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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cape_Verde_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Verde_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Cape Verde Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Verde_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Namibia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seychelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seychelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Seychelles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seychelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Zimbabwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antigua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Antigua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aruba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aruba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Aruba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aruba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Bahamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbados" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbados"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Barbados </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbados-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Belize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 Bolivia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rio_de_Janeiro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rio_de_Janeiro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8.1 Rio de Janeiro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rio_de_Janeiro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recife,_Pernambuco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recife,_Pernambuco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8.2 Recife, Pernambuco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recife,_Pernambuco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvador,_Bahia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvador,_Bahia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8.3 Salvador, Bahia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvador,_Bahia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.9 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.10 Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.11 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.12 Dominica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.13 Dominican Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.14 Ecuador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Guiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Guiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.15 French Guiana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Guiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.16 Guatemala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.17 Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.18 Honduras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.19 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.20 Nicaragua </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.21 Panama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.22 Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cajamarca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cajamarca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.22.1 Cajamarca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cajamarca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.22.2 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.23 Trinidad and Tobago </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.24 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.25 Uruguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.26 Venezuela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Croatia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.5 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.6 Czech Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark_and_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark_and_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.7 Denmark and Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark_and_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.8 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.9 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany,_Switzerland,_and_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany,_Switzerland,_and_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.10 Germany, Switzerland, and Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany,_Switzerland,_and_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.10.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Rhenish_Carnival"_(Rheinischer_Karneval,_Fasnacht,_Fasnet,_Fastabend,_Fastelovend,_Fasteleer,_Fasching)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Rhenish_Carnival"_(Rheinischer_Karneval,_Fasnacht,_Fasnet,_Fastabend,_Fastelovend,_Fasteleer,_Fasching)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.10.2 "Rhenish Carnival" (Rheinischer Karneval, Fasnacht, Fasnet, Fastabend, Fastelovend, Fasteleer, Fasching) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Rhenish_Carnival"_(Rheinischer_Karneval,_Fasnacht,_Fasnet,_Fastabend,_Fastelovend,_Fasteleer,_Fasching)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Swabian-Alemannic"_Carnival_(Schwäbische_Fastnacht)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Swabian-Alemannic"_Carnival_(Schwäbische_Fastnacht)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.10.3 "Swabian-Alemannic" Carnival (Schwäbische Fastnacht) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Swabian-Alemannic"_Carnival_(Schwäbische_Fastnacht)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swiss_Fasnacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swiss_Fasnacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.10.4 Swiss Fasnacht </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swiss_Fasnacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.11 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.12 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.13 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.14 Lithuania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.15 Luxembourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.16 Malta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.17 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.18 North Macedonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.19 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.20 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Azores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.20.1 Azores </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madeira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madeira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.20.2 Madeira </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madeira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.20.3 Ovar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.20.4 Other regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.21 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.22 Slovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.23 Slovenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.24 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Andalusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andalusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.24.1 Andalusia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andalusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canary_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canary_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.24.2 Canary Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canary_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.24.3 Catalonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galicia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galicia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.24.4 Galicia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galicia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valencian_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valencian_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.24.5 Valencian Community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valencian_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.25 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.26 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Carnival</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" > 88 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastnacht" title="Fastnacht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fastnacht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84" title="كرنفال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرنفال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antroxu" title="Antroxu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antroxu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anata" title="Anata – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Anata" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="কার্নিভাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্নিভাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карнавал – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карнавал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карнавал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карнавал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnabal" title="Karnabal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karnabal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карнавал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карнавал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosching_und_Fosanocht" title="Fosching und Fosanocht – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fosching und Fosanocht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneval" title="Karneval – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karneval" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карнавал – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карнавал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnifal" title="Carnifal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carnifal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneval,_Fastnacht_und_Fasching" title="Karneval, Fastnacht und Fasching – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karneval, Fastnacht und Fasching" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneval" title="Karneval – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karneval" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Απόκριες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόκριες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnavalo" title="Karnavalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karnavalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrueju" title="Antrueju – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Antrueju" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauteri" title="Inauteri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inauteri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کارناوال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارناوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaval" title="Karnaval – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Karnaval" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnev%C3%A2l" title="Carnevâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Carnevâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnabhal" title="Carnabhal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carnabhal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="कार्नीवाल – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कार्नीवाल" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9C%A1%EC%A0%9C" title="사육제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사육제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Կառնավալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառնավալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2" title="कार्निवल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्निवल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneval" title="Karneval – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karneval" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnavalo" title="Karnavalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karnavalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaval" title="Karnaval – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karnaval" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carneval" title="Carneval – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carneval" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnevale" title="Carnevale – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Carnevale" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnevale" title="Carnevale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carnevale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C" title="קרנבל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרנבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaval" title="Karnaval – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karnaval" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B4p%C3%B9st%C3%AB" title="Zôpùstë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zôpùstë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карнавал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карнавал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannaval" title="Kannaval – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kannaval" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карнавал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карнавал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnelevarium" title="Carnelevarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carnelevarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnev%C4%81ls" title="Karnevāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karnevāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuesent" title="Fuesent – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fuesent" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnavalas" title="Karnavalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karnavalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carneval" title="Carneval – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carneval" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnev%C3%A1l" title="Karnevál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karnevál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карневал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карневал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antruido" title="Antruido – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Antruido" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnevaal" title="Karnevaal – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Karnevaal" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E8%82%89%E7%A5%AD" title="謝肉祭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="謝肉祭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneval" title="Karneval – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karneval" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneval" title="Karneval – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karneval" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnava" title="Carnava – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Carnava" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaval" title="Karnaval – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karnaval" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2" title="ਕਾਰਨੀਵਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਨੀਵਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasnacht" title="Fasnacht – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Fasnacht" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnawa%C5%82" title="Karnawał – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karnawał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastelovend" title="Fastelovend – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Fastelovend" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval" title="Carnaval – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carnaval" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnawal" title="Karnawal – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karnawal" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карнавал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карнавал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnavalet" title="Karnavalet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karnavalet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnalivari" title="Carnalivari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carnalivari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carnival" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneval" title="Karneval – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karneval" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карневал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карневал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneval" title="Karneval – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karneval" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnevaali" title="Karnevaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karnevaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karneval" title="Karneval – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karneval" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnabal" title="Karnabal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karnabal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaval" title="Karnaval – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karnaval" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Карнавал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карнавал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کارنیول تہوار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارنیول تہوار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carneval" title="Carneval – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carneval" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carnival" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascar%C3%A5de" title="Mascaråde – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mascaråde" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnabal" title="Karnabal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karnabal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Christian festival before Lent. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Traveling_carnival" title="Traveling carnival">Traveling carnival</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Cruise_Line" title="Carnival Cruise Line">Carnival Cruise Line</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carnival_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carnival (disambiguation)">Carnival (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001.jpg/260px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001.jpg/390px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001.jpg/520px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfile_Portela_2014_(906185).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/260px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/390px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/520px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio's Carnival</a> is the largest in the world according to <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Carnival or Shrovetide is a festive <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a> that occurs at the close of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Pre-Lenten_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Lenten period">pre-Lenten period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a> or Shrove Sunday, <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Monday" title="Shrove Monday">Shrove Monday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Carnival typically involves public <a href="/wiki/Party" title="Party">celebrations</a>, including events such as <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parades</a>, public <a href="/wiki/Street_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Street party">street parties</a> and other entertainments, combining some elements of a <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a>. Elaborate costumes and masks allow people to set aside their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity.<a href="#cite_note-Bakhtin-4">[4]</a> Participants often indulge in excessive consumption of alcohol,<a href="#cite_note-BarrowsRoom1991-5">[5]</a> meat, and other foods that will be forgone during upcoming Lent. Traditionally, butter, milk, and other animal products were not consumed "excessively", rather, their stock was fully consumed during Shrovetide as to reduce waste. This festival is known for being a time of great indulgence before Lent (which is a time stressing the opposite), with drinking, overeating, and various other activities of indulgence being performed. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a>, donuts, and other desserts are prepared and eaten for a final time. During Lent, dairy and animal products are eaten less, if at all, and individuals make a <a href="/wiki/Lenten_sacrifice" title="Lenten sacrifice">Lenten sacrifice</a>, thus giving up a certain object or activity of desire. As such, during the season of Shrovetide, it is customary for Christians to ponder what Lenten sacrifices they will make for the coming Lent.<a href="#cite_note-Kelvey2018-6">[6]</a> The traditions of carrying Shrovetide rods and consuming Shrovetide buns after attending church are celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-ELCD2021-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beadle1994-8">[8]</a> On the final day of the season, Shrove Tuesday, many traditional Christians, such as Lutherans, Anglicans, and Roman Catholics,<a href="#cite_note-Walker2011-9">[9]</a> "make a special point of self-examination, of considering what wrongs they need to repent, and what amendments of life or areas of spiritual growth they especially need to ask God's help in dealing with."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> During Shrovetide, many churches place a basket in the <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> to collect the previous year's <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> palm branches that were blessed and distributed during the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> liturgies. On Shrove Tuesday (the final day of Shrovetide), churches burn these <a href="/wiki/Palm_branch" title="Palm branch">palms</a> to make the ashes used during the services held on the very next day, Ash Wednesday.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The term "Carnival" is traditionally used in areas with a large <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> presence, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. The celebration is known as <a href="/wiki/Fastelavn" title="Fastelavn">Fastelavn</a> in historically <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Evangelical Lutheran</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-Ruprecht2010-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is called Shrovetide in areas with a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>/<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">US Episcopal Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008-14">[14]</a> In Slavic <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> nations, <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a> is celebrated during the last week before <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>. In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> season or with harvest celebrations of <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Day" title="St. Martin's Day">St. Martin's Day</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NavigiumIsidis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NavigiumIsidis.jpg/260px-NavigiumIsidis.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NavigiumIsidis.jpg/390px-NavigiumIsidis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NavigiumIsidis.jpg/520px-NavigiumIsidis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Navigium_Isidis" title="Navigium Isidis">Navigium Isidis</a>, celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> in honor of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></figcaption></figure> The word "Carnival" is of Christian origin.<a href="#cite_note-Rudwin1920-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>-derived name of the holiday is sometimes also spelled Carnaval, typically in areas where <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> are spoken, or Carnevale in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>-speaking contexts. Alternative names are used for regional and local celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The word is said to come from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> expression carne levare, which means "remove meat"; a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> derives it from carne vale, "farewell to meat". In either case, this signifies the approaching fast.<a href="#cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-17">[17]</a> The word carne may also be translated as flesh, producing "a farewell to the flesh", a phrase embraced by certain Carnival celebrants to embolden the festival's carefree spirit.<a href="#cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-17">[17]</a> The etymology of the word Carnival thus points to a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> origin of the celebratory period.<a href="#cite_note-Rudwin1920-15">[15]</a> Other scholars argue that the origin of the word is a common meat-based country feast (in Latin carnualia)<a href="#cite_note-etimo-18">[18]</a> or the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Navigium_Isidis" title="Navigium Isidis">Navigium Isidis</a> ("ship of Isis"), where the image of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> was carried to the seashore to bless the start of sailing season.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The festival consisted of a parade of masks following an adorned wooden boat, called in Latin carrus navalis,<a href="#cite_note-etimo-18">[18]</a> possibly the source of both the name and the <a href="/wiki/Float_(parade)" title="Float (parade)">parade floats</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_owl_Louvre_CA2192.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Armed_owl_Louvre_CA2192.jpg/220px-Armed_owl_Louvre_CA2192.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Armed_owl_Louvre_CA2192.jpg/330px-Armed_owl_Louvre_CA2192.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Armed_owl_Louvre_CA2192.jpg/440px-Armed_owl_Louvre_CA2192.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oinochoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinochoe">Oinochoe</a> depicting the parade of an armed owl during the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, 410–390 BC)</figcaption></figure> The characteristics of the celebration of Carnival take their origins from ancient European festivals, such as the Greek <a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Dionysian</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a>) or the Roman <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>. During these festivities, there was a temporary release from social obligations and hierarchies to make way for the overthrow of order, joking and even debauchery. From a historical and religious point of view, the Carnival therefore represented a period of celebration, but above all of symbolic renewal, during which chaos replaced the established order, which, however, once the festive period was over, re-emerged new or renewed and guaranteed for a cycle valid until the beginning of the following Carnival.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> From an <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> point of view, Carnival is a reversal ritual, in which social roles are reversed and norms about desired behavior are suspended.<a href="#cite_note-meertens.knaw.nl-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, winter was thought of as the reign of the winter spirits; these needed to be driven out in order for summer to return. Carnival can thus be regarded as a rite of passage from darkness to light, from winter to summer: a fertility celebration, the first spring festival of the new year.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. Winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring.<a href="#cite_note-meertens.knaw.nl-21">[21]</a> A central figure of this ritual was possibly the fertility goddess <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a>. Also, there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes.<a href="#cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Aboard the ship a marriage would be consummated as a <a href="/wiki/Fertility_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility ritual">fertility ritual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ziggo1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a>: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg/250px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg/375px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg/500px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Fight_Between_Carnival_and_Lent" title="The Fight Between Carnival and Lent">The Fight Between Carnival and Lent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>, 1559</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Carnival referred to a period following <a href="/wiki/Epiphanytide" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphanytide">Epiphany season</a> that reached its climax before midnight on <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ruff2001-31">[31]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/John_Bossy" title="John Bossy">John Bossy</a>, in writing on the origin of the practices during Carnival, states that "These were, despite some appearances, Christian in character, and they were medieval in origin: although it has been widely supposed that they continued some kind of pre-Christian cult, there is in fact no evidence that they existed much before 1200."<a href="#cite_note-Bossy1985-32">[32]</a> Because <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> was a period of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, "Carnival therefore represented a last period of feasting and celebration before the spiritual rigors of Lent."<a href="#cite_note-Ruff2001-31">[31]</a> Meat was plentiful during this part of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Christian calendar</a> and it was consumed during Carnival as people abstained from meat consumption during the following liturgical season, Lent.<a href="#cite_note-Ruff2001-31">[31]</a> During Carnival, also known as Shrovetide, people confessed (shrived) their sins in preparation for Lent as well. Shakespeare's 1601 play, <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a>, Scene 5 of Act 2, mentions Christians who painted their faces to celebrate the season: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> What, are there masques? Hear you me, Jessica: Lock up my doors, and when you hear the drum And the vile squealing of the wry-nck'd fife, Clamber not you up o the casements then, Nor thrust your head into the public street To gaze on Christian fools with varnish'd faces.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </div></blockquote> Traditionally, a Carnival feast was the last opportunity for common people to eat well, as there was typically a food shortage at the end of the winter as stores ran out. Until spring produce was available, people were limited to the minimum necessary meals during this period. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>), all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter, and meat which were left would be eaten, for these would otherwise soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had already been slaughtered in November and the meat would no longer be preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.<a href="#cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-25">[25]</a> Traditionally, the feast also was a time to indulge in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">sexual desires</a>, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following period fasting.<a href="#cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-http-34">[34]</a> Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In many Christian sermons and texts, the example of a vessel is used to explain Christian doctrine: "the nave of the church of baptism", "the ship of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>", etc. The writings show that processions with ship-like carts were held and lavish feasts were celebrated on the eve of Lent or the greeting of spring in the early Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ziggo1-28">[28]</a> The Lenten period of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a>, the six weeks directly before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, was historically marked by fasting, study, and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat, and sugar. The first three classes were often totally unavailable during this period because of late winter shortages.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> While Christian festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> were Church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a>. In the Christian tradition, fasting is to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and also to reflect on Christian values. It was a time for <a href="/wiki/Catechumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumen">catechumens</a> (those <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converting to Christianity</a>) to prepare for <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> at Easter. <a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, Christian populations used their several holidays as an outlet for their daily frustrations.<a href="#cite_note-Isgeschiedenis.nl-38">[38]</a> Many synods and councils attempted to set things "right". <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a> (470–542) protested around 500 <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a> in his sermons against the pagan practices. Centuries later, his statements were adapted as the building blocks of the <a href="/wiki/Indiculus_superstitionum_et_paganiarum" title="Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum">Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum</a> ("small index of superstitious and pagan practices"), which was drafted by the Synod of Leptines in 742. It condemned the Spurcalibus en februario.<a href="#cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ziggo1-28">[28]</a> Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> (590–604) decided that fasting would start on Ash Wednesday. The whole Carnival event was set before the fasting, to set a clear division between celebrations and penitence.<a href="#cite_note-Halmo1989-39">[39]</a> He also dispatched missionaries to sanctify any excesses in popular Carnival customs.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-40">[40]</a> It was also the custom during Carnival that the ruling class would be playfully mocked using <a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">masks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disguise" title="Disguise">disguises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ziggo1-28">[28]</a> In the year 743, the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> in Leptines (located near <a href="/wiki/Binche" title="Binche">Binche</a> in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February.<a href="#cite_note-ziggo1-28">[28]</a> Also from the same period dates the phrase: "Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan." Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance.<a href="#cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-ziggo1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Also in Spain in the seventh century, San Isidoro de Sevilla complained in his writings about people coming out into the streets disguised, in many cases, as the opposite sex.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denys_van_Alsloot_Skating_Masquerade,_or_Carnival_on_Ice_at_the_Kipdorppoort_Moats_in_Antwerp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Denys_van_Alsloot_Skating_Masquerade%2C_or_Carnival_on_Ice_at_the_Kipdorppoort_Moats_in_Antwerp.jpg/230px-Denys_van_Alsloot_Skating_Masquerade%2C_or_Carnival_on_Ice_at_the_Kipdorppoort_Moats_in_Antwerp.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Denys_van_Alsloot_Skating_Masquerade%2C_or_Carnival_on_Ice_at_the_Kipdorppoort_Moats_in_Antwerp.jpg/345px-Denys_van_Alsloot_Skating_Masquerade%2C_or_Carnival_on_Ice_at_the_Kipdorppoort_Moats_in_Antwerp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Denys_van_Alsloot_Skating_Masquerade%2C_or_Carnival_on_Ice_at_the_Kipdorppoort_Moats_in_Antwerp.jpg/460px-Denys_van_Alsloot_Skating_Masquerade%2C_or_Carnival_on_Ice_at_the_Kipdorppoort_Moats_in_Antwerp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>Carnival on Ice at the Kipdorppoort Moats in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, c. 1620</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo_-_Carnival_Scene_(The_Minuet)_-_WGA22379.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo_-_Carnival_Scene_%28The_Minuet%29_-_WGA22379.jpg/230px-Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo_-_Carnival_Scene_%28The_Minuet%29_-_WGA22379.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo_-_Carnival_Scene_%28The_Minuet%29_-_WGA22379.jpg/345px-Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo_-_Carnival_Scene_%28The_Minuet%29_-_WGA22379.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo_-_Carnival_Scene_%28The_Minuet%29_-_WGA22379.jpg/460px-Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo_-_Carnival_Scene_%28The_Minuet%29_-_WGA22379.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo">Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo</a>, 1750</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnavalsmaskers_Veneti%C3%AB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Carnavalsmaskers_Veneti%C3%AB.JPG/220px-Carnavalsmaskers_Veneti%C3%AB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Carnavalsmaskers_Veneti%C3%AB.JPG/330px-Carnavalsmaskers_Veneti%C3%AB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Carnavalsmaskers_Veneti%C3%AB.JPG/440px-Carnavalsmaskers_Veneti%C3%AB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Typical <a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">masks</a> worn at the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Venice Carnival</a>, which portray the <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> and exaggerated appearances often used</figcaption></figure> Gradually, ecclesiastical authority began to realize that the desired result could not be achieved by banning Carnivals, which eventually led to a degree of <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of the traditions. They then became part of the liturgy and the liturgical year.<a href="#cite_note-ziggo1-28">[28]</a> In the Middle Ages, "Carnival and Lent were both necessary, inevitable episodes in the eternal cycle of the Church year."<a href="#cite_note-Bowen2004-43">[43]</a> While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Medieval_pageant" title="Medieval pageant">medieval pageants</a> and festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a>. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the <a href="/wiki/Swabian-Alemannic_Fastnacht" title="Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht">Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht</a>. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive, and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks, and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>, followed by a liminal period, and ends with rebirth[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, and a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a>. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>, and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Besides <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism#Christian_anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Christian anti-Judaism</a>, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. In <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism_in_early_Christianity" title="Anti-Judaism in early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, Christ is figured as the victim of <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">summary judgment</a>, and is tortured and executed by Romans before a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish mob</a> ("His blood is on us and on our children!" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2027:24–25">Matthew 27:24–25</a>). <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation, and laughter at a tragicomic <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a> of God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1466, in festivies sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Pope Paul II</a>, Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. Clement IX stopped these practices and in their place assessed a heavy tax on the Jews to help pay for the costs of the city's Carnival celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-DIKertzer-48">[48]</a> Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerade balls</a>, were first recorded in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Italy">medieval Italy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Carnival of Venice</a> was, for a long time, the most famous Carnival (although <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal, and France, and from France to <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in North America. From Spain and Portugal, it spread with colonization to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. In the early 19th century in the German <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>, the weakened medieval tradition also revived. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual abuse of the Carnival in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">ghetto</a> were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> to stop the annual abuse was denied: "It is not opportune to make any innovation."<a href="#cite_note-DIKertzer-48">[48]</a> In the Rhineland in 1823, the first modern Carnival parade took place in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cologne1823-49">[49]</a> Carnaval (Karneval, <a href="/wiki/Fasching" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasching">Fasching</a> or Fastnacht in Germany) mixed pagan traditions with Christian traditions. Pre-Lenten celebrations featured parades, costumes and masks to endure Lent's withdrawal from worldly pleasures.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Riderless_Racers_at_Rome_-_Walters_37189.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Riderless_Racers_at_Rome_-_Walters_37189.jpg/220px-Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Riderless_Racers_at_Rome_-_Walters_37189.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Riderless_Racers_at_Rome_-_Walters_37189.jpg/330px-Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Riderless_Racers_at_Rome_-_Walters_37189.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Riderless_Racers_at_Rome_-_Walters_37189.jpg/440px-Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault_-_Riderless_Racers_at_Rome_-_Walters_37189.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Riderless Racers at Rome by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a>. From the mid-15th century until 1882, spring carnival in Rome closed with a <a href="/wiki/Horse_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse race">horse race</a>. Fifteen to 20 riderless horses, originally imported from the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> of North Africa, ran the length of the <a href="/wiki/Via_del_Corso" title="Via del Corso">Via del Corso</a>, a long, straight city street, in about 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2 minutes.</figcaption></figure> Other areas developed their own traditions. In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> immigrants brought with them the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Carnival">Caribbean Carnival</a>; however, the Carnivals now celebrated at <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_West_Indian_Carnival" title="Leeds West Indian Carnival">Leeds</a>, Yorkshire, and other places became divorced from their religious origin and became <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> events that take place in the summer months.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theories">edit</a>]</div> Interpretations of Carnival present it as a social institution that degrades or "uncrowns" the higher functions of thought, speech, and the soul by translating them into the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_body" title="Grotesque body">grotesque body</a>, which serves to renew society and the world,<a href="#cite_note-Bakhtin-4">[4]</a> as a release for impulses that threaten the social order that ultimately reinforces social norms,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> as a social transformation,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> or as a tool for different groups to focus attention on conflicts and incongruities by embodying them in "senseless" acts.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Furthermore, some cultures use Carnival as a method of empowering themselves in spite of social conflicts. For example, when the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_carnivals_around_the_world" title="List of Caribbean carnivals around the world">Caribbean Carnival</a> was established as a result of French settlers, even the slaves had their version of the <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerade</a>, where they would reverse roles to mock those of higher social status.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Along with empowering individuals for a period of time, despite their typical status, Carnival brings communities together. In a day where all are meant to perform a "mask" that differs from their typical identity, all members of a society are able to connect through their theatricality and satire.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, historian of religions, writes: "Any new year is a revival of time at its beginning, a repetition of the cosmogony. Ritual fights between two groups of extras, the presence of the dead, <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a> and orgies, are all elements which indicate that at the end of the year and in the expectation of the new year the mythical moments of the passage of chaos to the cosmogony are repeated".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Eliade also writes: "Then the dead will come back, because all barriers between the dead and the living are broken (is the primordial chaos not revived?), and will come back since – at this paradoxical moment – time will be interrupted, so that the dead may be again contemporaries of the living." Eliade speculates that people have "a deep need to regenerate themselves periodically by abolishing the elapsed time and making topical the cosmogony". As regards masks (monsters, animals, demons), he assigns them an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a> meaning. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> For the Canary Islands, see <a href="#Canary_Islands">its section</a> under Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cape_Verde_Islands">Cape Verde Islands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cape Verde Islands">edit</a>]</div> Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. It is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In <a href="/wiki/Mindelo" title="Mindelo">Mindelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente,_Cape_Verde" title="São Vicente, Cape Verde">São Vicente</a>, groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian Carnival traditions. The celebration in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Nicolau,_Cape_Verde" title="São Nicolau, Cape Verde">São Nicolau</a> is more traditional, where established groups parade through the <a href="/wiki/Ribeira_Brava,_Cape_Verde" title="Ribeira Brava, Cape Verde">Ribeira Brava</a>, gathering in the <a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">town square</a>, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau, three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul, and Brilho Da Zona, construct a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, and iron and steel for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The celebrations are captured in the award-winning feature documentary <a href="/wiki/Tchindas" title="Tchindas">Tchindas</a>, nominated at the <a href="/wiki/12th_Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards" title="12th Africa Movie Academy Awards">12th Africa Movie Academy Awards</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Namibia">Namibia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Namibia">edit</a>]</div> Carnival was introduced by German settlers. The celebration is based on the "Rheinische" Carnival tradition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seychelles">Seychelles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seychelles">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> carnival began in 2011. It is held in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a> and takes place over three days. On Day 1, the grand opening is held in the city center near the clock tower. The second day is parade day. On Day 3, the closing ceremony is held, and a lottery winner is announced.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harare_Carnival_Dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harare_Carnival_Dancer.jpg/170px-Harare_Carnival_Dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harare_Carnival_Dancer.jpg/255px-Harare_Carnival_Dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harare_Carnival_Dancer.jpg/340px-Harare_Carnival_Dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Harare Carnival dancer</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> Carnival is held late in May. Events include fashion and music shows. The climax is a street party featuring costumes and music.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antigua">Antigua</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antigua">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Carnival" title="Antigua Carnival">Antigua Carnival</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antiguan</a> Carnival is held from the end of July to the first Tuesday in August. The most important day is that of the j'ouvert (or juvé), in which brass and <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a> bands perform. <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>'s Carnival, held in June, is known as "Caribana". The Antiguan and Barbudan Carnivals replaced the Old Time Christmas Festival in 1957, with hopes of inspiring tourism.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_en_colegiales_ni%C3%B1os.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Carnaval_en_colegiales_ni%C3%B1os.jpg/220px-Carnaval_en_colegiales_ni%C3%B1os.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Carnaval_en_colegiales_ni%C3%B1os.jpg/330px-Carnaval_en_colegiales_ni%C3%B1os.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Carnaval_en_colegiales_ni%C3%B1os.jpg/440px-Carnaval_en_colegiales_ni%C3%B1os.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Carnival in Argentina by school children</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Murga" title="Murga">Murga</a>, although other famous Carnivals, more like Brazil's, are held in Argentine <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia,_Argentina" title="Mesopotamia, Argentina">Mesopotamia</a> and the North-East. <a href="/wiki/Gualeguaych%C3%BA,_Entre_R%C3%ADos" title="Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos">Gualeguaychú</a> in the east of <a href="/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province" title="Entre Ríos Province">Entre Ríos Province</a> is the most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades. It adopts a musical background similar to Brazilian or Uruguayan Carnival. <a href="/wiki/Corrientes" title="Corrientes">Corrientes</a> is another city with a Carnival tradition. <a href="/wiki/Chamam%C3%A9" title="Chamamé">Chamamé</a> is a popular musical style. In all major cities and many towns throughout the country, Carnival is celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The Humahuaca Carnival is a popular celebration, which takes place at the beginning of Lent (40 days before Holy Week), in the Quebrada de Humahuaca area, Jujuy province, Argentina. As Carnival coincides with summer in the Southern Hemisphere, in many parts of Argentina children play with water. The 19th century tradition of filling empty egg shells with water has evolved into water games that include the throwing of <a href="/wiki/Water_balloon" title="Water balloon">water balloons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aruba">Aruba</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aruba">edit</a>]</div> Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades, the Jouvert morning: the Children's Parades, and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration is a month-long affair consisting of festive "jump-ups" (street parades), spectacular parades, and creative contests. Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role, from the Queen elections to the Grand Parade. Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month, with brass band, <a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">steelpan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roadmarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadmarch">roadmarch</a> tunes. On the evening before Lent, Carnival ends with the symbolic burning of King Momo.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahamas">Bahamas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bahamas">edit</a>]</div> Junkanoo is the principal street parade in the Bahamas, it has been practiced in the Bahamas before and after the 1834 emancipation of slavery in the British Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> announced the first Bahamas <a href="/wiki/Junkanoo" title="Junkanoo">Junkanoo</a> Carnival to commence in May 2015.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Carnival in the Bahamas rivals various carnivals throughout the Caribbean in that it is a unique blend between the revered Junkanoo and traditional Carnival. This fairly new festival has been referred to as the ultimate celebration of everything Bahamian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barbados">Barbados</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Barbados">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crop_over" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop over">Crop over</a></div> "Crop Over" (formerly called "Harvest Home") is a traditional harvest festival celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>. Its early beginnings were on the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> during the colonial period. Crop Over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing, and accompaniment by <a href="/wiki/Shak-shak" title="Shak-shak">shak-shak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, guitar, bottles filled with water, and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting, and drinking competitions. Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. In the late 20th century, Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, the Grand Kadooment.<a href="#cite_note-:4-66">[66]</a> Crop Over time for many islanders is one big party. Craft markets, food tents/stalls, street parties, and cavalcades fill every week.<a href="#cite_note-:4-66">[66]</a> A major feature is the <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> competition. Calypso music, originating in Trinidad, uses syncopated rhythm and topical lyrics. It offers a medium in which to satirise local politics, amidst the general bacchanal. Calypso tents, also originating in Trinidad, feature cadres of musicians who perform biting social commentaries, political exposés or rousing exhortations to "wuk dah waistline" and "roll dat bumper". The groups compete for the Calypso Monarch Award, while the air is redolent with the smells of <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Bajan</a> cooking during the <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a> Market Street Fair. The Cohobblopot Festival blends dance, drama, and music with the crowning of the King and Queen of costume bands. Every evening the "Pic-o-de-Crop" Show is performed after the King of Calypso is finally crowned. The climax of the festival is Kadooment Day, celebrated with a national holiday, when costume bands fill the streets with pulsating Barbadian rhythms and fireworks.<a href="#cite_note-:4-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belize">Belize</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Belize">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Belize" title="Carnival in Belize">Carnival in Belize</a></div> <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Town" title="San Pedro Town">San Pedro</a> is one of <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>'s few cities to observe Carnaval before Lent. Elsewhere, Carnaval (sometimes referred to as Carnival) often occurs in September. The Fiesta de Carnaval is often the most popular celebration, usually held over three days prior to Ash Wednesday, but the festivities often extend to the full week.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> This festival "always includes music, dancing, costumes and parades".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Comparsa" title="Comparsa">Comparsas</a> are held throughout the week, consisting of large groups "of dancers dancing and traveling on the streets, followed by a Carrosa (carriage) where the musicians play. The Comparsa is a development of African processions where groups of devotees follow a given saint or deity during a particular religious celebration." One of the most popular comparsas of Fiesta de Carnaval is the male group comparsa, usually composed of notable men from the community who dress up in outlandish costumes or cross-dress and dance to compete for money and prizes.<a href="#cite_note-goambergriscaye.com-69">[69]</a> Other popular activities include body painting and flour fighting.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-joseluiszapata.com-71">[71]</a> "On the last day of Carnival painters flood the street to paint each other. This simply means that a mixture of water paint and water or raw eggs is used to paint people on the streets, the goal being to paint as many people as you can."<a href="#cite_note-goambergriscaye.com-69">[69]</a> Street fights often occur during the festivities – some locals treat this festival as an opportunity to exact revenge on their enemies. <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a> is common and "businesses constantly have to prepare in covering or repainting their advertisements during Carnival season because of the mischief performed."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The tradition continues despite critics who advocate the termination of these festivities.<a href="#cite_note-joseluiszapata.com-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bolivia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro" title="Carnaval de Oruro">Carnaval de Oruro</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diablada_oruro_fraternidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Diablada_oruro_fraternidad.jpg/250px-Diablada_oruro_fraternidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Diablada_oruro_fraternidad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oruro_Diablada" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruro Diablada">Diablada</a>, dance primeval, the typical and main dance of <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro" title="Carnaval de Oruro">Carnaval de Oruro</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a> since 2001 in Bolivia (Image: Fraternidad Artística y Cultural "La Diablada")</figcaption></figure> La Diablada Carnival takes place in <a href="/wiki/Oruro,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruro, Bolivia">Oruro</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, Vírgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Over 50 parade groups dance, sing, and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas, and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>. Dances include <a href="/wiki/Caporales" title="Caporales">caporales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinku" title="Tinku">tinkus</a>. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, for three days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 "Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Throughout the country, celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a>, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with <a href="/wiki/Comparsa" title="Comparsa">Comparsas</a> dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Brazilian Carnival</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galo_da_Madrugada,_Carnival_2014_-_Recife,_Pernambuco,_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Galo_da_Madrugada%2C_Carnival_2014_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg/250px-Galo_da_Madrugada%2C_Carnival_2014_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Galo_da_Madrugada%2C_Carnival_2014_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg/375px-Galo_da_Madrugada%2C_Carnival_2014_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Galo_da_Madrugada%2C_Carnival_2014_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg/500px-Galo_da_Madrugada%2C_Carnival_2014_-_Recife%2C_Pernambuco%2C_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>Recife Carnival, in <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloco_da_camisinha_circuito_Campo_Grande_Salvador.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bloco_da_camisinha_circuito_Campo_Grande_Salvador.jpg/250px-Bloco_da_camisinha_circuito_Campo_Grande_Salvador.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bloco_da_camisinha_circuito_Campo_Grande_Salvador.jpg/375px-Bloco_da_camisinha_circuito_Campo_Grande_Salvador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bloco_da_camisinha_circuito_Campo_Grande_Salvador.jpg/500px-Bloco_da_camisinha_circuito_Campo_Grande_Salvador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Carnival circuit of <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador, Bahia</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> The Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Portuguese: Carnaval) is a major part of Brazilian culture. The first expression of this festivity took place in Rio de Janeiro in 1641, with the préstitos, very similar to musical processions that were held on public streets when <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV of Portugal</a> was crowned King. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rio_de_Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rio de Janeiro">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio Carnival</a></div> The street carnival of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> is designated by <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the largest carnival in the world, with approximately two million people each day.<a href="#cite_note-guin-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samba_school" title="Samba school">Samba schools</a> are large, social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year. In <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio Carnival</a>, samba schools parade in the <a href="/wiki/Sambadrome" title="Sambadrome">Sambadrome</a> (sambódromo in Portuguese). Some of the most famous include <a href="/wiki/GRES_Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Primeira_de_Mangueira" class="mw-redirect" title="GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira">GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira</a>, <a href="/wiki/GRES_Portela" class="mw-redirect" title="GRES Portela">GRES Portela</a>, <a href="/wiki/GRES_Acad%C3%AAmicos_do_Salgueiro" class="mw-redirect" title="GRES Acadêmicos do Salgueiro">GRES Acadêmicos do Salgueiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/GRES_Imperatriz_Leopoldinense" class="mw-redirect" title="GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense">GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense</a>, <a href="/wiki/GRES_Beija-Flor_de_Nil%C3%B3polis" class="mw-redirect" title="GRES Beija-Flor de Nilópolis">GRES Beija-Flor de Nilópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/GRES_Mocidade_Independente_de_Padre_Miguel" class="mw-redirect" title="GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel">GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel</a>, and recently, <a href="/wiki/Unidos_da_Tijuca" title="Unidos da Tijuca">Unidos da Tijuca</a> and <a href="/wiki/GRES_Uni%C3%A3o_da_Ilha_do_Governador" class="mw-redirect" title="GRES União da Ilha do Governador">GRES União da Ilha do Governador</a>. Local tourists pay $500–950, depending on the costume, to buy a samba costume and dance in the parade. Blocos are small informal groups with a definite theme in their samba, usually satirizing the political situation. About 30 schools in Rio gather hundreds of thousands of participants. More than 440 blocos operate in Rio. Bandas are samba musical bands, also called "street carnival bands", usually formed within a single neighborhood or musical background. The Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$1 billion in revenues.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Recife,_Pernambuco">Recife, Pernambuco</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Recife, Pernambuco">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> is marked by the parade of the largest carnival block in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Galo_da_Madrugada" title="Galo da Madrugada">Galo da Madrugada</a>. This parade happens on the first Saturday of Carnival (Zé Pereira's Saturday), passes through downtown Recife, and has as symbol a giant rooster that is positioned on the Duarte Coelho Bridge. In this block, there is a great variety of musical genres, but <a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a> is the most common one; it is typical of both Recife and <a href="/wiki/Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a>, and is considered an Intangible Heritage of Humanity by Unesco.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Salvador,_Bahia">Salvador, Bahia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Salvador, Bahia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bahian_Carnival" title="Bahian Carnival">Bahian Carnival</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a> has large Carnival celebrations, including the <a href="/wiki/Ax%C3%A9" title="Axé">Axé</a>, a typical Bahia music. A truck with giant speakers and a platform, where musicians play songs of local genres such as Axé, <a href="/wiki/Samba-reggae" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba-reggae">samba-reggae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arrocha" title="Arrocha">Arrocha</a>, drives through town with a crowd following while dancing and singing. It was originally staged by two Salvador musicians, Dodo & Osmar, in the 1950s. After the <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia#Carnival" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador Carnival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Seguro" title="Porto Seguro">Porto Seguro</a> continues the celebration.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Three circuits make up the festival. Campo Grande is the longest and most traditional. Barra-Ondina is the most famous, on the seaside of Pelourinho and the beaches Barra and Ondina.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> International singers like <a href="/wiki/David_Guetta" title="David Guetta">David Guetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psy" title="Psy">Psy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Sinclar" title="Bob Sinclar">Bob Sinclar</a> have performed in Salvador.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivete_Sangalo" title="Ivete Sangalo">Ivete Sangalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Leitte" title="Claudia Leitte">Claudia Leitte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Mercury" title="Daniela Mercury">Daniela Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margareth_Menezes" title="Margareth Menezes">Margareth Menezes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiclete_com_Banana" title="Chiclete com Banana">Chiclete com Banana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banda_Eva" title="Banda Eva">Banda Eva</a> are some traditional attractions. The party officially lasts six days, but may go on for longer.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Caribbean_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto Caribbean Carnival">Toronto Caribbean Carnival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> on the first weekend of August to take advantage of more comfortable weather, has its origins in Caribbean Carnival traditions. Tourist attendance at the parade typically exceeds one million.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Winter_Carnival" title="Quebec Winter Carnival">Quebec Winter Carnival</a> is one of the biggest winter-themed Carnivals in the world.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> It depends on snowfall and very cold weather, to keep snowy <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">ski</a> trails in good condition and <a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">ice sculptures</a> frozen. The carnival is held during the last days of January and first days of February.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Winterlude" title="Winterlude">Winterlude</a> takes place during February.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 157px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Posing_at_2018_Toronto_Caribbean_Carnival_(28969518847).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caribbean Carnival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada"><img alt="Caribbean Carnival in Toronto, Ontario, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Posing_at_2018_Toronto_Caribbean_Carnival_%2828969518847%29.jpg/200px-Posing_at_2018_Toronto_Caribbean_Carnival_%2828969518847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Posing_at_2018_Toronto_Caribbean_Carnival_%2828969518847%29.jpg/300px-Posing_at_2018_Toronto_Caribbean_Carnival_%2828969518847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Posing_at_2018_Toronto_Caribbean_Carnival_%2828969518847%29.jpg/400px-Posing_at_2018_Toronto_Caribbean_Carnival_%2828969518847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caribbean Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 157px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_bain_de_neige_avec_le_mascotte_Bonhomme_Carnaval_(13-02-2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winter Carnival, taken in Québec City, Québec, Canada"><img alt="Winter Carnival, taken in Québec City, Québec, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carnaval_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_bain_de_neige_avec_le_mascotte_Bonhomme_Carnaval_%2813-02-2010%29.jpg/191px-Carnaval_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_bain_de_neige_avec_le_mascotte_Bonhomme_Carnaval_%2813-02-2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carnaval_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_bain_de_neige_avec_le_mascotte_Bonhomme_Carnaval_%2813-02-2010%29.jpg/287px-Carnaval_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_bain_de_neige_avec_le_mascotte_Bonhomme_Carnaval_%2813-02-2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carnaval_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_bain_de_neige_avec_le_mascotte_Bonhomme_Carnaval_%2813-02-2010%29.jpg/381px-Carnaval_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_bain_de_neige_avec_le_mascotte_Bonhomme_Carnaval_%2813-02-2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winter Carnival, taken in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Québec City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québec</a>, Canada</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_Bonaire_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Carnaval_Bonaire_%281%29.jpg/260px-Carnaval_Bonaire_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Carnaval_Bonaire_%281%29.jpg/390px-Carnaval_Bonaire_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Carnaval_Bonaire_%281%29.jpg/520px-Carnaval_Bonaire_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Rincon,_Bonaire" title="Rincon, Bonaire">Rincon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival in the Caribbean">Carnival in the Caribbean</a></div> Most <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands celebrate Carnival. The largest and most well-known is in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> (Statia), <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Antilles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (Antilles)">Saint Vincent</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grenadines" title="Grenadines">Grenadines</a> hold lengthy carnival seasons and large celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Carnival is an important cultural event in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>. Festivities include "jump-up" parades with beautifully colored costumes, floats, and live bands, as well as <a href="/wiki/Beauty_contests" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauty contests">beauty contests</a> and other competitions. Celebrations include a middle-of-the-night <a href="/wiki/J%27ouvert" title="J'ouvert">j'ouvert</a> (juvé) parade that ends at sunrise with the burning of a straw <a href="/wiki/King_Momo" title="King Momo">King Momo</a>, cleansing sins and bad luck. On Statia, he is called Prince Stupid.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Carnival has been celebrated in Cuba since the 18th century. Participants don costumes from the island's cultural and ethnic variety. After <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Communist Revolution</a>, Carnival's religious overtones were suppressed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The events remained, albeit frowned upon by the state.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Carnival celebrations have been in decline throughout Cuba since then.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Colombia" title="Carnival in Colombia">Carnival in Colombia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congos_carnaval_de_Barranquilla2024-02-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Congos_carnaval_de_Barranquilla2024-02-14.jpg/260px-Congos_carnaval_de_Barranquilla2024-02-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Congos_carnaval_de_Barranquilla2024-02-14.jpg/390px-Congos_carnaval_de_Barranquilla2024-02-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Congos_carnaval_de_Barranquilla2024-02-14.jpg/520px-Congos_carnaval_de_Barranquilla2024-02-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Congos troupe in <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla_Carnival" title="Barranquilla Carnival">Barranquilla carnival</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIOSESANCESTRALES_HUGOMONCAYO2007_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/DIOSESANCESTRALES_HUGOMONCAYO2007_4.jpg/260px-DIOSESANCESTRALES_HUGOMONCAYO2007_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/DIOSESANCESTRALES_HUGOMONCAYO2007_4.jpg/390px-DIOSESANCESTRALES_HUGOMONCAYO2007_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/DIOSESANCESTRALES_HUGOMONCAYO2007_4.jpg/520px-DIOSESANCESTRALES_HUGOMONCAYO2007_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Blacks_and_Whites%27_Carnival" title="Blacks and Whites' Carnival">Blacks and Whites' Carnival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasto,_Colombia" title="Pasto, Colombia">Pasto, Colombia</a></figcaption></figure> Carnival was introduced by the Spaniards and incorporated elements from <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European cultures</a>. It has managed to reinterpret traditions that belonged to Colombia's African and <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> cultures. Documentary evidence shows that Carnival existed in Colombia in the 18th century and had already been a cause for concern for colonial authorities, who censored the celebrations, especially in the main political centres such as <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n" title="Popayán">Popayán</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla%27s_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Barranquilla's Carnival">Barranquilla's Carnival</a>), now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights beginning on 11 January and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, beginning the Wednesday prior to Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations occur in villages along the lower <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a> in northern Colombia, and in <a href="/wiki/Pasto,_Colombia" title="Pasto, Colombia">Pasto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Nariño">Nariño</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Blacks_and_Whites%27_Carnival" title="Blacks and Whites' Carnival">Blacks and Whites' Carnival</a>) in the south of the country. In the early 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogotá were rejected by the government. The <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogotá Carnival">Bogotá Carnival</a> was renewed in the 21st century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominica">Dominica</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dominica">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chant%C3%A9_mas" title="Chanté mas">Chanté mas</a></div> Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> is held in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Roseau" title="Roseau">Roseau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dreisinger_2015_h711-90">[90]</a> and takes elements of Carnival that can be seen in the neighboring French islands of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>. Notable events leading up to Carnival include the Opening of Carnival celebrations, the Calypso Monarch music competition, the Queen of Carnival Beauty Pageant,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bouyon_music" title="Bouyon music">bouyon music</a> bands.<a href="#cite_note-St_Vincent_Times_2023_u249-92">[92]</a> Celebrations last for the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2023_b521-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Carnival in the Dominican Republic">Carnival in the Dominican Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cojuelo03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cojuelo03.JPG/200px-Cojuelo03.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cojuelo03.JPG/300px-Cojuelo03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cojuelo03.JPG/400px-Cojuelo03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Traditional cojuelo mask of the Dominican carnival in <a href="/wiki/La_Vega,_Dominican_Republic" title="La Vega, Dominican Republic">La Vega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican</a> Carnival is celebrated in most cities and towns in the main streets during February. Among its main characteristics are its flashy costumes and loud music. The one held in <a href="/wiki/La_Vega,_Dominican_Republic" title="La Vega, Dominican Republic">La Vega</a>, which is one of the biggest in the country, and the national parade in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> were where the first Carnival of the Americas was held.<a href="#cite_note-:5-94">[94]</a> Carnival masks are elaborate and colorful. The costumes used on the parades are satires of the Devil and are called "Diablos Cojuelos". They dance, and run to the rhythm of <a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">merengue music</a> mixed with techno, hip-hop, and <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a>. Additional <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> characters represent Dominican traditions such as "Roba la Gallina" and "Califé".<a href="#cite_note-:5-94">[94]</a> One of the most international parades is in <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Macor%C3%ADs" title="San Pedro de Macorís">San Pedro de Macorís</a>. It exhibits the "Guloyas" parade of costumed groups dancing in the streets. Revelers flee from the "Diablos Cojuelos" who try to hit them with "Vejigas".<a href="#cite_note-:5-94">[94]</a> The timing of the festivals has grown apart from its original religious synchronization with the period of Lent. With National Independence Day on 27 February and the birthday of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Duarte" title="Juan Pablo Duarte">Juan Pablo Duarte</a>, its founding father, on 26 January, the Carnival celebrations fill February regardless of the <a href="/wiki/Lenten_calendar" title="Lenten calendar">Lenten calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ecuador">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfile_de_Carnaval_en_calles_de_Latacunga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Desfile_de_Carnaval_en_calles_de_Latacunga.jpg/220px-Desfile_de_Carnaval_en_calles_de_Latacunga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Desfile_de_Carnaval_en_calles_de_Latacunga.jpg/330px-Desfile_de_Carnaval_en_calles_de_Latacunga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Desfile_de_Carnaval_en_calles_de_Latacunga.jpg/440px-Desfile_de_Carnaval_en_calles_de_Latacunga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Carnival parade in <a href="/wiki/Latacunga" title="Latacunga">Latacunga</a>, Ecuador</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparsa_latacungue%C3%B1a_desfilando.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Comparsa_latacungue%C3%B1a_desfilando.jpg/220px-Comparsa_latacungue%C3%B1a_desfilando.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Comparsa_latacungue%C3%B1a_desfilando.jpg/330px-Comparsa_latacungue%C3%B1a_desfilando.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Comparsa_latacungue%C3%B1a_desfilando.jpg/440px-Comparsa_latacungue%C3%B1a_desfilando.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Parade in Latacunga, Ecuador</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, the celebrations began before the arrival of Catholicism. The Huarangas Indians (from the Chimbos nation) used to celebrate the second moon of the year with a festival at which they threw flour, flowers, and perfumed water. This indigenous tradition merged with the Catholic celebration of Carnival.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> A common feature of Ecuadorian Carnival is the diablitos (little devils) who play with water. As with snowball fights, the practice of throwing or dumping water on unsuspecting victims is revered by children and teenagers although feared by some adults. Throwing water balloons, sometimes even eggs and flour both to friends and strangers is fun, but can also upset the uninformed.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Although the government as well as school authorities forbid such games, they are widely practiced. Historians tell of a bishop in 1867 who threatened <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> of playing Carnival games.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Festivals differ across the country. Locals wear disguises with colorful masks and dance. Usually, the celebrations begin with the election of Taita Carnival (Father Carnival) who heads the festivities and leads the parades in each city.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The most famed Carnival festivities are in <a href="/wiki/Guaranda" title="Guaranda">Guaranda</a> (Bolivar province) and <a href="/wiki/Ambato,_Ecuador" title="Ambato, Ecuador">Ambato</a> (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in <a href="/wiki/Azogues" title="Azogues">Azogues</a> (Cañar Province). In Azogues and the Southern <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> in general, Taita Carnival is always an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañari</a>. Recently, a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Andes in the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Chota Valley">Chota Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Imbabura_Province" title="Imbabura Province">Imbabura</a> which is a zone of a strong <a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Ecuadorian">Afro-Ecuadorian</a> population and so the Carnival is celebrated with <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Ecuador)" title="Bomba (Ecuador)">bomba del chota</a> music.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latacunga" title="Latacunga">Latacunga</a> celebrates Carnival in three manners:<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Carnival with water where people play with water, religious Carnival where people make religious festivity, and Carnival parade in the city in which people march on the Latacunga streets wearing masks while they dance with music bands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Guiana">French Guiana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: French Guiana">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_French_Guiana" title="Carnival in French Guiana">Carnival in French Guiana</a></div> The Carnival of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> has roots in <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> culture. Everyone participates – mainland French, Brazilians (Guiana has a frontier with Brazil), and Chinese as well as Creoles.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Its duration is variable, determined by movable religious festivals: Carnival begins at <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> and ends on Ash Wednesday, and so typically lasts through most of January and February. During this period, from Friday evening until Monday morning the entire country throbs to the rhythm of masked balls and street parades.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Friday afternoons are for eating galette des rois (the cake of kings) and drinking champagne. The cake may be flavoured with <a href="/wiki/Frangipani" class="mw-redirect" title="Frangipani">frangipani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On Sunday afternoons, major parades fill the streets of <a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a>, and Saint-Laurent du Maroni. Competing groups prepare for months. Dressed to follow the year's agreed theme, they march with Carnival floats, drums, and brass bands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Brazilian groups are appreciated for their elaborate feathered and sequined costumes. However, they are not eligible for competition since the costumes do not change over time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mythical characters appear regularly in the parades:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Karolin − a small person dressed in a <a href="/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpie</a> tail and <a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top hat</a>, riding on a <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrew</a>;</li> <li>Les Nèg'marrons − groups of men dressed in red <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloths</a>, bearing ripe tomatoes in their mouths while their bodies are smeared with grease or <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>. They deliberately try to come in contact with spectators, soiling their clothes;</li> <li>Les makoumés − <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> men (out of the Carnival context, makoumé is a pejorative term for a <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>);</li> <li>Soussouris (the bat) − a character dressed in a winged <a href="/wiki/Leotard" title="Leotard">leotard</a> from head to foot, usually black in colour. Traditionally malevolent, this character is liable to chase spectators and "sting" them.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toulou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Toulou.jpg/220px-Toulou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Toulou.jpg/330px-Toulou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Toulou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Four touloulous</figcaption></figure> A uniquely Creole tradition are the touloulous. These women wear decorative gowns, gloves, masks, and headdresses that cover them completely, making them unrecognisable, even to the colour of their skin. On Friday and Saturday nights of Carnival, touloulou balls are held in so-called "universities", large dance halls that open only at Carnival time. Touloulous get in free, and are even given <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a> in the interest of the sexual health of the community. Men attend the balls, but they pay admittance and are not disguised. The touloulous pick their dance partners, who may not refuse. The setup is designed to make it easy for a woman to create a temporary liaison with a man in total anonymity. Undisguised women are not welcomed. By tradition, if such a woman gets up to dance, the orchestra stops playing. Alcohol is served at bars – the disguised women whisper to the men "touloulou thirsty", at which a round of drinks is expected, to be drunk through a straw protect their anonymity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In more modern times, Guyanais men have attempted to turn the tables by staging soirées tololo, in which it is the men who, in disguise, seek partners from undisguised women bystanders.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The final four days of Carnival follow a rigid schedule, and no work is done:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Sunday − The Grand Parade, in which the groups compete.</li> <li>Monday − Marriage burlesque, with men dressed as brides and women as grooms.</li> <li>Tuesday − Red Devil Day in which everyone wears red or black.</li> <li>(Ash) Wednesday − Dress is black and white only, for the grand ceremony of burning the effigy of Vaval, King Carnival.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Guatemala">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Mazatenango" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazatenango">Mazatenango</a> carnival is a two- or three-day celebration that has been celebrated in this city for more than a century. Though secular in nature, it takes place immediately before Christian <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> begins. Early celebrations included bull fights, and modern celebrations include the wearing of masks and costumes, the selection of an Ugly King and the Queen of the Carnival, dances, and a variety of games. <a href="#cite_note-Aldana_2023_j728-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-PL_2018_v755-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haiti">Haiti</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Haiti">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Carnival" title="Haitian Carnival">Haitian Carnival</a></div> Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> started in 1804 in the capital <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Haitian Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence</a>. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the largest in North America. It is known as Kanaval in the <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole language</a>. It starts in January, known as "Pre-Kanaval", while the main carnival activities begin in February. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, floats, <a href="/wiki/Rara_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Rara festival">Rara festival</a> parades,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> masks, foods, and popular <a href="/wiki/Rasin" title="Rasin">rasin</a> music (such as <a href="/wiki/Boukman_Eksperyans" title="Boukman Eksperyans">Boukman Eksperyans</a>, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, and Eritaj) and <a href="/wiki/Compas" title="Compas">kompa</a> bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Micky" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet Micky">Sweet Micky</a>, Kreyòl La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Champ-de-Mars,_Port-au-Prince&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champ-de-Mars, Port-au-Prince (page does not exist)">Champ-de-Mars</a>. An annual song competition takes place.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other places in Haiti celebrate carnival, including <a href="/wiki/Jacmel" title="Jacmel">Jacmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aux_Cayes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aux Cayes">Aux Cayes</a>. In 2013, Kanaval was celebrated in Okap (<a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a>).<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Carnival finishes on Ash Wednesday, followed by rara festival, another parading musical tradition known mainly in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic. This festival emphasises religion. Songs are composed each year, and bands play bamboo tubes (vaksin) and homemade horns (konèt). Rara is also performed in <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in summertime New York.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honduras">Honduras</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Honduras">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/La_Ceiba" title="La Ceiba">La Ceiba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, Carnival is held on the third or fourth Saturday of every May to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Isidore_the_Laborer" title="Isidore the Laborer">San Isidro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> It is the largest Carnival celebration in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Mexico" title="Carnival in Mexico">Carnival in Mexico</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, Carnaval is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns. The largest are in <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>, with others in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>. The larger city Carnavals employ costumes, elected queens, and parades with floats, but Carnaval celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico's colonial period. The largest of these is in <a href="/wiki/Huejotzingo" title="Huejotzingo">Huejotzingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks, roughly based on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla" title="Battle of Puebla">Battle of Puebla</a>. Other important states with local traditions include <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Carnaval of <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> goes back 400 years, to 1582.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Nicaragua">edit</a>]</div> On the Caribbean coast of <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, Carnival is better known as "Palo de Mayo" (or Mayo Ya!) and is celebrated every day of May.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, it is celebrated for two days. There it is named Alegria por la vida ("Joy for Life") and features a different theme each year. Another festival in Managua celebrates patron saint Domingo de Guzman and lasts ten days.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panama">Panama</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Panama">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_Arriba_versus_Calle_Abajo_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Calle_Arriba_versus_Calle_Abajo_05.jpg/220px-Calle_Arriba_versus_Calle_Abajo_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Calle_Arriba_versus_Calle_Abajo_05.jpg/330px-Calle_Arriba_versus_Calle_Abajo_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Calle_Arriba_versus_Calle_Abajo_05.jpg/440px-Calle_Arriba_versus_Calle_Abajo_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Two Queens, representing Calle Arriba and Calle Abajo, standing on a float</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval20150215.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Carnaval20150215.jpeg/220px-Carnaval20150215.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Carnaval20150215.jpeg/330px-Carnaval20150215.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Carnaval20150215.jpeg/440px-Carnaval20150215.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>A culeco</figcaption></figure> Traditionally beginning on Friday and ending on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, "los Carnavales", as <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panamanians</a> refer to the days of Carnival, are celebrated across the country. Carnival Week is especially popular in the sleepy town of <a href="/wiki/Las_Tablas,_Los_Santos" title="Las Tablas, Los Santos">Las Tablas</a>. The population multiplies because of the opulent Carnival celebrations. Carnival celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a> and almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Azuero_Peninsula" title="Azuero Peninsula">Azuero Peninsula</a> are popular tourist attractions. Penonomé features a parade on the Rio Zarati as a unique Carnival event. The Panamanian Carnival is also popular because of the concerts featuring popular artists in the most visited areas. Concerts are often carried out during the night, and continue until the next morning. Carnival Week is a national holiday in Panama, with most businesses and government offices remaining closed during its duration, and with most Panamanians opting to go to the country's rural areas to participate on the Carnivals and visit their relatives. Carnivals in Panama also feature large repurposed fuel trucks that are used for soaking attendees through the use of firehoses that are controlled and directed by one or more people that stand in a platform that is mounted on top of the truck. This is known as "culecos" or "los culecos". Trucks get their water from nearby, government-approved rivers, and the water is tested for cleanliness before use. Culecos are often performed from 10 am to 3 pm, when the sun is at its brightest. Children and pregnant women are banned from participating in the culecos, and the trucks are always sponsored by a well-known Panamanian company or brand. The culecos are also often accompanied by reggaeton concerts.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The open consumption of large amounts of cold, <a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">low-alcohol beer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smirnoff" title="Smirnoff">Smirnoff</a>, stored in ice-filled coolers, is common among attendees. Just like in Rio de Janeiro, some carnivals also feature floats, but they may have young women with elaborate costumes that stand as the "Queens" of "Calle Arriba" and "Calle Abajo", representing rich and working-class people, respectively. The queens are chosen through a contest and announced on October of the previous year, and are replaced every year. The queens are introduced on the first carnival day, and are always accompanied by a music band, who are present whenever the queens are present. Fireworks are launched on the last carnival night, to signal the end of the carnival.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Peru">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_de_juliaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Carnaval_de_juliaca.jpg/200px-Carnaval_de_juliaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Carnaval_de_juliaca.jpg/300px-Carnaval_de_juliaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Carnaval_de_juliaca.jpg/400px-Carnaval_de_juliaca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Morenada dance, in the Carnival of <a href="/wiki/Juliaca" title="Juliaca">Juliaca</a>, Peru</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cajamarca">edit</a>]</div> The town of <a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a> is considered the capital of Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Local residents of all ages dance around the unsha, or yunsa, a tree adorned with ribbons, balloons, toys, fruits, bottles of liquor, and other prizes.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> At a certain point, the Mayordomo (governor of the feast) walks into the circle. The governor chooses a partner to go to the unsha, which they attempt to cut down by striking it three times with a <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machete</a>. The machete is passed from couple to couple as each strikes the tree three times. When the unsha finally falls, the crowd rushes to grab the prizes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The person who successfully brings down the unsha becomes the following year's governor.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Crime">Crime</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> While generally peaceful, there have been issues with people using Carnival as a pretext for crime, particularly robbery or vandalism, especially in certain areas of Lima.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg/220px-Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg/330px-Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg/440px-Orange_Carnival_Masqueraders_in_Trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Masqueraders chipping on Carnival Tuesday in <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a> during <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Trinidad and Tobago Carnival</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Trinidad and Tobago Carnival</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, Carnival lasts months and culminates in large celebrations on the three days before Ash Wednesday with Dimanche Gras, <a href="/wiki/J%27ouvert" title="J'ouvert">J'ouvert</a>, and Mas (masquerade). Tobago's celebration culminates on Monday and Tuesday on a much smaller scale, however Tobago hosted its inaugural standalone carnival on October 28–30, 2022<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Carnival combines costumes, dance, music, competitions, rum, and partying (fete-ing). Music styles include soca, <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapso" title="Rapso">rapso</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">chutney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chutney_soca" title="Chutney soca">chutney soca</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The annual Carnival <a href="/wiki/Steel_pan" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel pan">steel pan</a> competition known as the National Panorama competition holds the finals on the Saturday before the main event. Pan players compete in categories such as "Conventional Steel Band" or "Single Pan Band" by performing renditions of the year's calypsos.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> "Dimanche Gras" takes place on the Sunday night before Ash Wednesday. Here the <a href="/wiki/Calypso_Monarch" title="Calypso Monarch">Calypso Monarch</a> is chosen (after competition) and prize money and a vehicle awarded. The King and Queen of the bands are crowned, where each band parades costumes for two days and submits a king and queen, from which an overall winner is chosen. These usually involve huge, complex, beautiful well-crafted costumes, that includes 'wire-bending'.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means "opening of the day". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. "Clean Mud" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue, black, or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnival_Costume_in_Trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Carnival_Costume_in_Trinidad.jpg/220px-Carnival_Costume_in_Trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Carnival_Costume_in_Trinidad.jpg/330px-Carnival_Costume_in_Trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Carnival_Costume_in_Trinidad.jpg/440px-Carnival_Costume_in_Trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Carnival King costume for a particular band</figcaption></figure> Carnival Monday involves the parade of the mas bands. Revelers wear only parts of their costumes, more for fun than display or competition. Monday Night Mas is popular in most towns and especially the capital, where smaller bands compete. There is also the "Bomb Competition", a smaller-scaled judging of steel bands.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Carnival Tuesday hosts the main events. Full costume is worn, complete with make-up and body paint/adornment. Usually "Mas Boots" that complement the costumes are worn. Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contains various sections (some consisting of thousands of revelers) that reflect these themes. The street parade and band costume competition take place. The mas bands eventually converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on "The Stage" for judging. The singer of the most played song is crowned Road March King or Queen, earning prize money and usually a vehicle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This parading and revelry goes on until Tuesday midnight. Ash Wednesday itself, while not an official holiday, sends flocks to local beaches. The most popular are <a href="/wiki/Maracas_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracas Beach">Maracas Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manzanilla_Beach,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Manzanilla Beach, Trinidad and Tobago">Manzanilla Beach</a>, where huge beach parties take place on Ash Wednesday.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">Mardi Gras in the United States</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama">Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">Mardi Gras in New Orleans</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Ponce" title="Carnaval de Ponce">Carnaval de Ponce</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StAnne06Marigny29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/StAnne06Marigny29.jpg/220px-StAnne06Marigny29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/StAnne06Marigny29.jpg/330px-StAnne06Marigny29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/StAnne06Marigny29.jpg/440px-StAnne06Marigny29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Revelers on <a href="/wiki/Frenchmen_Street" title="Frenchmen Street">Frenchmen Street</a>, in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, USA</figcaption></figure> Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> ("Fat Tuesday" in French), were first celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a> area, but now occur in many states.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Customs originated in the onetime <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French colonial</a> capitals of <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masquerade balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>;<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri;<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> California; <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>;<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. The most widely known, elaborate, and popular U.S. events are in <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Krewe" title="Krewe">krewes</a> organize parades, balls, and other activities starting with Phunny Phorty Phellows streetcar parade on <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> and ending with the closing of Bourbon Street at midnight on Fat Tuesday.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> It is often called "the greatest free party on earth".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Many other Louisiana cities such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamou,_Louisiana" title="Mamou, Louisiana">Mamou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana" title="Houma, Louisiana">Houma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana" title="Thibodaux, Louisiana">Thibodaux</a>, most of which were under French control at one time or another, also hold Carnival celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On the prairie country northwest of Lafayette, Louisiana, the <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajuns</a> celebrate the traditional <a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a>, which has its roots in celebrations from rural Medieval France.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the most popular festivals are the Carnaval de <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADza,_Puerto_Rico" title="Loíza, Puerto Rico">Loíza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Ponce" title="Carnaval de Ponce">Carnaval de Ponce</a>. The Carnaval de Ponce (officially "Carnaval Ponceño") is celebrated annually in <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a>. The celebration lasts one week and ends on the day before Ash Wednesday. It is one of the oldest carnivals of the Western Hemisphere, dating to 1858.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Some authorities trace the Ponce Carnaval to the eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In New York City, a Caribbean Carnival known as the <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Day_Parade" title="West Indian Day Parade">West Indian Day Parade</a> is held in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> on <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a>. Founded by immigrants from Trinidad, the event was initially held at the beginning of Lent, but was later moved to Labor Day in order to allow an outdoor event in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Starting in 2013, the Slovenian-American community located in the St. Clair-Superior neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> began hosting a local version of <a href="/wiki/Kurentovanje" title="Kurentovanje">Kurentovanje</a>, the Carnival event held in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ptuj" title="Ptuj">Ptuj</a>, <a href="#Slovenia">Slovenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[147]</a> The event is conducted on the Saturday prior to Ash Wednesday.<a href="#cite_note-:0-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Uruguay">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candombe1870-Uruguay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Candombe1870-Uruguay.jpg/220px-Candombe1870-Uruguay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Candombe1870-Uruguay.jpg/330px-Candombe1870-Uruguay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Candombe1870-Uruguay.jpg/440px-Candombe1870-Uruguay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Afro-Uruguayans gathering for a <a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a> celebration, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1870</figcaption></figure> The Carnival in Uruguay lasts more than 40 days, generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March. Celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a> are the largest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angolan</a> <a href="/wiki/Benguela" title="Benguela">Benguela</a> cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival include two colorful parades called Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) and Desfile de Llamadas (Calls Parade, a <a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">candombe</a>-summoning parade).<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> During the celebration, theaters called tablados are built in many places throughout the cities, especially in Montevideo.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women, the different Carnival groups (<a href="/wiki/Murga" title="Murga">Murgas</a>, Lubolos, or Parodistas) perform a kind of popular opera at the tablados, singing and dancing songs that generally relate to the social and political situation. The 'Calls' groups, basically formed by drummers playing the tamboril, perform candombe rhythmic figures. The carnival in Uruguay have <a href="/wiki/Escolas_de_samba" class="mw-redirect" title="Escolas de samba">escolas de samba</a> too, and the biggest samba parades are in <a href="/wiki/Artigas,_Uruguay" title="Artigas, Uruguay">Artigas</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>. Revelers wear their festival clothing. Each group has its own theme. Women wearing elegant, bright dresses are called <a href="/wiki/Vedette_(cabaret)" title="Vedette (cabaret)">vedettes</a> and provide a sensual touch to parades.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] European <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbina" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbina">Columbina</a>) merge with African ancestral elements (the <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Old Mother</a> or Mama Vieja, the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine Man">Medicine Man</a> or Gramillero and the <a href="/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (paranormal)">Magician</a> or Escobero) in the festival.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</a>]</div> Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> covers two days, 40 days before Easter. It is a time when youth in many rural towns have water fights (including the use of water balloons and water guns). Any pedestrian risks getting soaked. Coastal towns and provinces celebrate Carnival more fervently than elsewhere in the country. Venezuelans regard Carnival about the same way they regard Christmas and Semana Santa (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>; the week before Easter Sunday) when they take the opportunity to visit their families.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnival_Goa_circa_1980s_or_1990s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carnival_Goa_circa_1980s_or_1990s.jpg/220px-Carnival_Goa_circa_1980s_or_1990s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carnival_Goa_circa_1980s_or_1990s.jpg/330px-Carnival_Goa_circa_1980s_or_1990s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carnival_Goa_circa_1980s_or_1990s.jpg/440px-Carnival_Goa_circa_1980s_or_1990s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Panaji locals participating at the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Goa" title="Carnival in Goa">Goan Carnival</a>, India, late 20th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goa_Carnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Goa_Carnival.jpg/220px-Goa_Carnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Goa_Carnival.jpg/330px-Goa_Carnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Goa_Carnival.jpg/440px-Goa_Carnival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Foreign tourist revellers at the modern Goan Carnival, India, 2005</figcaption></figure> In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and was originally a local Roman Catholic tradition known as Intruz which means "swindler" in <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> while Entrudo is the appropriate word in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> for "Carnival". The present commercial version of the Goan carnival (<a href="/wiki/King_Momo" title="King Momo">King Momo</a>, floats, etc.) was created based on the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio Carnival</a> only in the 1960s as a means of attracting tourism.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The largest celebration takes place in the capital <a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a>. The commercial Carnival festivities occur during the three days and nights preceding Ash Wednesday. Sixtus Eric Dias from Candolim was the King Momo for the Carnival 2021. All-night parades occur throughout the state with bands, dances, and floats. Grand balls are held in the evenings.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the word "carnival" or karnaval is not related to pre-<a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> festivities, but more to festivals in general, especially those with processions and extravagant costumes. One of the largest carnivals in Indonesia is the <a href="/wiki/Solo_Batik_Carnival" title="Solo Batik Carnival">Solo Batik Carnival</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Solo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>. The Jember Fashion Carnaval is held in <a href="/wiki/Jember" class="mw-redirect" title="Jember">Jember</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The Roman Catholic community of <a href="/wiki/Kupang" title="Kupang">Kupang</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a>, held an Easter procession in form of an Easter Carnival called Pawai Paskah Kupang.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adloyada" title="Adloyada">Adloyada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manila_Carnival" title="Manila Carnival">Manila Carnival</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">List of festivals in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:09288jfEscolta_Museum_Exhibit_Hall_Edificio_Calvo_Binondo,_Manilafvf_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/09288jfEscolta_Museum_Exhibit_Hall_Edificio_Calvo_Binondo%2C_Manilafvf_03.jpg/220px-09288jfEscolta_Museum_Exhibit_Hall_Edificio_Calvo_Binondo%2C_Manilafvf_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/09288jfEscolta_Museum_Exhibit_Hall_Edificio_Calvo_Binondo%2C_Manilafvf_03.jpg/330px-09288jfEscolta_Museum_Exhibit_Hall_Edificio_Calvo_Binondo%2C_Manilafvf_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/09288jfEscolta_Museum_Exhibit_Hall_Edificio_Calvo_Binondo%2C_Manilafvf_03.jpg/440px-09288jfEscolta_Museum_Exhibit_Hall_Edificio_Calvo_Binondo%2C_Manilafvf_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Posters and flyers of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Carnival" title="Manila Carnival">Manila Carnival</a> as well as photos of crowned Carnival Queens (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920s-1930s), from the <a href="/wiki/Calvo_Building" title="Calvo Building">Escolta Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Carnival" title="Manila Carnival">Manila Carnival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a>: Carnaval de Manila) was formerly a major annual event in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a> up to the time before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. It was organized by the American colonial administration to showcase the economic development of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The highlight of the event is the crowning of the Carnival Queens, which is the precursor of later national pageants like <a href="/wiki/Miss_Philippines" title="Miss Philippines">Miss Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcbs-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clutario-158">[158]</a> It is also notable for founding and hosting the first <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Championship_Games" title="Far Eastern Championship Games">Far Eastern Championship Games</a> (then known as the "First Oriental Olympic Games") which became the precursor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnival_at_Manila_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carnival_at_Manila_postcard.jpg/220px-Carnival_at_Manila_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carnival_at_Manila_postcard.jpg/330px-Carnival_at_Manila_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carnival_at_Manila_postcard.jpg/440px-Carnival_at_Manila_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Postcard from the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Carnival" title="Manila Carnival">Manila Carnival</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920s)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masskara_Festival_Street_Dance_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Masskara_Festival_Street_Dance_22.jpg/220px-Masskara_Festival_Street_Dance_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Masskara_Festival_Street_Dance_22.jpg/330px-Masskara_Festival_Street_Dance_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Masskara_Festival_Street_Dance_22.jpg/440px-Masskara_Festival_Street_Dance_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>Parade contingents in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Masskara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Masskara Festival">Masskara Festival</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SINULOG_FESTIVAL_CONTINGENTS_IN_STREET_DANCE_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SINULOG_FESTIVAL_CONTINGENTS_IN_STREET_DANCE_10.jpg/220px-SINULOG_FESTIVAL_CONTINGENTS_IN_STREET_DANCE_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SINULOG_FESTIVAL_CONTINGENTS_IN_STREET_DANCE_10.jpg/330px-SINULOG_FESTIVAL_CONTINGENTS_IN_STREET_DANCE_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SINULOG_FESTIVAL_CONTINGENTS_IN_STREET_DANCE_10.jpg/440px-SINULOG_FESTIVAL_CONTINGENTS_IN_STREET_DANCE_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4247" data-file-height="3034" /></a><figcaption>Parade contingents in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Sinulog_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinulog Festival">Sinulog Festival</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> The carnival lasted around two weeks in which a variety of shows were presented like <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> comedies, and <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Five parades were also held, an opening parade, a military parade, a school parade, a business and industry parade (which included foreign participants), and the floral parade (which featured the Carnival Queen winner).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The carnival was first held in February 1908 and was initially only a city celebration. It expanded to a national scope by 1912,<a href="#cite_note-mcbs-156">[156]</a> the year that it was held concurrently with the Philippine Exposition.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> It was discontinued in 1939, due to the outbreak of the Second World War. It was also not held during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a> (1941 to 1944). After <a href="/wiki/Philippine_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine independence">Philippine independence</a> in 1946, it was never renewed.<a href="#cite_note-mcbs-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In the modern Philippines, thousands of annual festivals and <a href="/wiki/Patronal_festival" title="Patronal festival">fiestas</a> throughout the islands feature public celebrations and street parade competitions with elaborate costumes similar to the carnival. However, they are not tied to the Lenten period and are instead celebrations of a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>, of the local culture, or both. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania">Albania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> Carnivals have begun to be celebrated in Korça before 1940, a period in which cultural life in this city has been varied. Although a pagan holiday, the Carnival was later celebrated on Feast Day in February. In addition to the many carnival-wearing individuals, there were bands with guitars, bows, and butaphoric[<a href="/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline" title="Template:Typo help inline">check spelling</a>] masks such as animal heads and humans. The Korça Carnival took a big hit after the creation of cultural societies such as the "Korça Youth". During this period carnivals were accompanied by mandolins, guitars and humorous songs. Carnival celebrations were discontinued after 1960, to resume in other social conditions after 1990. Korça is one of the first cities to revive the Carnival tradition by establishing the Carnival Association in 1992 as part of the National Carnival Association of Albania. On 10 April 1994, the first International Carnival Festival in Albania was organized in Korça. The following year, the second International Carnival Festival is even larger. Since this year and until 2008, the Korca Carnival group has been represented at a number of international festivals organized in various European countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> Many parts of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> celebrate Carnival, typically with costume parades, partying and fireworks. These areas include the province of Limburg with its cities <a href="/wiki/Maasmechelen" title="Maasmechelen">Maasmechelen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maaseik" title="Maaseik">Maaseik</a> and Lanaken along the river Meuse, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Aalst,_Belgium" title="Aalst, Belgium">Aalst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninove" title="Ninove">Ninove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binche" title="Binche">Binche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Belgium" title="Halle, Belgium">Halle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heist-aan-Zee" title="Heist-aan-Zee">Heist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelmis" title="Kelmis">Kelmis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malmedy" title="Malmedy">Malmedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stavelot" title="Stavelot">Stavelot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/220px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/330px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg/440px-Binche_-_Les_Gilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4056" data-file-height="2902" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gilles" title="Gilles">Gilles</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche" title="Carnival of Binche">Carnival of Binche</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Binche" title="Binche">Binche</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche" title="Carnival of Binche">Carnival of Binche</a> dates at least to the 14th century. Parades are held over the three days before Lent; the most important participants are the <a href="/wiki/Gilles" title="Gilles">Gilles</a>, who wear traditional costumes on Shrove Tuesday and throw <a href="/wiki/Blood_orange" title="Blood orange">blood oranges</a> to the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In 2003, the Carnival of Binche was recognised as one of the <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Aalst" title="Carnival of Aalst">Carnival of Aalst</a>, celebrated during the three days preceding Ash Wednesday, received the same recognition in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Belgium's oldest parade is the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Parade_of_Maaseik" title="Carnival Parade of Maaseik">Carnival Parade of Maaseik</a>, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un_petit_groupe_de_%22Longs_N%C3%A9s%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Un_petit_groupe_de_%22Longs_N%C3%A9s%22.jpg/220px-Un_petit_groupe_de_%22Longs_N%C3%A9s%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Un_petit_groupe_de_%22Longs_N%C3%A9s%22.jpg/330px-Un_petit_groupe_de_%22Longs_N%C3%A9s%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Un_petit_groupe_de_%22Longs_N%C3%A9s%22.jpg/440px-Un_petit_groupe_de_%22Longs_N%C3%A9s%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Long-Né and Longuès-Brèsses at the Carnival of Malmedy (<a href="/wiki/Cwarm%C3%AA" title="Cwarmê">Cwarmê</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Malmedy" title="Malmedy">Malmedy</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> The Carnival of <a href="/wiki/Malmedy" title="Malmedy">Malmedy</a> is locally called <a href="/wiki/Cwarm%C3%AA" title="Cwarmê">Cwarmê</a>. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a> and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during the four days before Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and interesting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses, and the Long-Né.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is <a href="/wiki/Stavelot" title="Stavelot">Stavelot</a>, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on <a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">Laetare Sunday</a>, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with <a href="/wiki/Confetti" title="Confetti">confetti</a> and dried <a href="/wiki/Pig_bladder" title="Pig bladder">pig bladders</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Belgium#Events" title="Halle, Belgium">Halle</a> also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Croat" class="mw-redirect" title="Croat">Croat</a>-majority city of <a href="/wiki/Ljubu%C5%A1ki" title="Ljubuški">Ljubuški</a> holds a traditional Carnival (<a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>: Karneval). Ljubuški is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_European_Carnival_Cities" title="Federation of European Carnival Cities">Federation of European Carnival Cities</a> (FECC).<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatia">Croatia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Croatia">edit</a>]</div> The most famous <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> Carnival (Croatian: karneval, also called maškare or fašnik) is the <a href="/wiki/Rijeka_Carnival" title="Rijeka Carnival">Rijeka Carnival</a>, during which the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a> hands over the keys to the city to the Carnival master (meštar od karnevala). The festival includes several events, culminating on the final Sunday in a masked procession. (A similar procession for children takes place on the previous weekend.)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rijecki_karneval_140210_Halubajski_zvoncari_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rijecki_karneval_140210_Halubajski_zvoncari_9.jpg/220px-Rijecki_karneval_140210_Halubajski_zvoncari_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rijecki_karneval_140210_Halubajski_zvoncari_9.jpg/330px-Rijecki_karneval_140210_Halubajski_zvoncari_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rijecki_karneval_140210_Halubajski_zvoncari_9.jpg/440px-Rijecki_karneval_140210_Halubajski_zvoncari_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halubajski_zvon%C4%8Dari" class="mw-redirect" title="Halubajski zvončari">Halubajski zvončari</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rijeka_Carnival" title="Rijeka Carnival">Rijeka Carnival</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, Croatia</figcaption></figure> Many towns in Croatia's <a href="/wiki/Kvarner" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvarner">Kvarner</a> region (and in other parts of the country, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_County" title="Međimurje County">Međimurje County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Croatia" title="Northern Croatia">Northern Croatia</a>) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Some of the towns and places are Grobnik, Permani, Kastav and many others places near Rijeka, then <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cakovec" title="Čakovec">Čakovec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samobor" title="Samobor">Samobor</a> etc. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">man-like doll</a> called a "Pust", who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year. The <a href="/wiki/Zvon%C4%8Dari" title="Zvončari">Zvončari</a>, or bell-ringers push away winter and all the bad things in the past year and calling spring, they wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is <a href="/wiki/Fritule" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritule">fritule</a>, a pastry. This festival can also be called Poklade.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg/220px-Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg/330px-Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg/440px-Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_County" title="Međimurje County">Međimurje County</a>, northern Croatia</figcaption></figure> Masks are worn to many of the festivities, including concerts and parties. Children and teachers are commonly allowed to wear masks to school for a day, and also wear masks at school dances or while trick-or-treating. Carnivals also take place in summer. One of the most famous is the Senj Summer Carnival – first celebrated in 1968. The towns of <a href="/wiki/Cres" title="Cres">Cres</a>, Pag, Novi Vinodolski, and Fužine also organise Summer Carnivals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> Carnival has been celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> for centuries. The tradition was likely established under <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century, it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the "Carnival King" (either a person in costume or an <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a>) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival, and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Czech Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_carnival" title="Slavic carnival">Slavic carnival</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masopust_masks_in_Milevsku_(2013)_63.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Masopust_masks_in_Milevsku_%282013%29_63.JPG/220px-Masopust_masks_in_Milevsku_%282013%29_63.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Masopust_masks_in_Milevsku_%282013%29_63.JPG/330px-Masopust_masks_in_Milevsku_%282013%29_63.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Masopust_masks_in_Milevsku_%282013%29_63.JPG/440px-Masopust_masks_in_Milevsku_%282013%29_63.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Masopust masks in <a href="/wiki/Milevsko" title="Milevsko">Milevsko</a>, Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, the Masopust Festival takes place from <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> (Den tří králů) through Ash Wednesday (Popeleční středa). The word masopust translates literally from old Czech to mean "meat fast", and the festival often includes a pork feast. The tradition is most common in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> but also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. While practices vary, masks and costumes are present everywhere.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark_and_Norway">Denmark and Norway</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Denmark and Norway">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fastelavn" title="Fastelavn">Fastelavn</a></div> Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> is called Fastelavn, and is held on the Sunday or Monday before Ash Wednesday. The holiday is sometimes described as a Nordic <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>, with children dressing in costume and gathering treats for the Fastelavn feast. One popular custom is the fastelavnsris, a <a href="/wiki/Switch_(corporal_punishment)" title="Switch (corporal punishment)">switch</a> that children use to <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flog</a> their parents to wake them up on Fastelavns Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, students having seen <a href="/wiki/Paris_Carnival" title="Paris Carnival">celebrations in Paris</a> introduced Carnival processions, masked balls, and Carnival balls to <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiana</a> in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the artist federation Kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> lodge, which inspired <a href="/wiki/Johan_Svendsen" title="Johan Svendsen">Johan Svendsen</a>'s compositions Norsk Kunstnerkarneval and Karneval in Paris. The following year, Svendsen's Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession. <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a> attended and wrote "Aus dem Karneval" (Folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). Since 1988, the student organization <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A5rnseilerne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tårnseilerne (page does not exist)">Tårnseilerne</a> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A5rnseilerne" class="extiw" title="no:Tårnseilerne">no</a>] has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo, with masks, costumes, and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens søndag (with cream buns) and fastelavensris with decorated branches.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samba_wagon_from_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Papagaio_at_Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Samba_wagon_from_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Papagaio_at_Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval_2016.jpg/220px-Samba_wagon_from_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Papagaio_at_Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Samba_wagon_from_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Papagaio_at_Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval_2016.jpg/330px-Samba_wagon_from_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Papagaio_at_Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Samba_wagon_from_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Papagaio_at_Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval_2016.jpg/440px-Samba_wagon_from_Imp%C3%A9rio_do_Papagaio_at_Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval" title="Helsinki Samba Carnaval">Helsinki Samba Carnaval</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval" title="Helsinki Samba Carnaval">Helsinki Samba Carnaval</a>, modelled after the samba carnivals in Brazil, takes place every year in middle June. The carnival lacks a proper historical tradition and has instead mostly grown from experimenting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_de_Paris_15_f%C3%A9vrier_2015_7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Carnaval_de_Paris_15_f%C3%A9vrier_2015_7.JPG/220px-Carnaval_de_Paris_15_f%C3%A9vrier_2015_7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Carnaval_de_Paris_15_f%C3%A9vrier_2015_7.JPG/330px-Carnaval_de_Paris_15_f%C3%A9vrier_2015_7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Carnaval_de_Paris_15_f%C3%A9vrier_2015_7.JPG/440px-Carnaval_de_Paris_15_f%C3%A9vrier_2015_7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paris_Carnival" title="Paris Carnival">Carnival in Paris</a>, France</figcaption></figure> Some major Carnivals of mainland <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Nice_Carnival" title="Nice Carnival">Nice Carnival</a>, the Dunkirk Carnival and the Limoux Carnival. The <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> Carnival was held as far back as 1294, and annually attracts over a million visitors during the two weeks preceding Lent. Since 1604, a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Limoux" title="Carnival of Limoux">masked Carnival</a> is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Limoux" title="Limoux">Limoux</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> Carnival is among the greatest and most exuberant carnivals celebrated in Europe. Its traditions date back to the 17th century and are based on the vischerbende as fishermen went from one café to another accompanied by their relatives and friends just before departing to <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> fishing grounds.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a>, it occurs between the Sunday of Epiphany and Ash Wednesday;<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> this dates back to the arrival of French colonists in the islands.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany,_Switzerland,_and_Austria">Germany, Switzerland, and Austria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Germany, Switzerland, and Austria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Karneval in Germany and Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swabian-Alemannic_Fastnacht" title="Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht">Fastnacht or Fasnacht in Germany, Switzerland, Alsace and Austria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Germany">Germany</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> The earliest written record of Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> was in 1296 in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Speyer" title="History of Speyer">Speyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The first worldwide Carnival parade took place in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-Cologne1823-49">[49]</a> The most active Carnival week begins on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday, with parades during the weekend, and finishes the night before Ash Wednesday, with the main festivities occurring around Rosenmontag (Rose Monday). This time is also called the "Fifth Season". Shrove Tuesday, called Fastnacht or Veilchendienstag, is celebrated in some cities. Parties feature self-made and more fanciful costumes and occasional masks. The parties become more exuberant as the weeks progress and peak after New Year, in January and February. The final Tuesday features all-night parties, dancing, hugging, and smooching. Some parties are for all, some for women only and some for children. Fasnachtsküchle (similar to Kreppel or donuts) are the traditional Fasching food and are baked or fried.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Germany, Rheinischer Karnival and Schwäbische Fastnacht are distinct; first is less formal and more political, second is much more traditional.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id=""Rhenish_Carnival"_(Rheinischer_Karneval,_Fasnacht,_Fasnet,_Fastabend,_Fastelovend,_Fasteleer,_Fasching)">"Rhenish Carnival" (Rheinischer Karneval, Fasnacht, Fasnet, Fastabend, Fastelovend, Fasteleer, Fasching)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: "Rhenish Carnival" (Rheinischer Karneval, Fasnacht, Fasnet, Fastabend, Fastelovend, Fasteleer, Fasching)">edit</a>]</div> The "Rheinische" Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hesse" title="Upper Hesse">Upper Hesse</a>). Similar forms of the festival occur in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Carnival" title="Cologne Carnival">Cologne Carnival</a>, as well as those in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eschweiler" title="Eschweiler">Eschweiler</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, are the largest and most famous. Other cities have their own, often less well-known celebrations, parades, and parties, such as <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms am Rhein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>. The biggest German carnival club is located in the relatively small town of <a href="/wiki/Dieburg" title="Dieburg">Dieburg</a> in South Hesse. Festivities start as early as 11 November at 11:11am for some carnival organizations, but the main events usually take place after the Christmas season.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> On Carnival Thursday (called "Old Women Day" or "The Women's Day" in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women), women storm city halls, cut men's ties, and are allowed to kiss any passing man. Special acrobatic show dances in mock uniforms are a traditional contribution to most festive balls. They may or may not have been a source of inspiration to American cheerleading. The Fasching parades and floats make fun of individual politicians and other public figures. Many speeches do the same.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Traditions often also include the "Faschingssitzung" – a sit-only party with dancing and singing presentations, and often many speeches given that humorously criticize politics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id=""Swabian-Alemannic"_Carnival_(Schwäbische_Fastnacht)">"Swabian-Alemannic" Carnival (Schwäbische Fastnacht)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: "Swabian-Alemannic" Carnival (Schwäbische Fastnacht)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VSAN_TT_2014_Sa17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/VSAN_TT_2014_Sa17.jpg/220px-VSAN_TT_2014_Sa17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/VSAN_TT_2014_Sa17.jpg/330px-VSAN_TT_2014_Sa17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/VSAN_TT_2014_Sa17.jpg/440px-VSAN_TT_2014_Sa17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Reitenderle, der Grundholde, Hudelmale, Schnarragagges; popular Fasnet characters from <a href="/wiki/Kisslegg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisslegg">Kisslegg</a> im Allgäu, <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Swabian-Alemannic_Fastnacht" title="Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht">Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht</a>, known as Schwäbische Fastnacht, takes place in <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u" title="Allgäu">Allgäu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> (western <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>). During the pagan era, it represented the time of year when the reign of the grim winter spirits is over, and these spirits are hunted and expelled. It then adapted to Catholicism. The first official record of Karneval, Fasching or Fastnacht in Germany dates to 1296.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Often the costumes and masks on parades strictly follow traditional designs and represent specific historical characters, public figures – or specific daemons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Swiss_Fasnacht">Swiss Fasnacht</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Swiss Fasnacht">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monstercorso_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Monstercorso_2009.JPG/220px-Monstercorso_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Monstercorso_2009.JPG/330px-Monstercorso_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Monstercorso_2009.JPG/440px-Monstercorso_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Monstercorso on <a href="/wiki/Fat_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat Tuesday">Güdisdienstag's</a> evening in <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, Fasnacht takes place in the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons of Switzerland</a>, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Lucerne#events" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a> (Lozärner Fasnacht), but also in Protestant <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Basel" title="Carnival of Basel">Basel</a>. However, the Basler Fasnacht begins on the Monday after Ash Wednesday. Both began in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. Smaller Fasnacht festivities take place across German Switzerland, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Bern" title="Carnival in Bern">Bern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olten" title="Olten">Olten</a>, or in the eastern part (<a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Carnival is known as Apókries (Απόκριες, lit. '[goodbye] to meat'), and officially begins with the "Opening of the <a href="/wiki/Triodion" title="Triodion">Triodion</a>", the liturgical book used by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> from then until <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HR-MFA-183">[183]</a> Apokries is made up of three themed weeks of celebration known as Prophoní (Προφωνή, 'preannouncement week'), Kreatiní (Κρεατινή, 'meat week'), and Tiriní (Τυρινή, 'cheese week'). One of the season's high points during Kreatini is <a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopémpti</a> (lit. 'Smoky-Thursday'), when celebrants throw large outdoor parties and roast huge amounts of meat; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday, after which point meat is forbidden until Easter. The following week, Tirini, is marked by similar festivities revolving around the consumption of cheese, eggs, and dairy and culminates with a "Cheese Sunday". <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>, and its restrictive fasting rules, begins in earnest the next day on <a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a>. Throughout the Carnival season, festivals, parades, and balls are held all over the country. Many people disguise themselves as maskarádes ("masqueraders") and engage in pranks and revelry throughout the season.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingcarnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kingcarnival.jpg/220px-Kingcarnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kingcarnival.jpg/330px-Kingcarnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kingcarnival.jpg/440px-Kingcarnival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption>The float of the King Carnival parading in <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> holds the largest annual Carnival in Greece, and one of the largest in the world. The famous <a href="/wiki/Patras_Carnival" title="Patras Carnival">Patras Carnival</a> is a three-day spectacle replete with concerts, theatre performances, parading troupes, an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Treasure_hunt_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure hunt (game)">treasure hunt</a> game, three major parades, parallel celebrations specifically for children, and many <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerade balls</a> including the famous Bourboúlia (Μπουρμπούλια) ball in which women wear special robe-like costumes called a dómino to hide their identy.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The festivities come to a crescendo on "Cheese Sunday" when The Grand Parade of troupes and floats leads celebrators to the harbor for the ceremonial burning of the effigy of King Carnival.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourboulia_the_Ladies.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bourboulia_the_Ladies.JPG/220px-Bourboulia_the_Ladies.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bourboulia_the_Ladies.JPG/330px-Bourboulia_the_Ladies.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bourboulia_the_Ladies.JPG/440px-Bourboulia_the_Ladies.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Ladies on their way to the historic Bourboulia ball in Patras, Greece, wearing the dómino costumes unique to that ball</figcaption></figure> The Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Corfu_(city)" title="Corfu (city)">Corfu</a> is much influenced by the Carnival of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. During this period, various theatrical sketches are presented on the island, called Petególia or Petegolétsa (Πετεγολέτσα) in the local dialect. In previous centuries, existed also the custom of "Giostra" (<a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>).<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The second biggest Carnival in Greece takes place in <a href="/wiki/Xanthi" title="Xanthi">Xanthi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace" title="Eastern Macedonia and Thrace">Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a>) since 1966 and it is the major event of its kind in Northern Greece. The <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_Carnival" title="Xanthi Carnival">Xanthi Carnival</a> manages to attract visitors from the nearby countries such as <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Other regions host festivities of smaller extent, focused on the reenactment of traditional carnival customs, such as <a href="/wiki/Tyrnavos" title="Tyrnavos">Tyrnavos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kozani" title="Kozani">Kozani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia" title="Western Macedonia">Western Macedonia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rethymno" title="Rethymno">Rethymno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>). Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional "phallkloric" event<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> in which giant, gaudily painted effigies of <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phalluses</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">papier-mâché</a> are paraded, and which women are asked to touch or kiss. Their reward for so doing is a shot of the famous local <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">tsipouro</a> alcohol spirit.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Every year, from the 1st to the 8th of January, mostly in regions of <a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia" title="Western Macedonia">Western Macedonia</a>, traditional Carnival festivals erupt. Best known of these is the Ragoutsária (Ραγκουτσάρια)<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> festival in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kastoria" title="Kastoria">Kastoria</a> whose celebration may date back to antiquity and whose name derives from the Latin word rogatores 'beggars', in reference to the beggars who could mingle with the rich in their masks.<a href="#cite_note-:1-192">[192]</a> It takes place from 6–8 January with mass participation and is noted for its brass bands, flutes, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Drums">drums</a>. It is an ancient celebration of nature's rebirth akin to ancient festivals for <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:1-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s_(Moh%C3%A1cs),_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s_%28Moh%C3%A1cs%29%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s_%28Moh%C3%A1cs%29%2C_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s_%28Moh%C3%A1cs%29%2C_2009.jpg/330px-Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s_%28Moh%C3%A1cs%29%2C_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s_%28Moh%C3%A1cs%29%2C_2009.jpg/440px-Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s_%28Moh%C3%A1cs%29%2C_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Busójárás">Busójárás</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Mohács">Mohács</a>, Hungary</figcaption></figure> Carnival season called "Farsang" in Hungarian happens between <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> (January 6) and <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> and is the time when costume parties traditionally take place, primarily for children (similar to <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Mohács">Mohács</a>, Hungary, the <a href="/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Busójárás">Busójárás</a> is a celebration held at the end of the Carnival season. It involves locals dressing in woolly costumes, with scary masks and noise-makers. According to legend, the festival celebrates both the conclusion of the winter season and a victory by the local people over invading Ottomans in 1526.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Italy" title="Carnival in Italy">Carnival in Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Carnival of Venice</a></div> The most famous Carnivals of Italy are held in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viareggio" title="Viareggio">Viareggio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Carnival in Venice</a> was first recorded in 1268. Its subversive nature is reflected in Italy's many laws over the centuries attempting to restrict celebrations and the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">masks</a>. Carnival celebrations in Venice were halted after the city fell under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian</a> control in 1798, but were revived in the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venice_Carnival_(2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Venice_Carnival_%282010%29.jpg/220px-Venice_Carnival_%282010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Venice_Carnival_%282010%29.jpg/330px-Venice_Carnival_%282010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Venice_Carnival_%282010%29.jpg/440px-Venice_Carnival_%282010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Carnival of Venice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy, is most famous for its <a href="/wiki/Venetian_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian mask">distinctive masks</a>.</figcaption></figure> The month-long <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Viareggio" title="Carnival of Viareggio">Carnival of Viareggio</a> is characterized mainly by its parade of floats and masks <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricaturing</a> popular figures. In 2001, the town built a new "Carnival citadel" dedicated to Carnival preparations and entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG/220px-Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG/330px-Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG/440px-Carnival_at_Acireale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The traditional Carnival of Acireale in <a href="/wiki/Acireale" title="Acireale">Acireale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borghetto_Battle_of_Oranges_-_Battaglia_delle_Arance_2007_-_Ivrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Borghetto_Battle_of_Oranges_-_Battaglia_delle_Arance_2007_-_Ivrea.jpg/220px-Borghetto_Battle_of_Oranges_-_Battaglia_delle_Arance_2007_-_Ivrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Borghetto_Battle_of_Oranges_-_Battaglia_delle_Arance_2007_-_Ivrea.jpg/330px-Borghetto_Battle_of_Oranges_-_Battaglia_delle_Arance_2007_-_Ivrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Borghetto_Battle_of_Oranges_-_Battaglia_delle_Arance_2007_-_Ivrea.jpg/440px-Borghetto_Battle_of_Oranges_-_Battaglia_delle_Arance_2007_-_Ivrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oranges">Battle of the Oranges</a> at the Carnival of Ivrea, in <a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> The Carnival of <a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a> is famous for its "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oranges">Battle of the Oranges</a>" fought with fruit between the people on foot and the troops of the tyrant on carts, to remember the wars of the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In the most part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Archdiocese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, the Carnival lasts four more days, ending on the Saturday after Ash Wednesday, because of the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, the Carnival (in <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian language</a> Carrasecare or Carrasegare<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a>) varies greatly from the one in the mainland of Italy: due to its close relation to the <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Rites</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the majority of the Sardinian celebrations features not only feasts and parades but also crude <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">fertility rites</a> such as bloodsheds to fertilize the land,<a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-199">[199]</a> the death and the resurrection of the Carnival characters<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> and representations of violence and torture.<a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-199">[199]</a> The typical characters of the Sardinian Carnival are <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism" title="Zoomorphism">zoomorphic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a>, such as the Mamuthones and Issohadores<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mamoiada" title="Mamoiada">Mamoiada</a>, the Boes and Merdules<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ottana" title="Ottana">Ottana</a> and many more.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The Carnival is celebrated with street performances<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> that are typically accompanied by Sardinian <a href="/wiki/Dirge" title="Dirge">dirges</a> called attittidus,<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> meaning literally "cry of a baby when the mother doesn't want nursed him/her anymore" (from the word titta meaning breasts<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a>). Other particular and important Carnival instances in Sardinia are the <a href="/wiki/Oristano#Sa_Sartiglia_and_other_events" title="Oristano">Sartiglia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tempio_Pausania" title="Tempio Pausania">Tempio Pausania</a> Carnival.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Lithuania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEgav%C4%97n%C4%97s" title="Užgavėnės">Užgavėnės</a></div> Užgavėnės is a <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> festival that takes place on Shrove Tuesday. Its name in English means "the time before Lent". The celebration corresponds to Carnival holiday traditions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Užgavėnės begins on the night before Ash Wednesday, when an <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a> of winter (usually named Morė) is burnt. A major element symbolizes the defeat of winter in the Northern Hemisphere. It is a staged battle between Lašininis ("porky") personifying winter and Kanapinis ("hempen man") personifying spring. Devils, witches, goats, the <a href="/wiki/Grim_reaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim reaper">grim reaper</a>, and other joyful and frightening characters appear in costumes during the celebrations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Eating pancakes is an important part of the celebration.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Luxembourg">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the pre-Lenten holiday season is known as Fuesend. Throughout the Grand-Duchy, parades and parties are held.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tange" title="Pétange">Pétange</a> is the home of the Grand-Duchy's largest pre-Lenten Karneval celebration. Annually hosting a cavalcade with roughly 1,200 participants and thousand of celebrants, the official name is Karneval Gemeng Péiteng or "Kagepe" (the initials in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> are pronounced "Ka", "Ge" and "Pe").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The town of <a href="/wiki/Remich" title="Remich">Remich</a> holds a three-day-long celebration, notable for two special events in addition to its parades. The first is the Stréimännchen, which is the burning of a male effigy from the Remich Bridge that crosses the <a href="/wiki/Moselle_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle River">Moselle River</a> separating the Grand Duchy from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The Stréimännchen symbolizes the burning away of winter. The other special event at the Remich Fuesend celebrations is the Buergbrennen or <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfire</a> that closes the celebration.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Like Remich, the town of <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a> holds a three-day celebration. Other major Fuesend parades in Luxembourg are held in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Diekirch" title="Diekirch">Diekirch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schifflange" title="Schifflange">Schifflange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malta">Malta</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Malta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maltese_Carnival" title="Maltese Carnival">Maltese Carnival</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnival_in_Valletta_-_Trucks_in_Street_of_Valletta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Carnival_in_Valletta_-_Trucks_in_Street_of_Valletta.jpg/220px-Carnival_in_Valletta_-_Trucks_in_Street_of_Valletta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Carnival_in_Valletta_-_Trucks_in_Street_of_Valletta.jpg/330px-Carnival_in_Valletta_-_Trucks_in_Street_of_Valletta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Carnival_in_Valletta_-_Trucks_in_Street_of_Valletta.jpg/440px-Carnival_in_Valletta_-_Trucks_in_Street_of_Valletta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Carnival procession in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, Malta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnival_in_Valletta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Carnival_in_Valletta.jpg/220px-Carnival_in_Valletta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Carnival_in_Valletta.jpg/330px-Carnival_in_Valletta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Carnival_in_Valletta.jpg/440px-Carnival_in_Valletta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4652" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption>Carnival in Valletta, Malta</figcaption></figure> Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (Maltese: il-Karnival ta' Malta) was introduced to the islands by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master</a> <a href="/wiki/Piero_de_Ponte" title="Piero de Ponte">Piero de Ponte</a> in 1535. It is held during the week leading up to Ash Wednesday, and typically includes masked balls, fancy dresses, and grotesque mask competitions, lavish late-night parties, a colourful, ticker-tape parade of allegorical <a href="/wiki/Float_(parade)" title="Float (parade)">floats</a> presided over by King Carnival (Maltese: ir-Re tal-Karnival), marching bands, and costumed revellers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-211">[211]</a> The largest celebration takes place in and around the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floriana" title="Floriana">Floriana</a>; several more "spontaneous" Carnivals take place in more remote areas. The <a href="/wiki/Nadur_Carnival" title="Nadur Carnival">Nadur Carnival</a> is notable for its darker themes. In 2005, the Nadur Carnival hosted the largest-ever gathering of international Carnival organizers for the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_European_Carnival_Cities" title="Federation of European Carnival Cities">FECC</a>'s global summit.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditional dances include the parata, a lighthearted re-enactment of the 1565 victory of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>, and an 18th-century court dance known as il-Maltija.<a href="#cite_note-:3-211">[211]</a> Carnival food includes perlini (multi-coloured, sugar-coated almonds) and the prinjolata, which is a towering assembly of <a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">sponge cake</a>, biscuits, almonds, and citrus fruits, topped with cream and pine nuts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Netherlands" title="Carnival in the Netherlands">Carnival in the Netherlands</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Netherlands" title="Carnival in the Netherlands">Carnival in the Netherlands</a> is called Carnaval, Vastenavond ("Eve of Lent") or, in <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a>, Vastelaovend(j), and is mostly celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions, particularly in the southern provinces of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Twente" title="Twente">Twente</a>. While Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, since the 1970s the feast has gradually started earlier and generally includes now the preceding weekend. Although traditions vary from town to town, Dutch carnaval usually includes a parade, a "Prince Carnival" plus <a href="/wiki/Cort%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortège">cortège</a> ("Council of 11", sometimes with a <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">Jester</a> or Adjutant), sometimes also the handing over by the mayor of the symbolic keys of the town to Prince Carnival, the burning or burial of a symbolic figure, a <a href="/wiki/Wedding#Peasant_wedding" title="Wedding">peasant wedding</a> (boerenbruiloft), and eating <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Two main variants can be distinguished: the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> carnaval, found in the province of Limburg, and the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Bourgondische</a> carnaval, found mainly in North Brabant. <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, Limburg's capital, holds a street carnaval that features elaborate costumes.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The first known documentation dates from the late 8th century (<a href="/wiki/Indiculus_superstitionum_et_paganiarum" title="Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum">Indiculus superstitionum et paganiarum</a>), but Carnaval was already mentioned during the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325 and by <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a> (470–542) around 500 CE. In the Netherlands itself, the first documentation is found in 1383 in <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a>. The oldest-known images of Dutch Carnaval festivities date from 1485, also in 's-Hertogenbosch.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Normal daily life comes to a stop for about a week in the southern part of the Netherlands during the carnival, with roads temporary blocked and many local businesses closed for the week as a result of employees who are en masse taking the days off during and the day after the carnival.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: North Macedonia">edit</a>]</div> The most popular Carnivals in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Vev%C4%8Dani" title="Vevčani">Vevčani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strumica" title="Strumica">Strumica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The Vevčani Carnival (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: Вевчански Kарневал, translated Vevchanski Karneval) has been held for over 1,400 years, and takes place on 13 and 14 January (New Year's Eve and New Year's Day by the old calendar). The village becomes a live theatre where costumed actors improvise on the streets in roles such as the traditional "August the Stupid".<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The Strumica Carnival (Macedonian: Струмички Карневал, translated Strumichki Karneval) has been held since at least 1670, when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there, "I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house–to–house, with laughter, scream and song." The Carnival took an organized form in 1991; in 1994, Strumica became a member of <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_European_Carnival_Cities" title="Federation of European Carnival Cities">FECC</a> and in 1998 hosted the XVIII International Congress of Carnival Cities. The Strumica Carnival opens on a Saturday night at a masked ball where the Prince and Princess are chosen; the main Carnival night is on Tuesday, when masked participants (including groups from abroad) compete in various subjects. As of 2000, the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms has been held as part of Strumica's Carnival celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_carnival" title="Slavic carnival">Slavic carnival</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> Carnival season includes <a href="/wiki/Fat_Thursday" title="Fat Thursday">Fat Thursday</a> (Polish: Tłusty Czwartek), when <a href="/wiki/P%C4%85czki" title="Pączki">pączki</a> (doughnuts) are eaten, and Śledzik (<a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>) or Herring Day. The Tuesday before the start of Lent is also often called Ostatki (literally "leftovers"), meaning the last day to party before the Lenten season.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The traditional way to celebrate Carnival is the <a href="/wiki/Kulig" title="Kulig">kulig</a>, a horse-drawn sleigh ride through the snow-covered countryside. In modern times, Carnival is increasingly seen as an excuse for intensive partying and has become more commercialized, with stores offering Carnival-season sales.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Portugal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_de_Sesimbra_2007_24.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Carnaval_de_Sesimbra_2007_24.JPG/220px-Carnaval_de_Sesimbra_2007_24.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Carnaval_de_Sesimbra_2007_24.JPG/330px-Carnaval_de_Sesimbra_2007_24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Carnaval_de_Sesimbra_2007_24.JPG/440px-Carnaval_de_Sesimbra_2007_24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Sesimbra Carnival, in <a href="/wiki/Sesimbra" title="Sesimbra">Sesimbra</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> Carnival is Carnaval in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, celebrated throughout the country, most famously in <a href="/wiki/Ovar" title="Ovar">Ovar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesimbra" title="Sesimbra">Sesimbra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loul%C3%A9" title="Loulé">Loulé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazar%C3%A9,_Portugal" title="Nazaré, Portugal">Nazaré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mealhada" title="Mealhada">Mealhada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a>. Carnaval in <a href="/wiki/Podence_(Macedo_de_Cavaleiros)" title="Podence (Macedo de Cavaleiros)">Podence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazarim" title="Lazarim">Lazarim</a> incorporates pagan traditions such as the <a href="/wiki/Careto" title="Careto">careto</a>, while the Torres Vedras celebration is probably the most typical.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Azores">Azores</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Azores">edit</a>]</div> On the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, local clubs and Carnival groups create colorful and creative costumes that jab at politics or culture.<a href="#cite_note-:2-221">[221]</a> On <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Island" title="São Miguel Island">São Miguel Island</a>, Carnival features street vendors selling fried dough, called a <a href="/wiki/Malassada" title="Malassada">malassada</a>. The festival on the biggest island starts off with a <a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">black tie</a> grand ball, followed by Latin music at Coliseu Micaelense. A children's parade fills the streets of Ponta Delgada with children from each school district in costume. A massive parade continues past midnight, ending in <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-221">[221]</a> The event includes theatre performances and dances. In the "Danças de Entrudo", hundreds of people follow the dancers around the island. Throughout the show the dancers act out scenes from daily life. The "Dances de Carnival" are <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> and comedic tales acted out in the streets. The largest is in <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, with more than 30 groups performing. More Portuguese-language theatrical performances occur there than anywhere else.<a href="#cite_note-:2-221">[221]</a> Festivities end on Ash Wednesday, when locals sit down for the "Batatada" or potato feast, in which the main dish is <a href="/wiki/Salted_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Salted cod">salted cod</a> with potatoes, eggs, mint, bread and wine. Residents then return to the streets for the burning of the "Carnival clown", ending the season.<a href="#cite_note-:2-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Madeira">Madeira</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Madeira">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Madeira" title="Carnival of Madeira">Carnival of Madeira</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnival_in_Funchal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carnival_in_Funchal.JPG/220px-Carnival_in_Funchal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carnival_in_Funchal.JPG/330px-Carnival_in_Funchal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carnival_in_Funchal.JPG/440px-Carnival_in_Funchal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A dancer in the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Madeira" title="Carnival of Madeira">Carnival of Madeira</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> On the island of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, the island's capital, <a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, wakes up on the Friday before Ash Wednesday to the sound of brass bands and Carnival parades throughout downtown. Festivities continue with concerts and shows in the Praça do Município for five consecutive days. The main Carnival street parade takes place on Saturday evening, with thousands of <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a> dancers filling the streets. The traditional street event takes place on Tuesday, featuring daring caricatures.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Arguably, Brazil's Carnival could be traced to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery#Portuguese_exploration" title="Age of Discovery">Portuguese Age of Discoveries</a> when their <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravels</a> passed regularly through Madeira, a territory that emphatically celebrated Carnival.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ovar">Ovar</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Ovar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Ovar" title="Carnival of Ovar">Carnival of Ovar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovar_Portugal_Carnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ovar_Portugal_Carnival.jpg/220px-Ovar_Portugal_Carnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ovar_Portugal_Carnival.jpg/330px-Ovar_Portugal_Carnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ovar_Portugal_Carnival.jpg/440px-Ovar_Portugal_Carnival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Ovar" title="Carnival of Ovar">Carnival of Ovar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ovar" title="Ovar">Ovar</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> Carnival in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ovar" title="Ovar">Ovar</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_de_Aveiro" title="Região de Aveiro">Aveiro Region</a>, began in 1952 and is the region's largest festivity, representing a large investment and the most important touristic event to the city. It is known for its creative designs, displayed in the Carnival Parade, which features troupes with themed costumes and music, ranging from the traditional to pop culture. Along with the Carnival Parade, there are five nights of partying, finishing with the famous 'Magical night' where people come from all over the country, mostly with their handmade costumes, only to have fun with the locals.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Other regions">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Estarreja" title="Estarreja">Estarreja</a>, in the Central region of Portugal, the town's first references to Carnival were in the 14th century, with "Flower Battles", richly decorated floats that paraded through the streets. At the beginning of the twentieth century, these festivities ended with the deaths of its main promoters, only to reappear again in the 1960s to become one of many important Carnival festivals in Portugal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the Northern region of <a href="/wiki/Podence_e_Santa_Combinha" title="Podence e Santa Combinha">Podence</a>, children appear from Sunday to Tuesday with tin masks and colorful multilayered costumes made from red, green and yellow wool. In the Central Portugal towns of <a href="/wiki/Nelas" title="Nelas">Nelas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canas_de_Senhorim" title="Canas de Senhorim">Canas de Senhorim</a>, Carnival is an important tourist event. Nelas and Canas de Senhorim host four festive parades that offer colorful and creative costumes: Bairro da Igreja and Cimo do Povo in Nelas and do Paço and do Rossio in Canas de Senhorim.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Carnival offers parades, dances and festivities featuring stars from Portugal and Brazil. The <a href="/wiki/Loures" title="Loures">Loures</a> Carnival celebrates the country's folk traditions, including the enterro do bacalhau or burial of the <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>, which marks the end of Carnival and the festivities.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> North of Lisbon is the famous <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a> Carnival, described as the "most Portuguese in Portugal". The celebration highlight is a parade of creatively decorated streetcars that satirize society and politics.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Other Central Portugal towns, such as <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leiria" title="Leiria">Leiria</a>, offer colorful, family-friendly celebrations. In these towns, everyone dresses up as if it were <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>. Children and adults wear masks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> region, several resort towns offer Carnival parades. Besides the themed floats and cars, the festivities include "samba" groups, bands, dances, and music.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lazarim" title="Lazarim">Lazarim</a>, a civil parish in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Lamego" title="Lamego">Lamego</a>, celebrations follow the pagan tradition of Roman <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalias</a>. It celebrates by burning colorful effigies and dressing in home-made costumes. Locally-made wooden masks are worn. The masks are effigies of men and women with horns, but both roles are performed by men. They are distinguished by their clothes, with caricature attributes of both men and women.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Lazarim Carnaval cycle encompasses two periods, the first starting on the fifth Sunday before Quinquagesima Sunday. Masked figures and people wearing large sculpted heads walk through the town. The locals feast on meats, above all <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>. The second cycle, held on Sundays preceding Ash Wednesday, incorporates the tradition of the Compadres and Comadres, with men and women displaying light-hearted authority over the other.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Over the five weeks, men prepare large masked heads and women raise funds to pay for two <a href="/wiki/Mannequin" title="Mannequin">mannequins</a> that will be sacrificed in a public bonfire. This is a key event and is unique to Portugal. During the bonfire, a girl reads the Compadre's will and a boy reads the Comadre's will. The executors of the will are named, a <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a> is symbolically distributed to both female and male "heirs", and then there is the final reckoning in which the Entrudo, or Carnival doll, is burned.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_carnival" title="Slavic carnival">Slavic carnival</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrovetide._Kustodiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shrovetide._Kustodiev.jpg/220px-Shrovetide._Kustodiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shrovetide._Kustodiev.jpg/330px-Shrovetide._Kustodiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shrovetide._Kustodiev.jpg/440px-Shrovetide._Kustodiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a>'s painting of <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a> (Масленица, also called "Pancake Week" or "Cheese Week") is a Russian folk holiday that incorporates some pagan traditions. It is celebrated during the last week before Lent. The essential element is <a href="/wiki/Bliny" class="mw-redirect" title="Bliny">bliny</a>, Russian pancakes, popularly taken to symbolize the sun. Round and golden, they are made from the rich foods allowed that week by the Orthodox traditions: butter, eggs, and milk. (In the tradition of Orthodox Lent, the consumption of meat ceases one week before that of milk and eggs.)<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Maslenitsa also includes <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerades</a>, snowball fights, sledding, swinging on swings, and sleigh rides. The mascot is a brightly dressed straw effigy of Lady Maslenitsa, formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Kostroma_(deity)" title="Kostroma (deity)">Kostroma</a>. The celebration culminates on Sunday evening, when Lady Maslenitsa is stripped of her finery and put to the flames of a <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Slovakia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_carnival" title="Slavic carnival">Slavic carnival</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fa%C5%A1iangy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fašiangy">Fašiangy</a> (fašiang, fašangy) takes place from <a href="/wiki/Three_Kings_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kings Day">Three Kings Day</a> (Traja králi) until the midnight before Ash Wednesday (Škaredá streda or Popolcová streda). At the midnight marking the end of fašiangy, a symbolic burial ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/Contrabass" title="Contrabass">contrabass</a> is performed, because music ceases for <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Slovenia">edit</a>]</div> The Slovenian name for carnival is pust. The <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenian</a> countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters, among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent (plural: Kurenti), a monstrous and demon-like, but fluffy figure. The most significant festival is held in <a href="/wiki/Ptuj" title="Ptuj">Ptuj</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Kurentovanje" title="Kurentovanje">Kurentovanje</a>). Its special feature are the Kurents themselves, magical creatures from another world, who visit major events throughout the country, trying to banish the winter and announce spring's arrival, fertility, and new life with noise and dancing. The origin of the Kurent is a mystery, and not much is known of the times, beliefs, or purposes connected with its first appearance. The origin of the name itself is obscure.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ale%C5%A1_Kravos_Kurentovanje_Ptuj_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ale%C5%A1_Kravos_Kurentovanje_Ptuj_2019.jpg/220px-Ale%C5%A1_Kravos_Kurentovanje_Ptuj_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ale%C5%A1_Kravos_Kurentovanje_Ptuj_2019.jpg/330px-Ale%C5%A1_Kravos_Kurentovanje_Ptuj_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ale%C5%A1_Kravos_Kurentovanje_Ptuj_2019.jpg/440px-Ale%C5%A1_Kravos_Kurentovanje_Ptuj_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurentovanje" title="Kurentovanje">Kurentovanje</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ptuj" title="Ptuj">Ptuj</a>, Slovenia</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cerknica" title="Cerknica">Cerknica</a> Carnival is heralded by a figure called "Poganjič" carrying a whip. In the procession, organised by the "Pust society", a monstrous witch named Uršula is driven from the mountain <a href="/wiki/Slivnica_(mountain)" title="Slivnica (mountain)">Slivnica</a>, to be burned at the stake on Ash Wednesday. Unique to this region is a group of <a href="/wiki/Dormice" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormice">dormice</a>, driven by the Devil and a huge fire-breathing dragon. <a href="/wiki/Cerkno" title="Cerkno">Cerkno</a> and its surrounding area are known for the Laufarji, Carnival figures with artistically carved wooden masks.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> The Maškare from <a href="/wiki/Dobrepolje" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrepolje">Dobrepolje</a> used to represent a triple character: the beautiful, the ugly (among which the most important represented by an old man, an old woman, a hunchback, and a Kurent), and the noble (imitating the urban elite).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The major part of the population, especially the young and children, dress up in ordinary non-ethnic costumes, going to school, work, and organized events, where prizes are given for the best and most original costumes. Costumed children sometimes go from house to house asking for treats.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GOYA_-_Entierro_de_la_Sardina_(Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando,_1812-14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/GOYA_-_Entierro_de_la_Sardina_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%2C_1812-14%29.jpg/170px-GOYA_-_Entierro_de_la_Sardina_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%2C_1812-14%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/GOYA_-_Entierro_de_la_Sardina_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%2C_1812-14%29.jpg/255px-GOYA_-_Entierro_de_la_Sardina_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%2C_1812-14%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/GOYA_-_Entierro_de_la_Sardina_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%2C_1812-14%29.jpg/340px-GOYA_-_Entierro_de_la_Sardina_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%2C_1812-14%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9029" data-file-height="12241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Burial_of_the_Sardine" title="The Burial of the Sardine">The Burial of the Sardine</a>, Francisco Goya, c. 1812</figcaption></figure> Arguably the most famous Carnivals in Spain are <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitges" title="Sitges">Sitges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilanova_i_la_Geltr%C3%BA" title="Vilanova i la Geltrú">Vilanova i la Geltrú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81guilas" title="Águilas">Águilas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solsona,_Lleida" class="mw-redirect" title="Solsona, Lleida">Solsona</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bielsa" title="Bielsa">Bielsa</a> (an ancestral Carnival celebration), <a href="/wiki/Plan,_Aragon" title="Plan, Aragon">Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Plan" title="San Juan de Plan">San Juan de Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laza,_Spain" title="Laza, Spain">Laza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ver%C3%ADn" title="Verín">Verín</a>, Viana, and <a href="/wiki/Xinzo_de_Limia" title="Xinzo de Limia">Xinzo de Limia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> One of the oldest pre-Indo-European carnival in Europe takes place in <a href="/wiki/Ituren" title="Ituren">Ituren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zubieta" title="Zubieta">Zubieta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> in late January/early February. The carnival symbolises the eternal struggle between the forces of good and evil, light and darkness, winter and spring. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Andalusia">Andalusia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Andalusia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Carnival of Cádiz">Carnival of Cádiz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnavaldecadiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Carnavaldecadiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="133" /></a><figcaption>A choir singing in the <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Carnival of Cádiz">Carnival of Cádiz</a>, in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, the costumes worn are often related to recent news, such as the <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N1">bird flu</a> epidemic in 2006, during which many people were disguised as chickens. The feeling of this Carnival is the sharp criticism, the funny play on words and the imagination in the costumes, more than the glamorous dressings. It is traditional to paint the face with <a href="/wiki/Lipstick" title="Lipstick">lipstick</a> as a humble substitute of a mask.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The most famous groups are the <a href="/wiki/Chirigota" title="Chirigota">chirigotas</a>, choirs, and <a href="/wiki/Comparsa" title="Comparsa">comparsas</a>. The chirigotas are well known witty, satiric popular groups who sing about politics, new times, and household topics, wearing the same costume, which they prepare for the whole year. The Choirs (coros) are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes. Their signature piece is the "Carnival Tango", alternating comical and serious repertory. The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in Cádiz, and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients. They have a more elaborated <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> that is easily recognizable by the typical <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a> voice.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canary_Islands">Canary Islands</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Canary Islands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Las_Palmas" title="Carnival of Las Palmas">Carnival of Las Palmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></div> The Santa Cruz Carnival is, with the Carnival of Cadiz, the most important festival for Spanish tourism and Spain's largest Carnival.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In 1980, it was declared a Festival Tourist International Interest. Every February, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, the capital of the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, hosts the event, attracting around a million people.<a href="#cite_note-santacruzmas.com-243">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contestant_Angeles_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Paez_performs_during_the_Tenerife_Carnival_Queen_2009_contest_in_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Contestant_Angeles_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Paez_performs_during_the_Tenerife_Carnival_Queen_2009_contest_in_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife.jpg/220px-Contestant_Angeles_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Paez_performs_during_the_Tenerife_Carnival_Queen_2009_contest_in_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Contestant_Angeles_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Paez_performs_during_the_Tenerife_Carnival_Queen_2009_contest_in_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife.jpg/330px-Contestant_Angeles_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Paez_performs_during_the_Tenerife_Carnival_Queen_2009_contest_in_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Contestant_Angeles_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Paez_performs_during_the_Tenerife_Carnival_Queen_2009_contest_in_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife.jpg/440px-Contestant_Angeles_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Paez_performs_during_the_Tenerife_Carnival_Queen_2009_contest_in_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Carnival Queen of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> In 1980, it was declared a Festival Tourist International Interest.<a href="#cite_note-santacruzmas.com-243">[243]</a> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a> with orchestra <a href="/wiki/Billo%27s_Caracas_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Billo's Caracas Boys">Billo's Caracas Boys</a> performed at the "Carnival Chicharrero", attended by 250,000 people. This was registered in the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> as the largest gathering of people in an outdoor plaza to attend a concert, a record she holds today.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Carnival of <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>) has a drag queen's gala where a jury chooses a winner.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Catalonia">Catalonia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Catalonia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidalot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Vidalot.jpg/170px-Vidalot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Vidalot.jpg/255px-Vidalot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Vidalot.jpg/340px-Vidalot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Vidalot is the last night of revelry before Ash Wednesday in <a href="/wiki/Vilanova_i_la_Geltr%C3%BA" title="Vilanova i la Geltrú">Vilanova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, Spain. Water color painting by Brad Erickson.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures, and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes ("His Majesty King Carnival"), known by various titles, including el Rei dels poca-soltes ("King of the crackpots"), Princep etern de Cornudella ("eternal Prince of Cuckoldry"), Duc de ximples i corrumputs ("Duke of the fool and corrupt"), Marquès de la bona mamella ("Marquis of the lovely breast"), Comte de tots els barruts ("Count of the insolent"), Baró de les Calaverades ("Baron of mocturnal debaucheries"), and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit ("Lord of the tall blooming Banana, of the voyeurs and punks and the artist of honor upon the bed").<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday, Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'omelette day' (el dia de la truita), on which <a href="/wiki/Coca_(pastry)" title="Coca (pastry)">coques</a> (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra), and <a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">omelettes</a> are eaten. The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a> in what is called the "burial of the <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a>" (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.<a href="#cite_note-Erickson,_Brad_2008-246">[246]</a> The Carnival of <a href="/wiki/Vilanova_i_la_Geltr%C3%BA" title="Vilanova i la Geltrú">Vilanova i la Geltrú</a> has a documented history from 1790<a href="#cite_note-Garcia,_Xavier_1972-247">[247]</a> and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_body" title="Grotesque body">grotesque body</a><a href="#cite_note-Bakhtin-4">[4]</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses, and phalli), and, above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as "thighs and feathers".<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> It is best known for Les Comparses, a tumultuous dance held on Sunday in which thousands of dancers in traditional dresses and Mantons de Manila (Manila Shawls), organized into groups of couples march in the street forming lines while throwing tons of hard candies at one another. Vilanovinians organize several rituals during the week. On Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada, a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet <a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">meringue</a> while adults have a meringue battle at midnight at the historic Plaça de les Cols. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merengada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Merengada.jpg/220px-Merengada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Merengada.jpg/330px-Merengada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Merengada.jpg/440px-Merengada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Children become covered in meringue during Dijous Gras, in Vilanova, Catalonia, Spain</figcaption></figure> On Friday citizens are called to a parade for the arrival of King Carnival called l'Arrivo that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself. On Saturday, the King's procession and his <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a> scandalize the town with their sexual behavior; the mysterious Moixo Foguer (Little-Bird-Bonfire) is shown accompanied by the Xerraire (jabberer), who try to convince the crowd about the wonders that this mighty bird carries in a box (which ends up being in fact a naked person covered in feathers);<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> and other items such as: sport acts and barbecues in the streets; the talking-dance of the Mismatched Couples (Ball de Malcasats); the children's King Caramel whose massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites; or the debauched Nit dels Mascarots dance. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malcasats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Malcasats.jpg/220px-Malcasats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Malcasats.jpg/330px-Malcasats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Malcasats.jpg/440px-Malcasats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>The Ball de Malcasats (Dance of the Mismatched Couples) is a satiric talking-dance traditional to Carnaval in Vilanova, Catalonia, Spain.</figcaption></figure> After Sunday, vilanovinians continue its Carnival with the children's party Vidalet, the satirical chorus of Carnestoltes songs and the last night of revelry, the Vidalot. For the King's funeral, people dress in elaborate mourning costume, many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables. In the funeral house, the body of the King is surrounded by weeping concubines, crying over the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by his death. The King's body is carried to the Plaça de la Vila where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled sardines with bread and wine, suggesting the symbolic <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> of the communion ritual. Finally, amid rockets and explosions, the King's body is burned in a massive pyre.<a href="#cite_note-Erickson,_Brad_2008-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garcia,_Xavier_1972-247">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rucs_de_Solsona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rucs_de_Solsona.jpg/170px-Rucs_de_Solsona.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rucs_de_Solsona.jpg/255px-Rucs_de_Solsona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rucs_de_Solsona.jpg/340px-Rucs_de_Solsona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>Donkeys of <a href="/wiki/Solsona,_Lleida" class="mw-redirect" title="Solsona, Lleida">Solsona</a>, Catalonia, Spain, hung in the tower bell</figcaption></figure> Carnaval de Solsona takes place in <a href="/wiki/Solsona,_Lleida" class="mw-redirect" title="Solsona, Lleida">Solsona, Lleida</a>. It is one of the longest; free events in the streets and nightly concerts run for more than a week. The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell − because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower. To celebrate this legend, locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that "pisses" above the excited crowd using a water pump. This event is the most important and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants are called matarrucs ("donkey killers").<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> "Comparses" groups organize free activities. These groups of friends create and personalize a uniformed suit to wear during the festivities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Sitges" title="Sitges">Sitges</a>, special feasts include xatonades (<a href="/wiki/Xat%C3%B3" title="Xató">xató</a> is a traditional local salad of the Penedès coast) served with omelettes. Two important moments are the Rua de la Disbauxa (Debauchery Parade) on Sunday night and the Rua de l'Extermini (Extermination Parade) on Tuesday night.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> In 2022, the Rua de la Disbauxa hosted 34 floats and over 1,200 participants.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music, and percussion bands, and groups with <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon). Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades. About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Galicia">Galicia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Galicia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, the celebration is commonly known as Entroido, or otherwise Antroido, Entroiro, Entruido or Entrudio.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Throughout history, the cities, towns and villages of Galicia had poor connections between each other, so Entroidos are very diverse with different cultural traditions and characters based in the zone you're in. Nine Entroido celebrations have been declared as places of touristic interest in Galicia: <a href="/wiki/Xinzo_de_Limia" title="Xinzo de Limia">Xinzo de Limia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santo_Adr%C3%A1n_de_Cobres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santo Adrán de Cobres (page does not exist)">Cobres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laza,_Spain" title="Laza, Spain">Laza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ver%C3%ADn" title="Verín">Verín</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felos_de_Maceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felos de Maceda (page does not exist)">Felos de Maceda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenerais_do_Ulla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenerais do Ulla (page does not exist)">Xenerais do Ulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilari%C3%B1o_de_Conso" title="Vilariño de Conso">Vilariño de Conso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androlla" title="Androlla">Androlla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viana_do_Bolo" title="Viana do Bolo">Viana do Bolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manzaneda" title="Manzaneda">Manzaneda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cigarrones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cigarrones.jpg/220px-Cigarrones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cigarrones.jpg/330px-Cigarrones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cigarrones.jpg/440px-Cigarrones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>The Cigarrón, the typical character of the Entroido, in <a href="/wiki/Ver%C3%ADn" title="Verín">Verín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician cuisine</a>, there are various traditional dishes of Entroido, such as Filloas (a dish similar to <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">crêpes</a>) and Orellas (A traditional dish of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>, but also traditionally served in Galician and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> carnivals). Other traditional foods include <a href="/wiki/Chorizo" title="Chorizo">Chorizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lac%C3%B3n" title="Lacón">Lacón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">Caldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androlla" title="Androlla">Androlla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pig Heads</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filloas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Filloas.jpg/220px-Filloas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Filloas.jpg/330px-Filloas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Filloas.jpg/440px-Filloas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Filloas, a <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">crêpe</a>-like typical dish served in Galician Entroidos</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Valencian_Community">Valencian Community</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Valencian Community">edit</a>]</div> One of the most important Spanish Carnival Festivals is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Vinar%C3%B2s" title="Vinaròs">Vinaròs</a>, a small town situated in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Province of Castellón">province of Castellón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>. The Carnival Festival in Vinaròs has been declared of Regional Touristic Interest and in 2017, this outstanding and ancient show celebrates 35 years of History. The Carnival Festival in Vinaròs became a forbidden celebration during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> but after the dictatorship, the party regained importance with the democracy's arrival. Every year in February, forty days before the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cuaresma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuaresma">Cuaresma</a>, thirty-three "comparsas" go singing, dancing and walking down the streets in a great costumes' parade in Vinaròs. In addition, many other festive, cultural and musical activities of all ages take place, such as an epic battle of confetti and flour, funny karaoke contests or the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Entierro_de_la_Sardina" title="Entierro de la Sardina">Entierro de la Sardina</a>" (Burial of the Sardine). Nevertheless, the most important event is the gala performance of the Carnival's Queen. In this breathtaking show, it is elected the Queen of the Carnival, the major representative of the Carnival in Vinaròs all year round.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baklahorani" title="Baklahorani">Baklahorani</a></div> For almost five centuries, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">local Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> communities throughout <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> celebrated Carnival with weeks of bawdy parades, lavish balls, and street parties.<a href="#cite_note-GreekMinority-256">[256]</a> This continued for weeks before Lent. <a href="/wiki/Baklahorani" title="Baklahorani">Baklahorani</a> took place on <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Monday" title="Shrove Monday">Shrove Monday</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a>, the last day of the carnival season. The event was led by the Greek Orthodox community, but the celebrations were public and inter-communal. The final celebration was sited in the <a href="/wiki/Kurtulu%C5%9F" title="Kurtuluş">Kurtuluş</a> district.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> In 2010, the festival was revived.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the three days before Lent were called Shrovetide. A time for <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confessing sins</a> ("shriving"), it had fewer festivities than the continental Carnivals. Today, <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Pancake_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancake Day">Pancake Day</a>, but little else of the Lent-related Shrovetide survived the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. Since 2012, Hastings in East Sussex has celebrated with its own Mardi Gras, or Fat Tuesday. Five days of music and street events culminating with a Grand Ball on Fat Tuesday itself. Loosely based on the New Orleans style of carnival, Hastings has taken its own course.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_International_Carnival" title="Birmingham International Carnival">Birmingham International Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_Carnival" title="West Country Carnival">West Country Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dover_Carnival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dover Carnival (page does not exist)">Dover Carnival</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Caribbean_Carnival" title="Leicester Caribbean Carnival">Leicester Caribbean Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adloyada" title="Adloyada">Adloyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%93uf_Gras" title="Bœuf Gras">Boeuf gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careto" title="Careto">Careto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Basel" title="Carnival of Basel">Carnival of Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carny" title="Carny">Carny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Carnival" title="Cologne Carnival">Cologne Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Popular_Laughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Popular Laughter">Culture of Popular Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Fools" title="Feast of Fools">Feast of Fools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_European_Carnival_Cities" title="Federation of European Carnival Cities">Federation of European Carnival Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama">Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mardi_Gras" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Mardi Gras">New Orleans Mardi Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitalsasthi" title="Sitalsasthi">Sitalsasthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrenmarsch" title="Narrenmarsch">Narrenmarsch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-Records/largest-carnival/">"Largest carnival"</a>. Guinness World Records. 1 January 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415171300/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-carnival/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+carnival&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-Records%2Flargest-carnival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-carnival_(n.)" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/8045197810">"carnival (n.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F8045197810">10.1093/OED/8045197810</a>. <q>The season immediately preceding Lent, devoted in Italy and other Roman Catholic countries to revelry and riotous amusement, Shrovetide; the festivity of this season. High Carnival: the revelry of the Carnival at its height.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=carnival+%28n.%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F8045197810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F8045197810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Shrovetide_(n.)" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2819425396">"Shrovetide (n.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F2819425396">10.1093/OED/2819425396</a>. <q>The period comprising Quinquagesima Sunday and the two following days, 'Shrove' Monday and Tuesday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shrovetide+%28n.%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F2819425396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F2819425396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakhtin-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakhtin_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakhtin_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakhtin_4-2">c</a> Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Rabelais and his world. Translated by H. Iswolsky. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. Original edition, Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaia kul'tura srednevekov'ia i Renessansa, 1965. </li> <li id="cite_note-BarrowsRoom1991-5"><a href="#cite_ref-BarrowsRoom1991_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrowsRoom1991" class="citation book cs1">Barrows, Susanna; Room, Robin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-wmSdtGer0C&pg=PA404">Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modern History</a>. University of California Press. pp. 404–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520070851" title="Special:BookSources/9780520070851"><bdi>9780520070851</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drinking%3A+Behavior+and+Belief+in+Modern+History&rft.pages=404-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780520070851&rft.aulast=Barrows&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft.au=Room%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-wmSdtGer0C%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelvey2018-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelvey2018_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelvey2018" class="citation web cs1">Kelvey, Jon (13 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/carroll/news/cc-shrove-tuesday-pancakes-20180213-story.html">"Strawbridge United Methodist keeps Shrove Tuesday pancake tradition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316074513/https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/carroll/news/cc-shrove-tuesday-pancakes-20180213-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Strawbridge+United+Methodist+keeps+Shrove+Tuesday+pancake+tradition&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.aulast=Kelvey&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fmaryland%2Fcarroll%2Fnews%2Fcc-shrove-tuesday-pancakes-20180213-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELCD2021-7"><a href="#cite_ref-ELCD2021_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lutheranchurch.dk/liturgy-and-worship/festivals-and-traditions/shrovetide">"Shrovetide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924153731/https://lutheranchurch.dk/liturgy-and-worship/festivals-and-traditions/shrovetide">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrovetide&rft.pub=Evangelical+Lutheran+Church+in+Denmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranchurch.dk%2Fliturgy-and-worship%2Ffestivals-and-traditions%2Fshrovetide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beadle1994-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Beadle1994_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeadle1994" class="citation book cs1">Beadle, Richard (17 March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00rich_1/page/69">The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00rich_1/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521459167" title="Special:BookSources/9780521459167"><bdi>9780521459167</bdi></a>. <q>One of these was the pre-Lent Carnival extravaganza of Shrovetide, though this seems to have been celebrated to a much lesser extent in Britain than it was (and still is) on the continent: however, we know of English Shrovetide plays, and Mankind bears signs of being one of them (335).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Medieval+English+Theatre&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994-03-17&rft.isbn=9780521459167&rft.aulast=Beadle&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00rich_1%2Fpage%2F69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker2011-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker2011_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Katie (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214030411/http://articles.dailyamerican.com/2011-03-07/news/29155052_1_pancake-dinner-pancake-day-shrove">"Shrove Tuesday inspires unique church traditions"</a>. Daily American. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.dailyamerican.com/2011-03-07/news/29155052_1_pancake-dinner-pancake-day-shrove">the original</a> on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016. <q>Many local churches will celebrate Shrove Tuesday tomorrow, a day of feasting commonly known as "pancake day." Shrove Tuesday is typically observed by Episcopal, Lutheran, Methodist and Catholic denominations, but each church celebrates the day in its own, unique way. The Rev. Lenny Anderson of the St. Francis-in-the-Fields Episcopal Church in Somerset said the primary focus of Shrove Tuesday is to prepare for Lent, the period of the liturgical year leading up to Easter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrove+Tuesday+inspires+unique+church+traditions&rft.pub=Daily+American&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.dailyamerican.com%2F2011-03-07%2Fnews%2F29155052_1_pancake-dinner-pancake-day-shrove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiefer" class="citation book cs1">Kiefer, James. Shrove Tuesday. Rowan University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shrove+Tuesday&rft.pub=Rowan+University&rft.aulast=Kiefer&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074002/https://www.timesreporter.com/news/20200218/good-day">"Shrove Tuesday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times-Reporter" title="The Times-Reporter">The Times-Reporter</a>. 18 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesreporter.com/news/20200218/good-day">the original</a> on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrove+Tuesday&rft.pub=The+Times-Reporter&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesreporter.com%2Fnews%2F20200218%2Fgood-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruprecht2010-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruprecht2010_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuprecht2010" class="citation book cs1">Ruprecht, Tony (14 December 2010). Toronto's Many Faces. Dundurn. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459718043" title="Special:BookSources/9781459718043"><bdi>9781459718043</bdi></a>. <q>Fastelavn, held the week before Lent, is the Danish Mardi Gras. This event takes place at the Danish Lutheran Church and at Sunset Villa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toronto%27s+Many+Faces&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft.isbn=9781459718043&rft.aulast=Ruprecht&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218024722/http://www.danishchurchsocal.com/faq.html">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. The Danish Lutheran Church & Cultural Center. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danishchurchsocal.com/faq.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015. <q>We celebrate Danish traditions during our church year such as Fastelavn at lent (a Carnival for the kids at the beginning of the Lenten season), a Harvest Service in Fall and preparing for Advent and Christmas with a Klippe-Klistre (Cut & Paste Decorations) in late November. Our Danish history and heritage is continuously incorporated into our services and events through the year and its seasons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=The+Danish+Lutheran+Church+%26+Cultural+Center&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danishchurchsocal.com%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Melitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan_2008_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelitta_Weiss_Adamson,_Francine_Segan2008" class="citation book cs1">Melitta Weiss Adamson, Francine Segan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPDIx6WWuOQC&pg=PA354">Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <q>In Anglican countries, Mardis Gras is known as Shrove Tuesday – from shrive meaning 'confess' – or Pancake Day – after the breakfast food that symbolizes one final hearty meal of eggs, butter, and sugar before the fast. On <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>, the morning after Mardi Gras, repentant Christians return to church to receive upon the forehead the sign of the cross in ashes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entertaining+from+Ancient+Rome+to+the+Super+Bowl&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Melitta+Weiss+Adamson%2C+Francine+Segan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPDIx6WWuOQC%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudwin1920-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwin1920_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudwin1920_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudwin1920" class="citation book cs1">Rudwin, Maximilian Josef (1920). The Origin of the German Carnival Comedy. G. E. Stechert & Company. p. 2. <q>The English name for Carnival, it may be argued, points to a Christian origin of this festival.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+German+Carnival+Comedy&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=G.+E.+Stechert+%26+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Rudwin&rft.aufirst=Maximilian+Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordsindifferentlanguages.com/carnival/">"Carnival in Different Languages"</a>. Words in Different Languages. 25 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225181807/https://wordsindifferentlanguages.com/carnival/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Words+in+Different+Languages&rft.atitle=Carnival+in+Different+Languages&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordsindifferentlanguages.com%2Fcarnival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Carnival">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002123006/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=carnival">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DCarnival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etimo-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etimo_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etimo_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etimo.it/?term=carnevale">"Carnevale"</a>. Etimo (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160826/https://www.etimo.it/?term=carnevale">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etimo&rft.atitle=Carnevale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etimo.it%2F%3Fterm%3Dcarnevale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426043847/https://www.carnival.com/common/cclus/htmlfragments/error/error-404.htm?item=/isis/rising/&user=extranet%5CAnonymous&site=website/">"Isis Rising"</a>. Carnival.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnival.com/common/cclus/htmlfragments/error/error-404.htm?item=/isis/rising/&user=extranet\Anonymous&site=website/">the original</a> on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isis+Rising&rft.pub=Carnival.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnival.com%2Fcommon%2Fcclus%2Fhtmlfragments%2Ferror%2Ferror-404.htm%3Fitem%3D%2Fisis%2Frising%2F%26user%3Dextranet%5CAnonymous%26site%3Dwebsite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Universo, De Agostini, Novara, 1966, Vol. III, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-meertens.knaw.nl-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meertens.knaw.nl_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meertens.knaw.nl_21-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/meertensnet/wdb.php?sel=79966">"Carnaval"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708204112/http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/meertensnet/wdb.php?sel=79966">Archived</a> 8 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Miller, John F. "Roman Festivals," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jansimons.nl/bronnenmagazijn/bestandenbronnenmagazijn/selectieartikelen/alaaf.htm">"Vitaberna"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054002/http://www.jansimons.nl/bronnenmagazijn/bestandenbronnenmagazijn/selectieartikelen/alaaf.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jansimons.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Tacitus, Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrantur – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake." Trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus. London: Macmillan, 1868, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/776555615">776555615</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fenvlaanderen.be-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fenvlaanderen.be_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenvlaanderen.be_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenvlaanderen.be_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenvlaanderen.be_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenvlaanderen.be_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenvlaanderen.be_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenvlaanderen.be_25-6">g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenvlaanderen.be/carnaval/wat-carnaval">"Wat is carnaval?" | Fen Vlaanderen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422135427/http://www.fenvlaanderen.be/carnaval/wat-carnaval">Archived</a> 22 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Fenvlaanderen.be. Retrieved on 13 May 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1990). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013627-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013627-4">0-14-013627-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Eduardo Fabbro, M.A., "Germanic Paganism among the Early Salian Franks". University of Brasilia, The Journal of Germanic Mythology and Folklore, Volume 1, Issue 4, August 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-ziggo1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ziggo1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziggo1_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziggo1_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziggo1_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziggo1_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziggo1_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ziggo1_28-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.ziggo.nl/leowethly/Carnaval/geschiedenis.htm">"Geschiedenis van het carnavalsfeest"</a>. Members.ziggo.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326040158/http://members.ziggo.nl/leowethly/Carnaval/geschiedenis.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+het+carnavalsfeest&rft.pub=Members.ziggo.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.ziggo.nl%2Fleowethly%2FCarnaval%2Fgeschiedenis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fen-nederland.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4">Federatie Europese Narren Nederland – Federatie Europese Narren Nederland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233337/http://www.fen-nederland.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Fen-nederland.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, The Agricola and Germany of Tacitus. London: Macmillan, 1868, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/776555615">776555615</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruff2001-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruff2001_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruff2001_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruff2001_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuff2001" class="citation book cs1">Ruff, Julius R. (4 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violenceinearlym0000ruff/page/164">Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violenceinearlym0000ruff/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521598941" title="Special:BookSources/9780521598941"><bdi>9780521598941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+in+Early+Modern+Europe+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-10-04&rft.isbn=9780521598941&rft.aulast=Ruff&rft.aufirst=Julius+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviolenceinearlym0000ruff%2Fpage%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bossy1985-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Bossy1985_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossy1985" class="citation book cs1">Bossy, John (1985). Christianity in the West, 1400–1700. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289162-4"><bdi>978-0-19-289162-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+the+West%2C+1400%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-289162-4&rft.aulast=Bossy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolfe1911" class="citation book cs1">Rolfe, William James (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merchantofvenrol00shakuoft">Shakespear's Comedy of The Merchant of Venice</a>. New York, N.Y. : American Book Company. p. 70. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespear%27s+Comedy+of+The+Merchant+of+Venice&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=New+York%2C+N.Y.+%3A+American+Book+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rolfe&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerchantofvenrol00shakuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http-34"><a href="#cite_ref-http_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193054/http://www.isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/oorsprong_van_het_carnaval/">"Oorsprong van het Carnaval in de geschiedenis van Nederland IsGeschiedenis"</a>. Isgeschiedenis.nl. 11 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/oorsprong_van_het_carnaval/">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oorsprong+van+het+Carnaval+in+de+geschiedenis+van+Nederland+IsGeschiedenis&rft.pub=Isgeschiedenis.nl&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isgeschiedenis.nl%2Fnieuws%2Foorsprong_van_het_carnaval%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2507300021/GVRL?u=txshracd2597&sid=GVRL&xid=131fbf85">"Carnival"</a>. Encyclopedia of Easter, Carnival, and Lent. 30 November 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Easter%2C+Carnival%2C+and+Lent&rft.atitle=Carnival&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.galegroup.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FCX2507300021%2FGVRL%3Fu%3Dtxshracd2597%26sid%3DGVRL%26xid%3D131fbf85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Gaignebet, Claude. 1984. El Carnaval: Ensayos de mitologia popular. Barcelona: Editorial Alta Fulla. Original edition: Le carnaval. Essais de mythologie populaire, Editions Payot, Paris, 1974. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chapman1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John Chapman (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Didache">"Didache" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Didache&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=John+Chapman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isgeschiedenis.nl-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Isgeschiedenis.nl_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195532/http://www.isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/sociale_functie_van_carnaval_in_de_middeleeuwen/">"Geschiedenis van carnaval in de middeleeuwen IsGeschiedenis"</a>. Isgeschiedenis.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isgeschiedenis.nl/nieuws/sociale_functie_van_carnaval_in_de_middeleeuwen/">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+carnaval+in+de+middeleeuwen+IsGeschiedenis&rft.pub=Isgeschiedenis.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isgeschiedenis.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fsociale_functie_van_carnaval_in_de_middeleeuwen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halmo1989-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Halmo1989_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalmo1989" class="citation book cs1">Halmo, Joan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celebratingchurc00halm/page/79">Celebrating the Church Year with Young Children</a>. Liturgical Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celebratingchurc00halm/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814615805" title="Special:BookSources/9780814615805"><bdi>9780814615805</bdi></a>. <q>Carnival is a time of revelry and excess before the dying of Lent, a time of feasting before the fasting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+Church+Year+with+Young+Children&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780814615805&rft.aulast=Halmo&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelebratingchurc00halm%2Fpage%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson2014-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson2014_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alan (21 August 2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191040726" title="Special:BookSources/9780191040726"><bdi>9780191040726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.isbn=9780191040726&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middencommiteit.be/mc/?page_id=800">Oorsprong Carnaval: Middencommiteit Lommel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225054839/http://middencommiteit.be/mc/?page_id=800">Archived</a> 25 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Middencommiteit.be. Retrieved on 13 May 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206031213/http://www.carnavales.net/historia-del-carnaval/">"Historia del Carnaval"</a>. carnavales.net (in Spanish). 6 November 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnavales.net/historia-del-carnaval/">the original</a> on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carnavales.net&rft.atitle=Historia+del+Carnaval&rft.date=2003-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnavales.net%2Fhistoria-del-carnaval%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowen2004-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowen2004_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2004" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Barbara C. (2004). Humour and Humanism in the Renaissance. 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Wesleyan University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117043630/http://rara.wesleyan.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rara+Festivals+in+Haiti+and+its+Diaspora&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frara.wesleyan.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haitianinternet.com/photos/haiti-carnaval-2013-cap-haitien.html">"Haiti Carnaval 2013 - Cap Haitien"</a>. The Haitian Internet Newsletter. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22823-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22823-5"><bdi>0-520-22823-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rara%21+Vodou%2C+Power%2C+and+Performance+in+Haiti+and+its+Diaspora&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-520-22823-5&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9790520228237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075738/https://www.activecaribbean.com/carnivals-festivals/carnivals-events-honduras/">"HONDURAS Carnival, ROATAN Events"</a>. 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313343391" title="Special:BookSources/9780313343391"><bdi>9780313343391</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217211636/https://books.google.com/books?id=bDIwZ8BieWcC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=Mayo+Ya!+celebration&source=bl&ots=4nzWf1QpHa&sig=GPwrJhokWuRgzT3aUd-QM6LYf6s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2i6mS1pXSAhWF1SwKHWidBDgQ6AEIRzAJ#v=onepage&q=Mayo%20Ya!%20celebration&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017. 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Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proh%C3%ADben+ingreso+de+embarazadas+y+ni%C3%B1os+a+culecos+%E2%80%93+en+Segundos+Panam%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fensegundos.com.pa%2F2018%2F02%2F08%2Fprohiben-ingreso-de-embarazadas-y-ninos-a-culecos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220111113/https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/170214/diez-seran-manana-culecos">"Culecos serán de diez de la mañana hasta las tres de la tarde"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/170214/diez-seran-manana-culecos">the original</a> on 20 February 2020. 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Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minsa+har%C3%A1+doble+verificaci%C3%B3n+de+cisternas+que+participar%C3%A1n+de+culecos+en+carnavales+%26%23124%3B+Telemetro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telemetro.com%2Fnacionales%2F2018%2F02%2F05%2Fminsa-verificacion-cisternas-participaran-carnavales%2F1190582.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220105638/https://ensegundos.com.pa/2017/02/25/miambiente-supervisa-carga-de-agua-a-carros-cisternas-para-los-culecos/">"MiAmbiente supervisa carga de agua a carros cisternas para los "culecos" – en Segundos Panamá"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MiAmbiente+supervisa+carga+de+agua+a+carros+cisternas+para+los+%22culecos%22+%E2%80%93+en+Segundos+Panam%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fensegundos.com.pa%2F2017%2F02%2F25%2Fmiambiente-supervisa-carga-de-agua-a-carros-cisternas-para-los-culecos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428054119/http://www.amazing-holland.nl/assets/carnaval_english.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazing-holland.nl/assets/carnaval_english.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 April 2017. 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Retrieved 12 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=Mardi+Gras+in+New+Orleans%3A+The+greatest+free+party+on+earth&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Fgambit%2Fnew_orleans%2Fnews%2Fcommentary%2Farticle_1afb8938-ff48-5618-bbd3-f380d2a746a5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117025317/https://www.crt.state.la.us/tourism/pressroom/festivals-events/mardi-gras/index">"Mardi Gras in New Orleans and Louisiana"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crt.state.la.us/tourism/pressroom/festivals-events/mardi-gras/index">the original</a> on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mardi+Gras+in+New+Orleans+and+Louisiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crt.state.la.us%2Ftourism%2Fpressroom%2Ffestivals-events%2Fmardi-gras%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Jean_Ancelet1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Jean_Ancelet" title="Barry Jean Ancelet">Barry Jean Ancelet</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/capitainevoyaget00ance">Capitaine, voyage ton flag : The Traditional Cajun Country Mardi Gras</a>. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940984-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-940984-46-6"><bdi>0-940984-46-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitaine%2C+voyage+ton+flag+%3A+The+Traditional+Cajun+Country+Mardi+Gras&rft.pub=Center+for+Louisiana+Studies%2C+University+of+Southwestern+Louisiana&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-940984-46-6&rft.au=Barry+Jean+Ancelet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapitainevoyaget00ance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letsgotoponce.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=155&Itemid=81">Ponce Carnival Goes International in Its 150th Anniversary Edition. Let's Go to Ponce.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311075721/http://letsgotoponce.com/index.php?id=155&itemid=81&option=com_content&task=view">Archived</a> 11 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ponce Carnival. Retrieved 12 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/ourstory/pdf/puerto/carnival_dress.pdf">"The Smithsonian Institution. "A Puerto Rican Carnival: How to Dress for the Ponce Carnival.""</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125232634/http://americanhistory.si.edu/ourstory/pdf/puerto/carnival_dress.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Smithsonian+Institution.+%22A+Puerto+Rican+Carnival%3A+How+to+Dress+for+the+Ponce+Carnival.%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fourstory%2Fpdf%2Fpuerto%2Fcarnival_dress.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/carnival-de-ponce">Attendance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204114/http://www.answers.com/topic/carnival-de-ponce">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 12 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727174813/https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-of-brooklyns-caribbean-carnival-the-most-colorful-event-in-new-york-city/">"The history of Brooklyn's Caribbean Carnival, the most colorful event in New York City"</a>. 6sqft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.6sqft.com/the-history-of-brooklyns-caribbean-carnival-the-most-colorful-event-in-new-york-city/">the original</a> on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=6sqft&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Brooklyn%27s+Caribbean+Carnival%2C+the+most+colorful+event+in+New+York+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.6sqft.com%2Fthe-history-of-brooklyns-caribbean-carnival-the-most-colorful-event-in-new-york-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223000614/http://clevelandkurentovanje.com/">"Cleveland Kurentovanje"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clevelandkurentovanje.com/">the original</a> on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cleveland+Kurentovanje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclevelandkurentovanje.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117020043/http://www.uruguaynow.com/montevideo-carnival.php">"UruguayNow - Travel Guide to Uruguay - Carnival is coming"</a>. uruguay-now.com. 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"The Uruguayan Carnival Stages of the First Half of the Twentieth Century between Transgression and 'Measured Joy'", Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography XLIII/1-2 (2018), 123–140 (includes 19 photographs of tablados participating in Montevideo festivities between 1919 and 1951). </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittens2019" class="citation book cs1">Gittens, William Anderson (2019). Culture Demystify A Cultural Conversation First. Devgro Media Arts Services. pp. 374–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789769635616" title="Special:BookSources/9789769635616"><bdi>9789769635616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Demystify+A+Cultural+Conversation+First&rft.pages=374-375&rft.pub=Devgro+Media+Arts+Services&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789769635616&rft.aulast=Gittens&rft.aufirst=William+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120549/http://www.caribbeanchoice.com/venezuela/carnival.asp">"Carnival in Venezuela"</a>. CaribbeanChoice. 5 February 2008. 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Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pemuda+lintas+agama+akan+ramaikan+Pawai+Paskah+di+Kupang&rft.date=2015-04-05&rft.au=Kornelis+Kaha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antaranews.com%2Fberita%2F489130%2Fpemuda-lintas-agama-akan-ramaikan-pawai-paskah-di-kupang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcbs-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcbs_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcbs_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcbs_156-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manilacarnivals.blogspot.com/2008/07/3-oh-meet-me-at-carnival.html">"Oh, Meet Me at the Carnival"</a>. Manila Carnivals, Alex R. Castro. 20 July 2008. 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Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manila+Carnivals+1908%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Carnivals+RSS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnivals93.rssing.com%2Fchan-14212637%2Fall_p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clutario-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Clutario_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClutario2023" class="citation book cs1">Clutario, Genevieve Alva (2023). Beauty Regimes: A History of Power and Modern Empire in the Philippines, 1898–1941. 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Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+German+Way+%26+More&rft.atitle=Fasching+and+Karneval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.german-way.com%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fholidays-and-celebrations%2Ffasching-and-karneval%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gespraechswert.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Karneval_Guide_English_201701.pdf">"Cologne Carnival traditions explained in English"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307104935/https://www.gespraechswert.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Karneval_Guide_English_201701.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne+Carnival+traditions+explained+in+English.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gespraechswert.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2FKarneval_Guide_English_201701.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmdr.de" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">mdr.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdr.de/religion/warum-wir-fastnacht-fasching-karneval-feiern100.html">"Warum wir Fasching, Fastnacht oder Karneval feiern | MDR.DE"</a>. mdr.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215011831/https://www.mdr.de/religion/warum-wir-fastnacht-fasching-karneval-feiern100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mdr.de&rft.atitle=Warum+wir+Fasching%2C+Fastnacht+oder+Karneval+feiern+%7C+MDR.DE&rft.au=mdr.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Freligion%2Fwarum-wir-fastnacht-fasching-karneval-feiern100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagespost2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tagespost, Die (12 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-tagespost.de/kommentare/Eine-ganz-kurze-Geschichte-des-rheinischen-Karneval;art4872,185817">"Die Tagespost"</a>. die-tagespost.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415080439/https://www.die-tagespost.de/kommentare/Eine-ganz-kurze-Geschichte-des-rheinischen-Karneval;art4872,185817">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=die-tagespost.de&rft.atitle=Die+Tagespost&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft.aulast=Tagespost&rft.aufirst=Die&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-tagespost.de%2Fkommentare%2FEine-ganz-kurze-Geschichte-des-rheinischen-Karneval%3Bart4872%2C185817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HR-MFA-183"><a href="#cite_ref-HR-MFA_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/about-greece/history-and-culture/culture.html?page=8">"Greek Customs"</a>. Hellenic Republic: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828232026/http://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/about-greece/history-and-culture/culture.html?page=8">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Republic%3A+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Greek+Customs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gr%2Fmissionsabroad%2Fen%2Fabout-greece%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fculture.html%3Fpage%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200409191634/https://www.carnivaland.net/patras-carnival/">"Your Ultimate Guide to Attending Patras Carnival Greece"</a>. Carnivaland. 9 November 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnivaland.net/patras-carnival/">the original</a> on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnivaland&rft.atitle=Your+Ultimate+Guide+to+Attending+Patras+Carnival+Greece&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnivaland.net%2Fpatras-carnival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325224619/http://www.carnivalpatras.gr/en/events/bourboulia/">"BOURBOULIA"</a>. Patras Carnival. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnivalpatras.gr/en/events/bourboulia/">the original</a> on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patras+Carnival&rft.atitle=BOURBOULIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnivalpatras.gr%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fbourboulia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200409195706/https://www.carnivalpatras.gr/en/events/big-parade/">"THE BIG PARADE"</a>. Patras Carnival. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnivalpatras.gr/en/events/big-parade/">the original</a> on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patras+Carnival&rft.atitle=THE+BIG+PARADE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnivalpatras.gr%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fbig-parade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427034947/http://apokries.ert.gr/petegoletsa-kerkyra/">"Πετεγολέτσα Κέρκυρας"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apokries.ert.gr/petegoletsa-kerkyra/">the original</a> on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1+%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapokries.ert.gr%2Fpetegoletsa-kerkyra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestival.gr/xalllara/item/296134-epese-i-aulaia-tou-karnabaliou-stin-ksanthi-plithos-episkepton-apo-toyrkia-boylgaria-kai-roymania">"Έπεσε η "αυλαία" του καρναβαλιού στην Ξάνθη - Πλήθος επισκεπτών από Τουρκία, Βουλγαρία και Ρουμανία"</a>. thestival.gr (in Greek). 27 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301225314/http://www.thestival.gr/xalllara/item/296134-epese-i-aulaia-tou-karnabaliou-stin-ksanthi-plithos-episkepton-apo-toyrkia-boylgaria-kai-roymania">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestival.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%88%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B5+%CE%B7+%22%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%22+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%9E%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B7+-+%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1%2C+%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestival.gr%2Fxalllara%2Fitem%2F296134-epese-i-aulaia-tou-karnabaliou-stin-ksanthi-plithos-episkepton-apo-toyrkia-boylgaria-kai-roymania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,553070,00.html">"The Annual Phallus Festival in Greece"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122115504/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,553070,00.html">Archived</a> 22 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Der Spiegel, English edition, 3 June 2008, Retrieved on 15 December 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendoncaPanBrandes*2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mendonca, Shawn; Pan, Jessica; Brandes*, Steven (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJU.0000000000000850.016">"Fr01-16 Festival of the "Steel Phallus" and the "Bourani" Carnival of Tynavos: Phallic Festivals of Contemporary Japan and Greece"</a>. The Journal of Urology. 203 (Supplement 4): e289–e290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJU.0000000000000850.016">10.1097/JU.0000000000000850.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5347">0022-5347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Fr01-16+Festival+of+the+%22Steel+Phallus%22+and+the+%22Bourani%22+Carnival+of+Tynavos%3A+Phallic+Festivals+of+Contemporary+Japan+and+Greece&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=Supplement+4&rft.pages=e289-e290&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FJU.0000000000000850.016&rft.issn=0022-5347&rft.aulast=Mendonca&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft.au=Pan%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Brandes%2A%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FJU.0000000000000850.016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=28&ct=18&artid=4548248&enthDate=27112009">"TA NEA On-line – Τριήμερο γλεντιού στα Ραγκουτσάρια"</a>. Tanea.gr. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TA+NEA+On-line+%E2%80%93+%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF+%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1&rft.pub=Tanea.gr&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanea.gr%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpid%3D28%26ct%3D18%26artid%3D4548248%26enthDate%3D27112009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917151432/http://www.kastoria.gov.gr/%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1/">"Ραγκουτσάρια"</a> [Ragoutsaria]. Δήμος Καστοριάς (in Greek). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kastoria.gov.gr/%cf%81%ce%b1%ce%b3%ce%ba%ce%bf%cf%85%cf%84%cf%83%ce%ac%cf%81%ce%b9%ce%b1/">the original</a> on 17 September 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%94%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82&rft.atitle=%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kastoria.gov.gr%2F%25cf%2581%25ce%25b1%25ce%25b3%25ce%25ba%25ce%25bf%25cf%2585%25cf%2584%25cf%2583%25ce%25ac%25cf%2581%25ce%25b9%25ce%25b1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonan2017" class="citation news cs1">Ronan, Alex (16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/t-magazine/busojaras-festival-hungary-lent-travel.html">"A Magical Festival to Scare Off Winter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617221357/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/t-magazine/busojaras-festival-hungary-lent-travel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Magical+Festival+to+Scare+Off+Winter&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=Ronan&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F16%2Ft-magazine%2Fbusojaras-festival-hungary-lent-travel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineDjinis" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Djinis, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-how-carnival-is-celebrated-around-the-world-180983771/">"A Brief History of How Carnival Is Celebrated Around the World"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 19 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+How+Carnival+Is+Celebrated+Around+the+World&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Djinis%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fa-brief-history-of-how-carnival-is-celebrated-around-the-world-180983771%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italiakids.com/the-history-of-the-viareggio-carnival/">"The History of the Viareggio Carnival"</a>. Italia Kids. 18 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005133328/https://www.italiakids.com/the-history-of-the-viareggio-carnival/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italia+Kids&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Viareggio+Carnival&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italiakids.com%2Fthe-history-of-the-viareggio-carnival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storicocarnevaleivrea.it/the-carnival/storia/?lang=en">"The Carnival of Ivrea - History"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tradizioni+popolari+della+Sardegna%3A+Attittidu&rft.date=2008-05-10&rft.aulast=Tuttologi&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftuttologi-accademia-sardegna.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F05%2Fattittidu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122309/http://vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it/definizione.php?codice=t5329600">"Vocabolario Sardo-Logudorese / Italiano di Pietro Casu - tìtta"</a>. vocabolariocasu.isresardegna.it. 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Luxembourg Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206044712/https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg-guide/carnival-burning-men-fancy-dress-and-nuns-farts-602d5d85de135b92368f3668">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Luxembourg+Times&rft.atitle=Carnival%3A+burning+men%2C+fancy+dress+and+nuns%27+farts&rft.date=2021-02-06&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Sarita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luxtimes.lu%2Fen%2Fluxembourg-guide%2Fcarnival-burning-men-fancy-dress-and-nuns-farts-602d5d85de135b92368f3668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitremich.lu/lb/que-faire/cool-days/fuesend/">"Visit RemichCarnival"</a>. Visit Remich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303193243/http://visitremich.lu/lb/que-faire/cool-days/fuesend/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Remich&rft.atitle=Visit+RemichCarnival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitremich.lu%2Flb%2Fque-faire%2Fcool-days%2Ffuesend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/festivals-and-traditions/carnival.html">"Fuesent"</a>. luxembourg.public.lu. 8 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418134309/https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/festivals-and-traditions/carnival.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023. <q>The best-known cavalcades are those in Diekirch, Schifflange, Esch-sur-Alzette, Remich and Pétange. A cavalcade especially for children is organised in Kayl.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=luxembourg.public.lu&rft.atitle=Fuesent&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fluxembourg.public.lu%2Fen%2Fsociety-and-culture%2Ffestivals-and-traditions%2Fcarnival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_211-1">b</a> Cremona, Vicki Ann. Carnival and Power: Play and Politics in a Crown Colony. Germany, Springer International Publishing, 2018. Page 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauwels1986" class="citation book cs1">Pauwels, Anne (1 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UsnqJ_puzxsC&q=origin+of+%22Dutch+Carnival%22&pg=PA23">Immigrant Dialects and Language Maintenance in Australia: The Case of the Limburg and Swabian Dialects</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110883497" title="Special:BookSources/9783110883497"><bdi>9783110883497</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215093850/https://books.google.com/books?id=UsnqJ_puzxsC&pg=PA23&dq=origin+of+%22Dutch+Carnival%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm3c7xu-LRAhUDQSYKHUFGCf0Q6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=origin%20of%20%22Dutch%20Carnival%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. 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Retrieved 1 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Istanbul+celebrates+carnival+after+nearly+70+years&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.aulast=Heneghan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Ffaithworld%2F2011%2F03%2F09%2Fistanbul-celebrates-carnival-after-nearly-70-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullins2011" class="citation news cs1">Mullins, Ansel (27 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011050202/http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/reviving-carnival-in-istanbul/">"Reviving Carnival in Istanbul"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/reviving-carnival-in-istanbul/">the original</a> on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reviving+Carnival+in+Istanbul&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Ansel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintransit.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F27%2Freviving-carnival-in-istanbul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205060710/https://www.hastingsfattuesday.co.uk./">"Hastings Fat Tuesday"</a>. hastingsfattuesday.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hastingsfattuesday.co.uk/">the original</a> on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hastingsfattuesday.co.uk&rft.atitle=Hastings+Fat+Tuesday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsfattuesday.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarnival" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dovertowncarnival.weebly.com/home.html">Dover Town Carnival</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnival&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carnivals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carnivals">Carnivals</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carnival" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carnival">Carnival</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Gordon, Leah,'Kanaval' (Here Press: London 2021) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1999349479" title="Special:BookSources/978-1999349479">978-1999349479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giampaolo_di_Cocco" title="Giampaolo di Cocco">Giampaolo di Cocco</a> (2007) Alle origini del Carnevale: Mysteria isiaci e miti cattolici (Florence: Pontecorboli)</li> <li>Valantasis, Richard (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-N6u74StgmUC">Religions of late antiquity in practice</a></li> <li>McGowan, Chris and Pessanha, Ricardo. "The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil." 1998. 2nd edition. Temple University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-545-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-545-3">1-56639-545-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroen_Dewulf" title="Jeroen Dewulf">Jeroen Dewulf</a> (2017) From the Kingdom of Kongo to Congo Square: Kongo Dances and the Origins of the Mardi Gras Indians (Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carnival_around_the_world" title="Template talk:Carnival around the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carnival_around_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carnival around the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carnival_around_the_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carnival</a> around the world</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Batik_Carnival" title="Solo Batik Carnival">Solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jember_Fashion_Carnaval" title="Jember Fashion Carnaval">Jember</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarnaval" title="Jakarnaval">Jakarta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinulog" title="Sinulog">Sinulog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati-Atihan_festival" title="Ati-Atihan festival">Ati-Atihan festival</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg/200px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg/300px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg/400px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Austria</a></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Aalst" title="Carnival of Aalst">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche" title="Carnival of Binche">Binche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Samba_Carnaval" title="Helsinki Samba Carnaval">Finland</a></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Carnival" title="Nice Carnival">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Carnival" title="Paris Carnival">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Carnival" title="Cologne Carnival">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_carnival" title="Mainz carnival">Mainz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patras_Carnival" title="Patras Carnival">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Busójárás">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Italy" title="Carnival in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice" title="Carnival of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Viareggio" title="Carnival of Viareggio">Viareggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oranges">Ivrea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEgav%C4%97n%C4%97s" title="Užgavėnės">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Carnival" title="Maltese Carnival">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Netherlands" title="Carnival in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Madeira" title="Carnival of Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Ovar" title="Carnival of Ovar">Ovar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_carnival" title="Slavic carnival">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Belarus, Russia, Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijeka_Carnival" title="Rijeka Carnival">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurentovanje" title="Kurentovanje">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Carnival of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Las_Palmas" title="Carnival of Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Basel" title="Carnival of Basel">Basel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baklahorani" title="Baklahorani">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winterlude" title="Winterlude">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Winter_Carnival" title="Quebec Winter Carnival">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribana" title="Caribana">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Mexico" title="Carnival in Mexico">México</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Mexico#Major_Carnivals" title="Carnival in Mexico">Vera Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Mexico#Major_Carnivals" title="Carnival in Mexico">Mazatlán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_the_United_States" title="Mardi Gras in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Day Carnival">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Carnival" title="Antigua Carnival">Antigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkanoo" title="Junkanoo">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batabano" title="Batabano">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Carnival of Santiago de Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant%C3%A9_mas" title="Chanté mas">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Carnival in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Carnival" title="Haitian Carnival">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturama" title="Culturama">Nevis</a></li> <li>Puerto Rico (<a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Ponce" title="Carnaval de Ponce">Ponce</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Carnival" title="Buenos Aires Carnival">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gualeguaych%C3%BA,_Entre_R%C3%ADos#Carnival" title="Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos">Gualeguaychú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murga" title="Murga">Murga</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro" title="Carnaval de Oruro">Oruro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Carnival of São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahian_Carnival" title="Bahian Carnival">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galo_da_Madrugada" title="Galo da Madrugada">Recife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Colombia" title="Carnival in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquilla%27s_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Barranquilla's Carnival">Barranquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Negros_y_Blancos" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnaval de Negros y Blancos">Negros y Blancos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_French_Guiana" title="Carnival in French Guiana">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Cayenne" title="Carnival of Cayenne">Cayenne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashramani" title="Mashramani">Guyana</a></li> <li>Panama <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Panama">Las Tablas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Carnival" title="Uruguayan Carnival">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival of Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Ordinary_Form_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1969_Calendar)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Ordinary Form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">1969 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">December 17 to 23</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/250px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/375px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/500px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mary, Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Presentation of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">5th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">7th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Feast of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Nativity of John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Tridentine_Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1960_Calendar)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">1960 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sunday of Advent">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorate_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorate Mass">Rorate Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">Greater Ferias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Winter Ember Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Octave Day of Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Purification of Mary</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesima" title="Sexagesima">Sexagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Spring Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a><a href="/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade">P</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays after Easter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogation_days" title="Rogation days">Rogation Days</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Summer Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood" title="Feast of the Most Precious Blood">Precious Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Autumn Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Maternity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffea7d"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>P = <a href="/wiki/Procession#Roman_Catholics" title="Procession">Ordinary Procession</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: gold;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>Italic font marks the 10 <a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">holy days of obligation</a> in the universal calendar which do not normally fall on a Sunday.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Older calendars <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">pre-1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Computus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">Easter cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parties_and_festivals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parties" title="Template:Parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parties" title="Template talk:Parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parties_and_festivals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party" title="Party">Parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Sorted by occasions, purposes or attributes</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a>-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_party" title="Bachelor party">Bachelor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelorette_party" title="Bachelorette party">Bachelorette party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_shower" title="Bridal shower">Bridal shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement_party" title="Engagement party">Engagement party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_reception" title="Wedding reception">Wedding reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">Banquets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_cuisine" title="Eid cuisine">Eid cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_banquet" title="State banquet">State banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_(dance_event)" title="Ball (dance event)">Ball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Debutante ball">Debutante ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_ball" title="Hunt ball">Hunt ball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">Symposium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_party" title="House party">House parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_reunion" title="Family reunion">Family reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_party" title="Cocktail party">Cocktail party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housewarming_party" title="Housewarming party">Housewarming party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepover" title="Sleepover">Sleepover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_party" title="LAN party">LAN party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_houseparty" title="Political houseparty">Political houseparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_party" title="Rent party">Rent party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">Spring break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief_Night" title="Mischief Night">Mischief Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_awards_seasons" title="Film awards seasons">Film awards seasons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">Religious festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Fools" title="Feast of Fools">Fools</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_festival" title="Food festival">Food festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_festival" title="Wine festival">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Harvest festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_season_(United_Kingdom)" title="Social season (United Kingdom)">Social season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heortology" title="Heortology">Heortology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">Fairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">World's fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_fair" title="State fair">State fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="County fair">County fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_show" title="Trade show">Trade fair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_party" title="Block party">Block party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subway_party" title="Subway party">Subway party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary" title="Anniversary">Anniversary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee" title="Jubilee">Jubilee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's party">Children's party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_shower" title="Baby shower">Baby shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_reunion" title="Class reunion">Class reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_party" title="Costume party">Costume party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">Masqerade party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing_ball" title="Cross-dressing ball">Drag party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toga_party" title="Toga party">Toga party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_party" title="Naked party">Naked party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_party" title="Crayfish party">Crayfish party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddle_party" title="Cuddle party">Cuddle party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prom" title="Prom">Prom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homecoming" title="Homecoming">Homecoming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_party" title="Foam party">Foam party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_party" title="Hurricane party">Hurricane party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_party" title="Kitty party">Kitty party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamper_party" title="Pamper party">Pamper party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">Parade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marching" title="Marching">Marching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_party" title="Pizza party">Pizza party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet party">Quiet party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_light_party" title="Stop light party">Stop light party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Western_dress_codes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">White tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">Morning dress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">Black tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">Black lounge suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">Wedding dress</a> <ul><li><a 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