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<button class="button is-small is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.11453">arXiv:2411.11453</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.11453">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/2411.11453">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2411.11453">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Fluid Antenna-Aided Rate-Splitting Multiple Access </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Lopez-Martinez%2C+F+J">F. Javier Lopez-Martinez</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Hanzo%2C+L">Lajos Hanzo</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Chae%2C+C">Chan-Byoung Chae</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2411.11453v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This letter considers a fluid antenna system (FAS)-aided rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) approach for downlink transmission. In particular, a base station (BS) equipped with a single traditional antenna system (TAS) uses RSMA signaling to send information to several mobile users (MUs) each equipped with FAS. To understand the achievable performance, we first present the distribution of the e… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2411.11453v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2411.11453v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2411.11453v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This letter considers a fluid antenna system (FAS)-aided rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) approach for downlink transmission. In particular, a base station (BS) equipped with a single traditional antenna system (TAS) uses RSMA signaling to send information to several mobile users (MUs) each equipped with FAS. To understand the achievable performance, we first present the distribution of the equivalent channel gain based on the joint multivariate t-distribution and then derive a compact analytical expression for the outage probability (OP). Moreover, we obtain the asymptotic OP in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Numerical results show that combining FAS with RSMA significantly outperforms TAS and conventional multiple access schemes, such as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), in terms of OP. The results also indicate that FAS can be the tool that greatly improves the practicality of RSMA. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2411.11453v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2411.11453v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 18 November, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.01829">arXiv:2410.01829</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.01829">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2410.01829">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Secure Backscatter Communications Through RIS: Modeling and Performance </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Kaveh%2C+M">Masoud Kaveh</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Li%2C+Z">Zhao Li</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Yan%2C+Z">Zheng Yan</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Jantti%2C+R">Riku Jantti</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2410.01829v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Backscatter communication (BC) has emerged as a pivotal wireless communication paradigm owing to its low-power and cost-effective characteristics. However, BC faces various challenges from its low signal detection rate to its security vulnerabilities. Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have surfaced as a transformative technology addressing power and communication performance issu… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2410.01829v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2410.01829v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2410.01829v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Backscatter communication (BC) has emerged as a pivotal wireless communication paradigm owing to its low-power and cost-effective characteristics. However, BC faces various challenges from its low signal detection rate to its security vulnerabilities. Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have surfaced as a transformative technology addressing power and communication performance issues in BC. However, the potential of RIS in addressing the security challenges of BC remains uncharted. This paper investigates the secrecy performance of RIS-aided BC, where all channels are distributed according to the Fisher-Snedecor $\mathcal{F}$ distribution. Specifically, we consider a RIS with $N$ reflecting elements to help a backscatter device (BD) establish a smart environment and enhance the secrecy performance in BC. Due to the nature of BC systems, our analysis considers two possible scenarios (i) in the absence of direct links and (ii) in the presence of direct links. In both cases, we first derive compact analytical expressions of the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at both a legitimate receiver and an eavesdropper. Then, to analyze the secrecy performance, we further derive analytical expressions of the average secrecy capacity (ASC) and secrecy outage probability (SOP) for both mentioned scenarios. In addition, regarding the importance of system behavior in a high SNR regime, we provide an asymptotic analysis of the SOP and ASC. Eventually, the Monte-Carlo simulation is used to validate the analytical results, revealing that utilizing RIS can greatly improve the secrecy performance of the BC system relative to traditional BC setups that do not incorporate RIS. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2410.01829v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2410.01829v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 17 September, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> October 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.16853">arXiv:2408.16853</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.16853">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2408.16853">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> RIS-Aided Backscattering Tag-to-Tag Networks: Performance Analysis </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Kaveh%2C+M">Masoud Kaveh</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Yan%2C+Z">Zheng Yan</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Jantti%2C+R">Riku Jantti</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2408.16853v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Backscattering tag-to-tag networks (BTTNs) represent a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) system that enables direct communication between tags within an external radio frequency (RF) field. However, low spectral efficiency and short-range communication capabilities, along with the ultra-low power nature of the tags, create significant challenges for reliable and practical applications… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2408.16853v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2408.16853v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2408.16853v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Backscattering tag-to-tag networks (BTTNs) represent a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) system that enables direct communication between tags within an external radio frequency (RF) field. However, low spectral efficiency and short-range communication capabilities, along with the ultra-low power nature of the tags, create significant challenges for reliable and practical applications of BTTNs. To address these challenges, this paper introduces integrating an indoor reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) into BTTN and studying RIS's impact on the system's performance. To that end, we first derive compact analytical expressions of the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver tag by exploiting the moment matching technique. Then, based on the derived PDF and CDF, we further derive analytical expressions of outage probability (OP), bit error rate (BER), and average capacity (AC) rate. Eventually, the Monte Carlo simulation is used to validate the accuracy of the analytical results, revealing that utilizing RIS can greatly improve the performance of BTTNs in terms of AC, BER, OP, and coverage region relative to traditional BTTNs setups that do not incorporate RIS. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2408.16853v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2408.16853v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 29 August, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.14969">arXiv:2408.14969</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.14969">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2408.14969">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Secrecy Performance Analysis of RIS-Aided Fluid Antenna Systems </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Kaveh%2C+M">Masoud Kaveh</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Lopez-Martinez%2C+F+J">F. Javier Lopez-Martinez</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=New%2C+W+K">Wee Kiat New</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Xu%2C+H">Hao Xu</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2408.14969v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This paper examines the impact of emerging fluid antenna systems (FAS) on reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided secure communications. Specifically, we consider a classic wiretap channel, where a fixed-antenna transmitter sends confidential information to an FAS-equipped legitimate user with the help of an RIS, while an FAS-equipped eavesdropper attempts to decode the message. To evaluate… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2408.14969v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2408.14969v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2408.14969v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This paper examines the impact of emerging fluid antenna systems (FAS) on reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided secure communications. Specifically, we consider a classic wiretap channel, where a fixed-antenna transmitter sends confidential information to an FAS-equipped legitimate user with the help of an RIS, while an FAS-equipped eavesdropper attempts to decode the message. To evaluate the proposed wireless scenario, we first introduce the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and probability density function (PDF) of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at each node, using the central limit theorem and the Gaussian copula function. We then derive a compact analytical expression for the secrecy outage probability (SOP). Our numerical results reveal how the incorporation of FAS and RIS can significantly enhance the performance of secure communications. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2408.14969v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2408.14969v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 27 August, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.04724">arXiv:2408.04724</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.04724">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2408.04724">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Performance Analysis of FAS-Aided NOMA-ISAC: A Backscattering Scenario </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Lopez-Martinez%2C+F+J">F. Javier Lopez-Martinez</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Shin%2C+H">Hyundong Shin</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Hanzo%2C+L">Lajos Hanzo</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2408.04724v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This paper investigates a two-user downlink system for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) in which the two users deploy a fluid antenna system (FAS) and adopt the nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) strategy. Specifically, the integrated sensing and backscatter communication (ISABC) model is considered, where a dual-functional base station (BS) serves to communicate the two users and sen… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2408.04724v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2408.04724v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2408.04724v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This paper investigates a two-user downlink system for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) in which the two users deploy a fluid antenna system (FAS) and adopt the nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) strategy. Specifically, the integrated sensing and backscatter communication (ISABC) model is considered, where a dual-functional base station (BS) serves to communicate the two users and sense a tag's surrounding. In contrast to conventional ISAC, the backscattering tag reflects the signals transmitted by the BS to the NOMA users and enhances their communication performance. Furthermore, the BS extracts environmental information from the same backscatter signal in the sensing stage. Firstly, we derive closed-form expressions for both the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and probability density function (PDF) of the equivalent channel at the users utilizing the moment matching method and the Gaussian copula. Then in the communication stage, we obtain closed-form expressions for both the outage probability and for the corresponding asymptotic expressions in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Moreover, using numerical integration techniques such as the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature (GLQ), we have series-form expressions for the user ergodic communication rates (ECRs). In addition, we get a closed-form expression for the ergodic sensing rate (ESR) using the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). Finally, the accuracy of our analytical results is validated numerically, and we confirm the superiority of employing FAS over traditional fixed-position antenna systems in both ISAC and ISABC. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2408.04724v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2408.04724v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 8 August, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> August 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.03449">arXiv:2407.03449</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.03449">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2407.03449">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> A Tutorial on Fluid Antenna System for 6G Networks: Encompassing Communication Theory, Optimization Methods and Hardware Designs </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=New%2C+W+K">Wee Kiat New</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Xu%2C+H">Hao Xu</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wang%2C+C">Chao Wang</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+J">Jichen Zhang</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Rao%2C+J">Junhui Rao</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Murch%2C+R">Ross Murch</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ram%C3%ADrez-Espinosa%2C+P">Pablo Ram铆rez-Espinosa</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Morales-Jimenez%2C+D">David Morales-Jimenez</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Chae%2C+C">Chan-Byoung Chae</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Tong%2C+K">Kin-Fai Tong</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2407.03449v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The advent of the sixth-generation (6G) networks presents another round of revolution for the mobile communication landscape, promising an immersive experience, robust reliability, minimal latency, extreme connectivity, ubiquitous coverage, and capabilities beyond communication, including intelligence and sensing. To achieve these ambitious goals, it is apparent that 6G networks need to incorporat… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2407.03449v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2407.03449v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2407.03449v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The advent of the sixth-generation (6G) networks presents another round of revolution for the mobile communication landscape, promising an immersive experience, robust reliability, minimal latency, extreme connectivity, ubiquitous coverage, and capabilities beyond communication, including intelligence and sensing. To achieve these ambitious goals, it is apparent that 6G networks need to incorporate the state-of-the-art technologies. One of the technologies that has garnered rising interest is fluid antenna system (FAS) which represents any software-controllable fluidic, conductive, or dielectric structure capable of dynamically changing its shape and position to reconfigure essential radio-frequency (RF) characteristics. Compared to traditional antenna systems (TASs) with fixed-position radiating elements, the core idea of FAS revolves around the unique flexibility of reconfiguring the radiating elements within a given space. One recent driver of FAS is the recognition of its position-flexibility as a new degree of freedom (dof) to harness diversity and multiplexing gains. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive tutorial, covering channel modeling, signal processing and estimation methods, information-theoretic insights, new multiple access techniques, and hardware designs. Moreover, we delineate the challenges of FAS and explore the potential of using FAS to improve the performance of other contemporary technologies. By providing insights and guidance, this tutorial paper serves to inspire researchers to explore new horizons and fully unleash the potential of FAS. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2407.03449v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2407.03449v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 13 November, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 3 July, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2024. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">53 pages, 45 figures, 5 tables. Accepted by IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.02400">arXiv:2407.02400</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.02400">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/2407.02400">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2407.02400">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2024.3418338">10.1109/LCOMM.2024.3418338 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Coding-Enhanced Cooperative Jamming for Secret Communication in Fluid Antenna Systems </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Xu%2C+H">Hao Xu</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=New%2C+W+K">Wee Kiat New</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Li%2C+G">Guyue Li</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Zhu%2C+Y">Yongxu Zhu</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Jin%2C+S">Shi Jin</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Chae%2C+C">Chan-Byoung Chae</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+Y">Yangyang Zhang</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2407.02400v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This letter investigates the secret communication problem for a fluid antenna system (FAS)-assisted wiretap channel, where the legitimate transmitter transmits an information-bearing signal to the legitimate receiver, and at the same time, transmits a jamming signal to interfere with the eavesdropper (Eve). Unlike the conventional jamming scheme, which usually transmits Gaussian noise that interfe… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2407.02400v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2407.02400v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2407.02400v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This letter investigates the secret communication problem for a fluid antenna system (FAS)-assisted wiretap channel, where the legitimate transmitter transmits an information-bearing signal to the legitimate receiver, and at the same time, transmits a jamming signal to interfere with the eavesdropper (Eve). Unlike the conventional jamming scheme, which usually transmits Gaussian noise that interferes not only with Eve but also with the legitimate receiver, in this letter, we consider that encoded codewords are transmitted to jam Eve. Then, by employing appropriate coding schemes, the legitimate receiver can successfully decode the jamming signal and then cancel the interference, while Eve cannot, even if it knows the codebooks. We aim to maximize the secrecy rate through port selection and power control. Although the problem is non-convex, we show that the optimal solution can be found. Simulation results show that by using the FAS technique and the proposed jamming scheme, the secrecy rate of the system can be significantly increased. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2407.02400v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2407.02400v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 2 July, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2024. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">6 pages, 3 figures, this paper has been accepted by IEEE Communications Letters</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15607">arXiv:2405.15607</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.15607">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2405.15607">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Channel Estimation and Reconstruction in Fluid Antenna System: Oversampling is Essential </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=New%2C+W+K">Wee Kiat New</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Xu%2C+H">Hao Xu</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Murch%2C+R">Ross Murch</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Chae%2C+C">Chan-Byoung Chae</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2405.15607v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Fluid antenna system (FAS) has recently surfaced as a promising technology for the upcoming sixth generation (6G) wireless networks. Unlike traditional antenna system (TAS) with fixed antenna location, FAS introduces a flexible component in which the radiating element can switch its position within a predefined space. This capability allows FAS to achieve additional diversity and multiplexing gain… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2405.15607v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2405.15607v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2405.15607v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Fluid antenna system (FAS) has recently surfaced as a promising technology for the upcoming sixth generation (6G) wireless networks. Unlike traditional antenna system (TAS) with fixed antenna location, FAS introduces a flexible component in which the radiating element can switch its position within a predefined space. This capability allows FAS to achieve additional diversity and multiplexing gains. Nevertheless, to fully reap the benefits of FAS, obtaining channel state information (CSI) over the predefined space is crucial. In this paper, we study the system with a transmitter equipped with a traditional fixed antenna and a receiver with a fluid antenna by considering an electromagnetic-compliant channel model. We address the challenges of channel estimation and reconstruction using Nyquist sampling and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) methods. Our analysis reveals a fundamental tradeoff between the accuracy of the reconstructed channel and the number of estimated channels, indicating that half-wavelength sampling is insufficient for perfect reconstruction and that oversampling is essential to enhance accuracy. Despite its advantages, oversampling can introduce practical challenges. Consequently, we propose a suboptimal sampling distance that facilitates efficient channel reconstruction. In addition, we employ the MLE method to bound the channel estimation error by $蔚$, with a specific confidence interval (CI). Our findings enable us to determine the minimum number of estimated channels and the total number of pilot symbols required for efficient channel reconstruction in a given space. Lastly, we investigate the rate performance of FAS and TAS and demonstrate that FAS with imperfect CSI can outperform TAS with perfect CSI. In contrast to existing works, we also show that there is an optimal fluid antenna size that maximizes the achievable rate. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2405.15607v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2405.15607v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 1 November, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 24 May, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2024. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">13 pages, 16 figures - including subfigures. Accepted by IEEE TWC</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.11520">arXiv:2405.11520</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.11520">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2405.11520">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> On Performance of FAS-aided Wireless Powered NOMA Communication Systems </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Kaveh%2C+M">Masoud Kaveh</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Jantti%2C+R">Riku Jantti</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Yan%2C+Z">Zheng Yan</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2405.11520v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This paper studies the performance of a wireless powered communication network (WPCN) under the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme, where users take advantage of an emerging fluid antenna system (FAS). More precisely, we consider a scenario where a transmitter is powered by a remote power beacon (PB) to send information to the planar NOMA FAS-equipped users through Rayleigh fading channe… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2405.11520v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2405.11520v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2405.11520v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This paper studies the performance of a wireless powered communication network (WPCN) under the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme, where users take advantage of an emerging fluid antenna system (FAS). More precisely, we consider a scenario where a transmitter is powered by a remote power beacon (PB) to send information to the planar NOMA FAS-equipped users through Rayleigh fading channels. After introducing the distribution of the equivalent channel coefficients to the users, we derive compact analytical expressions for the outage probability (OP) in order to evaluate the system performance. Additionally, we present asymptotic OP in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Eventually, results reveal that deploying the FAS with only one activated port in NOMA users can significantly enhance the WPCN performance compared with using traditional antenna systems (TAS). <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2405.11520v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2405.11520v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 8 August, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 19 May, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2024. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">This manuscript has been submitted to the 20th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob)</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.17265">arXiv:2403.17265</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.17265">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2403.17265">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Cache-Enabled Millimetre-Wave Fluid Antenna Systems: Modeling and Performance </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Tong%2C+K">Kin-Fai Tong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+Y">Yangyang Zhang</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2403.17265v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This letter investigates the performance of content caching in a heterogeneous cellular network (HetNet) consisting of fluid antenna system (FAS)-equipped mobile users (MUs) and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) single-antenna small base stations (SBSs), distributed according to the independent homogeneous Poisson point processes (HPPP). In particular, it is assumed that the most popular contents are cach… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2403.17265v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2403.17265v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2403.17265v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This letter investigates the performance of content caching in a heterogeneous cellular network (HetNet) consisting of fluid antenna system (FAS)-equipped mobile users (MUs) and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) single-antenna small base stations (SBSs), distributed according to the independent homogeneous Poisson point processes (HPPP). In particular, it is assumed that the most popular contents are cached in the SBSs to serve the FAS-equipped MUs requests. To assess the system performance, we derive compact expressions for the successful content delivery probability (SCDP) and the content delivery delay (CDD) using the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature technique. Our numerical results show that the performance of cache-enabled mm-wave HetNets can be greatly improved, when the FAS is utilized at the MUs instead of traditional fixed-antenna system deployment. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2403.17265v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2403.17265v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 25 March, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.16116">arXiv:2402.16116</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.16116">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2402.16116">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> On Performance of RIS-Aided Fluid Antenna Systems </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=New%2C+W+K">Wee Kiat New</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Xu%2C+H">Hao Xu</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Murch%2C+R">Ross Murch</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+Y">Yangyang Zhang</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2402.16116v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This letter studies the performance of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided communications for a fluid antenna system (FAS) enabled receiver. Specifically, a fixed singleantenna base station (BS) transmits information through a RIS to a mobile user (MU) which is equipped with a planar fluid antenna in the absence of a direct link.We first analyze the spatial correlation structures among… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2402.16116v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2402.16116v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2402.16116v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This letter studies the performance of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided communications for a fluid antenna system (FAS) enabled receiver. Specifically, a fixed singleantenna base station (BS) transmits information through a RIS to a mobile user (MU) which is equipped with a planar fluid antenna in the absence of a direct link.We first analyze the spatial correlation structures among the positions (or ports) in the planar FAS, and then derive the joint distribution of the equivalent channel gain at the user by exploiting the central limit theorem. Furthermore, we obtain compact analytical expressions for the outage probability (OP) and delay outage rate (DOR). Numerical results illustrate that using FAS with only one activated port into the RIS-aided communication network can greatly enhance the performance, when compared to traditional antenna systems (TAS). <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2402.16116v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2402.16116v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 25 February, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.05722">arXiv:2402.05722</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.05722">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2402.05722">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Physical Layer Security over Fluid Antenna Systems: Secrecy Performance Analysis </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Lopez-Martinez%2C+F+J">F. Javier Lopez-Martinez</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=New%2C+W+K">Wee Kiat New</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Xu%2C+H">Hao Xu</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Chae%2C+C">Chan-Byoung Chae</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2402.05722v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This paper investigates the performance of physical layer security (PLS) in fluid antenna-aided communication systems under arbitrary correlated fading channels. In particular, it is considered that a single fixed-antenna transmitter aims to send confidential information to a legitimate receiver equipped with a planar fluid antenna system (FAS), while an eavesdropper, also taking advantage of a pl… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2402.05722v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2402.05722v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2402.05722v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This paper investigates the performance of physical layer security (PLS) in fluid antenna-aided communication systems under arbitrary correlated fading channels. In particular, it is considered that a single fixed-antenna transmitter aims to send confidential information to a legitimate receiver equipped with a planar fluid antenna system (FAS), while an eavesdropper, also taking advantage of a planar FAS, attempts to decode the desired message. For this scenario, we first present analytical expressions of the equivalent channel distributions at the legitimate user and eavesdropper by using copula, so that the obtained analytical results are valid for any arbitrarily correlated fading distributions. Then, with the help of Gauss-Laguerre quadrature, we derive compact analytical expressions for the average secrecy capacity (ASC), the secrecy outage probability (SOP), and the secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) for the FAS wiretap channel. Moreover, for exemplary purposes, we also obtain the compact expression of ASC, SOP, and SEE by utilizing the Gaussian copula under correlated Rayleigh fading channels as a special case. Eventually, numerical results indicate that applying the fluid antenna with only one activated port to PLS can guarantee more secure and reliable transmission, when compared to traditional antenna systems (TAS) exploiting maximal ratio combining (MRC) and antenna selection (AS) under selection combining (SC). <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2402.05722v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2402.05722v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 17 September, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 8 February, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.11820">arXiv:2401.11820</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.11820">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2401.11820">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Performance Analysis of Fluid Antenna-aided Backscatter Communications Systems </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Kaveh%2C+M">Masoud Kaveh</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2401.11820v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This paper studies the performance of backscatter communications (BC) over emerging fluid antenna (FA) technology. In particular, a single-antenna source sends information to a FA reader through the wireless forward (i.e., source-to-tag) and backscatter (tag-to-reader) channels. For the considered BC, we first derive the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the equivalent channel at the FA re… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2401.11820v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2401.11820v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2401.11820v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This paper studies the performance of backscatter communications (BC) over emerging fluid antenna (FA) technology. In particular, a single-antenna source sends information to a FA reader through the wireless forward (i.e., source-to-tag) and backscatter (tag-to-reader) channels. For the considered BC, we first derive the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the equivalent channel at the FA receiver, and then we obtain closed-form expressions of the outage probability (OP) and delay outage rate (DOR) under a correlated Rayleigh distribution. Moreover, in order to gain more insights into the system performance, we present analytical expressions of the OP and DOR at the high SNR regime. Numerical results indicate that considering the FA at the reader can significantly improve the performance of BC in terms of the OP and DOR compared with a single-antenna reader. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2401.11820v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2401.11820v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 22 January, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> January 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.04059">arXiv:2401.04059</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.04059">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2401.04059">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Physical Layer Security Performance of Cooperative Dual RIS-aided V2V NOMA Communications </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Kaveh%2C+M">Masoud Kaveh</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Martin%2C+D">Diego Martin</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2401.04059v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This paper investigates the performance of physical layer security (PLS) in a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication system, where a transmitter vehicle exploits a dual reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to send confidential information to legitimate receiver vehicles under the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme in the presence of an eavesdropper vehicle. In particular, it is assum… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2401.04059v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2401.04059v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2401.04059v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This paper investigates the performance of physical layer security (PLS) in a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication system, where a transmitter vehicle exploits a dual reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to send confidential information to legitimate receiver vehicles under the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme in the presence of an eavesdropper vehicle. In particular, it is assumed that an RIS is near the transmitter vehicle and another RIS is close to the receiver vehicles to provide a wider smart radio environment. Besides, we suppose that the channels between two RISs suffer from the Fisher-Snedecor F fading model. Under this scenario, we first provide the marginal distributions of equivalent channels at the legitimate receiver vehicles by exploiting the central limit theorem (CLT). Then, in order to evaluate the PLS performance of the considered secure communication system, we derive analytical expressions of the average secrecy capacity (ASC), secrecy outage probability (SOP), and secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) by using the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature and the Gaussian quadrature techniques. Moreover, to gain more insights into the secrecy performance, the asymptotic expression of the ASC is obtained. The numerical results indicate that incorporating the dual RIS in the secure V2V communication under the NOMA scheme can significantly provide ultra-reliable transmission and guarantee more secure communication for intelligent transportation systems (ITS). <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2401.04059v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2401.04059v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 7 October, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 8 January, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> January 2024. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.07738">arXiv:2309.07738</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.07738">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2309.07738">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Performance Analysis of RIS/STAR-IOS-aided V2V NOMA/OMA Communications over Composite Fading Channels </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Kaveh%2C+M">Masoud Kaveh</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Martin%2C+D">Diego Martin</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2309.07738v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This paper investigates the performance of vehicleto-vehicle (V2V) communications assisted by a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and a simultaneous transmitting and reflecting intelligent omni-surface (STAR-IOS) under nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and orthogonal multiple access (OMA) schemes. In particular, we consider that the RIS is close to the transmitter vehicle while the STAR-… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2309.07738v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2309.07738v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2309.07738v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This paper investigates the performance of vehicleto-vehicle (V2V) communications assisted by a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and a simultaneous transmitting and reflecting intelligent omni-surface (STAR-IOS) under nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and orthogonal multiple access (OMA) schemes. In particular, we consider that the RIS is close to the transmitter vehicle while the STAR-IOS is near the receiver vehicles. In addition, we assume that the STAR-IOS exploits the energy-splitting (ES) protocol for communication and the fading channels between the RIS and STAR-IOS follow composite Fisher-Snedecor F distribution. Under such assumptions, we first use the central limit theorem (CLT) to derive the PDF and the CDF of equivalent channels at receiver vehicles, and then, we derive the closed-form expression of outage probability (OP) under NOMA/OMA scenarios. Additionally, by exploiting Jensen's inequality, we propose an upper bound of the ergodic capacity (EC), and then, we derive an analytical expression of the energy efficiency (EE) for both NOMA and OMA cases. Further, our analytical results, which are double-checked with the Monte-Carlo simulation, reveal that applying RIS/STAR-RIS in V2V communications can significantly improve the performance of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Besides, the results indicate that considering the NOMA scheme provides better performance in terms of the OP, EC, and EE as compared with the OMA case for the considered V2V communication. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2309.07738v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2309.07738v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 14 September, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> September 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.07604">arXiv:2309.07604</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.07604">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2309.07604">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Fluid Antenna-Assisted Dirty Multiple Access Channels over Composite Fading </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Lopez-Martinez%2C+F+J">F. Javier Lopez-Martinez</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Chae%2C+C">Chan-Byoung Chae</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Tong%2C+K">Kin-Fai Tong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+Y">Yangyang Zhang</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2309.07604v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This letter investigates the application of the emerging fluid antenna (FA) technology in multiuser communication systems when side information (SI) is available at the transmitters. In particular, we consider a K-user dirty multiple access channel (DMAC) with non-causally known SI at the transmitters, where K users send independent messages to a common receiver with a FA capable of changing its l… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2309.07604v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2309.07604v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2309.07604v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This letter investigates the application of the emerging fluid antenna (FA) technology in multiuser communication systems when side information (SI) is available at the transmitters. In particular, we consider a K-user dirty multiple access channel (DMAC) with non-causally known SI at the transmitters, where K users send independent messages to a common receiver with a FA capable of changing its location depending on the channel condition. By connecting Jakes' model to copula theory through Spearman's 蟻 rank correlation coefficient, we accurately describe the spatial correlation between the FA channels, and derive a closed-form expression for the outage probability (OP) under Fisher-Snedecor F fading. Numerical results illustrate how considering FA can improve the performance of multiuser communication systems in terms of the OP and also support a large number of users using only one FA at the common receiver in a few wavelengths of space. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2309.07604v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2309.07604v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 14 September, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> September 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.07506">arXiv:2309.07506</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.07506">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2309.07506">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> A Gaussian Copula Approach to the Performance Analysis of Fluid Antenna Systems </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Lopez-Martinez%2C+F+J">F. Javier Lopez-Martinez</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Chae%2C+C">Chan-Byoung Chae</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Tong%2C+K">Kin-Fai Tong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Zhang%2C+Y">Yangyang Zhang</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2309.07506v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> This paper investigates the performance of a single-user fluid antenna system (FAS), by exploiting a class of elliptical copulas to describe the dependence structure amongst the fluid antenna positions (ports). By expressing the well-known Jakes' model in terms of the Gaussian copula, we consider two cases: (i) the general case, i.e., any arbitrary correlated fading distribution; and (ii) the spec… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2309.07506v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2309.07506v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2309.07506v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> This paper investigates the performance of a single-user fluid antenna system (FAS), by exploiting a class of elliptical copulas to describe the dependence structure amongst the fluid antenna positions (ports). By expressing the well-known Jakes' model in terms of the Gaussian copula, we consider two cases: (i) the general case, i.e., any arbitrary correlated fading distribution; and (ii) the specific case, i.e., correlated Nakagami-$m$ fading. For both scenarios, we first derive analytical expressions for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) and probability density function (PDF) of the equivalent channel in terms of multivariate normal distribution. Then we obtain the outage probability (OP) and the delay outage rate (DOR) to analyze the performance of FAS. By employing the popular rank correlation coefficients such as Spearman's $蟻$ and Kendall's $蟿$ , we measure the degree of dependency in correlated arbitrary fading channels and illustrate how the Gaussian copula can be accurately connected to Jakes' model in FAS. Our numerical results demonstrate that increasing the size of FAS provides lower OP and DOR, but the system performance saturates as the number of antenna ports increases. In addition, our results indicate that FAS provides better performance compared to conventional single-fixed antenna systems even when the size of fluid antenna is small. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2309.07506v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2309.07506v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 3 September, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 14 September, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> September 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.00404">arXiv:2306.00404</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.00404">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2306.00404">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Analytical Characterization of Coverage Regions for STAR-RIS-aided NOMA/OMA Communication Systems </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Lopez-Martinez%2C+F+J">F. Javier Lopez-Martinez</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2306.00404v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We provide an analytical characterization of the coverage region of simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS)-aided two-user downlink communication systems. The cases of orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are considered, under the energy-splitting (ES) protocol. Results confirm that the use of STAR-RISs is benef… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2306.00404v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2306.00404v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2306.00404v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We provide an analytical characterization of the coverage region of simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS)-aided two-user downlink communication systems. The cases of orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) are considered, under the energy-splitting (ES) protocol. Results confirm that the use of STAR-RISs is beneficial to extend the coverage region, and that the use of NOMA provides a better performance compared to the OMA counterpart. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2306.00404v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2306.00404v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 1 June, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09553">arXiv:2305.09553</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.09553">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2305.09553">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Copula-based Performance Analysis for Fluid Antenna Systems under Arbitrary Fading Channels </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Wong%2C+K">Kai-Kit Wong</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Lopez-Martinez%2C+F+J">F. Javier Lopez-Martinez</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Tong%2C+K">Kin-Fai Tong</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2305.09553v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> In this letter, we study the performance of a single-user fluid antenna system (FAS) under arbitrary fading distributions, in which the fading channel coefficients over the ports are correlated. We adopt copula theory to model the structure of dependency between fading coefficients. Specifically, we first derive an exact closed-from expression for the outage probability in the most general case, i… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2305.09553v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2305.09553v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2305.09553v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> In this letter, we study the performance of a single-user fluid antenna system (FAS) under arbitrary fading distributions, in which the fading channel coefficients over the ports are correlated. We adopt copula theory to model the structure of dependency between fading coefficients. Specifically, we first derive an exact closed-from expression for the outage probability in the most general case, i.e., for any arbitrary choice of fading distribution and copula. Afterwards, for an important specific case, we analyze the performance of the outage probability under correlated Nakagami-$m$ fading channels by exploiting popular Archimedean copulas, namely, Frank, Clayton, and Gumbel. The results demonstrate that FAS outperforms the conventional single fixed-antenna system in terms of the outage probability. We also see that the spatial correlation dependency structure for the FAS is a key factor to determine its performance, which is natively captured through the choice of copula. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2305.09553v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2305.09553v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 16 May, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.06921">arXiv:2111.06921</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2111.06921">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/2111.06921">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2111.06921">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Information Theory">cs.IT</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Signal Processing">eess.SP</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Performance Analysis over Correlated/Independent Fisher-Snedecor F Fading Multi-User Channels </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Ghadi%2C+F+R">Farshad Rostami Ghadi</a>, <a href="/search/eess?searchtype=author&query=Zhu%2C+W">Wei-Ping Zhu</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2111.06921v3-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> In this paper, we investigate the impact of correlated fading on the performance of wireless multiple access channels (MAC) in the presence and absence of side information (SI) at transmitters, where the fading coefficients are modeled according to the Fisher-Snedecor F distribution. Specifically, we represent two scenarios: (i) clean MAC (i.e, without SI at transmitters), (ii) doubly dirty MAC (i… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2111.06921v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2111.06921v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2111.06921v3-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> In this paper, we investigate the impact of correlated fading on the performance of wireless multiple access channels (MAC) in the presence and absence of side information (SI) at transmitters, where the fading coefficients are modeled according to the Fisher-Snedecor F distribution. Specifically, we represent two scenarios: (i) clean MAC (i.e, without SI at transmitters), (ii) doubly dirty MAC (i.e., with the non-causally known SI at transmitters). For both system models, we derive the closedform expressions of the outage probability (OP) as well as the average capacity (AC) under independent fading conditions. Besides, exploiting copula theory, we obtain the exact analytical expressions for the OP and the AC under positive dependence fading conditions in both considered models. Finally, the validity of the analytical results is illustrated numerically. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2111.06921v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2111.06921v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 3 May, 2022; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 12 November, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2021. </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> 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