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sentence</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: sentence"> <meta name="keywords" content="sentence"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="sentence"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 228</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: sentence</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">228</span> Sentence Variation in Academic Writing: A Contrastive Study of the Variation of Sentence Types between Male and Female ESL Writers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Muhammad%20Shitu">Fatima Muhammad Shitu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper focuses on the variation of sentence types in English academic writing. The major focus is on whether variation in sentence types can be attributable to the linguistic and most of all the gender of the writers. The objective of this paper is to analyze the sentence types produced by Male and Female ESL writers and to determine whether writers vary the frequency and use of sentence types across the text depending on the rhetorical choices of the writers to construct identity. This study is hinged on the functionalist approach to analyzing academic writing in use. For the purpose of this study, a corpus of 20 academic papers was created and the use of sentences types was analyzed. The data for the study was collated using percentages. In this case, the number of occurrences of the different sentence types were analyzed, calculated and then converted to percentages for each group i.e., male and female ESL writers. The results from these analyses were compared and contrasted in order to determine whether Male and Female ESL writer vary their sentence types, and, or employed the same or different sentence types in their texts. The conclusion is that Male and Female ESL writers not only vary in their use of sentence types in academic writings but also differ. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20variation" title="sentence variation">sentence variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ESL" title=" ESL"> ESL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20writing" title=" academic writing"> academic writing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44136/sentence-variation-in-academic-writing-a-contrastive-study-of-the-variation-of-sentence-types-between-male-and-female-esl-writers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44136.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">227</span> The Controversy of the English Sentence and Its Teaching Implication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Franklin%20Uakhemen%20Ajogbor">Franklin Uakhemen Ajogbor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The issue of the English sentence has remained controversial from Traditional Grammar to modern linguistics. The English sentence occupies the highest rank in the hierarchy of grammatical units. Its consideration is therefore very necessary in learning English as a second language. Unfortunately, divergent views by grammarians on the concept of the English sentence have generated much controversy. There seems not to be a unanimous agreement on what actually constitute a sentence. Some schools of thought believe that a sentence must have a subject and a predicate while some believe that it should not. The types of sentence according to structure are also not devoid of controversy as the views of several linguists have not been properly harmonized. Findings have shown that serious effort and attention have not been paid by previous linguists to clear these ambiguities as it has a negative implication in the learning and teaching of English language. The variations on the concept of the English sentence have become particularly worrisome as a result of the widening patronage of English as a global language. The paper is therefore interested in the investigation of this controversy and suggesting a solution to the problem. In doing this, data was collected from students and scholars that show lack of uniformity in what a sentence is. Using the Systemic Functional Model as theoretical framework, the paper launches into the views held by these various schools of thought with the aim of reconciling these divergent views and also an attempt to open up further research on what actually constitute a sentence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20grammar" title="traditional grammar">traditional grammar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistics" title=" linguistics"> linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=controversy" title=" controversy"> controversy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence" title=" sentence"> sentence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grammatical%20units" title=" grammatical units"> grammatical units</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49124/the-controversy-of-the-english-sentence-and-its-teaching-implication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49124.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">226</span> Correlation and Correspondence between Clause and Sentence: An In-Class Observation in Jazan University English Department Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Mozammel%20Haque">Mohammad Mozammel Haque</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A clause is a sentence or a part of a sentence having a subject and a principal verb; it may or may not express a complete thought. But, a sentence is a group of words arranged orderly, and it has a complete thought. Clause and sentence are interrelated with each other. It is really quite impossible to decide whether a sentence is simple, complex or compound without having an idea about clauses. Correspondingly, knowing whether a clause is main or subordinate without having an idea about sentence is equally not easy. It is even a task somewhat difficult task for a teacher to teach sentences and clauses in a classroom, unconnectedly or independently. When discussing types of sentences, the teacher must talk about clauses. Likewise, he/she must confer sentences when he teaches clauses in a classroom. This paper aims at discussing types of clauses and sentences in detail, and showing their interrelationship. It also shows that it is requisite to discuss clauses when teaching sentences in the same class, and that the students also have trouble understanding the one without having, at least, a little idea about the other. Ardent and practical paradigms from the books selected for various skill courses in the English Department of Jazan University have also been discussed in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clause" title="clause">clause</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation" title=" correlation"> correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dependent" title=" dependent"> dependent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=independent" title=" independent"> independent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interrelationship" title=" interrelationship"> interrelationship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence" title=" sentence"> sentence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41692/correlation-and-correspondence-between-clause-and-sentence-an-in-class-observation-in-jazan-university-english-department-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">225</span> A Sentence-to-Sentence Relation Network for Recognizing Textual Entailment </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaac%20K.%20E.%20Ampomah">Isaac K. E. Ampomah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seong-Bae%20Park"> Seong-Bae Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang-Jo%20Lee"> Sang-Jo Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the past decade, there have been promising developments in Natural Language Processing (NLP) with several investigations of approaches focusing on Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE). These models include models based on lexical similarities, models based on formal reasoning, and most recently deep neural models. In this paper, we present a sentence encoding model that exploits the sentence-to-sentence relation information for RTE. In terms of sentence modeling, Convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) adopt different approaches. RNNs are known to be well suited for sequence modeling, whilst CNN is suited for the extraction of n-gram features through the filters and can learn ranges of relations via the pooling mechanism. We combine the strength of RNN and CNN as stated above to present a unified model for the RTE task. Our model basically combines relation vectors computed from the phrasal representation of each sentence and final encoded sentence representations. Firstly, we pass each sentence through a convolutional layer to extract a sequence of higher-level phrase representation for each sentence from which the first relation vector is computed. Secondly, the phrasal representation of each sentence from the convolutional layer is fed into a Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) to obtain the final sentence representations from which a second relation vector is computed. The relations vectors are combined and then used in then used in the same fashion as attention mechanism over the Bi-LSTM outputs to yield the final sentence representations for the classification. Experiment on the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) corpus suggests that this is a promising technique for RTE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20neural%20models" title="deep neural models">deep neural models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20inference" title=" natural language inference"> natural language inference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recognizing%20textual%20entailment%20%28RTE%29" title=" recognizing textual entailment (RTE)"> recognizing textual entailment (RTE)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence-to-sentence%20relation" title=" sentence-to-sentence relation"> sentence-to-sentence relation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60423/a-sentence-to-sentence-relation-network-for-recognizing-textual-entailment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">224</span> Easily Memorable Strong Password Generation and Retrieval</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shatadru%20Das">Shatadru Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natarajan%20Vijayarangan"> Natarajan Vijayarangan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a system and method for generating and recovering an authorization code has been designed and analyzed. The system creates an authorization code by accepting a base-sentence from a user. Based on the characters present in this base-sentence, the system computes a base-sentence matrix. The system also generates a plurality of patterns. The user can either select the pattern from the multiple patterns suggested by the system or can create his/her own pattern. The system then performs multiplications between the base-sentence matrix and the selected pattern matrix at different stages in the path forward, for obtaining a strong authorization code. In case the user forgets the base sentence, the system has a provision to manage and retrieve 'forgotten authorization code'. This is done by fragmenting the base sentence into different matrices and storing the fragmented matrices into a repository after computing matrix multiplication with a security question-answer approach and with a secret key provided by the user. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=easy%20authentication" title="easy authentication">easy authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=key%20retrieval" title=" key retrieval"> key retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=memorable%20passwords" title=" memorable passwords"> memorable passwords</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strong%20password%20generation" title=" strong password generation"> strong password generation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17238/easily-memorable-strong-password-generation-and-retrieval" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17238.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">400</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">223</span> Syntactic Analyzer for Tamil Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Franklin%20Thambi%20Jose.S">Franklin Thambi Jose.S</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Computational Linguistics is a branch of linguistics, which deals with the computer and linguistic levels. It is also said, as a branch of language studies which applies computer techniques to linguistics field. In Computational Linguistics, Natural Language Processing plays an important role. This came to exist because of the invention of Information Technology. In computational syntax, the syntactic analyser breaks a sentence into phrases and clauses and identifies the sentence with the syntactic information. Tamil is one of the major Dravidian languages, which has a very long written history of more than 2000 years. It is mainly spoken in Tamilnadu (in India), Srilanka, Malaysia and Singapore. It is an official language in Tamilnadu (in India), Srilanka, Malaysia and Singapore. In Malaysia Tamil speaking people are considered as an ethnic group. In Tamil syntax, the sentences in Tamil are classified into four for this research, namely: 1. Main Sentence 2. Interrogative Sentence 3. Equational Sentence 4. Elliptical Sentence. In computational syntax, the first step is to provide required information regarding the head and its constituent of each sentence. This information will be incorporated to the system using programming languages. Now the system can easily analyse a given sentence with the criteria or mechanisms given to it. Providing needful criteria or mechanisms to the computer to identify the basic types of sentences using Syntactic parser in Tamil language is the major objective of this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tamil" title="tamil">tamil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntax" title=" syntax"> syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criteria" title=" criteria"> criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentences" title=" sentences"> sentences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parser" title=" parser"> parser</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30271/syntactic-analyzer-for-tamil-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30271.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">517</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">222</span> Semantic Textual Similarity on Contracts: Exploring Multiple Negative Ranking Losses for Sentence Transformers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yogendra%20Sisodia">Yogendra Sisodia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Researchers are becoming more interested in extracting useful information from legal documents thanks to the development of large-scale language models in natural language processing (NLP), and deep learning has accelerated the creation of powerful text mining models. Legal fields like contracts benefit greatly from semantic text search since it makes it quick and easy to find related clauses. After collecting sentence embeddings, it is relatively simple to locate sentences with a comparable meaning throughout the entire legal corpus. The author of this research investigated two pre-trained language models for this task: MiniLM and Roberta, and further fine-tuned them on Legal Contracts. The author used Multiple Negative Ranking Loss for the creation of sentence transformers. The fine-tuned language models and sentence transformers showed promising results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20contracts" title="legal contracts">legal contracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20negative%20ranking%20loss" title=" multiple negative ranking loss"> multiple negative ranking loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20inference" title=" natural language inference"> natural language inference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20transformers" title=" sentence transformers"> sentence transformers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20textual%20similarity" title=" semantic textual similarity"> semantic textual similarity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156624/semantic-textual-similarity-on-contracts-exploring-multiple-negative-ranking-losses-for-sentence-transformers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156624.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">221</span> Linguistic Features for Sentence Difficulty Prediction in Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adrian-Gabriel%20Chifu">Adrian-Gabriel Chifu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebastien%20Fournier"> Sebastien Fournier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the challenges of natural language understanding is to deal with the subjectivity of sentences, which may express opinions and emotions that add layers of complexity and nuance. Sentiment analysis is a field that aims to extract and analyze these subjective elements from text, and it can be applied at different levels of granularity, such as document, paragraph, sentence, or aspect. Aspect-based sentiment analysis is a well-studied topic with many available data sets and models. However, there is no clear definition of what makes a sentence difficult for aspect-based sentiment analysis. In this paper, we explore this question by conducting an experiment with three data sets: ”Laptops”, ”Restaurants”, and ”MTSC” (Multi-Target-dependent Sentiment Classification), and a merged version of these three datasets. We study the impact of domain diversity and syntactic diversity on difficulty. We use a combination of classifiers to identify the most difficult sentences and analyze their characteristics. We employ two ways of defining sentence difficulty. The first one is binary and labels a sentence as difficult if the classifiers fail to correctly predict the sentiment polarity. The second one is a six-level scale based on how many of the top five best-performing classifiers can correctly predict the sentiment polarity. We also define 9 linguistic features that, combined, aim at estimating the difficulty at sentence level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentiment%20analysis" title="sentiment analysis">sentiment analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=difficulty" title=" difficulty"> difficulty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177853/linguistic-features-for-sentence-difficulty-prediction-in-aspect-based-sentiment-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177853.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">220</span> Psychiatric/Psychological Issues in the Criminal Courts In Australia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judge%20Paul%20Smith">Judge Paul Smith</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abstract—This paper addresses the use and admissibility of psychiatric/psychological evidence in Australia Courts. There have been different approaches in the Courts to the acceptance of such expert evidence. It details how such expert evidence is admissible at trial and sentence. The methodology used is an examination of the decided cases and relevant legislative provisions which relate to the admission of such evidence. The major findings are that the evidence can be admissible if it is relevant to issues in a trial or sentence. It concludes that psychiatric/psychological evidence can be very useful and indeed may be essential at sentence or trial. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal" title="criminal">criminal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological" title=" psychological"> psychological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evidence" title=" evidence"> evidence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183695/psychiatricpsychological-issues-in-the-criminal-courts-in-australia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">54</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">219</span> Consequences of Sentence on Children's Socialization: Exploratory Study of Criminal Women of Punjab, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Shabbir">Muhammad Shabbir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper inspects the effects of the sentenced criminal women upon the socialization of their children, in the Pakistani context. The objectives of the study are to find out the socio-psychological and cultural effects of the jail environment on the children and behavior of sentenced women towards their children as well as analyze the facilities provided by the jail authorities for the socialization of the women. Quantitative variables and qualitative thematic variables caused by the opinions through open-ended questionnaire were collected and analyze by applying statistical measures, e.g. Social Sciences Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), to reflect out the results. It was found that the sentence of women shatters the socialization process of their children which commonly leads them to criminality. The government should review the ongoing sentence policies for an improvement and betterment. For this purpose, the idea of socialization centers would be a healthy initiative. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socialization" title="socialization">socialization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20women" title=" criminal women"> criminal women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence" title=" sentence"> sentence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-psychological%20and%20cultural" title=" socio-psychological and cultural"> socio-psychological and cultural</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73047/consequences-of-sentence-on-childrens-socialization-exploratory-study-of-criminal-women-of-punjab-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73047.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">218</span> The Patterns of Cross-Sentence: An Event-Related Potential Study of Mathematical Word Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tien-Ching%20Yao">Tien-Ching Yao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Ching%20Lu"> Ching-Ching Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Understanding human language processing is one of the main challenges of current cognitive neuroscience. The aims of the present study were to use a sentence decision task combined with event-related potentials to investigate the psychological reality of "cross-sentence patterns." Therefore, we take the math word problems the experimental materials and use the ERPs' P600 component to verify. In this study, the experimental material consisted of 200 math word problems with three different conditions were used ( multiplication word problems、division word problems type 1、division word problems type 2 ). Eighteen Mandarin native speakers participated in the ERPs study (14 of whom were female). The result of the grand average waveforms suggests a later posterior positivity at around 500ms - 900ms. These findings were tested statistically using repeated measures ANOVAs at the component caused by the stimulus type of different questions. Results suggest that three conditions present significant (P < 0.05) on the Mean Amplitude, Latency, and Peak Amplitude. The result showed the characteristic timing and posterior scalp distribution of a P600 effect. We interpreted these characteristic responses as the psychological reality of "cross-sentence patterns." These results provide insights into the sentence processing issues in linguistic theory and psycholinguistic models of language processing and advance our understanding of how people make sense of information during language comprehension. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20processing" title="language processing">language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20comprehension" title=" sentence comprehension"> sentence comprehension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event-related%20potentials" title=" event-related potentials"> event-related potentials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-sentence%20patterns" title=" cross-sentence patterns"> cross-sentence patterns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120331/the-patterns-of-cross-sentence-an-event-related-potential-study-of-mathematical-word-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120331.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">217</span> Sentence Structure for Free Word Order Languages in Context with Anaphora Resolution: A Case Study of Hindi </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pardeep%20Singh">Pardeep Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamlesh%20Dutta"> Kamlesh Dutta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many languages have fixed sentence structure and others are free word order. The accuracy of anaphora resolution of syntax based algorithm depends on structure of the sentence. So, it is important to analyze the structure of any language before implementing these algorithms. In this study, we analyzed the sentence structure exploiting the case marker in Hindi as well as some special tag for subject and object. We also investigated the word order for Hindi. Word order typology refers to the study of the order of the syntactic constituents of a language. We analyzed 165 news items of Ranchi Express from EMILEE corpus of plain text. It consisted of 1745 sentences. Eight file of dialogue based from the same corpus has been analyzed which will have 1521 sentences. The percentages of subject object verb structure (SOV) and object subject verb (OSV) are 66.90 and 33.10, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaphora%20resolution" title="anaphora resolution">anaphora resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20word%20order%20languages" title=" free word order languages"> free word order languages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SOV" title=" SOV"> SOV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OSV" title=" OSV"> OSV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9937/sentence-structure-for-free-word-order-languages-in-context-with-anaphora-resolution-a-case-study-of-hindi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9937.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">216</span> Hierarchical Tree Long Short-Term Memory for Sentence Representations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiuying%20Wang">Xiuying Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changliang%20Li"> Changliang Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Xu"> Bo Xu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A fixed-length feature vector is required for many machine learning algorithms in NLP field. Word embeddings have been very successful at learning lexical information. However, they cannot capture the compositional meaning of sentences, which prevents them from a deeper understanding of language. In this paper, we introduce a novel hierarchical tree long short-term memory (HTLSTM) model that learns vector representations for sentences of arbitrary syntactic type and length. We propose to split one sentence into three hierarchies: short phrase, long phrase and full sentence level. The HTLSTM model gives our algorithm the potential to fully consider the hierarchical information and long-term dependencies of language. We design the experiments on both English and Chinese corpus to evaluate our model on sentiment analysis task. And the results show that our model outperforms several existing state of the art approaches significantly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title="deep learning">deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hierarchical%20tree%20long%20short-term%20memory" title=" hierarchical tree long short-term memory"> hierarchical tree long short-term memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20representation" title=" sentence representation"> sentence representation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentiment%20analysis" title=" sentiment analysis"> sentiment analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83787/hierarchical-tree-long-short-term-memory-for-sentence-representations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">215</span> Generativism in Language Design and Their Effects on String of Constructions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Uchechukwu%20Gilbert">Christian Uchechukwu Gilbert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Generativism in language design investigates the framework on which varying sentence structures are built in the English language. Propounded by Noam Chomsky in 1965, the theory transforms sentences from an active structure to a passive one by the application of established rules of the theory. Resident in the body of syntax, the rules include movement, insertion, substitution, and deletion rules. Using the movement rule, the analysis is armed with the qualitative research method, on which the works of scholars were duly consulted for more insight and in line with the academic practice in research activities. The investigation showed that the rules of competent grammar explain the formulation of sentences in a language and how transformation takes place among sentences from a deep structure to a surface structure with accurate results. The structural differences that could be got through dative movement and the deletion of the preposition; passivisation got from an active sentence by the insertion of the preposition “by” a “be verb” and the aspect tense marker “–en”, held as the creative aspect of language vocabulary and the subject-auxiliary inversion that exchanges the auxiliary of a sentence with the subject of the same sentence thereby transforming a kennel sentence to a polar question, viewed as an external argument under θ-theory. Generativism in language design, therefore, changes available types of sentences and relates one form of linguistic category with others in language design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language" title="language">language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generate" title=" generate"> generate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformation" title=" transformation"> transformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure" title=" structure"> structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design" title=" design"> design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180413/generativism-in-language-design-and-their-effects-on-string-of-constructions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">214</span> An Event-Related Potentials Study on the Processing of English Subjunctive Mood by Chinese ESL Learners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Huang">Yan Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Event-related potentials (ERPs) technique helps researchers to make continuous measures on the whole process of language comprehension, with an excellent temporal resolution at the level of milliseconds. The research on sentence processing has developed from the behavioral level to the neuropsychological level, which brings about a variety of sentence processing theories and models. However, the applicability of these models to L2 learners is still under debate. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying English subjunctive mood processing by Chinese ESL learners. To this end, English subject clauses with subjunctive moods are used as the stimuli, all of which follow the same syntactic structure, “It is + adjective + that … + (should) do + …” Besides, in order to examine the role that language proficiency plays on L2 processing, this research deals with two groups of Chinese ESL learners (18 males and 22 females, mean age=21.68), namely, high proficiency group (Group H) and low proficiency group (Group L). Finally, the behavioral and neurophysiological data analysis reveals the following findings: 1) Syntax and semantics interact with each other on the SECOND phase (300-500ms) of sentence processing, which is partially in line with the Three-phase Sentence Model; 2) Language proficiency does affect L2 processing. Specifically, for Group H, it is the syntactic processing that plays the dominant role in sentence processing while for Group L, semantic processing also affects the syntactic parsing during the THIRD phase of sentence processing (500-700ms). Besides, Group H, compared to Group L, demonstrates a richer native-like ERPs pattern, which further demonstrates the role of language proficiency in L2 processing. Based on the research findings, this paper also provides some enlightenment for the L2 pedagogy as well as the L2 proficiency assessment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20ESL%20learners" title="Chinese ESL learners">Chinese ESL learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20subjunctive%20mood" title=" English subjunctive mood"> English subjunctive mood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ERPs" title=" ERPs"> ERPs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L2%20processing" title=" L2 processing"> L2 processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105431/an-event-related-potentials-study-on-the-processing-of-english-subjunctive-mood-by-chinese-esl-learners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">213</span> There Is No Meaningful Opportunity in Meaningless Data: Why It Is Unconstitutional to Use Life Expectancy Tables in Post-Graham Sentences</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stacie%20Nelson%20Colling">Stacie Nelson Colling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adele%20Cummings"> Adele Cummings</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The United States Supreme Court recently announced that it is unconstitutional to sentence a child to life without parole for non-homicide offenses, and that each child so situated must be afforded a meaningful opportunity for release from prison in his lifetime. The Court also declared that it is unconstitutional to impose a mandatory sentence of life without parole on a child for homicide offenses. Across the United States, attorneys and advocates continue to litigate issues surrounding the implementation of these legal principles. Some states have held that any sentence to a finite term of years, no matter how long, is not the same as ‘life’ and therefore does not violate the constitution. Other states have held that a sentence to a term of years that is less than the expected life of that particular child is not unconstitutional. In Colorado, the courts have routinely looked to life expectancy estimates from governmental organizations to determine how long a particular child is expected to live. They then compare that the date that the child is expected to be eligible for parole, and if the child is expected to still be living when he is eligible for parole, the sentence is deemed constitutional. This paper argues that it is inappropriate, reckless, unconstitutional and not scientifically sound to use such estimates in determining whether a child will have a meaningful opportunity for release from prison and life outside of prison before he dies. This paper argues that the opportunity for release must mean more than a probability that a child will be released before his death, and that it must include an opportunity for a meaningful life outside of prison (not just the opportunity to be released and then die on the outside). The paper further argues that life expectancy estimates cannot guide a court or a legislature in determining whether a sentence is or is not constitutional. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20without%20parole" title="life without parole">life without parole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20expectancy" title=" life expectancy"> life expectancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=juvenile%20sentencing" title=" juvenile sentencing"> juvenile sentencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meaningful%20opportunity%20for%20release%20from%20prison" title=" meaningful opportunity for release from prison"> meaningful opportunity for release from prison</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39478/there-is-no-meaningful-opportunity-in-meaningless-data-why-it-is-unconstitutional-to-use-life-expectancy-tables-in-post-graham-sentences" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39478.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">212</span> Differences in the Processing of Sentences with Lexical Ambiguity and Structural Ambiguity: An Experimental Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariana%20T.%20Teixeira">Mariana T. Teixeira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joana%20P.%20Luz"> Joana P. Luz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is based on assumptions of psycholinguistics and investigates the processing of ambiguous sentences in Brazilian Portuguese. Specifically, it aims to verify if there is a difference in processing time between sentences with lexical ambiguity and sentences with structural (or syntactic) ambiguity. We hypothesize, based on the Garden Path Theory, that the two types of ambiguity entail different cognitive efforts, since sentences with structural ambiguity require that two structures be processed, whereas ambiguous phrases whose root of ambiguity is in a word require the processing of a single structure, which admits a variation of punctual meaning, within the scope of only one lexical item. In order to test this hypothesis, 25 undergraduate students, whose average age was 27.66 years, native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, performed a self-monitoring reading task of ambiguous sentences, which had lexical and structural ambiguity. The results suggest that unambiguous sentence processing is faster than ambiguous sentence processing, whether it has lexical or structural ambiguity. In addition, participants presented a mean reading time greater for sentences with syntactic ambiguity than for sentences with lexical ambiguity, evidencing a greater cognitive effort in sentence processing with structural ambiguity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brazilian%20portuguese" title="Brazilian portuguese">Brazilian portuguese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexical%20ambiguity" title=" lexical ambiguity"> lexical ambiguity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20processing" title=" sentence processing"> sentence processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20ambiguity" title=" syntactic ambiguity"> syntactic ambiguity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85250/differences-in-the-processing-of-sentences-with-lexical-ambiguity-and-structural-ambiguity-an-experimental-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">211</span> A Corpus-Based Study on the Styles of Three Translators</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang%20Yunhong">Wang Yunhong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper is preoccupied with the different styles of three translators in their translating a Chinese classical novel Shuihu Zhuan. Based on a parallel corpus, it adopts a target-oriented approach to look into whether and what stylistic differences and shifts the three translations have revealed. The findings show that the three translators demonstrate different styles concerning their word choices and sentence preferences, which implies that identification of recurrent textual patterns may be a basic step for investigating the style of a translator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus" title="corpus">corpus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexical%20choices" title=" lexical choices"> lexical choices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20characteristics" title=" sentence characteristics"> sentence characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=style" title=" style"> style</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73431/a-corpus-based-study-on-the-styles-of-three-translators" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">210</span> Memory Retrieval and Implicit Prosody during Reading: Anaphora Resolution by L1 and L2 Speakers of English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duong%20Thuy%20Nguyen">Duong Thuy Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giulia%20Bencini"> Giulia Bencini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study examined structural and prosodic factors on the computation of antecedent-reflexive relationships and sentence comprehension in native English (L1) and Vietnamese-English bilinguals (L2). Participants read sentences presented on the computer screen in one of three presentation formats aimed at manipulating prosodic parsing: word-by-word (RSVP), phrase-segment (self-paced), or whole-sentence (self-paced), then completed a grammaticality rating and a comprehension task (following Pratt & Fernandez, 2016). The design crossed three factors: syntactic structure (simple; complex), grammaticality (target-match; target-mismatch) and presentation format. An example item is provided in (1): (1) The actress that (Mary/John) interviewed at the awards ceremony (about two years ago/organized outside the theater) described (herself/himself) as an extreme workaholic). Results showed that overall, both L1 and L2 speakers made use of a good-enough processing strategy at the expense of more detailed syntactic analyses. L1 and L2 speakers’ comprehension and grammaticality judgements were negatively affected by the most prosodically disrupting condition (word-by-word). However, the two groups demonstrated differences in their performance in the other two reading conditions. For L1 speakers, the whole-sentence and the phrase-segment formats were both facilitative in the grammaticality rating and comprehension tasks; for L2, compared with the whole-sentence condition, the phrase-segment paradigm did not significantly improve accuracy or comprehension. These findings are consistent with the findings of Pratt & Fernandez (2016), who found a similar pattern of results in the processing of subject-verb agreement relations using the same experimental paradigm and prosodic manipulation with English L1 and L2 English-Spanish speakers. The results provide further support for a Good-Enough cue model of sentence processing that integrates cue-based retrieval and implicit prosodic parsing (Pratt & Fernandez, 2016) and highlights similarities and differences between L1 and L2 sentence processing and comprehension. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaphora%20resolution" title="anaphora resolution">anaphora resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingualism" title=" bilingualism"> bilingualism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implicit%20prosody" title=" implicit prosody"> implicit prosody</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20processing" title=" sentence processing"> sentence processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137514/memory-retrieval-and-implicit-prosody-during-reading-anaphora-resolution-by-l1-and-l2-speakers-of-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137514.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">209</span> Network Word Discovery Framework Based on Sentence Semantic Vector Similarity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ganfeng%20Yu">Ganfeng Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuefeng%20Ma"> Yuefeng Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanliang%20Yang"> Shanliang Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The word discovery is a key problem in text information retrieval technology. Methods in new word discovery tend to be closely related to words because they generally obtain new word results by analyzing words. With the popularity of social networks, individual netizens and online self-media have generated various network texts for the convenience of online life, including network words that are far from standard Chinese expression. How detect network words is one of the important goals in the field of text information retrieval today. In this paper, we integrate the word embedding model and clustering methods to propose a network word discovery framework based on sentence semantic similarity (S³-NWD) to detect network words effectively from the corpus. This framework constructs sentence semantic vectors through a distributed representation model, uses the similarity of sentence semantic vectors to determine the semantic relationship between sentences, and finally realizes network word discovery by the meaning of semantic replacement between sentences. The experiment verifies that the framework not only completes the rapid discovery of network words but also realizes the standard word meaning of the discovery of network words, which reflects the effectiveness of our work. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20information%20retrieval" title="text information retrieval">text information retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20word%20discovery" title=" new word discovery"> new word discovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20extraction" title=" information extraction"> information extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153917/network-word-discovery-framework-based-on-sentence-semantic-vector-similarity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">208</span> Sentence vs. Keyword Content Analysis in Intellectual Capital Disclosures Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Surya%20Mulyadi">Martin Surya Mulyadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yunita%20Anwar"> Yunita Anwar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosinta%20Ria%20Panggabean"> Rosinta Ria Panggabean</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Major transformations in economic activity from an agricultural economy to knowledge economy have led to an increasing focus on intellectual capital (IC) that has been characterized by continuous innovation, the spread of digital and communication technologies, intangible and human factors. IC is defined as the possession of knowledge and experience, professional knowledge and skill, proper relationships and technological capacities, which when applied will give organizations a competitive advantage. All of IC report/disclosure could be captured from the corporate annual report as it is a communication device that allows a corporation to connect with various external and internal stakeholders. This study was conducted using sentence-content analysis of IC disclosure in the annual report. This research aims to analyze whether the keyword-content analysis is reliable research methodology for IC disclosure related research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intellectual%20capital" title="intellectual capital">intellectual capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intellectual%20capital%20disclosure" title=" intellectual capital disclosure"> intellectual capital disclosure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content%20analysis" title=" content analysis"> content analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annual%20report" title=" annual report"> annual report</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20analysis" title=" sentence analysis"> sentence analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keyword%20analysis" title=" keyword analysis"> keyword analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66892/sentence-vs-keyword-content-analysis-in-intellectual-capital-disclosures-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">207</span> Syntax-Related Problems of Translation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anna%20Kesoyan">Anna Kesoyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper deals with the syntax-related problems of translation from English into Armenian. Although Syntax is a part of grammar, syntax-related problems of translation are studied separately during the process of translation. Translation from one language to another is widely accepted as a challenging problem. This becomes even more challenging when the source and target languages are widely different in structure and style, as is the case with English and Armenian. Syntax-related problems of translation from English into Armenian are mainly connected with the syntactical structures of these languages, and particularly, with the word order of the sentence. The word order of the sentence of the Armenian language, which is a synthetic language, is usually characterized as “rather free”, and the word order of the English language, which is an analytical language, is characterized “fixed”. The following research examines the main translation means, particularly, syntactical transformations as the translator has to take real steps while trying to solve certain syntax-related problems. Most of the means of translation are based on the transformation of grammatical components of the sentence, without changing the main information of the text. There are several transformations that occur during translation such as word order of the sentence, transformations of certain grammatical constructions like Infinitive participial construction, Nominative with the Infinitive and Elliptical constructions which have been covered in the following research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elliptical%20%20constructions" title="elliptical constructions">elliptical constructions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nominative%20with%20%20the%20%20infinitive%20constructions" title=" nominative with the infinitive constructions"> nominative with the infinitive constructions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20and%20free%20word%20order" title=" fixed and free word order"> fixed and free word order</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20structures" title=" syntactic structures"> syntactic structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66963/syntax-related-problems-of-translation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">454</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">206</span> Characteristic Sentence Stems in Academic English Texts: Definition, Identification, and Extraction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingjie%20Li">Jingjie Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenjie%20Hu"> Wenjie Hu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Phraseological units in academic English texts have been a central focus in recent corpus linguistic research. A wide variety of phraseological units have been explored, including collocations, chunks, lexical bundles, patterns, semantic sequences, etc. This paper describes a special category of clause-level phraseological units, namely, Characteristic Sentence Stems (CSSs), with a view to describing their defining criteria and extraction method. CSSs are contiguous lexico-grammatical sequences which contain a subject-predicate structure and which are frame expressions characteristic of academic writing. The extraction of CSSs consists of six steps: Part-of-speech tagging, n-gram segmentation, structure identification, significance of occurrence calculation, text range calculation, and overlapping sequence reduction. Significance of occurrence calculation is the crux of this study. It includes the computing of both the internal association and the boundary independence of a CSS and tests the occurring significance of the CSS from both inside and outside perspectives. A new normalization algorithm is also introduced into the calculation of LocalMaxs for reducing overlapping sequences. It is argued that many sentence stems are so recurrent in academic texts that the most typical of them have become the habitual ways of making meaning in academic writing. Therefore, studies of CSSs could have potential implications and reference value for academic discourse analysis, English for Academic Purposes (EAP) teaching and writing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characteristic%20sentence%20stem" title="characteristic sentence stem">characteristic sentence stem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction%20method" title=" extraction method"> extraction method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phraseological%20unit" title=" phraseological unit"> phraseological unit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20statistical%20measure" title=" the statistical measure"> the statistical measure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91742/characteristic-sentence-stems-in-academic-english-texts-definition-identification-and-extraction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91742.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">205</span> Multi-Level Attentional Network for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinyuan%20Liu">Xinyuan Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaojun%20Jing"> Xiaojun Jing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan%20He"> Yuan He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junsheng%20Mu"> Junsheng Mu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) has attracted much attention due to its capacity to determine the sentiment polarity of the certain aspect in a sentence. In previous works, great significance of the interaction between aspect and sentence has been exhibited in ABSA. In consequence, a Multi-Level Attentional Networks (MLAN) is proposed. MLAN consists of four parts: Embedding Layer, Encoding Layer, Multi-Level Attentional (MLA) Layers and Final Prediction Layer. Among these parts, MLA Layers including Aspect Level Attentional (ALA) Layer and Interactive Attentional (ILA) Layer is the innovation of MLAN, whose function is to focus on the important information and obtain multiple levels’ attentional weighted representation of aspect and sentence. In the experiments, MLAN is compared with classical TD-LSTM, MemNet, RAM, ATAE-LSTM, IAN, AOA, LCR-Rot and AEN-GloVe on SemEval 2014 Dataset. The experimental results show that MLAN outperforms those state-of-the-art models greatly. And in case study, the works of ALA Layer and ILA Layer have been proven to be effective and interpretable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title="deep learning">deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspect-based%20sentiment%20analysis" title=" aspect-based sentiment analysis"> aspect-based sentiment analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attention" title=" attention"> attention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124988/multi-level-attentional-network-for-aspect-based-sentiment-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124988.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">204</span> Pleading the Belly: Sentencing of Convicted Pregnant Women under the Common Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nana%20Yaw%20Ofori%20Gyasi">Nana Yaw Ofori Gyasi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Under the Common Law, there was a procedure called pleading the belly which allowed a woman who had reached the advanced stage of pregnancy to receive a reprieve of her death sentence until after she had put to bed. The plea was replaced with a legislation, which provides that a pregnant woman would automatically have her death sentence commuted to life imprisonment with hard labour. This Common Law principle has been continued and enacted into law by the various countries where the Common Law is practiced. This paper takes a look at what it terms as Pregnancy Legislations in some selected Common Law countries such as United States of America, Canada, England and Wales, Ghana and India to examine the scope, procedure and effect of such legislations. The paper adopts a comparative study approach to ascertain the country with the widest scope, non-complicated procedure and far-reaching effects of the Pregnancy Legislations. It is observed that some legislations make provision for the conversion of death penalty to life imprisonment for capital offences and also prescribe non-custodial sentence for non-capital offences. There are other legislations that merely suspend the death penalty while the convict is found to be pregnant. In terms of the procedure, some of the legislations make the issue of pregnancy a question of fact to be determined by a jury and in other legislations, the trial judge makes that determination after the judge is satisfied on the question of the convict being pregnant. The effects of the Pregnancy Legislation are observed to be varying. Women who give birth in prison are highly at risk of having stillbirth. Most of the prisons do not have adequate facilities to support expectant and lactating mothers while in prison. It has also been observed that with the number of female prisoners increasing over the years, custodial sentence for convicted pregnant women has a wider societal effect. The paper identifies certain gaps left in some of the legislations which relate to the procedure to be followed after custodial sentence is suspended for a convicted pregnant woman. The time the accused person got pregnant- whether before her arrest or during trial- and the effect of the timing of the pregnancy are gaps left in some of the legislations. The paper argues that such gaps should be filled by the legislator to prevent accused persons taking undue advantage of the Pregnancy Legislations. It is further argued that if convicted pregnant women will have to spend time in prison at all for very heinous crimes, the prison facilities should be improved so that expectant and lactating mothers can comfortably care for their babies and themselves to prevent dire health consequences for such mothers and the society at a whole. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20of%20pregnant%20women" title="sentence of pregnant women">sentence of pregnant women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=custodial%20sentence" title=" custodial sentence"> custodial sentence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=" "> </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnant%20women" title=" pregnant women"> pregnant women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=" "> </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20law" title="common law">common law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184612/pleading-the-belly-sentencing-of-convicted-pregnant-women-under-the-common-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184612.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">47</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">203</span> Russian Spatial Impersonal Sentence Models in Translation Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Fomina">Marina Fomina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper focuses on the category of semantic subject within the framework of a functional approach to linguistics. The semantic subject is related to similar notions such as the grammatical subject and the bearer of predicative feature. It is the multifaceted nature of the category of subject that 1) triggers a number of issues that, syntax-wise, remain to be dealt with (cf. semantic vs. syntactic functions / sentence parts vs. parts of speech issues, etc.); 2) results in a variety of approaches to the category of subject, such as formal grammatical, semantic/syntactic (functional), communicative approaches, etc. Many linguists consider the prototypical approach to the category of subject to be the most instrumental as it reveals the integrity of denotative and linguistic components of the conceptual category. This approach relates to subject as a source of non-passive predicative feature, an element of subject-predicate-object situation that can take on a variety of semantic roles, cf.: 1) an agent (He carefully surveyed the valley stretching before him), 2) an experiencer (I feel very bitter about this), 3) a recipient (I received this book as a gift), 4) a causee (The plane broke into three pieces), 5) a patient (This stove cleans easily), etc. It is believed that the variety of roles stems from the radial (prototypical) structure of the category with some members more central than others. Translation-wise, the most “treacherous” subject types are the peripheral ones. The paper 1) features a peripheral status of spatial impersonal sentence models such as U menia v ukhe zvenit (lit. I-Gen. in ear buzzes) within the category of semantic subject, 2) makes a structural and semantic analysis of the models, 3) focuses on their Russian-English translation patterns, 4) reveals non-prototypical features of subjects in the English equivalents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearer%20of%20predicative%20feature" title="bearer of predicative feature">bearer of predicative feature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grammatical%20subject" title=" grammatical subject"> grammatical subject</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impersonal%20sentence%20model" title=" impersonal sentence model"> impersonal sentence model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20subject" title=" semantic subject"> semantic subject</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42894/russian-spatial-impersonal-sentence-models-in-translation-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">202</span> Identifying Necessary Words for Understanding Academic Articles in English as a Second or a Foreign Language</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Wagman">Stephen Wagman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper identifies three common structures in English sentences that are important for understanding academic texts, regardless of the characteristics or background of the readers or whether they are reading English as a second or a foreign language. Adapting a model from the Humanities, the explication of texts used in literary studies, the paper analyses sample sentences to reveal structures that enable the reader not only to decide which words are necessary for understanding the main ideas but to make the decision without knowing the meaning of the words. By their very syntax noun structures point to the key word for understanding them. As a rule, the key noun is followed by easily identifiable prepositions, relative pronouns, or verbs and preceded by single adjectives. With few exceptions, the modifiers are unnecessary for understanding the idea of the sentence. In addition, sentences are often structured by lists in which the items frequently consist of parallel groups of words. The principle of a list is that all the items are similar in meaning and it is not necessary to understand all of the items to understand the point of the list. This principle is especially important when the items are long or there is more than one list in the same sentence. The similarity in meaning of these items enables readers to reduce sentences that are hard to grasp to an understandable core without excessive use of a dictionary. Finally, the idea of subordination and the identification of the subordinate parts of sentences through connecting words makes it possible for readers to focus on main ideas without having to sift through the less important and more numerous secondary structures. Sometimes a main idea requires a subordinate one to complete its meaning, but usually, subordinate ideas are unnecessary for understanding the main point of the sentence and its part in the development of the argument from sentence to sentence. Moreover, the connecting words themselves indicate the functions of the subordinate structures. These most frequently show similarity and difference or reasons and results. Recognition of all of these structures can not only enable students to read more efficiently but to focus their attention on the development of the argument and this rather than a multitude of unknown vocabulary items, the repetition in lists, or the subordination in sentences are the one necessary element for comprehension of academic articles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development%20of%20the%20argument" title="development of the argument">development of the argument</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lists" title=" lists"> lists</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noun%20structures" title=" noun structures"> noun structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subordination" title=" subordination"> subordination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71236/identifying-necessary-words-for-understanding-academic-articles-in-english-as-a-second-or-a-foreign-language" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71236.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">201</span> The Use of English Quantifiers in Writing: A Case Study of the NCE I Students of the Federal College of Education, Kano, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadiza%20Lawan%20Ismail">Hadiza Lawan Ismail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Academic writing in Nigeria is fraught with a lot of grammatical errors which brings backward to education specifically at the tertiary institution level. This paper deals with the use of English quantifiers in academic writing, with particular emphasis on the use of ‘MANY.’ NCEI students of the Federal College of Education, Kano were used as the case study. The paper attempts to highlight the problems that arise due to incorrect use of quantifiers as well as identifying the causes of difficulties in the use of English quantifiers by some NCE1 students. To achieve this objective, the data was collected through sentence writing test by testing the students’ use of quantifiers, using only one quantifier as the variable of the study, which is MANY. In analyzing the data, the sentence writing tests are analyzed item by item and the scores of the correct responses as well as the wrong responses are converted into percentage forms. The findings revealed that students have difficulty in remembering and grasping the grammatical restrictions that control the use of English quantifiers specifically MANY; mother tongue also affects the use of quantifiers by some NCE1 students to the extent that they use one word to represent about three or four English quantifiers. The causes of difficulty in the use of English quantifiers by the students are attributed to poor background and inadequate use of English language and quantifiers, because we cannot use quantifiers alone and get the desired meaning without putting them in a sentence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20writing" title="academic writing">academic writing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20quantifiers" title=" English quantifiers"> English quantifiers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grammatical%20restrictions" title=" grammatical restrictions"> grammatical restrictions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tertiary%20institution%20students" title=" tertiary institution students"> tertiary institution students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42458/the-use-of-english-quantifiers-in-writing-a-case-study-of-the-nce-i-students-of-the-federal-college-of-education-kano-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42458.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">355</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">200</span> We Wonder If They Mind: An Empirical Inquiry into the Narratological Function of Mind Wandering in Readers of Literary Texts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tina%20Ternes">Tina Ternes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Florian%20Kleinau"> Florian Kleinau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study investigates the content and triggers of mind wandering (MW) in readers of fictional texts. It asks whether readers’ MW is productive (text-related) or unproductive (text-unrelated). Methodologically, it bridges the gap between narratological and data-driven approaches by utilizing a sentence-by-sentence self-paced reading paradigm combined with thought probes in the reading of an excerpt of A. L. Kennedy’s “Baby Blue”. Results show that the contents of MW can be linked to text properties. We validated the role of self-reference in MW and found prediction errors to be triggers of MW. Results also indicate that the content of MW often travels along the lines of the text at hand and can thus be viewed as productive and integral to interpretation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=narratology" title="narratology">narratology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mind%20wandering" title=" mind wandering"> mind wandering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20fiction" title=" reading fiction"> reading fiction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meta%20cognition" title=" meta cognition"> meta cognition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156203/we-wonder-if-they-mind-an-empirical-inquiry-into-the-narratological-function-of-mind-wandering-in-readers-of-literary-texts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156203.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">199</span> The Effect of Speech-Shaped Noise and Speaker’s Voice Quality on First-Grade Children’s Speech Perception and Listening Comprehension</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Schiller">I. Schiller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Morsomme"> D. Morsomme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Remacle"> A. Remacle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Children’s ability to process spoken language develops until the late teenage years. At school, where efficient spoken language processing is key to academic achievement, listening conditions are often unfavorable. High background noise and poor teacher’s voice represent typical sources of interference. It can be assumed that these factors particularly affect primary school children, because their language and literacy skills are still low. While it is generally accepted that background noise and impaired voice impede spoken language processing, there is an increasing need for analyzing impacts within specific linguistic areas. Against this background, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of speech-shaped noise and imitated dysphonic voice on first-grade primary school children’s speech perception and sentence comprehension. Via headphones, 5 to 6-year-old children, recruited within the French-speaking community of Belgium, listened to and performed a minimal-pair discrimination task and a sentence-picture matching task. Stimuli were randomly presented according to four experimental conditions: (1) normal voice / no noise, (2) normal voice / noise, (3) impaired voice / no noise, and (4) impaired voice / noise. The primary outcome measure was task score. How did performance vary with respect to listening condition? Preliminary results will be presented with respect to speech perception and sentence comprehension and carefully interpreted in the light of past findings. This study helps to support our understanding of children’s language processing skills under adverse conditions. Results shall serve as a starting point for probing new measures to optimize children’s learning environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impaired%20voice" title="impaired voice">impaired voice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20comprehension" title=" sentence comprehension"> sentence comprehension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20perception" title=" speech perception"> speech perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech-shaped%20noise" title=" speech-shaped noise"> speech-shaped noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spoken%20language%20processing" title=" spoken language processing"> spoken language processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84314/the-effect-of-speech-shaped-noise-and-speakers-voice-quality-on-first-grade-childrens-speech-perception-and-listening-comprehension" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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