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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political effigies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_effigies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_effigies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_effigies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Traditional effigies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_effigies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral_effigies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_effigies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Funeral effigies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_effigies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_effigies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_effigies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tomb effigies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_effigies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Effigy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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effigie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="In effigie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efigie" title="Efigie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efigie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85%DA%A9_(%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C)" title="آدمک (نمایشی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدمک (نمایشی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-orangan" title="Orang-orangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang-orangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuk%C5%82a" title="Kukła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kukła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie" title="Efígie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efígie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Effigy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கொடும்பாவி எரித்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொடும்பாவி எரித்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="หุ่นจำลอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หุ่นจำลอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Representation of a person through art</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Effigy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Effigy (disambiguation)">Effigy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academia_de_Comercio_-_Queima_do_Judas_(1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Academia_de_Comercio_-_Queima_do_Judas_%281909%29.jpg/260px-Academia_de_Comercio_-_Queima_do_Judas_%281909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Academia_de_Comercio_-_Queima_do_Judas_%281909%29.jpg/390px-Academia_de_Comercio_-_Queima_do_Judas_%281909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Academia_de_Comercio_-_Queima_do_Judas_%281909%29.jpg/520px-Academia_de_Comercio_-_Queima_do_Judas_%281909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Judas" title="Burning of Judas">Burning of Judas Iscariot</a>, Brazil, 1909</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravana_fizzles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ravana_fizzles.jpg/260px-Ravana_fizzles.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ravana_fizzles.jpg/390px-Ravana_fizzles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ravana_fizzles.jpg/520px-Ravana_fizzles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Effigy of <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, a figure from the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, with burning <a href="/wiki/Sparkler" title="Sparkler">sparklers</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England, in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>effigy</b> is a sculptural representation, often life-size, of a specific person or a prototypical figure.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is mostly used for the makeshift dummies used for symbolic punishment in political protests and for the figures burned in certain traditions around New Year, Carnival and Easter. In European cultures, effigies were used in the past for punishment in formal justice when the perpetrator could not be apprehended, and in popular justice practices of social shaming and exclusion. Additionally, "effigy" is used for certain traditional forms of sculpture, namely <a href="/wiki/Tomb_effigy" title="Tomb effigy">tomb effigies</a>, funeral effigies<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and coin effigies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a large overlap and exchange between the ephemeral forms of effigies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional holiday effigies are often politically charged, for instance, when the generalised figures Año Viejo (the Old Year) or <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Judas" title="Burning of Judas">Judas</a> in Latin America are substituted by the effigy of a despised politician. Traditional forms are also borrowed for political protests. In India, for instance, effigies in protests regularly take the form of the ten-headed demon king <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, as they figure in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a>. In Mexico and the United States <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atas" class="mw-redirect" title="Piñatas">piñatas</a> depicting a politician are sometimes taken to protests and beaten to a pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procedures of formal and popular justice are appropriated when the effigy of a politician in a protest figures in a mock trial, mock execution and mock funeral. </p><p>In all cases, except the traditional effigies, there is an emphasis on the social and political aspects of the depicted person. Tomb effigies and funeral effigies exhibit attire and office insignia that indicate social status; coin effigies are signs of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>; formal punishment of an effigy was synonymous to social death; popular punishment was meant to humiliate and ostracise the depicted; effigies in political protests ridicule and attack the honour of the targeted politician.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>efigy</i> is first documented in English in 1539 and comes, perhaps via <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> singular form <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">effigies</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-oed_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "copy, image, likeness, portrait, and statue".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spelling was originally used in English for singular senses: even a single image was "the effigies of ...". (This spelling seems to have been later reanalyzed as a plural, creating the singular <i>effigy</i>.) <i>In effigie</i> was probably understood as a Latin phrase until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word occurs in <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a></i> of 1600 (II, vii, 193), where scansion suggests that the second syllable is to be emphasized, as in the Latin pronunciation (but unlike the modern English pronunciation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_effigies">Political effigies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political effigies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanging or burning the effigy of a political enemy to ridicule and dishonour them is a very old and very widespread practice. It is reported that in 1328, the troops of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Louis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV">Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV</a>, on their campaign in Italy to unseat <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a>, burned a straw puppet of the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burning effigies in political protests is especially widespread in India and Pakistan. In the Philippines, the practice came up during the successful <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> against the regime of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">President Marcos</a>. Since then effigy protests against the successive presidents developed into elaborate spectacles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US <a href="/wiki/President_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="President George W. Bush">President George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="President Barack Obama">President Barack Obama</a> have been burned in effigy numerous times in protests against military operations and occupations of Afghanistan and Iraq in the countries in the region as well as elsewhere. During the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> of 2011 and onward, effigies of the countries' leaders have been hanged in Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Syria. </p><p>In the British colonies in New England, effigy performances gained prominence as an effective tool in the protests against the <a href="/wiki/1765_Stamp_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1765 Stamp Act">1765 Stamp Act</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and the founding of the United States of America. Afterwards, it became an established form of political expression in US politics, and almost every US President has been burned in effigy at some point in his career. </p><p>The best known British example of a political effigy is the figure of <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>, one of the conspirators in the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> who tried to assassinate King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> in 1605 by blowing up the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Already a year later, the 5th of November was declared a holiday to celebrate the survival of the king and was celebrated with bonfires. Soon after, effigies of Guy Fawkes were burned. Traditionally, children make effigies from old clothing filled with straw to beg for "a penny for the guy", and communities build their own bonfires. Currently, <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a>, on the south coast of England has the most elaborate celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a>. Competing <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Bonfire_Societies" title="Sussex Bonfire Societies">bonfire societies</a> make effigies of important and unpopular figures in current affairs and burn them alongside effigies of Guy Fawkes and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a>, Egypt, the al-Limby (formerly known as Allenby) is burned during Spring Festival. The tradition started after the First World War, when demonstrators burned an effigy of British High Commissioner for Egypt <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Lord Allenby</a> during a protest against the presence of British troops in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 20th century it became custom to portray contemporary enemies of Egypt as the al-Limby. During the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, effigies of President Mubarak and other Egyptian politicians were exhibited and burned as the al-Limby.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_effigies">Traditional effigies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional effigies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Effigy" title="Special:EditPage/Effigy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Burning effigies is part of many rituals to mark the change of the seasons, performed all over Europe in locally distinct traditions. The figures usually personify adverse forces of life (winter, the old year, the witch, <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>) and their burning marks and celebrates the annual cycle of life—death and rebirth, the defeat of winter and the return of spring. Most traditions are staged around New Year, at the end of Carnival or in the week before Easter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these traditions have been exported as people migrated to other countries. European settlers brought their traditions to the colonies, where they might have merged with local traditions. In countries of Latin America, the Spanish tradition of burning <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1o_viejo" class="extiw" title="es:Año viejo">Año Viejo</a> (the Old Year) on New Year Eve and <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Judas" title="Burning of Judas">Judas</a> on Good Friday is widely practiced. Judas is also burned in the Philippines. In Mexico, a hard papier-mache figure depicting the devil was used—representing Judas after he betrayed Jesus; and the figure wasn't just burned, but was blown to bits in the course of a fireworks display.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tradition of burning <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a> has been brought to New England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other British colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian and Pakistani tradition of burning <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> is also practiced in Trinidad and in Edinburgh and Manchester, UK. In the 1970s German students established the burning of Winter in the form of a snowman at Lake Superior State University in Michigan, US. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a> ritual represents the end of the dark days of winter, the victory over death, and the welcoming of the spring rebirth. Marzanna is a <a href="/wiki/Slavic_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic pantheon">Slavic goddess</a> of death, associated with winter. The rite involves burning a female straw effigy or drowning it in a river, or both. It is a folk custom in Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, taking place on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">vernal equinox</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funeral_effigies">Funeral effigies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Funeral effigies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Funeral effigies made from wood, cloth and wax played a role in the royal funeral rituals in early modern France and England.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the medieval European doctrine of the double body of the king, these effigies represented the immortal and divine kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effigy was dressed in the royal regalia and waited upon as if alive, while the monarch's physical remains remained hidden in the coffin. After the coronation of the new king, these effigies were stored away. The museum of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> has a collection of English royal wax effigies reaching back to <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>, who died in 1377. In the 18th century also other important personalities were honoured with a funeral effigy, for instance British prime minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a>, the naval hero <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, French emperor Napoleon, and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Stewart,_Duchess_of_Richmond" title="Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond">Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond</a>, who also had her parrot stuffed and displayed at her own request and expense.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the time of the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in 1685, effigies were no longer placed on the coffin but were still made for later display.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effigy of Charles II was displayed over his tomb until the early 19th century, when all effigies were removed from the abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelson's effigy was a tourist attraction, commissioned the year after his death and his burial in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in 1805. The government had decided that major public figures with <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">State funerals</a> should in future be buried at St Paul's. Concerned for their revenue from visitors, the Abbey decided it needed a rival attraction for admirers of Nelson.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tomb_effigies">Tomb effigies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tomb effigies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gisant_Olivier_de_clisson.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gisant_Olivier_de_clisson.JPG/290px-Gisant_Olivier_de_clisson.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gisant_Olivier_de_clisson.JPG/435px-Gisant_Olivier_de_clisson.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gisant_Olivier_de_clisson.JPG/580px-Gisant_Olivier_de_clisson.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Double tomb effigies or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Gisant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisant">gisants</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Josselin" title="Josselin">Josselin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, France; 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tomb_effigy" title="Tomb effigy">tomb effigy</a>, in French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gisant ("recumbent")</i></span> is the usually life-size sculpted figure depicting the deceased on a <a href="/wiki/Tomb_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb monument">tomb monument</a>. Although these <a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">funeary</a> and commemorative <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> were first developed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> cultures, they appear most numerously in Western Europe tombs from the later 11th century, in a style that continued in use through the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, and are still sometimes used. They typically represent the deceased in a state of "eternal repose", with hands folded in prayer, lying on a pillow, awaiting resurrection with a dog or lion at their feet. A husband and wife may be depicted lying side by side.<sup id="cite_ref-f12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related type of tomb effigy, the <a href="/wiki/Cadaver_monument" title="Cadaver monument">cadaver monument</a>, shows the corpse in a state of decomposition as a reminder of human mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-b163_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b163-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types">Other types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a>, effigy describes the portrait on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> of a coin.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A practice evident in reference literature of the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the obverse of a coin was said to depict "the ruler's effigy".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance and style of effigy used varies according to the preference of the monarch or ruler being depicted - for example, some, such as <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> have preferred to be shown uncrowned, while others have favoured highly-formal representations. It can also be the case that the monarch's reign becomes long enough to merit issuing a succession of effigies so that their appearance continues to be current. Such has been the case for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (three effigies over 63 years) and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, who was depicted by five different effigies on British coins and three different effigies on British <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps">postage stamps</a> between her ascension to the throne in 1953 and her death in 2022. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a> is a term used in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> of (mainly) <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> for a large earthwork in the shape of a stylized animal, symbol, human, or other figure and generally containing one or more human burials. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Effigy vessel</a> is a term used in the archeology of (mainly) Pre-Columbian America for ceramic or stone containers, pots, vases, cups, etc., in the shape of an animal or human. </p><p>In the past, criminals <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">sentenced to death <i>in absentia</i></a> might be officially executed "in effigy" as a symbolic act. In southern India, effigies of the demon-king <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> are traditionally burnt during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Navrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Navrati">Navrati</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Wicker_man" title="Wicker man">wicker man</a> was a large human-shaped <a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">wicker</a> statue allegedly used in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic paganism">Celtic paganism</a> for <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> by burning it, when loaded with captives. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_of_york_-_funeral_effigy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The funeral effigy (without clothes) of Elizabeth of York, mother of King Henry VIII, 1503, Westminster Abbey"><img alt="The funeral effigy (without clothes) of Elizabeth of York, mother of King Henry VIII, 1503, Westminster Abbey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Elizabeth_of_york_-_funeral_effigy.jpg/142px-Elizabeth_of_york_-_funeral_effigy.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Elizabeth_of_york_-_funeral_effigy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The funeral effigy (without clothes) of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a>, 1503, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_church_in_Stow_Bardolph_-_Hare_Chapel_interior_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737355.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rare wax funerary effigy of a private person, who stipulated it be made in her will, England, 1744. Holy Trinity Church, Stow Bardolph, Norfolk."><img alt="A rare wax funerary effigy of a private person, who stipulated it be made in her will, England, 1744. Holy Trinity Church, Stow Bardolph, Norfolk." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Holy_Trinity_church_in_Stow_Bardolph_-_Hare_Chapel_interior_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737355.jpg/146px-Holy_Trinity_church_in_Stow_Bardolph_-_Hare_Chapel_interior_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737355.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Holy_Trinity_church_in_Stow_Bardolph_-_Hare_Chapel_interior_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737355.jpg/220px-Holy_Trinity_church_in_Stow_Bardolph_-_Hare_Chapel_interior_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737355.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Holy_Trinity_church_in_Stow_Bardolph_-_Hare_Chapel_interior_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737355.jpg/293px-Holy_Trinity_church_in_Stow_Bardolph_-_Hare_Chapel_interior_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1737355.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rare wax funerary effigy of a private person, who stipulated it be made in her will, England, 1744. Holy Trinity Church, <a href="/wiki/Stow_Bardolph" title="Stow Bardolph">Stow Bardolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rababou_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Grand Rababou" (from the French word rababouêt, or wood thief) is burnt annually in the carnival of Fribourg, Switzerland"><img alt=""Grand Rababou" (from the French word rababouêt, or wood thief) is burnt annually in the carnival of Fribourg, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rababou_2006.jpg/133px-Rababou_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rababou_2006.jpg/199px-Rababou_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rababou_2006.jpg/266px-Rababou_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval_des_Bolzes" class="extiw" title="fr:Carnaval des Bolzes">Grand Rababou</a>" (from the French word <i>rababouêt</i>, or wood thief) is burnt annually in the <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fribourg,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fribourg, Switzerland">Fribourg, Switzerland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marzanna03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Marzanna (goddess) effigy, Poland"><img alt="Modern Marzanna (goddess) effigy, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Marzanna03.jpg/200px-Marzanna03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Marzanna03.jpg/300px-Marzanna03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Marzanna03.jpg/400px-Marzanna03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern <a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a> (goddess) effigy, Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An 18th-century engraving of a Celtic wicker man, ready for burning"><img alt="An 18th-century engraving of a Celtic wicker man, ready for burning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg/176px-The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg/264px-The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg/352px-The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An 18th-century engraving of a Celtic <a href="/wiki/Wicker_man" title="Wicker man">wicker man</a>, ready for burning</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_from_Bontnewydd,_Caernarfon,_collecting_for_the_%E2%80%9CGuy%E2%80%9D_(15730938785).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Welsh children with their Guy Fawkes effigy in November 1962. The sign reads "Penny for the Guy"."><img alt="Welsh children with their Guy Fawkes effigy in November 1962. The sign reads "Penny for the Guy"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Children_from_Bontnewydd%2C_Caernarfon%2C_collecting_for_the_%E2%80%9CGuy%E2%80%9D_%2815730938785%29.jpg/200px-Children_from_Bontnewydd%2C_Caernarfon%2C_collecting_for_the_%E2%80%9CGuy%E2%80%9D_%2815730938785%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Children_from_Bontnewydd%2C_Caernarfon%2C_collecting_for_the_%E2%80%9CGuy%E2%80%9D_%2815730938785%29.jpg/300px-Children_from_Bontnewydd%2C_Caernarfon%2C_collecting_for_the_%E2%80%9CGuy%E2%80%9D_%2815730938785%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Children_from_Bontnewydd%2C_Caernarfon%2C_collecting_for_the_%E2%80%9CGuy%E2%80%9D_%2815730938785%29.jpg/400px-Children_from_Bontnewydd%2C_Caernarfon%2C_collecting_for_the_%E2%80%9CGuy%E2%80%9D_%2815730938785%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> children with their <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a> effigy in November 1962. The sign reads "Penny for the Guy".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightmatter_burningman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Every year The Man is burned at the Burning Man festival, Nevada"><img alt="Every year The Man is burned at the Burning Man festival, Nevada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lightmatter_burningman.jpg/200px-Lightmatter_burningman.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lightmatter_burningman.jpg/300px-Lightmatter_burningman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lightmatter_burningman.jpg/400px-Lightmatter_burningman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Every year The Man is burned at the <a href="/wiki/Burning_Man" title="Burning Man">Burning Man</a> festival, Nevada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falla_del_Ayuntamiento_Valencia_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Falla monument for the Falles festival in Valencia, Spain"><img alt="Falla monument for the Falles festival in Valencia, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Falla_del_Ayuntamiento_Valencia_2007.jpg/150px-Falla_del_Ayuntamiento_Valencia_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Falla_del_Ayuntamiento_Valencia_2007.jpg/225px-Falla_del_Ayuntamiento_Valencia_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Falla_del_Ayuntamiento_Valencia_2007.jpg/300px-Falla_del_Ayuntamiento_Valencia_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Falla_monument" title="Falla monument">Falla monument</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Falles" class="mw-redirect" title="Falles">Falles festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet#Folk_magic" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_Man" title="Burning Man">Burning Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag burning">Flag burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Self-immolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">Death mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-effigy,_n." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=effigy%2C+n.">"effigy, n."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=effigy%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Deffigy%252C%2Bn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpixeltocode.uk" class="citation web cs1">pixeltocode.uk, PixelToCode. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/history/explore-our-history/funeral-and-wax-effigies">"Funeral and wax effigies"</a>. <i>Westminster Abbey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Funeral+and+wax+effigies&rft.aulast=pixeltocode.uk&rft.aufirst=PixelToCode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fhistory%2Fexplore-our-history%2Ffuneral-and-wax-effigies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perthmint.com/news/collector/coin-collecting/why-does-the-monarchs-effigy-appear-on-coins/">"Why does the monarch's effigy appear on coins?"</a>. <i>www.perthmint.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perthmint.com&rft.atitle=Why+does+the+monarch%27s+effigy+appear+on+coins%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthmint.com%2Fnews%2Fcollector%2Fcoin-collecting%2Fwhy-does-the-monarchs-effigy-appear-on-coins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florian Göttke, "Burning Images: Performing Effigies as Political Protest", (PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam, 2019), 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemko2016" class="citation web cs1">Semko, Elizabeth (Apr 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818155135/https://www.riverfronttimes.com/artsblog/2016/04/26/cherokee-streets-giant-trump-pinata-will-help-release-your-political-frustrations">"Cherokee Street's Giant Trump Pinata Will Help Release Your Political Frustrations"</a>. <i>Riverfront Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riverfronttimes.com/artsblog/2016/04/26/cherokee-streets-giant-trump-pinata-will-help-release-your-political-frustrations">the original</a> on Aug 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Riverfront+Times&rft.atitle=Cherokee+Street%27s+Giant+Trump+Pinata+Will+Help+Release+Your+Political+Frustrations&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft.aulast=Semko&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riverfronttimes.com%2Fartsblog%2F2016%2F04%2F26%2Fcherokee-streets-giant-trump-pinata-will-help-release-your-political-frustrations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florian Göttke, Burning Images: Performing Effigies as Political Protest, (PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam, 2019), 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latdict, s.v. "effigies", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.latin-dictionary.net/search/latin/effigies">http://www.latin-dictionary.net/search/latin/effigies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Brückner, <i>Bildnis und Brauch: Studien zur Bildfunktion der Effigies</i> (Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1966), 197–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florian Göttke, "Burning Images for Punishment and Change", <i>Trigger</i>, Fotomuseum Antwerpen, BE, November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/real-story-of-bonfire-night/">"The Real Story of Bonfire Night"</a>. <i>English Heritage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+of+Bonfire+Night&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Finspire-me%2Freal-story-of-bonfire-night%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mériam N. Belli, <i>An Incurable Past: Nasser's Egypt Then and Now</i> (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013), 75–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Mostyn, "Will militant Islam hijack Egypt’s beautiful revolution?", weblog Planetary Movement, April 21, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.planetarymovement.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=536&Itemid=61">http://www.planetarymovement.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=536&Itemid=61</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedelty2024" class="citation book cs1">Pedelty, Mark (September 18, 2024). <i>Musical Ritual in Mexico City: From the Aztec to NAFTA</i> (Paperback ed.). 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Fiery holy week ‘Burning Judas’ tradition was almost killed by the PRI. <i>CE Noticias Financieras.</i> Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.uproxy.library.dc-uoit.ca/wire-feeds/fiery-holy-week-burning-judas-tradition-was/docview/2651635920/se-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/guy-fawkes-global-tradition-1.6237138">"17th-century Bonfire Night traditions going strong throughout N.L., and internationally"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=17th-century+Bonfire+Night+traditions+going+strong+throughout+N.L.%2C+and+internationally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fguy-fawkes-global-tradition-1.6237138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst H. Kantorowicz, <i>The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology</i> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), 419–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst H. Kantorowicz, <i>The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology</i> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), 382–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpixeltocode.uk" class="citation web cs1">pixeltocode.uk, PixelToCode. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/frances-teresa-stuart-duchess-of-richmond/">"Frances Teresa Stuart, Duchess of Richmond"</a>. <i>Westminster Abbey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Frances+Teresa+Stuart%2C+Duchess+of+Richmond&rft.aulast=pixeltocode.uk&rft.aufirst=PixelToCode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Ffrances-teresa-stuart-duchess-of-richmond%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195851/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/funerals">"Westminster Abbey, Royal funerals"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/funerals">the original</a> on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey%2C+Royal+funerals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Four-history%2Froyals%2Ffunerals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpixeltocode.uk" class="citation web cs1">pixeltocode.uk, PixelToCode. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/history/explore-our-history/funeral-and-wax-effigies/">"Funeral and wax effigies"</a>. <i>Westminster Abbey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Funeral+and+wax+effigies&rft.aulast=pixeltocode.uk&rft.aufirst=PixelToCode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fhistory%2Fexplore-our-history%2Ffuneral-and-wax-effigies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/horatio,-viscount-nelson">Westminster Abbey, "Horatio, Viscount Nelson"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f12-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f12_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fozi (2021), pp. 12, 13, 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b163-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b163_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bass (2017), p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuhaj2012" class="citation book cs1">Cuhaj, George S. (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/2012standardcata00geor"><i>2012 Standard Catalog of World Coins - 1901-2000</i></a></span> (39 ed.). Krause Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/2012standardcata00geor/page/333">333</a>, 968, 991, 1523, and 1966. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-1572-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-1572-8"><bdi>978-1-4402-1572-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2012+Standard+Catalog+of+World+Coins+-+1901-2000&rft.pages=333%2C+968%2C+991%2C+1523%2C+and+1966&rft.edition=39&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-1572-8&rft.aulast=Cuhaj&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F2012standardcata00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuhaj2013" class="citation book cs1">Cuhaj, George S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKOkkdzmyh4C"><i>2014 Standard Catalog of World Coins, 2001-Date</i></a> (8 ed.). Krause Publications. pp. 152, 177, 179, 191, 225, and 655. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-3568-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-3568-9"><bdi>978-1-4402-3568-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2014+Standard+Catalog+of+World+Coins%2C+2001-Date&rft.pages=152%2C+177%2C+179%2C+191%2C+225%2C+and+655&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-3568-9&rft.aulast=Cuhaj&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKOkkdzmyh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTnf5wbzlEC&pg=PA630"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature</i></a>. Vol. 17 (9 ed.). The Henry G. Allen Company. 1890. p. 630. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781276858373" title="Special:BookSources/9781276858373"><bdi>9781276858373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+General+Literature&rft.pages=630&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=The+Henry+G.+Allen+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=9781276858373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrTnf5wbzlEC%26pg%3DPA630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilsdale2014" class="citation book cs1">Hilsdale, Cecily J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ghaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169"><i>Byzantine Art and Diplomacy in an Age of Decline</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03330-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03330-6"><bdi>978-1-107-03330-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Art+and+Diplomacy+in+an+Age+of+Decline&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03330-6&rft.aulast=Hilsdale&rft.aufirst=Cecily+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DghaTAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffigy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bass, Marisa Anne. "The transi tomb and the genius of sixteenth century Netherlandish funerary sculpture". <i>Netherlands Yearbook for the History of Art</i>, volume 67, 2017. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26593102">26593102</a></li> <li>Fozi, Shirin. <i>Romanesque Tomb Effigies: Death and Redemption in Medieval Europe, 1000–1200</i>. University Park (PA): Penn State University Press, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2710-8917-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2710-8917-1">978-0-2710-8917-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effigy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/effigy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:effigy">effigy</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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