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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-magnetic_compasses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-magnetic_compasses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Non-magnetic compasses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-magnetic_compasses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Compass: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6ranf%C3%A6%C3%BEm" title="Færanfæþm – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Færanfæþm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9" title="بوصلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوصلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruixula" title="Bruixula – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bruixula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAxula" title="Brúxula – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brúxula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86" title="قوطب‌گؤسترن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوطب‌گؤسترن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কম্পাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="कुतुबनुमा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कुतुबनुमा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadoz-vor" title="Nadoz-vor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nadoz-vor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Луужин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Луужин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAixola" title="Brúixola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brúixola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmpawd" title="Cwmpawd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwmpawd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Πυξίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυξίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAjula" title="Brújula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brújula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaso" title="Kompaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kompaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparrorratz" title="Iparrorratz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iparrorratz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب‌نما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطب‌نما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpass" title="Kumpass – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kumpass" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boussole" title="Boussole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boussole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp%C3%A1s" title="Compás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Compás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combaist" title="Combaist – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Combaist" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comp%C3%A1s_(navegaci%C3%B3n)" title="Compás (navegación) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Compás (navegación)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9B%A4" title="羅盤 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="羅盤" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="હોકાયંત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હોકાયંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%B9%A8%EB%B0%98" title="나침반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나침반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfas" title="Kamfas – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kamfas" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" title="Կողմնացույց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կողմնացույց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95" title="दिक्सूचक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दिक्सूचक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busolo" title="Busolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Busolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussola" title="Bussola – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bussola" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ttaviti" title="Áttaviti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Áttaviti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussola" title="Bussola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bussola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="מצפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandom" title="Pandom – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pandom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ದಿಕ್ಸೂಚಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಿಕ್ಸೂಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraluman" title="Paraluman – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Paraluman" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კომპასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომპასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dira" title="Dira – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busula" title="Busula – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Busula" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konpa_(navigasyon)" title="Konpa (navigasyon) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Konpa (navigasyon)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ເຂັມທິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຂັມທິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyxis_nautica" title="Pyxis nautica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pyxis nautica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompasas" title="Kompasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/makfartci" title="makfartci – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="makfartci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1nyt%C5%B1" title="Iránytű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iránytű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondroavaratra" title="Tondroavaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tondroavaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വടക്കുനോക്കിയന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വടക്കുനോക്കിയന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="होकायंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होकायंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2%CC%A4-bu%C3%A0ng" title="Lò̤-buàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-buàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAssola" title="Bússola – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bússola" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Луужин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Луужин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သံလိုက်အိမ်မြှောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံလိုက်အိမ်မြှောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कम्पास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कम्पास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E7%A3%81%E9%87%9D" title="方位磁針 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="方位磁針" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaas" title="Kompaas – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kompaas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compas" title="Compas – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Compas" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss%C3%B2la" title="Bossòla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bossòla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8" title="କମ୍ପାସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କମ୍ପାସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koompaasii" title="Koompaasii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Koompaasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%95" title="ਦਿਸ਼ਾ ਸੂਚਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਿਸ਼ਾ ਸੂਚਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب نما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قطب نما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compas" title="Compas – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Compas" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب نما – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قطب نما" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%99" title="ត្រីវិស័យ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ត្រីវិស័យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas_magnetyczny" title="Kompas magnetyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kompas magnetyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAssola" title="Bússola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bússola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busol%C4%83" title="Busolă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Busolă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyu_rikuchiq" title="Suyu rikuchiq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suyu rikuchiq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busulla" title="Busulla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Busulla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මාලිමාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාලිමාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass" title="Compass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Compass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب نما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قطب نما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قیبلەنما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قیبلەنما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompassi" title="Kompassi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kompassi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kompass" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguhon_(panturo)" title="Aguhon (panturo) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aguhon (panturo)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="திசைகாட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திசைகாட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF" title="దిక్సూచి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దిక్సూచి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8" title="เข็มทิศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เข็มทิศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusula" title="Pusula – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pusula" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Компас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Компас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قطب نما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قطب نما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_b%C3%A0n" title="La bàn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="La bàn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kompas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E9%92%88" title="指南针 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="指南针" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1" title="קאמפאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמפאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B6%93" 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class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/WikiEditor50">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>63,917</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Double checked quote and added book edition number</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compass&diff=next&oldid=1187969529" title="Compass" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 18:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 18:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Southern Song Figure Holding Land Compass (9872744925).jpg|thumb|Figurine of a man holding a compass, [[Song dynasty]]]][[File:Model Si Nan of Han Dynasty.jpg|thumb|Model of a lodestone compass from [[Han dynasty]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Southern Song Figure Holding Land Compass (9872744925).jpg|thumb|Figurine of a man holding a compass, [[Song dynasty]]]][[File:Model Si Nan of Han Dynasty.jpg|thumb|Model of a lodestone compass from [[Han dynasty]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Main|History of the compass}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|History of the compass}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The first compasses in ancient [[Han dynasty]] China were made of [[lodestone]], a naturally magnetized ore of iron.<ref name="cambridge1">{{cite book|last=Lowrie|first=William<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|title=Fundamentals</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Geophysics</del>|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsgeop00will|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">url-access</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">limited|year=2007</del>|publisher=Cambridge University Press|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">location</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">London</del>|isbn=978-0-521-67596-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsgeop00will/page/n290 281]|quote=Early in the Han <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dynasty</del>, between <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">300–200</del> BC, the Chinese fashioned a rudimentary compass out of lodestone&nbsp;... <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> compass may have been used in the search for gems and the selection of sites for houses&nbsp;... <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their</del> directive power led to the use of compasses for navigation}}</ref><ref name="guarnieri 7-1">{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2014|title=Once Upon a Time, the Compass|journal=IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine|volume=8|issue=2|pages=60–63|doi=10.1109/MIE.2014.2316044|s2cid=11949042}}</ref> Later compasses were made of iron needles, magnetized by striking them with a lodestone, which appeared in China by 1088 during the [[Song dynasty]], [[Dream Pool Essays|as described]] by [[Shen Kuo]].<ref name=merrill>{{cite book|last=Merrill|first=Ronald T.|title=The Earth's magnetic field: Its history, origin and planetary perspective|year=1983|publisher=Academic press|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-12-491242-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/earthsmagneticfi00merr/page/1 1]|edition=2nd printing|author2=McElhinny, Michael W.|url=https://archive.org/details/earthsmagneticfi00merr/page/1}}</ref> Dry compasses began to appear around 1300 in [[Medieval Europe]] and the [[Islamic world]].<ref name="Lane, p. 615"/><ref name=OEPST /> This was supplanted in the early 20th century by the liquid-filled magnetic compass.<ref name="W. H. Creak 238-239">{{cite journal|author=Creak, W.H. |title=The History of the Liquid Compass|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=56|issue=3 |year=1920|pages=238–239|doi=10.2307/1781554|jstor=1781554}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The first compasses in ancient [[Han dynasty]] China were made of [[lodestone]], a naturally magnetized ore of iron.<ref name="cambridge1">{{cite book<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|last=Lowrie<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsgeop00will<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">title</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fundamentals of Geophysics </ins>|publisher=Cambridge University Press<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">year</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2007 </ins>|isbn=978-0-521-67596-3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |edition=2nd |location=London </ins>|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsgeop00will/page/n290 281]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|quote=Early in the Han <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dynasty</ins>, between <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">300 and 200</ins> BC, the Chinese fashioned a rudimentary compass out of lodestone&nbsp;... <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This</ins> compass may have been used in the search for gems and<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> in</ins> the selection of sites for houses&nbsp;... <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Their</ins> directive power led to the use of compasses for navigation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">... |url-access=limited</ins>}}</ref><ref name="guarnieri 7-1">{{Cite journal|last=Guarnieri|first=M.|year=2014|title=Once Upon a Time, the Compass|journal=IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine|volume=8|issue=2|pages=60–63|doi=10.1109/MIE.2014.2316044|s2cid=11949042}}</ref> Later compasses were made of iron needles, magnetized by striking them with a lodestone, which appeared in China by 1088 during the [[Song dynasty]], [[Dream Pool Essays|as described]] by [[Shen Kuo]].<ref name=merrill>{{cite book|last=Merrill|first=Ronald T.|title=The Earth's magnetic field: Its history, origin and planetary perspective|year=1983|publisher=Academic press|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-12-491242-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/earthsmagneticfi00merr/page/1 1]|edition=2nd printing|author2=McElhinny, Michael W.|url=https://archive.org/details/earthsmagneticfi00merr/page/1}}</ref> Dry compasses began to appear around 1300 in [[Medieval Europe]] and the [[Islamic world]].<ref name="Lane, p. 615"/><ref name=OEPST /> This was supplanted in the early 20th century by the liquid-filled magnetic compass.<ref name="W. H. Creak 238-239">{{cite journal|author=Creak, W.H. |title=The History of the Liquid Compass|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=56|issue=3 |year=1920|pages=238–239|doi=10.2307/1781554|jstor=1781554}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Design ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Design ==</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 16:37, 2 December 2023</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Instrument used for navigation and orientation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the direction finding instrument used in navigation. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Compass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Compass (disambiguation)">Compass (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Busola.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="compass with a slit at cover and looking hole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2016_Busola.JPG/330px-2016_Busola.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2016_Busola.JPG/495px-2016_Busola.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/2016_Busola.JPG/660px-2016_Busola.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2513" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>A modern military compass, with included <a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">sight device</a> for aligning</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Compass_of_J._Lindsay_Brough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Military_Compass_of_J._Lindsay_Brough.jpg/170px-Military_Compass_of_J._Lindsay_Brough.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Military_Compass_of_J._Lindsay_Brough.jpg/255px-Military_Compass_of_J._Lindsay_Brough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Military_Compass_of_J._Lindsay_Brough.jpg/340px-Military_Compass_of_J._Lindsay_Brough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A military compass that was used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>compass</b> is a device that shows the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> and geographic orientation. It commonly consists of a magnetized needle or other element, such as a compass card or <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a>, which can pivot to align itself with <a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">magnetic north</a>. Other methods may be used, including gyroscopes, <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> receivers. </p><p>Compasses often show angles in degrees: north corresponds to 0°, and the angles increase <a href="/wiki/Clockwise" title="Clockwise">clockwise</a>, so east is 90°, south is 180°, and west is 270°. These numbers allow the compass to show <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuths</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(angle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing (angle)">bearings</a> which are commonly stated in degrees. If local <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">variation</a> between magnetic north and <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a> is known, then direction of magnetic north also gives direction of true north. </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a>, the magnetic compass was first invented as a device for <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> as early as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (since c. 206 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-Li_Shu-hua,_p._176_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_Shu-hua,_p._176-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cambridge1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later adopted for navigation by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> Chinese during the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbara_M._Kreutz_367_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbara_M._Kreutz_367-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_1_252_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_1_252-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_Shu-hua,_p._182f_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_Shu-hua,_p._182f-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first usage of a compass recorded in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> occurred around 1190.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbara_M._Kreutz_370_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbara_M._Kreutz_370-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEPST_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEPST-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The magnetic compass is the most familiar compass type. It functions as a pointer to "<a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">magnetic north</a>", the local magnetic meridian, because the <a href="/wiki/Magnetize" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetize">magnetized</a> needle at its heart aligns itself with the horizontal component of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> exerts a <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> on the needle, pulling the North end or <i>pole</i> of the needle approximately toward the Earth's <a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a>, and pulling the other toward the Earth's <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The needle is mounted on a low-friction pivot point, in better compasses a <a href="/wiki/Jewel_bearing" title="Jewel bearing">jewel bearing</a>, so it can turn easily. When the compass is held level, the needle turns until, after a few seconds to allow oscillations to die out, it settles into its equilibrium orientation. </p><p>In navigation, directions on maps are usually expressed with reference to geographical or <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a>, the direction toward the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_North_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical North Pole">Geographical North Pole</a>, the rotation axis of the Earth. Depending on where the compass is located on the surface of the Earth the angle between <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic north">magnetic north</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">magnetic declination</a> can vary widely with geographic location. The local magnetic declination is given on most maps, to allow the map to be oriented with a compass parallel to true north. The locations of the Earth's magnetic poles slowly change with time, which is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_secular_variation" title="Geomagnetic secular variation">geomagnetic secular variation</a>. The effect of this means a map with the latest declination information should be used.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some magnetic compasses include means to manually compensate for the magnetic declination, so that the compass shows true directions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Song_Figure_Holding_Land_Compass_(9872744925).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Southern_Song_Figure_Holding_Land_Compass_%289872744925%29.jpg/220px-Southern_Song_Figure_Holding_Land_Compass_%289872744925%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Southern_Song_Figure_Holding_Land_Compass_%289872744925%29.jpg/330px-Southern_Song_Figure_Holding_Land_Compass_%289872744925%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Southern_Song_Figure_Holding_Land_Compass_%289872744925%29.jpg/440px-Southern_Song_Figure_Holding_Land_Compass_%289872744925%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Figurine of a man holding a compass, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg/220px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg/330px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg/440px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Model of a lodestone compass from <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_compass" title="History of the compass">History of the compass</a></div> <p>The first compasses in ancient <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> China were made of <a href="/wiki/Lodestone" title="Lodestone">lodestone</a>, a naturally magnetized ore of iron.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later compasses were made of iron needles, magnetized by striking them with a lodestone, which appeared in China by 1088 during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays" title="Dream Pool Essays">as described</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-merrill_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merrill-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dry compasses began to appear around 1300 in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane,_p._615_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane,_p._615-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEPST_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEPST-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was supplanted in the early 20th century by the liquid-filled magnetic compass.<sup id="cite_ref-W._H._Creak_238-239_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W._H._Creak_238-239-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walkers_compass_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Walkers_compass_arp.jpg/170px-Walkers_compass_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Walkers_compass_arp.jpg/255px-Walkers_compass_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Walkers_compass_arp.jpg/340px-Walkers_compass_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>A liquid-filled protractor or orienteering compass with lanyard</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern compasses usually use a magnetized needle or dial inside a capsule completely filled with a liquid (lamp oil, mineral oil, white spirits, purified kerosene, or ethyl alcohol are common). While older designs commonly incorporated a flexible rubber diaphragm or airspace inside the capsule to allow for volume changes caused by temperature or altitude, some modern liquid compasses use smaller housings and/or flexible capsule materials to accomplish the same result.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liquid inside the capsule serves to damp the movement of the needle, reducing oscillation time and increasing stability. Key points on the compass, including the north end of the needle are often marked with <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescent_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorescent paint">phosphorescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoluminescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoluminescent">photoluminescent</a>, or self-luminous materials<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to enable the compass to be read at night or in poor light. As the compass fill liquid is noncompressible under pressure, many ordinary liquid-filled compasses will operate accurately underwater to considerable depths. </p><p>Many modern compasses incorporate a baseplate and <a href="/wiki/Protractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Protractor">protractor</a> tool, and are referred to variously as "<a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">orienteering</a>", "baseplate", "map compass" or "protractor" designs. This type of compass uses a separate magnetized needle inside a rotating capsule, an orienting "box" or gate for aligning the needle with magnetic north, a transparent base containing map orienting lines, and a bezel (outer dial) marked in degrees or other units of angular measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-des110_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des110-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capsule is mounted in a transparent baseplate containing a <i>direction-of-travel</i> (DOT) indicator for use in taking bearings directly from a map.<sup id="cite_ref-des110_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des110-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cammenga-lensatic-compass-model-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cammenga-lensatic-compass-model-27.jpg/220px-Cammenga-lensatic-compass-model-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cammenga-lensatic-compass-model-27.jpg/330px-Cammenga-lensatic-compass-model-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cammenga-lensatic-compass-model-27.jpg/440px-Cammenga-lensatic-compass-model-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Cammenga air filled lensatic compass</figcaption></figure> <p>Other features found on modern orienteering compasses are map and <a href="/wiki/Romer" title="Romer">romer</a> scales for measuring distances and plotting positions on maps, luminous markings on the face or bezels, various <a href="/wiki/Sighting_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sighting compass">sighting mechanisms</a> (mirror, prism, etc.) for taking bearings of distant objects with greater precision, gimbal-mounted, "global" needles for use in differing hemispheres, special rare-earth magnets to stabilize compass needles, adjustable declination for obtaining instant true bearings without resorting to arithmetic, and devices such as <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">inclinometers</a> for measuring gradients.<sup id="cite_ref-des110111_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des110111-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sport of orienteering has also resulted in the development of models with extremely fast-settling and stable needles utilizing rare-earth magnets for optimal use with a <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic map</a>, a land navigation technique known as <i>terrain association</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many marine compasses designed for use on boats with constantly shifting angles use dampening fluids such as <a href="/wiki/Isopar_M" title="Isopar M">isopar M</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isopar_L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isopar L (page does not exist)">isopar L</a> to limit the rapid fluctuation and direction of the needle.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military forces of a few nations, notably the United States Army, continue to issue field compasses with magnetized compass dials or cards instead of needles. A magnetic card compass is usually equipped with an optical, lensatic, or <a href="/wiki/Prismatic_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Prismatic sight">prismatic sight</a>, which allows the user to read the bearing or azimuth off the compass card while simultaneously aligning the compass with the objective (see photo). Magnetic card compass designs normally require a separate protractor tool in order to take bearings directly from a map.<sup id="cite_ref-des112_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des112-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. M-1950 military lensatic compass does not use a liquid-filled capsule as a damping mechanism, but rather <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a> to control oscillation of its magnetized card. A "deep-well" design is used to allow the compass to be used globally with a card tilt of up to 8 degrees without impairing accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As induction forces provide less damping than fluid-filled designs, a needle lock is fitted to the compass to reduce wear, operated by the folding action of the rear sight/lens holder. The use of air-filled induction compasses has declined over the years, as they may become inoperative or inaccurate in freezing temperatures or extremely humid environments due to condensation or water ingress.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some military compasses, like the U.S. M-1950 (<a href="/wiki/Cammenga" title="Cammenga">Cammenga</a> 3H) military lensatic compass, the <a href="/wiki/Silva_compass" title="Silva compass">Silva 4b <i>Militaire</i></a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a> M-5N(T) contain the radioactive material <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>) and a combination of phosphors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. M-1950 equipped with self-luminous lighting contains 120 mCi (millicuries) of tritium. The purpose of the tritium and phosphors is to provide <a href="/wiki/Illumination_(lighting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumination (lighting)">illumination</a> for the compass, via <a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">radioluminescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Tritium_illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tritium illumination">tritium illumination</a>, which does not require the compass to be "recharged" by sunlight or artificial light.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, tritium has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of only about 12 years,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so a compass that contains 120 mCi of tritium when new will contain only 60 when it is 12 years old, 30 when it is 24 years old, and so on. Consequently, the illumination of the display will fade. </p><p>Mariners' compasses can have two or more magnets permanently attached to a compass card, which moves freely on a pivot. A <i>lubber line</i>, which can be a marking on the compass bowl or a small fixed needle, indicates the ship's heading on the compass card. Traditionally the card is divided into thirty-two points (known as <i>rhumbs</i>), although modern compasses are marked in degrees rather than cardinal points. The glass-covered box (or bowl) contains a suspended <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbal</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Binnacle" title="Binnacle">binnacle</a>. This preserves the horizontal position. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close up photo of a geological compass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9F.jpg/220px-%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9F.jpg/330px-%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9F.jpg/440px-%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A close up photo of a geological compass</figcaption></figure> <p>The magnetic compass is very reliable at moderate latitudes, but in geographic regions near the Earth's magnetic poles it becomes unusable. As the compass is moved closer to one of the magnetic poles, the magnetic declination, the difference between the direction to geographical north and magnetic north, becomes greater and greater. At some point close to the magnetic pole the compass will not indicate any particular direction but will begin to drift. Also, the needle starts to point up or down when getting closer to the poles, because of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic inclination">magnetic inclination</a>. Cheap compasses with bad <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a> may get stuck because of this and therefore indicate a wrong direction. </p><p>Magnetic compasses are influenced by any fields other than Earth's. Local environments may contain magnetic mineral deposits and artificial sources such as <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRIs</a>, large iron or steel bodies, electrical engines or strong permanent magnets. Any electrically conductive body produces its own magnetic field when it is carrying an electric current. Magnetic compasses are prone to errors in the neighborhood of such bodies. Some compasses include magnets which can be adjusted to compensate for external magnetic fields, making the compass more reliable and accurate. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dip#Acceleration_error" title="Magnetic dip">Magnetic dip § Acceleration error</a></div> <p>A compass is also subject to errors when the compass is accelerated or decelerated in an airplane or automobile. Depending on which of the Earth's hemispheres the compass is located and if the force is acceleration or deceleration the compass will increase or decrease the indicated heading. Compasses that include compensating magnets are especially prone to these errors, since accelerations tilt the needle, bringing it closer or further from the magnets. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dip#Turning_error" title="Magnetic dip">Magnetic dip § Turning error</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northerly_and_southerly_turning_errors.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Northerly_and_southerly_turning_errors.png/220px-Northerly_and_southerly_turning_errors.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Northerly_and_southerly_turning_errors.png/330px-Northerly_and_southerly_turning_errors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Northerly_and_southerly_turning_errors.png/440px-Northerly_and_southerly_turning_errors.png 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>The dipping effect causes compass card to lead in a northerly turning error (fig. A) and lag in a southerly turning error (fig. B).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Another error of the mechanical compass is the turning error. When one turns from a heading of east or west the compass will lag behind the turn or lead ahead of the turn. Magnetometers, and substitutes such as gyrocompasses, are more stable in such situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compasses_orienteering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Compasses_orienteering.jpg/220px-Compasses_orienteering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Compasses_orienteering.jpg/330px-Compasses_orienteering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Compasses_orienteering.jpg/440px-Compasses_orienteering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Thumb compass on left</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Thumb_compass" title="Thumb compass">thumb compass</a> is a type of compass commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">orienteering</a>, a sport in which map reading and terrain association are paramount. Consequently, most thumb compasses have minimal or no degree markings at all, and are normally used only to orient the map to magnetic north. An oversized rectangular needle or north indicator aids visibility. Thumb compasses are also often <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a> so that an orienteer can hold a <a href="/wiki/Orienteering_map" title="Orienteering map">map</a> in the hand with the compass and see the map through the compass. The best models use rare-earth magnets to reduce needle settling time to 1 second or less. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ecompass" title="Ecompass">Ecompass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Xoom_-_AKM_Semiconductor_AKM8975-1693.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Motorola_Xoom_-_AKM_Semiconductor_AKM8975-1693.jpg/220px-Motorola_Xoom_-_AKM_Semiconductor_AKM8975-1693.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Motorola_Xoom_-_AKM_Semiconductor_AKM8975-1693.jpg/330px-Motorola_Xoom_-_AKM_Semiconductor_AKM8975-1693.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Motorola_Xoom_-_AKM_Semiconductor_AKM8975-1693.jpg/440px-Motorola_Xoom_-_AKM_Semiconductor_AKM8975-1693.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>3-axis electronic magnetometer AKM8975 by <a href="/wiki/AKM_Semiconductor,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AKM Semiconductor, Inc.">AKM Semiconductor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Small compasses found in clocks, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, and other electronic devices are <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state (electronics)">solid-state</a> <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">microelectromechanical systems</a> (MEMS) compasses, usually built out of two or three <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic field sensors">magnetic field sensors</a> that provide data for a microprocessor. Often, the device is a discrete component which outputs either a digital or analog signal proportional to its orientation. This signal is interpreted by a <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">controller</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> and either used internally, or sent to a display unit. The sensor uses highly calibrated internal electronics to measure the response of the device to the Earth's magnetic field. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brunton.JPG/220px-Brunton.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brunton.JPG/330px-Brunton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brunton.JPG/440px-Brunton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption>A standard Brunton Geo, used commonly by geologists</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from navigational compasses, other specialty compasses have also been designed to accommodate specific uses. These include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Qibla_compass" title="Qibla compass">Qibla compass</a>, which is used by Muslims to show the direction to Mecca for prayers.</li> <li>The optical or <a href="/wiki/Prismatic_compass" title="Prismatic compass">prismatic compass</a>, most often used by surveyors, but also by cave explorers, foresters, and geologists. These compasses generally use a liquid-damped capsule<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and magnetized floating compass dial with an integral optical sight, often fitted with built-in photoluminescent or battery-powered illumination.<sup id="cite_ref-des113114_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des113114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the optical sight, such compasses can be read with extreme accuracy when taking bearings to an object, often to fractions of a degree. Most of these compasses are designed for heavy-duty use, with high-quality needles and jeweled bearings, and many are fitted for tripod mounting for additional accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-des113114_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des113114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trough_compass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trough compass (page does not exist)">trough compass</a>, mounted in a rectangular box whose length was often several times its width, date back several centuries. They were used for land surveying, particularly with plane tables.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2></div> <p>A magnetic rod is required when constructing a compass. This can be created by aligning an iron or steel rod with Earth's magnetic field and then tempering or striking it. However, this method produces only a weak magnet so other methods are preferred. For example, a magnetised rod can be created by repeatedly rubbing an iron rod with a magnetic <a href="/wiki/Lodestone" title="Lodestone">lodestone</a>. This magnetised rod (or magnetic needle) is then placed on a low friction surface to allow it to freely pivot to align itself with the magnetic field. It is then labeled so the user can distinguish the north-pointing from the south-pointing end; in modern convention the north end is typically marked in some way. </p><p>If a needle is rubbed on a <a href="/wiki/Lodestone" title="Lodestone">lodestone</a> or other magnet, the needle becomes magnetized. When it is inserted in a cork or piece of wood, and placed in a bowl of water it becomes a compass. Such devices were universally used as compass until the invention of the box-like compass with a 'dry' pivoting needle sometime around 1300. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Points_of_the_compass" title="Points of the compass">Points of the compass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boussole_fantassin_russe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Boussole_fantassin_russe.jpg/220px-Boussole_fantassin_russe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Boussole_fantassin_russe.jpg/330px-Boussole_fantassin_russe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Boussole_fantassin_russe.jpg/440px-Boussole_fantassin_russe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Wrist compass of the Soviet Army with counterclockwise double graduation: 60° (like a watch) and 360°</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, many compasses were marked only as to the direction of magnetic north, or to the four cardinal points (north, south, east, west). Later, these were divided, in China into 24, and in Europe into 32 equally spaced points around the compass card. For a table of the thirty-two points, see <a href="/wiki/Points_of_the_compass" title="Points of the compass">compass points</a>. </p><p>In the modern era, the 360-degree system took hold. This system is still in use today for civilian navigators. The degree system spaces 360 equidistant points located clockwise around the compass dial. In the 19th century some European nations adopted the "<a href="/wiki/Grad_(angle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad (angle)">grad</a>" (also called grade or gon) system instead, where a right angle is 100 grads to give a circle of 400 grads. Dividing grads into tenths to give a circle of 4000 <a href="/wiki/Decigrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Decigrade">decigrades</a> has also been used in armies. </p><p>Most military forces have adopted the French "<a href="/wiki/Millieme_(angle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millieme (angle)">millieme</a>" system. This is an approximation of a milli-radian (6283 per circle), in which the compass dial is spaced into 6400 units or "mils" for additional precision when measuring angles, laying artillery, etc. The value to the military is that one <a href="/wiki/Angular_mil" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular mil">angular mil</a> subtends approximately one metre at a distance of one kilometer. Imperial Russia used a system derived by dividing the circumference of a circle into chords of the same length as the radius. Each of these was divided into 100 spaces, giving a circle of 600. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> divided these into tenths to give a circle of 6000 units, usually translated as "mils". This system was adopted by the former <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>), often counterclockwise (see picture of wrist compass). This is still in use in Russia. </p><p>Because the Earth's magnetic field's inclination and intensity vary at different latitudes, compasses are often balanced during manufacture so that the dial or needle will be level, eliminating needle drag which can give inaccurate readings. Most manufacturers balance their compass needles for one of five zones, ranging from zone 1, covering most of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, to zone 5 covering <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the southern oceans. This individual zone balancing prevents excessive dipping of one end of the needle which can cause the compass card to stick and give false readings.<sup id="cite_ref-globalcompass_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalcompass-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some compasses feature a special needle balancing system that will accurately indicate magnetic north regardless of the particular magnetic zone. Other magnetic compasses have a small sliding counterweight installed on the needle itself. This sliding counterweight, called a 'rider', can be used for counterbalancing the needle against the dip caused by inclination if the compass is taken to a zone with a higher or lower dip.<sup id="cite_ref-globalcompass_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalcompass-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_deviation" title="Magnetic deviation">Magnetic deviation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseeMarine-compas-p1000468.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MuseeMarine-compas-p1000468.jpg/220px-MuseeMarine-compas-p1000468.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MuseeMarine-compas-p1000468.jpg/330px-MuseeMarine-compas-p1000468.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MuseeMarine-compas-p1000468.jpg/440px-MuseeMarine-compas-p1000468.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Binnacle" title="Binnacle">binnacle</a> containing a ship's standard compass, with the two iron balls which correct the effects of <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> materials. This unit is on display in a museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like any magnetic device, compasses are affected by nearby ferrous materials, as well as by strong local electromagnetic forces. Compasses used for wilderness land navigation should not be used in proximity to ferrous metal objects or electromagnetic fields (car electrical systems, automobile engines, steel <a href="/wiki/Piton" title="Piton">pitons</a>, etc.) as that can affect their accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-des122_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des122-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compasses are particularly difficult to use accurately in or near trucks, cars or other mechanized vehicles even when corrected for deviation by the use of built-in magnets or other devices. Large amounts of ferrous metal combined with the on-and-off electrical fields caused by the vehicle's ignition and charging systems generally result in significant compass errors. </p><p>At sea, a ship's compass must also be corrected for errors, called <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_deviation" title="Magnetic deviation">deviation</a>, caused by iron and steel in its structure and equipment. The ship is <i>swung</i>, that is rotated about a fixed point while its heading is noted by alignment with fixed points on the shore. A compass deviation card is prepared so that the navigator can convert between compass and magnetic headings. The compass can be corrected in three ways. First the <a href="/wiki/Lubber_line" title="Lubber line">lubber line</a> can be adjusted so that it is aligned with the direction in which the ship travels, then the effects of permanent magnets can be corrected for by small magnets fitted within the case of the compass. The effect of <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> materials in the compass's environment can be corrected by two iron balls mounted on either side of the compass binnacle in concert with permanent magnets and a <a href="/wiki/Flinders_bar" title="Flinders bar">Flinders bar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coefficient <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/693ad9f934775838bd72406b41ada4a59785d7ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.284ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{0}}"></span> represents the error in the lubber line, while <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1},b_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1},b_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc92525da669f3a8623cc5a1a24f56e27f022764" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.37ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{1},b_{1}}"></span> the ferromagnetic effects and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{2},b_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{2},b_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a1346057c82a4b0cb73ff0ca95c05fcaa8ffd54" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.37ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{2},b_{2}}"></span> the non-ferromagnetic component.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar process is used to calibrate the compass in light general aviation aircraft, with the compass deviation card often mounted permanently just above or below the magnetic compass on the instrument panel. Fluxgate electronic compasses can be calibrated automatically, and can also be programmed with the correct local compass variation so as to indicate the true heading. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><p><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-inline">‹The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Template:How-to" title="Template:How-to">How-to</a></i> is being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_25#Template:How-to" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 25">considered for merging</a>.›</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compass&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CompassUseMapMarked.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CompassUseMapMarked.jpg/220px-CompassUseMapMarked.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CompassUseMapMarked.jpg/330px-CompassUseMapMarked.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CompassUseMapMarked.jpg/440px-CompassUseMapMarked.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Turning the compass scale on the map (D – the local magnetic declination)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CompassUseTargetMarked.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CompassUseTargetMarked.jpg/220px-CompassUseTargetMarked.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CompassUseTargetMarked.jpg/330px-CompassUseTargetMarked.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/CompassUseTargetMarked.jpg/440px-CompassUseTargetMarked.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>When the needle is aligned with and superimposed over the outlined orienting arrow on the bottom of the capsule, the degree figure on the compass ring at the direction-of-travel (DOT) indicator gives the magnetic bearing to the target (mountain).</figcaption></figure> <p>A magnetic compass points to magnetic north pole, which is approximately 1,000 miles from the true geographic North Pole. A magnetic compass's user can determine true North by finding the magnetic north and then correcting for variation and deviation. <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">Variation</a> is defined as the angle between the direction of true (geographic) north and the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> between the magnetic poles. Variation values for most of the oceans had been calculated and published by 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_deviation" title="Magnetic deviation">Deviation</a> refers to the response of the compass to local magnetic fields caused by the presence of iron and electric currents; one can partly compensate for these by careful location of the compass and the placement of compensating magnets under the compass itself. Mariners have long known that these measures do not completely cancel deviation; hence, they performed an additional step by measuring the compass bearing of a landmark with a known magnetic bearing. They then pointed their ship to the next compass point and measured again, graphing their results. In this way, correction tables could be created, which would be consulted when compasses were used when traveling in those locations. </p><p>Mariners are concerned about very accurate measurements; however, casual users need not be concerned with differences between magnetic and true North. Except in areas of extreme magnetic declination variance (20 degrees or more), this is enough to protect from walking in a substantially different direction than expected over short distances, provided the terrain is fairly flat and visibility is not impaired. By carefully recording distances (time or paces) and magnetic bearings traveled, one can plot a course and return to one's starting point using the compass alone.<sup id="cite_ref-des149_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des149-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Measuring_azimuth_with_a_compass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Measuring_azimuth_with_a_compass.png/220px-Measuring_azimuth_with_a_compass.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Measuring_azimuth_with_a_compass.png/330px-Measuring_azimuth_with_a_compass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Measuring_azimuth_with_a_compass.png/440px-Measuring_azimuth_with_a_compass.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Soldier using a <a href="/wiki/Prismatic_compass" title="Prismatic compass">prismatic compass</a> to get an azimuth</figcaption></figure> <p>Compass navigation in conjunction with a map (<i>terrain association</i>) requires a different method. To take a map bearing or <i>true bearing</i> (a bearing taken in reference to true, not magnetic north) to a destination with a <a href="/wiki/Protractor_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Protractor compass">protractor compass</a>, the edge of the compass is placed on the map so that it connects the current location with the desired destination (some sources recommend physically drawing a line). The orienting lines in the base of the compass dial are then rotated to align with actual or true north by aligning them with a marked line of longitude (or the vertical margin of the map), ignoring the compass needle entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-des134135_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des134135-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <i>true bearing</i> or map bearing may then be read at the degree indicator or direction-of-travel (DOT) line, which may be followed as an <i><a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a></i> (course) to the destination. If a <i>magnetic</i> north bearing or <i>compass bearing</i> is desired, the compass must be adjusted by the amount of magnetic declination before using the bearing so that both map and compass are in agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-des134135_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des134135-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the given example, the large mountain in the second photo was selected as the target destination on the map. Some compasses allow the scale to be adjusted to compensate for the local magnetic declination; if adjusted correctly, the compass will give the true bearing instead of the magnetic bearing. </p><p>The modern hand-held <a href="/wiki/Protractor_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Protractor compass">protractor compass</a> always has an additional direction-of-travel (DOT) arrow or indicator inscribed on the baseplate. To check one's progress along a course or azimuth, or to ensure that the object in view is indeed the destination, a new compass reading may be taken to the target if visible (here, the large mountain). After pointing the DOT arrow on the baseplate at the target, the compass is oriented so that the needle is superimposed over the orienting arrow in the capsule. The resulting bearing indicated is the magnetic bearing to the target. Again, if one is using "true" or map bearings, and the compass does not have preset, pre-adjusted declination, one must additionally add or subtract <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">magnetic declination</a> to convert the <i>magnetic bearing</i> into a <i>true bearing</i>. The exact value of the magnetic declination is place-dependent and varies over time, though declination is frequently given on the map itself or obtainable on-line from various sites. If the hiker has been following the correct path, the compass' corrected (true) indicated bearing should closely correspond to the true bearing previously obtained from the map. </p><p>A compass should be laid down on a level surface so that the needle only rests or hangs on the bearing fused to the compass casing – if used at a tilt, the needle might touch the casing on the compass and not move freely, hence not pointing to the magnetic north accurately, giving a faulty reading. To see if the needle is well leveled, look closely at the needle, and tilt it slightly to see if the needle is swaying side to side freely and the needle is not contacting the casing of the compass. If the needle tilts to one direction, tilt the compass slightly and gently to the opposing direction until the compass needle is horizontal, lengthwise. Items to avoid around compasses are magnets of any kind and any electronics. Magnetic fields from electronics can easily disrupt the needle, preventing it from aligning with the Earth's magnetic fields, causing inaccurate readings. The Earth's natural magnetic forces are considerably weak, measuring at 0.5 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> and magnetic fields from household electronics can easily exceed it, overpowering the compass needle. Exposure to strong magnets, or magnetic interference can sometimes cause the magnetic poles of the compass needle to differ or even reverse. Avoid iron rich deposits when using a compass, for example, certain rocks which contain magnetic minerals, like <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">Magnetite</a>. This is often indicated by a rock with a surface which is dark and has a metallic luster, not all magnetic mineral bearing rocks have this indication. To see if a rock or an area is causing interference on a compass, get out of the area, and see if the needle on the compass moves. If it does, it means that the area or rock the compass was previously at is causing interference and should be avoided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-magnetic_compasses">Non-magnetic compasses</h2></div> <p>There are other ways to find north than the use of magnetism, and from a navigational point of view a total of seven possible ways exist<sup id="cite_ref-JournalOfNavigation2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JournalOfNavigation2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (where magnetism is one of the seven). Two sensors that use two of the remaining six principles are often also called compasses, i.e. the gyrocompass and GPS-compass. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Gyrocompass" title="Gyrocompass">gyrocompass</a> is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a>. It is a non-magnetic compass that finds <a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a> by using an (electrically powered) fast-spinning wheel and friction forces in order to exploit the rotation of the Earth. Gyrocompasses are widely used on <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>. They have two main advantages over magnetic compasses: </p> <ul><li>they find <i>true north</i>, i.e., the direction of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s rotational axis, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_North_Pole#Magnetic_north_and_magnetic_declination" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic North Pole">magnetic north</a>,</li> <li>they are not affected by <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic">ferromagnetic</a> metal (including iron, steel, cobalt, nickel, and various alloys) in a ship's hull. (No compass is affected by nonferromagnetic metal, although a magnetic compass will be affected by any kind of wires with <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> passing through them.)</li></ul> <p>Large ships typically rely on a gyrocompass, using the magnetic compass only as a backup. Increasingly, electronic <a href="/wiki/Fluxgate_compass" title="Fluxgate compass">fluxgate compasses</a> are used on smaller vessels. However, magnetic compasses are still widely in use as they can be small, use simple reliable technology, are comparatively cheap, are often easier to use than <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, require no energy supply, and unlike GPS, are not affected by objects, e.g. trees, that can block the reception of electronic signals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/GPS_receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS receiver">GPS receivers</a> using two or more antennae mounted separately and blending the data with an inertial motion unit (IMU) can now achieve 0.02° in heading accuracy and have startup times in seconds rather than hours for gyrocompass systems. The devices accurately determine the positions (latitudes, longitudes and altitude) of the antennae on the Earth, from which the cardinal directions can be calculated. Manufactured primarily for maritime and aviation applications, they can also detect pitch and roll of ships. Small, portable GPS receivers with only a single antenna can also determine directions if they are being moved, even if only at walking pace. By accurately determining its position on the Earth at times a few seconds apart, the device can calculate its speed and the true bearing (relative to <i><a href="/wiki/True_north" title="True north">true north</a></i>) of its direction of motion. Frequently, it is preferable to measure the direction in which a vehicle is actually moving, rather than its heading, i.e. the direction in which its nose is pointing. These directions may be different if there is a crosswind or tidal current. </p><p>GPS compasses share the main advantages of gyrocompasses. They determine true North,<sup id="cite_ref-JournalOfNavigation2016_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JournalOfNavigation2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to magnetic North, and they are unaffected by perturbations of the Earth's magnetic field. Additionally, compared with gyrocompasses, they are much cheaper, they work better in polar regions, they are less prone to be affected by mechanical vibration, and they can be initialized far more quickly. However, they depend on the functioning of, and communication with, the GPS satellites, which might be disrupted by an electronic attack or by the effects of a severe solar storm. Gyrocompasses remain in use for military purposes (especially in submarines, where magnetic and GPS compasses are useless), but have been largely superseded by GPS compasses, with magnetic backups, in civilian contexts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrocompass" title="Astrocompass">Astrocompass</a> – Tool for finding true north through the positions of astronomical bodies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction_determination" title="Direction determination">Direction determination</a> – ways in which a relative direction or compass point can be determined<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_compass" title="Hand compass">Hand compass</a> – Compact magnetic compass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">Inertial navigation system</a> – Continuously computed dead reckoning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelorus_(instrument)" title="Pelorus (instrument)">Pelorus (instrument)</a> – Navigational reference instrument</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-pointing_chariot" title="South-pointing chariot">South-pointing chariot</a> – Chinese two-wheeled chariot</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Li_Shu-hua,_p._176-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li_Shu-hua,_p._176_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Li">Li Shu-hua</a>, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLowrie2007" class="citation book cs1">Lowrie, William (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsgeop00will"><i>Fundamentals of Geophysics</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsgeop00will/page/n290">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67596-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67596-3"><bdi>978-0-521-67596-3</bdi></a>. <q>Early in the Han dynasty, between 300 and 200 BC, the Chinese fashioned a rudimentary compass out of lodestone ... This compass may have been used in the search for gems and in the selection of sites for houses ... Their directive power led to the use of compasses for navigation...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Geophysics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=281&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67596-3&rft.aulast=Lowrie&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsgeop00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbara_M._Kreutz_367-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_M._Kreutz_367_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kreutz">Kreutz</a>, p. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_1_252-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_1_252_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph (1986) <i>Science and civilisation in China</i>, Vol. 4: "Physics and physical technology", Pt. 1: "Physics", Taipei. p. 252 Caves Books, originally publ. by Cambridge University Press (1962), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-05802-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-05802-3">0-521-05802-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_Shu-hua,_p._182f-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li_Shu-hua,_p._182f_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Li">Li Shu-hua</a>, p. 182f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbara_M._Kreutz_370-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_M._Kreutz_370_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kreutz">Kreutz</a>, p. 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEPST-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEPST_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEPST_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidl2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmidl, Petra G. (2014). "Compass". In Ibrahim Kalin (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-981257-8"><bdi>978-0-19-981257-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Compass&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+Science%2C+and+Technology+in+Islam&rft.pages=144-146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-981257-8&rft.aulast=Schmidl&rft.aufirst=Petra+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The magnetic lines of force in the Earth's field do not accurately follow great circles around the planet, passing exactly over the magnetic poles. Therefore the needle of a compass only approximately points to the magnetic poles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/compass-declination.html">"Declination Adjustment on a Compass"</a>. <i>Rei.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rei.com&rft.atitle=Declination+Adjustment+on+a+Compass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rei.com%2Flearn%2Fexpert-advice%2Fcompass-declination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2014" class="citation journal cs1">Guarnieri, M. (2014). "Once Upon a Time, the Compass". <i>IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 60–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2014.2316044">10.1109/MIE.2014.2316044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11949042">11949042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Industrial+Electronics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time%2C+the+Compass&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=60-63&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIE.2014.2316044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11949042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merrill-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-merrill_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrillMcElhinny,_Michael_W.1983" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthsmagneticfi00merr/page/1"><i>The Earth's magnetic field: Its history, origin and planetary perspective</i></a> (2nd printing ed.). San Francisco: Academic press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthsmagneticfi00merr/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-491242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-491242-7"><bdi>978-0-12-491242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth%27s+magnetic+field%3A+Its+history%2C+origin+and+planetary+perspective&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=2nd+printing&rft.pub=Academic+press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-12-491242-7&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Ronald+T.&rft.au=McElhinny%2C+Michael+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthsmagneticfi00merr%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane,_p._615-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lane,_p._615_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane,_Frederic_C.1963" class="citation journal cs1">Lane, Frederic C. (1963). "The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 605–617 [615]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1847032">10.2307/1847032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1847032">1847032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Meaning+of+the+Invention+of+the+Compass&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=605-617+615&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1847032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1847032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Lane%2C+Frederic+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W._H._Creak_238-239-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W._H._Creak_238-239_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreak,_W.H.1920" class="citation journal cs1">Creak, W.H. (1920). "The History of the Liquid Compass". <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 238–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1781554">10.2307/1781554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1781554">1781554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Liquid+Compass&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=238-239&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1781554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1781554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Creak%2C+W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gear Review: Kasper & Richter Alpin Compass</i>, OceanMountainSky.Com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nemoto & Co. Ltd., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nemoto.co.jp/en/products/luminova/luminova.html">Article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205120711/http://www.nemoto.co.jp/en/products/luminova/luminova.html">Archived</a> 2008-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: In addition to ordinary phosphorescent luminous paint (<a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">zinc sulfide</a>), brighter photoluminescent coatings which include radioactive <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90">Strontium-90</a>, usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Strontium_aluminate" title="Strontium aluminate">strontium aluminate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>, which is a radioactive isotope of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> are now being used on modern compasses. Tritium has the advantage that its radiation has such low energy that it cannot penetrate a compass housing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-des110-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-des110_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-des110_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Johnson">Johnson</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-des110111-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-des110111_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Johnson">Johnson</a>, pp. 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kjernsmo, Kjetil, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learn-orienteering.org/old/buying.html">How to use a Compass</a></i>, retrieved 8 April 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302170651/https://www.learn-orienteering.org/old/buying.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eastmarineasia.com/products/ritchie-compass-fluid">"Ritchie Compass Fluid"</a>. <i>EastMarineAsia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EastMarineAsia.com&rft.atitle=Ritchie+Compass+Fluid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feastmarineasia.com%2Fproducts%2Fritchie-compass-fluid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-des112-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-des112_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Johnson">Johnson</a>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Army, <i>Map Reading and Land Navigation</i>, FM 21–26, Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D.C. (7 May 1993), ch. 11, pp. 1–3: Any 'floating card' type compass with a straightedge or centerline axis can be used to read a map bearing by orienting the map to magnetic north using a drawn magnetic azimuth, but the process is far simpler with a protractor compass.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://landnavigation.org/Documents/Compass%20Mil%20Specs.pdf">Article MIL-PRF-10436N</a></i>, rev. 31 October 2003, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Defense</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kearny, Cresson H., <i>Jungle Snafus ... And Remedies</i>, Oregon Institute Press (1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884067-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-884067-10-7">1-884067-10-7</a>, pp. 164–170: In 1989, one U.S. Army jungle infantry instructor reported that about 20% of the issue lensatic compasses in his company used in a single jungle exercise in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> were ruined within three weeks by rain and humidity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Defence, <i>Manual of Map Reading and Land Navigation</i>, HMSO Army Code 70947 (1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-772611-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-772611-7">0-11-772611-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-772611-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-772611-6">978-0-11-772611-6</a>, ch. 8, sec. 26, pp. 6–7; ch. 12, sec. 39, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioluminescent/military-compass.html">"Military Compass"</a>. 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B247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 8: Flight Instruments". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620203429/https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak"><i>Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge</i></a> (FAA-H-8083-25B ed.). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 2016-08-24. p. 26. 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University Press of Kansas, Lawrence. p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-des149-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-des149_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Johnson">Johnson</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-des134135-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-des134135_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-des134135_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Johnson">Johnson</a>, pp. 134–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JournalOfNavigation2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JournalOfNavigation2016_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JournalOfNavigation2016_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGade2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gade, Kenneth (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navlab.net/Publications/The_Seven_Ways_to_Find_Heading.pdf">"The Seven Ways to Find Heading"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Navigation</i>. <b>69</b> (5): 955–970. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0373463316000096">10.1017/S0373463316000096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53587934">53587934</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.navlab.net/Publications/The_Seven_Ways_to_Find_Heading.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Navigation&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Ways+to+Find+Heading&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=955-970&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0373463316000096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53587934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gade&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navlab.net%2FPublications%2FThe_Seven_Ways_to_Find_Heading.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Johnson" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, G. 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"Mediterranean Contributions to the Medieval Mariner's Compass". <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 367–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3102323">10.2307/3102323</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3102323">3102323</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111540460">111540460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+Contributions+to+the+Medieval+Mariner%27s+Compass&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-383&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111540460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3102323%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3102323&rft.au=Kreutz%2C+Barbara+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Li" class="citation journal cs1">Li Shu-hua (1954). "Origine de la Boussole II. Aimant et Boussolee". <i>Isis</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 175–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F348315">10.1086/348315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/227361">227361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143585290">143585290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Origine+de+la+Boussole+II.+Aimant+et+Boussolee&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-196&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143585290%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F227361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F348315&rft.au=Li+Shu-hua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Admiralty, Great Britain (1915) <i>Admiralty manual of navigation, 1914</i>, Chapter XXV: "The Magnetic Compass (continued): the analysis and correction of the deviation", London : HMSO, 525 p.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Aczel" title="Amir Aczel">Aczel, Amir D.</a> – Israeli-born American lecturer (1950–2015) (2001) <i>The Riddle of the Compass: The Invention that Changed the World</i>, 1st Ed., New York : Harcourt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-600753-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-600753-3">0-15-600753-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson1975" class="citation journal cs1">Carlson, John B (1975). "Multidisciplinary analysis of an Olmec hematite artifact from San Lorenzo, Veracruz, Mexico". <i>Science</i>. <b>189</b> (4205): 753–760. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Sci...189..753C">1975Sci...189..753C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.189.4205.753">10.1126/science.189.4205.753</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17777565">17777565</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33186517">33186517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Multidisciplinary+analysis+of+an+Olmec+hematite+artifact+from+San+Lorenzo%2C+Veracruz%2C+Mexico&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=4205&rft.pages=753-760&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.189.4205.753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33186517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17777565&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975Sci...189..753C&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=John+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Gies_and_Joseph_Gies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Gies and Joseph Gies">Gies, Frances and Gies, Joseph</a> – American historians<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span> (1994) <i>Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Age</i>, New York : HarperCollins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016590-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016590-1">0-06-016590-1</a></li> <li>Gubbins, David, <i>Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism</i>, Springer Press (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-3992-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-3992-1">1-4020-3992-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3992-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3992-8">978-1-4020-3992-8</a></li> <li>Gurney, Alan (2004) <i>Compass: A Story of Exploration and Innovation</i>, London : Norton, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32713-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32713-2">0-393-32713-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1983" class="citation journal cs1">King, David A. (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks". <i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a></i>. <b>74</b> (4): 531–555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F353360">10.1086/353360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144315162">144315162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=The+Astronomy+of+the+Mamluks&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=531-555&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F353360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144315162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ludwig, Karl-Heinz and Schmidtchen, Volker (1997) <i>Metalle und Macht: 1000 bis 1600</i>, Propyläen Technikgeschichte, Berlin: Propyläen Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-549-05633-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-549-05633-8">3-549-05633-8</a></li> <li>Ma, Huan (1997) <i>Ying-yai sheng-lan</i> [The overall survey of the ocean's shores (1433)], Feng, Ch'eng-chün (ed.) and Mills, J.V.G. (transl.), Bangkok : White Lotus Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8496-78-3" title="Special:BookSources/974-8496-78-3">974-8496-78-3</a></li> <li>Seidman, David, and Cleveland, Paul, <i>The Essential Wilderness Navigator</i>, Ragged Mountain Press (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-136110-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-136110-3">0-07-136110-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1951" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, E.G.R. (1951). "The South-Pointing Needle". <i>Imago Mundi</i>. <b>8</b>: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085695108591973">10.1080/03085695108591973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=The+South-Pointing+Needle&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085695108591973&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=E.G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Williams, J.E.D. (1992) <i>From Sails to Satellites: the origin and development of navigational science</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-856387-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-856387-6">0-19-856387-6</a></li> <li>Wright, Monte Duane (1972) <i>Most Probable Position: A History of Aerial Navigation to 1941</i>, The University Press of Kansas, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/72079318">72-79318</a></li> <li>Zhou, Daguan (2007) <i>The customs of Cambodia</i>, translated into English from the French version by Paul Pelliot of Zhou's Chinese original by J. Gilman d'Arcy Paul, Phnom Penh : Indochina Books, prev publ. by Bangkok : Siam Society (1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8298-25-6" title="Special:BookSources/974-8298-25-6">974-8298-25-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Compass" class="extiw" title="commons:Compass"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Compass</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compasses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Compasses">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Compass" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Compass">Compass</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Compass, Mariner's"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Compass,_Mariner%27s">"Compass, Mariner's" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. VI (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 225–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Compass%2C+Mariner%27s&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=225-228&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msi.nga.mil/MSISiteContent/StaticFiles/HoMCA.pdf">Handbook of Magnetic Compass Adjustment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529102504/http://msi.nga.mil/MSISiteContent/StaticFiles/HoMCA.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Paul J. Gans, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031216131745/http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/compass.html">The Medieval Technology Pages: Compass</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/the_tides.html">Evening Lecture To The British Association At The Southampton Meeting on Friday, August 25, 1882</a>. Refers to compass correction by <a href="/wiki/Fourier_series" title="Fourier series">Fourier series</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot-static</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machmeter" title="Machmeter">Machmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscopic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn coordinator">Turn coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn indicator">Turn indicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">Inertial navigation system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnetic compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Integrated_GPS/INS" title="Space Integrated GPS/INS">SIGI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_inertial_reference_unit" title="Air data inertial reference unit">Air data inertial reference unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">ECAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">Integrated standby instrument system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_flight_display" title="Primary flight display">Primary flight display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_speeds" title="V speeds">V speeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aircraft_components_and_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aircraft_components_and_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Aircraft</a> components and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orienteering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orienteering" title="Template:Orienteering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orienteering" title="Template talk:Orienteering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orienteering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orienteering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orienteering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_orienteering" title="History of orienteering">History of orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orienteering_events" title="List of orienteering events">List of orienteering events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Orienteering_Federation" title="International Orienteering Federation">IOF</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_orienteering" title="Foot orienteering">Foot orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_orienteering" title="Mountain bike orienteering">Mountain bike orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_orienteering" title="Trail orienteering">Trail orienteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Amateur_Radio_Union" title="International Amateur Radio Union">IARU</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_direction_finding" title="Amateur radio direction finding">Amateur radio direction finding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Oring" title="Fox Oring">Fox Oring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Orienteering_in_a_Compact_Area" title="Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area">Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_orienteering" title="Canoe orienteering">Canoe orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_orienteering" title="Car orienteering">Car orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_marathon" title="Mountain marathon">Mountain marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_orienteering" title="Mounted orienteering">Mounted orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogaining" title="Rogaining">Rogaining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleycat_race" title="Alleycat race">Alleycat race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relay race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmitter_hunting" title="Transmitter hunting">Transmitter hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_point_(orienteering)" title="Control point (orienteering)">Control point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_(orienteering)" title="Course (orienteering)">Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering_map" title="Orienteering map">Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Compass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand_compass" title="Hand compass">hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protractor_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Protractor compass">protractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_compass" title="Thumb compass">thumb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_protection" title="Eye protection">Eye protectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">Gaiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">Headlamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)#Equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">Backpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">Whistle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orienteering.sport/iof/it/list-of-software-for-orienteering/">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OCAD_(software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCAD (software) (page does not exist)">OCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Condes_(software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Condes (software) (page does not exist)">Condes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SportSoftware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SportSoftware (page does not exist)">SportSoftware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open-source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenOrienteering_Mapper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenOrienteering Mapper (page does not exist)">OpenOrienteering Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purple_Pen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purple Pen (page does not exist)">Purple Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeOS_(software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeOS (software) (page does not exist)">MeOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orienteering.sport/iof/it/list-of-software-for-orienteering/">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catching_Features" title="Catching Features">Catching Features</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suunnistussimulaattori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suunnistussimulaattori (page does not exist)">Suunnistussimulaattori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WinOL (page does not exist)">WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering_map" title="Orienteering map">orienteering map</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal direction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_resection" class="mw-redirect" title="Position resection">resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_choice_(orienteering)" title="Route choice (orienteering)">route choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayfinding" title="Wayfinding">wayfinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waypoint" title="Waypoint">waypoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">Racing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations / lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Orienteering_Federation" title="International Orienteering Federation">International Orienteering Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_members_of_the_International_Orienteering_Federation" title="Category:National members of the International Orienteering Federation">members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orienteering_clubs" title="List of orienteering clubs">List of clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orienteers" title="List of orienteers">List of orienteers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orienteers#By_country" title="List of orienteers">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orienteers#Innovators" title="List of orienteers">innovators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orienteering_events" title="List of orienteering events">List of events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-sport related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">Adventure travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location-based_game" title="Location-based game">Location-based game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocaching" title="Geocaching">geocaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poker_run" title="Poker run">poker run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering_(scouting)" title="Orienteering (scouting)">Scoutcraft orienteering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(wilderness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacking (wilderness)">wilderness</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot_orienteering" title="Foot orienteering">Foot orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Orienteering Championships">World Championships</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Junior_World_Orienteering_Championships" title="Junior World Orienteering Championships">Junior</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Masters Orienteering Championships">Masters</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/World_University_Orienteering_Championships" title="World University Orienteering Championships">University</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering_World_Cup" title="Orienteering World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering_at_the_World_Games" title="Orienteering at the World Games">World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Orienteering_Championships" title="European Orienteering Championships">European Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Orienteering_Championships" title="European Youth Orienteering Championships">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_University_Orienteering_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European University Orienteering Championships (page does not exist)">University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Orienteering_Championships" title="North American Orienteering Championships">North American Championships</a></li> <li>Open events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-Ringen" title="O-Ringen">O-Ringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukola_relay" title="Jukola relay">Jukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomila" title="Tiomila">Tiomila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_Orienteering_Week" title="Kainuu Orienteering Week">Kainuu Orienteering Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kjellstr%C3%B6m_International_Festival_of_Orienteering" title="Jan Kjellström International Festival of Orienteering">Jan Kjellström Festival</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Ski_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Ski Orienteering Championships">World Championships</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Junior_World_Ski_Orienteering_Championships" title="Junior World Ski Orienteering Championships">Junior</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cup_in_Ski_Orienteering" title="World Cup in Ski Orienteering">World Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_orienteering" title="Mountain bike orienteering">Mountain bike orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Mountain_Bike_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Mountain Bike Orienteering Championships">World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trail_orienteering" title="Trail orienteering">Trail orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trail_Orienteering_Championships" title="World Trail Orienteering Championships">World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Orienteering" 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