry summer from July to September. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Van (1991–2020, extremes 1939–2023) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2<br />(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.7<br />(−19.7) </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.2<br />(−18.8) </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.7<br />(−8.9) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.1<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14<br />(7) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.6<br />(−1.5) </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.3<br />(−6.3) </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−28.7<br />(−19.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(1.30) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4<br />(1.39) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.0<br />(1.93) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.2<br />(2.25) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8<br />(1.80) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(0.65) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(0.31) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(0.22) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(0.78) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.9<br />(1.81) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.8<br />(1.92) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.2<br />(1.78) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">410.2<br />(16.15) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.83 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.57 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.43 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.23 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.37 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.07 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.53 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">95.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.67 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.88 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.13 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.58 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.08 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.17 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.75 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.26 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.1 </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.2 </td> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.9 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.6 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.9 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.9 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.3 </td> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.4 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #2525FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.0 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.5 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.0 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.5 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">351.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">372.0 </td> <td style="background: #F9F925; color:#000000;" class="notheme">347.2 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">306.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.5 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.0 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127.1 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,955.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE30; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #BABA47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkish State Meteorological Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-eather1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eather1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity, 1991–2020),<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteomanz<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wan_JPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wan_JPG.jpg/260px-Wan_JPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wan_JPG.jpg/390px-Wan_JPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wan_JPG.jpg/520px-Wan_JPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>View of the city from Van Castle</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern city is located on the plain extending from the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>, at a distance of 5 kilometres (3 miles) from the lake shore. Reports have appeared over the years of a certain <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van_Monster" title="Lake Van Monster">Lake Van Monster</a> said to live in the lake. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Er%C3%A7ek" title="Lake Erçek">Lake Erçek</a> is the second largest lake in the region and lies just east of Lake Van. </p><p>Van has often been called "The Pearl of the East" because of the beauty of its surrounding landscape. An old Armenian proverb in the same sense is "Van in this world, paradise in the next".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phrase has been slightly modified in Turkish as <i>Dünyada Van, ahirette iman</i> or "Van for this world, faith for the next". </p><p>The city is home to <a href="/wiki/Van_Y%C3%BCz%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_Y%C4%B1l_%C3%9Cniversitesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi">Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi</a> (<i>Van 100th Year University</i>) and recently came to the headlines for two highly publicized investigations initiated by the Prosecutor of Van, one of which was focused on accusations against the university's <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Ceylan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan Ceylan (page does not exist)">Hasan Ceylan</a>, who was kept in custody for a time. He was finally acquitted but lost his rectorate. He is a grandson of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCll%C3%BC_Agop" title="Güllü Agop">Agop Vartovyan</a>, an Ottoman Armenian who is accepted as the founder of modern Turkish theatre. Hasan Ceylan is also the department chairman of Environmental Engineering at <a href="/wiki/Van_Y%C3%BCz%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_Y%C4%B1l_University" title="Van Yüzüncü Yıl University">Van Yüzüncü Yıl University</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vankahvalti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vankahvalti.jpg/220px-Vankahvalti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vankahvalti.jpg/330px-Vankahvalti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vankahvalti.jpg/440px-Vankahvalti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption> Famous breakfast table in Van</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1941_Van%E2%80%93Erci%C5%9F_earthquake" title="1941 Van–Erciş earthquake">1941 Van–Erciş earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Van_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Van earthquake">2011 Van earthquake</a></div> <p>In 1941, Van suffered a destructive <a href="/wiki/1941_Van%E2%80%93Erci%C5%9F_earthquake" title="1941 Van–Erciş earthquake">5.9 M<sub>w</sub> earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more severe <a href="/wiki/2011_Van_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Van earthquake">7.2 M<sub>w</sub> earthquake</a> occurred on 23 October 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 9 November 2011, another earthquake caused several buildings to collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2></div> <p>In culinary terms, as some cities in Turkey became renowned for their <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a> culture or other types of traditional local dishes, Van has distinguished itself with its breakfast culture.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Ferit_Melen_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Van_Ferit_Melen_Airport.jpg/220px-Van_Ferit_Melen_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Van_Ferit_Melen_Airport.jpg/330px-Van_Ferit_Melen_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Van_Ferit_Melen_Airport.jpg/440px-Van_Ferit_Melen_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Van Ferit Melen Airport</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Van_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Van_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Van_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Van_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Van_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Van_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption>Van Railway Station</figcaption></figure> <p>Van stands on Highway D300, which runs from the Iranian border 100 km east at Kapikoy through Van then along the south lake shore to <a href="/wiki/Tatvan" title="Tatvan">Tatvan</a> (100 km), and westwards to the rest of Turkey. Highway D975 runs north to Dogubeyazit and south towards Hakkari. Frequent buses and dolmuses ply these highways. </p><p>Van is the western terminus of <a href="/wiki/Van-Sufian_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Van-Sufian railway">the railway line from Iran</a>, with freight and passenger trains (suspended between 2015 and 2018). There is a <a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">train ferry</a> (upgraded in 2015) across the lake to Tatvan. There is no railway around the lake; it is intended eventually to build one but to date there are no plans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This would actually create an unbroken rail link between Europe and the Indian subcontinent, as Tatvan is the terminus of the line to Ankara and Istanbul. </p><p>Van has daily flights to Istanbul, Ankara and other major Turkish cities from <a href="/wiki/Van_Ferit_Melen_Airport" title="Van Ferit Melen Airport">Ferit Melen Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <p>Near Van, there is a <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> broadcasting station with a 250-metre-tall (820-foot) guyed mast. It went in service in 1990 and operates on 225 kHz with 600 kW. It has also local news outlets like <i>Van Gazetesi</i> or <i>Gazete Van.</i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%C4%B1mzer_Melet" title="Hanımzer Melet">Hanımzer Melet</a> (born 1993), national team wheelchair basketball player.<sup id="cite_ref-fiba1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiba1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Van_cat">Van cat</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VAN_CAT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/VAN_CAT.png/220px-VAN_CAT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/VAN_CAT.png/330px-VAN_CAT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/VAN_CAT.png/440px-VAN_CAT.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Van cat</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Van_cat" title="Van cat">Van cat</a> is a breed of cat native to this town and named after it. It is noted for its white fur, and for having <a href="/wiki/Heterochromia_iridum" title="Heterochromia iridum">differently colored eyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Turkey" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey">List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_Sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – Sister cities</h3></div> <p>Van is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-Bursa_twinnings_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bursa_twinnings-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 978px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Town of Van in 2009"><img alt="Former Town of Van in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van.jpg/120px-Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van.jpg/180px-Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van.jpg/240px-Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Town of Van in 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Town of Van in 2009"><img alt="Former Town of Van in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van1.jpg/120px-Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van1.jpg/180px-Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van1.jpg/240px-Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Town of Van in 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Town of Van in 2009"><img alt="Former Town of Van in 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van2.jpg/120px-Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van2.jpg/180px-Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van2.jpg/240px-Former_Armenian_Town_of_Van2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Town of Van in 2009</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Van_(view_from_Van_Kalesi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Van from the Van Castle"><img alt="View of Van from the Van Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg/120px-City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg/180px-City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg/240px-City_of_Van_%28view_from_Van_Kalesi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Van from the Van Castle</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Kurdistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Defense of Van (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaspurakan" title="Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%C5%9Fpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuşpa">Tuşpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0pekyolu" title="İpekyolu">İpekyolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Museum" title="Van Museum">Van Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfenglishmobile.com/news/abdullah-zeydan-of-dem-party-reinstated-as-mayor-of-van-72580">"Abdullah Zeydan of DEM Party reinstated as mayor of Van"</a>. <i>ANF</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000), "2: 'Van in This World: Paradise in the Next' – The Historical Geography of Van/Vaspurakan <br /> Armenian churches within the walled city included Saint Tiramayr (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Սուրբ Տիրամայր</span>), Saint Vardan (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Սուրբ Վարդան</span>), Saint Poghos (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Սուրբ Պողոս</span>), Saint Nshan (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Սուրբ Նշան</span>), Saint Sahak (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Սուրբ Սահակ</span>), and Saint Tsiranavor (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Սուրբ Ծիրանաւոր</span>); in Aygestan (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Այգեստան</span>), Haykavank (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայկավանք</span>), Norashen (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Նորաշէն</span>), Arark (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Արարք</span>), Hankoysner, and other quarters each had a church.", in <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (ed.), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianvanvaspu00rich"><i>Armenian Van/Vaspurakan</i></a></span>, Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, p. 40, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44774992">44774992</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+%27Van+in+This+World%3A+Paradise+in+the+Next%27+%E2%80%93+The+Historical+Geography+of+Van%2FVaspurakan+%3Cbr%3E+Armenian+churches+within+the+walled+city+included+Saint+Tiramayr+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2+%D5%8F%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%2C+Saint+Vardan+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2+%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%2C+Saint+Poghos+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2+%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%2C+Saint+Nshan+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2+%D5%86%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%2C+Saint+Sahak+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2+%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%2C+and+Saint+Tsiranavor+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2+%D4%BE%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%3B+in+Aygestan+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%2C+Haykavank+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%2C+Norashen+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A7%D5%B6%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%2C+Arark+%28Armenian%3A+%3Cspan+lang%3D%22hy%22%3E%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Armenian-language+text%29%2C+Hankoysner%2C+and+other+quarters+each+had+a+church.&rft.btitle=Armenian+Van%2FVaspurakan&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+California&rft.series=Historic+Armenian+Cities+and+Provinces&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44774992&rft.aulast=Hewsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianvanvaspu00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hewsen 2000, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Values as printed in the <a href="/wiki/File:Proportions_des_populations_en_Asie_Mineure_statistique_officielle_d1914.png" title="File:Proportions des populations en Asie Mineure statistique officielle d1914.png">official statistics from 1914</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin McCarthy: <i>Muslims and Minorities.</i> New York University Press, 1983, p. 110 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hewsen 2000, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTer_Minassian2000" class="citation cs2">Ter Minassian, Anahide (2000), "10: The City of Van at the Turn of the Twentieth Century", in <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (ed.), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianvanvaspu00rich"><i>Armenian Van/Vaspurakan</i></a></span>, Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44774992">44774992</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+The+City+of+Van+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=Armenian+Van%2FVaspurakan&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+California&rft.series=Historic+Armenian+Cities+and+Provinces&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44774992&rft.aulast=Ter+Minassian&rft.aufirst=Anahide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianvanvaspu00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ter Minassian, ch.10, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ter Minassian, ch.10, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarkis Y. Karayan: "Demography of Van Province, 1844–1914". In: <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a>: <i>Armenian Van/Vaspurakan</i>. Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa/CA 2000, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026104537/https://www.sophenearmeniaca.com/2019/03/06/who-was-sheikh-jalaleddin/">"Who Was Sheikh Jalaleddin?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophenearmeniaca.com/2019/03/06/who-was-sheikh-jalaleddin/">the original</a> on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Sheikh+Jalaleddin%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophenearmeniaca.com%2F2019%2F03%2F06%2Fwho-was-sheikh-jalaleddin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724153530/https://www.sophenearmeniaca.com/2019/01/06/jalaleddin-and-the-russo-turkish-war-of-1877-1878/">"Jalaleddin and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophenearmeniaca.com/2019/01/06/jalaleddin-and-the-russo-turkish-war-of-1877-1878/">the original</a> on 24 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jalaleddin+and+the+Russo-Turkish+War+of+1877-1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophenearmeniaca.com%2F2019%2F01%2F06%2Fjalaleddin-and-the-russo-turkish-war-of-1877-1878%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2006" class="citation book cs1">Akçam, Taner (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shamefulactarmen00ak"><i>A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility</i></a>. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7932-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-7932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shameful+Act%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+the+Question+of+Turkish+Responsibility&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7932-6&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshamefulactarmen00ak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akçam,_201-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akçam,_201_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akçam,_201_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Akçam, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgenthau, Henry. <i>Ambassador Morgenthau's Story</i>, p. 205. Wayne State University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2979-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2979-9">0-8143-2979-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ussher, Clarence Douglass. <i>An American Physician in Turkey</i>. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTer_Minassian2000" class="citation cs2">Ter Minassian, Anahide (2000), "12: Van 1915", in <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (ed.), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianvanvaspu00rich"><i>Armenian Van/Vaspurakan</i></a></span>, Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44774992">44774992</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12%3A+Van+1915&rft.btitle=Armenian+Van%2FVaspurakan&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+California&rft.series=Historic+Armenian+Cities+and+Provinces&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44774992&rft.aulast=Ter+Minassian&rft.aufirst=Anahide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianvanvaspu00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akçam, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akçam, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gens-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gens_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gens_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide – Page 42 by Yaïr Auron</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akçam, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2010" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein, Richard L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYez6YcL-B8C"><i>Jihad and genocide</i></a> (1st pbk. ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742562028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742562028"><bdi>978-0742562028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+and+genocide&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=1st+pbk.&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0742562028&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYez6YcL-B8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sjacobs-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sjacobs_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Jacobs2009" class="citation book cs1">L. 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Translated by Paul Bessemer. Metropolitan Books, New York. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/17616-Erdogan-vows-re-seizure-of-Kurdish-municipalities-should-HDP-win-local-elections">"Erdogan vows re-seizure of Kurdish municipalities should HDP win local elections"</a>. <i>www.kurdistan24.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kurdistan24.net&rft.atitle=Erdogan+vows+re-seizure+of+Kurdish+municipalities+should+HDP+win+local+elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Fstory%2F17616-Erdogan-vows-re-seizure-of-Kurdish-municipalities-should-HDP-win-local-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/07/turkey-kurdish-mayors-removal-violates-voters-rights">"Turkey: Kurdish Mayors' Removal Violates Voters' Rights"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 7 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+Kurdish+Mayors%27+Removal+Violates+Voters%27+Rights&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F02%2F07%2Fturkey-kurdish-mayors-removal-violates-voters-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0035-2014132">"Turkey : Police and militias killing of Kurdish protesters must be investigated and prosecuted"</a>. <i>Human Rights Documents online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2210-7975_hrd-0035-2014132">10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0035-2014132</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Documents+online&rft.atitle=Turkey+%3A+Police+and+militias+killing+of+Kurdish+protesters+must+be+investigated+and+prosecuted&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2210-7975_hrd-0035-2014132&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F2210-7975_hrd-0035-2014132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/three-pro-kurdish-mayors-replaced-southeastern-turkey">"Three pro-Kurdish mayors replaced in southeastern Turkey"</a>. <i>Middle East Eye</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Three+pro-Kurdish+mayors+replaced+in+southeastern+Turkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fthree-pro-kurdish-mayors-replaced-southeastern-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunes2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gunes, Cengiz (1 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mei.nus.edu.sg/index.php/web/publications_TMPL/volume-8-2-kurdish-political-activism-in-turkey-an-overview">"Kurdish Political Activism in Turkey: An Overview"</a>. <i>Singapore Middle East Papers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23976%2FSMEP.2014008">10.23976/SMEP.2014008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Middle+East+Papers&rft.atitle=Kurdish+Political+Activism+in+Turkey%3A+An+Overview&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23976%2FSMEP.2014008&rft.aulast=Gunes&rft.aufirst=Cengiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmei.nus.edu.sg%2Findex.php%2Fweb%2Fpublications_TMPL%2Fvolume-8-2-kurdish-political-activism-in-turkey-an-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TESEV. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+Uluslararas%C4%B1+Haber+Sitesi+ve+Gazetesi&rft.atitle=Van+Gazetesi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vangazetesi.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiba1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiba1_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/IWBF/2290667/">"TUR 23-57 FRA"</a>. FIBA Live Stats<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TUR+23-57+FRA&rft.pub=FIBA+Live+Stats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com%2Fu%2FIWBF%2F2290667%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishvancatclub.co.uk/character.html">"Characteristics"</a>. Turkish Van Cat Club<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Characteristics&rft.pub=Turkish+Van+Cat+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishvancatclub.co.uk%2Fcharacter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bursa_twinnings-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bursa_twinnings_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523225737/http://www.bursa.bel.tr/kardes-sehirler/sayfa/261/">"Kardeş Şehirler"</a>. <i>Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez</i>. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bursa.bel.tr/kardes-sehirler/sayfa/261/">the original</a> on 23 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bursa+B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir+Belediyesi+Bas%C4%B1n+Koordinasyon+Merkez&rft.atitle=Karde%C5%9F+%C5%9Eehirler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bursa.bel.tr%2Fkardes-sehirler%2Fsayfa%2F261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a>, ed. (2000), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianvanvaspu00rich"><i>Armenian Van/Vaspurakan</i></a></span>, Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44774992">44774992</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Van%2FVaspurakan&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+California&rft.series=Historic+Armenian+Cities+and+Provinces&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44774992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianvanvaspu00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVan%2C+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Van_(city)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Van (city)">Van (city)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Van#Q83061" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Van">Van</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.van.gov.tr">Governorship of Van</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.van.bel.tr">Municipality of Van</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yyu.edu.tr">Van 100th Year University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGKisCjbEDk">Movie showing a reconstruction of Eski Van</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Van,_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Van,_Turkey" title="Template:Van, Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Van,_Turkey" title="Template talk:Van, Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Van,_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Van, Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Van,_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Van, Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Van_(1548)" title="Siege of Van (1548)">Siege of Van</a> (1548)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1896)" title="Defense of Van (1896)">Defense of Van</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Defense of Van</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Van_earthquakes" title="2011 Van earthquakes">2011 Van earthquakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Fortress" title="Van Fortress">Van Fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Ferit_Melen_Airport" title="Van Ferit Melen Airport">Van Ferit Melen Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Y%C3%BCz%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_Y%C4%B1l_University" title="Van Yüzüncü Yıl University">Van Yüzüncü Yıl University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:paleturquoise;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_cat" title="Van cat">Van cat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Van,_Turkey_in_Van_Province_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Van,_Turkey_in_Van_Province_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Van, Turkey in <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A7esaray,_Van" title="Bahçesaray, Van">Bahçesaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkale" title="Başkale">Başkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran,_Van" title="Çaldıran, Van">Çaldıran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atak" title="Çatak">Çatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edremit,_Van" title="Edremit, Van">Edremit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erci%C5%9F" title="Erciş">Erciş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geva%C5%9F" title="Gevaş">Gevaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCrp%C4%B1nar,_Van" title="Gürpınar, Van">Gürpınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0pekyolu" title="İpekyolu">İpekyolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muradiye" title="Muradiye">Muradiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zalp,_Van" title="Özalp, Van">Özalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray,_Van" title="Saray, Van">Saray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%C5%9Fba" title="Tuşba">Tuşba</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/150px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/200px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Van"><img alt="Districts of Van" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Van_districts.png/100px-Van_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Van_districts.png/150px-Van_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Van_districts.png/200px-Van_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Van</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_provinces_by_region"><b>List of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces</a> by <a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Turkey" title="NUTS statistical regions of Turkey">region</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Region_(statistical)" title="Istanbul Region (statistical)">Istanbul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Marmara_Region_(statistical)" title="West Marmara Region (statistical)">West Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Province" title="Edirne Province">Edirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region_(statistical)" title="Aegean Region (statistical)">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Afyonkarahisar Province">Afyonkarahisar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya_Province" title="Kütahya Province">Kütahya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Marmara_Region" title="East Marmara Region">East Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilecik_Province" title="Bilecik Province">Bilecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Province" title="Düzce Province">Düzce</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="West Anatolia Region (statistical)">West Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Province" title="Karaman Province">Karaman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region_(statistical)" title="Mediterranean Region (statistical)">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdur_Province" title="Burdur Province">Burdur</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isparta_Province" title="Isparta Province">Isparta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Central Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_Province" title="Kırıkkale Province">Kırıkkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Kırşehir Province">Kırşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Nevşehir Province">Nevşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Province" title="Niğde Province">Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozgat_Province" title="Yozgat Province">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" title="West Black Sea Region (statistical)">West Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Province" title="Amasya Province">Amasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province" title="Bartın Province">Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_Province" title="Çankırı Province">Çankırı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_Province" title="Çorum Province">Çorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk_Province" title="Karabük Province">Karabük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokat_Province" title="Tokat Province">Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" title="East Black Sea Region (statistical)">East Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Northeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Northeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayburt_Province" title="Bayburt Province">Bayburt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_East_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Central East Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central East Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Southeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Southeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province" title="Şırnak Province">Şırnak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities</a> are bolded.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83061#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83061#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83061#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316429846">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4378894-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85194879">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Van (Turecko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge730099&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557618405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van,_Turkey&oldid=1257818886">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van,_Turkey&oldid=1257818886</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Van,_Turkey" title="Category:Van, Turkey">Van, Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Turkey" title="Category:Cities in Turkey">Cities in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Van_Province" title="Category:Populated places in Van Province">Populated places in Van Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_capitals_of_Armenia" title="Category:Former capitals of Armenia">Former capitals of Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Eastern_Anatolia" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Eastern Anatolia">Archaeological sites in Eastern Anatolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian_genocide_extermination_centers" title="Category:Armenian genocide extermination centers">Armenian genocide extermination centers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Category:Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdish_settlements_in_Turkey" title="Category:Kurdish settlements in Turkey">Kurdish settlements in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Armenian_communities_in_Van_Province" title="Category:Former Armenian communities 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