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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article possibly contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DLegacy_of_the_Roman_Empire%26action%3Dedit">improve it</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2021) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The legacy of the Roman Empire has been varied and significant. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, built upon the legacy of other cultures, has had long-lasting influence with broad geographical reach on a great range of cultural aspects, including state institutions, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil law (legal system)">law</a>, values, religious beliefs, technological advances, engineering and language. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:LatinEuropeCountries.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LatinEuropeCountries.png/330px-LatinEuropeCountries.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LatinEuropeCountries.png/495px-LatinEuropeCountries.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LatinEuropeCountries.png/660px-LatinEuropeCountries.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1000"></a> <figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <div class="legend">   Official Romance language </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Co-official Romance language </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Latin language was spoken in antiquity but has disappeared. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Romance language is spoken but not official. </div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map-Romance_Language_World.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-Romance_Language_World.png/420px-Map-Romance_Language_World.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-Romance_Language_World.png/630px-Map-Romance_Language_World.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Map-Romance_Language_World.png/840px-Map-Romance_Language_World.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628"></a> <figcaption> Global distribution of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French language">French</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portuguese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catalan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </div> </figcaption> </figure> This legacy survived the demise of the empire (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">5th century AD</a> in the West, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fall of Constantinople">15th century AD</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">East</a>) and went on to shape other civilisations, a process which continues. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> was the civitas (reflected in the etymology of the word "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>") and connected with the actual <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_civilisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilisation">western civilisation</a> on which subsequent cultures built is the Latin language of ancient Rome, epitomized by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>, which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_linguistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical linguistics">evolved</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and remains in use in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vulgar_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, the common tongue used for regular social interactions, evolved simultaneously into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> that still exist, notably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portuguese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>. Although the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> fell in the 5th century AD, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> continued until its conquest by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 15th century AD and cemented the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> in many parts of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> even after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a> of the 7th century AD. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman paganism</a> was largely <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early Christianity">displaced by Roman Catholic Christianity</a> after the 4th century AD and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">the Christian conversion</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> (r. 306–337 AD). The Christian faith of the late Roman Empire continued to evolve <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Christianity_during_the_Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity during the Middle Ages">during the Middle Ages</a> and remains a major facet of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_modern_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of modern Christianity">the religion</a> and the psyche of the modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman architecture</a>, largely indebted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek architecture">ancient Greek architecture</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenistic_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, has influenced the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical architecture">architecture of the Western world</a>, particularly during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> of the 15th century. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic">republican</a> politics (from the age of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>) have left an enduring legacy, influencing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maritime_republics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maritime republics">Italian city-state republics</a> of the Medieval period, as well as the United States and other modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic republic">democratic republics</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> of ancient Rome formed the basis of the standard modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman inventions</a> and engineering, such as the construction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concrete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concrete">concrete</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dome">domes</a>, continued to influence various peoples after the fall of Rome. Roman models of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and warfare became influential. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language">1 Language</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Script">1.1 Script</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Latin_literature">1.2 Latin literature</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education">2 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Calendar_and_measurement">3 Calendar and measurement</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hours_of_the_day">3.1 Hours of the day</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Numerals_and_units">3.2 Numerals and units</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Three-age_systems">3.3 Three-age systems</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">4 Religion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianity">4.1 Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pagan_revival">4.2 Pagan revival</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Science_and_philosophy">5 Science and philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Roman_law_and_politics">6 Roman law and politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inventions">7 Inventions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Colonies_and_roads">8 Colonies and roads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Architecture">9 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperial_idea">10 Imperial idea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Toponymy_and_ethnonymy">11 Toponymy and ethnonymy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_popular_culture">12 In popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">15 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Language">Language</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance-speaking_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking world">Romance-speaking world</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_franca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the early Roman Empire and later of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, while – particularly in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> – indigenous languages such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and to a lesser degree <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aramaic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aramaic">Aramaic language</a> continued in use. Despite the decline of the Western Roman Empire, the Latin language continued to flourish in the very different social and economic environment of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, not least because it became the official language of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koine_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, which served as a lingua franca in the Eastern Empire, remains in use today as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacred_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianity" title="Sacred language">sacred language</a> in some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox church">Eastern Orthodox churches</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and in parts of northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Africa">Africa</a>, Latin retained its elevated status as the main vehicle of communication for the learned classes throughout the Middle Ages and subsequently; witness especially the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baroque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> periods. Books which had a revolutionary impact on science, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a> (1543), were composed in Latin. This language was not supplanted for scientific purposes until the 18th century, and for formal descriptions in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoology">zoology</a> as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Botany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Botany">botany</a> it survived to the later 20th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The modern international <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> holds to this day: taxonomists assign a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">Latin or Latinized name</a> as the scientific name of each <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Species?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Species">species</a>. In the 21st century the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, which comprise all languages that descended from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a>, are spoken by more than 920 million people as their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First language">mother tongue</a>, and by 300 million people as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second language">second language</a>, mainly in the Americas, Europe, and Africa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Romance languages are either <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Official_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Official language">official</a>, co-official, or significantly used in 72 countries around the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' six <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Official languages of the United Nations">official languages</a>, two (French and Spanish) descend from Latin. Additionally, Latin has had a great influence on the lexicon of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Germanic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a>. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dutch_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> vocabularies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Walter-13">[13]</a> Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Walter-13">[13]</a> Of all the loanwords in Dutch, 32.2% come directly from some form of Latin (excluding loans from Romance languages).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Over 60% of Albanian vocabulary consist of Latin roots, causing Albanian to once have been mistakenly identified as a Romance language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sawicka-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Script">Script</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Script" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/300px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/300px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/450px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg/600px-Latin_alphabet_world_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Global distribution of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> </figcaption> </figure> All three official scripts of the modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a>—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek script">Greek</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrillic_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>—descend from writing systems used in the Roman Empire. Today, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> spread by the Roman Empire to most of Europe, and derived from the Phoenician alphabet through an ancient form of the Greek alphabet adopted and modified by Etruscan, is the most widespread and commonly used script in the world. Spread by various colonies, trade routes, and political powers, the script has continued to grow in influence. The Greek alphabet, which had spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean region during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenistic_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, remained the primary script of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> until its demise in the 15th century. Cyrillic scripts largely derive from the Greek.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Latin_literature">Latin literature</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Latin literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png/250px-Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="950"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png/250px-Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png" data-width="250" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png/375px-Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png/500px-Incunabula_distribution_by_language.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incunabula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Incunabula">15th-century printed books</a> by language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ISTC-17">[17]</a> The high prestige of Latin meant that that language still dominated European published discourse a millennium after the demise of the Western Roman Empire. </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a> of the 8th century rescued many works in Latin from oblivion: manuscripts transcribed at that time are our only sources for some works that later fell into obscurity once more, only to be recovered during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tacitus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucretius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Propertius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Propertius">Propertius</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catullus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> furnish examples.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Other Latin writers never went out of circulation: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, reinterpreted as a prophet of Christianity by the 4th century, gained the reputation of a sorcerer in the 12th century. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cicero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, in a limited number of his works, remained a model of good style, mined for quotations. Medieval Christians read <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ovid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allegory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allegory">allegorically</a>, or re-imagined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> as the correspondent of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Paul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persius">Persius</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juvenal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horace">Horace</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terence">Terence</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statius">Statius</a> survived in the continuing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_canon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western canon">canon</a> and the historians <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valerius_Maximus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livy">Livy</a> continued to be read for the moral lessons history was expected to impart. Through the Roman Empire, Greek literature also continued to make an impact in Europe long after the Empire's fall, especially after the recovery of Greek texts from the East during the high Middle Ages and the resurgence of Greek literacy during the Renaissance. Many educated Westerners from the Renaissance up to the 20th century, for instance, read <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plutarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lives_of_the_Noble_Greeks_and_Romans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans">Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans</a>, originally written in Greek. Shakespeare's play <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a> takes most of its material from Plutarch's biographies of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cato_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cato the Younger">Cato</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger">Brutus</a>, whose exploits were frequently discussed and debated by the literati of Shakespeare's time. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">Liberal arts</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Legacy of the Roman Empire">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2021) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martianus_Capella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a> developed the system of the seven liberal arts that structured medieval education. Although the liberal arts were already known in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, it was only after Martianus that the seven liberal arts took on canonical form. His single encyclopedic work, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii "On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury", laid the standard formula of academic learning from the Christianized Roman Empire of the 5th century until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">Renaissance of the 12th century</a>. The seven liberal arts were formed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trivium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trivium">trivium</a>, which included the skills of grammar, logic, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhetoric?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, while arithmetic, geometry, music, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> played part as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quadrivium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Calendar_and_measurement">Calendar and measurement</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Calendar and measurement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Names of the days of the week">Names of the days of the week</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Legacy of the Roman Empire">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2021) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorian calendar">Western calendar</a> is a refinement of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, which was introduced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. The calendar of the Roman Empire began with the months <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ianuarius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ianuarius">Ianuarius</a> (January), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Februarius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Februarius">Februarius</a> (February), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martius_(month)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martius (month)">Martius</a> (March). The common tradition to begin the year on 1 January was a convention established in ancient Rome. Throughout the medieval period, the year began on 25 March, the Catholic Solemnity of the Annunciation. The 5th-century Roman monk <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a> devised the modern dating system of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anno_Domini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> (AD) era, which is based on the reckoned year of the birth of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. The modern seven-day week follows the Greco-Roman system of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary_hours?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary hours">planetary hours</a>, in which one of the seven heavenly bodies of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> that were known in ancient times—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun">the Sun</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(planet)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon">the Moon</a>—is given "rulership" over each day. The Romance languages (with the exception of Portuguese, that assigns an ordinal number to five days of the week, from Monday to Friday, beginning with segunda-feira, and ending with sexta-feira) preserve the original Latin names of each day of the week, except for Sunday, which came to be called dies dominicus (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord%27s_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>) under Christianity. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th width="12.5%">Day</th> <th width="12.5%">Sunday <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sōl (Sun)</a></th> <th width="12.5%">Monday <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_(goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna (Moon)</a></th> <th width="12.5%">Tuesday <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars (Mars)</a></th> <th width="12.5%">Wednesday <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercurius (Mercury)</a></th> <th width="12.5%">Thursday <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iuppiter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuppiter">Iuppiter (Jupiter)</a></th> <th width="12.5%">Friday <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus (Venus)</a></th> <th width="12.5%">Saturday <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturnus (Saturn)</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Solis" class="extiw" title="la:Dies Solis">dies Sōlis</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Lunae" class="extiw" title="la:Dies Lunae">dies Lūnae</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Martis" class="extiw" title="la:Dies Martis">dies Martis</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Mercurii" class="extiw" title="la:Dies Mercurii">dies Mercuriī</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Iovis" class="extiw" title="la:Dies Iovis">dies Iovis</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Veneris" class="extiw" title="la:Dies Veneris">dies Veneris</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Saturni" class="extiw" title="la:Dies Saturni">dies Saturnī</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenica" class="extiw" title="it:Domenica">domenica</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luned%25C3%25AC" class="extiw" title="it:Lunedì">lunedì</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marted%25C3%25AC" class="extiw" title="it:Martedì">martedì</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercoled%25C3%25AC" class="extiw" title="it:Mercoledì">mercoledì</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioved%25C3%25AC" class="extiw" title="it:Giovedì">giovedì</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerd%25C3%25AC" class="extiw" title="it:Venerdì">venerdì</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabato" class="extiw" title="it:Sabato">sabato</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French language">French</a></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimanche" class="extiw" title="fr:Dimanche">dimanche</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundi" class="extiw" title="fr:Lundi">lundi</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi" class="extiw" title="fr:Mardi">mardi</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercredi" class="extiw" title="fr:Mercredi">mercredi</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeudi" class="extiw" title="fr:Jeudi">jeudi</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendredi" class="extiw" title="fr:Vendredi">vendredi</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samedi" class="extiw" title="fr:Samedi">samedi</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo" class="extiw" title="es:Domingo">domingo</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunes" class="extiw" title="es:Lunes">lunes</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martes" class="extiw" title="es:Martes">martes</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%25C3%25A9rcoles" class="extiw" title="es:Miércoles">miércoles</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jueves" class="extiw" title="es:Jueves">jueves</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viernes" class="extiw" title="es:Viernes">viernes</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A1bado" class="extiw" title="es:Sábado">sábado</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duminic%25C4%2583" class="extiw" title="ro:Duminică">duminică</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luni" class="extiw" title="ro:Luni">luni</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%25C8%259Bi" class="extiw" title="ro:Marți">marți</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miercuri" class="extiw" title="ro:Miercuri">miercuri</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joi" class="extiw" title="ro:Joi">joi</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineri" class="extiw" title="ro:Vineri">vineri</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A2mb%25C4%2583t%25C4%2583" class="extiw" title="ro:Sâmbătă">sâmbătă</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catalan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/diumenge" class="extiw" title="ca:diumenge">diumenge</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/dilluns" class="extiw" title="ca:dilluns">dilluns</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/dimarts" class="extiw" title="ca:dimarts">dimarts</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/dimecres" class="extiw" title="ca:dimecres">dimecres</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/dijous" class="extiw" title="ca:dijous">dijous</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/divendres" class="extiw" title="ca:divendres">divendres</a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/dissabte" class="extiw" title="ca:dissabte">dissabte</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hours_of_the_day">Hours of the day</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hours of the day" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12-hour_clock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_timekeeping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman timekeeping</a> </div> The 12-hour clock is a time convention popularized by the Romans in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods. The Romans divided the day into 12 equal hours, A.M. (ante-meridiem, meaning before midday) and P.M. (post-meridiem, meaning past midday). The Romans also started the practice used worldwide today of a new day beginning at midnight. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Numerals_and_units">Numerals and units</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Numerals and units" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_numerals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Ancient Roman units of measurement</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:BadSalzdetfurthBadenburgerStr060529.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BadSalzdetfurthBadenburgerStr060529.jpg/200px-BadSalzdetfurthBadenburgerStr060529.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1076"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BadSalzdetfurthBadenburgerStr060529.jpg/200px-BadSalzdetfurthBadenburgerStr060529.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BadSalzdetfurthBadenburgerStr060529.jpg/300px-BadSalzdetfurthBadenburgerStr060529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/BadSalzdetfurthBadenburgerStr060529.jpg/400px-BadSalzdetfurthBadenburgerStr060529.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A typical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clock_face?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clock face">clock face</a> with Roman numerals in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bad_Salzdetfurth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bad Salzdetfurth">Bad Salzdetfurth</a>, Germany. The notion of a twelve-hour day dates to the Roman Empire. </figcaption> </figure> Roman numerals continued as the primary way of writing numbers in Europe until the 14th century, when they were largely replaced in common usage by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numerals</a>. The Roman numeral system continues to be widely used, however, in certain formal and minor contexts, such as on clock faces, coins, in the year of construction on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornerstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornerstone">cornerstone</a> inscriptions, and in generational suffixes (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_XIV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Howard Taft IV">William Howard Taft IV</a>). Romance languages (and also other languages such as Russian, Polish and Basque) write centuries in Roman numbers; in Spanish, for example, "21st century" is written siglo XXI. The Romans solidified the modern concept of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hour">hour</a> as one-24th part of a day and night. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">English measurement system</a> also retains features of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Ancient Roman foot</a> (11.65 modern inches), which was used in England prior to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inch">inch</a> itself derives from the Roman <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/uncia" class="extiw" title="wikt:uncia">uncia</a>, meaning one-twelfth part. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Three-age_systems">Three-age systems</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Three-age systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three-age_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a> </div> Although the present archaeological system of the three main ages—stone, bronze and iron—originates with the Danish archaeologist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_J%C3%BCrgensen_Thomsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Jürgensen Thomsen">Christian Jürgensen Thomsen</a>, the concept of dividing pre-historical ages into systems based on metals extends to Ancient Rome, originated by the Roman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucretius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> in the first century BC.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/300px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="261"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/300px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/450px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/600px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> by percentage of population in each country<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </figcaption> </figure> While classical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenistic_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a> were ultimately superseded by Christianity, many key theological ideas and questions that are characteristic of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_religions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western religions">Western religions</a> originated with pre-Christian theology. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmological_argument?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmological argument">first cause</a> argument for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Existence_of_God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>, for instance, originates with Plato. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teleological_argument?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teleological argument">Design arguments</a>, which were introduced by Socrates and Aristotle and remain widely discussed to this day, formed an influential component of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> theology well into the late Roman period. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Problem_of_evil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a> was widely discussed among ancient philosophers, including the Roman writers such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Natura Deorum">Cicero</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Providentia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Providentia">Seneca</a>, and many of the answers they provided were later absorbed into Christian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodicy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>. In Christian moral theology, moreover, the field of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural law">natural law ethics</a> draws heavily on the tradition established by Aristotle, the Stoics, and especially by Cicero's popular Latin work, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Legibus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Legibus">De Legibus</a>. Cicero's conception of natural law "found its way to later centuries notably through the writings of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isidore of Seville">Saint Isidore of Seville</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum of Gratian</a>"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and influenced the discussion of the topic up through the era of the American Revolution. Christianity itself also spread through the Roman Empire; since emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodosius_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> (AD 379–395), the official <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state church of the Roman Empire</a> was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Subsequently, former Roman territories became Christian states which exported their religion to other parts of the world, through colonization and missionaries. Christianity also served as a conduit for preserving and transmitting Greco-Roman literary culture. Classical educational tradition in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> was preserved after the fall of the empire by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_university?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval university">medieval Christian university</a>. Education in the Middle Ages relied heavily on Greco-Roman books such as Euclid's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a> and the influential <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quadrivium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a> textbooks written in Latin by the Roman statesman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boethius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> (AD 480–524). Major works of Greek and Latin literature, moreover, were both read and written by Christians during the imperial era. Many of the most influential works of the early Christian tradition were written by Roman and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a> theologians who engaged heavily with the literary culture of the empire (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_fathers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">church fathers</a>). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>'s (AD 354–430) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_God_(book)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a>, for instance, draws extensively on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cicero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and elements of Roman values and identity to criticize paganism and advocate for Christianity amidst a crumbling empire. The engagement of early Christians as both readers and writers of important Roman and Greek literature helped to ensure that the literary culture of Rome would persist after the fall of the empire. For thousands of years to follow, religious scholars in the Latin West from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bede?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bede">Bede</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and later renaissance figures such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shakespeare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> would continue to read, reference and imitate both Christian and pagan literature from the Roman Empire. In the east, the empire's prolific tradition of Greek literature continued uninterrupted after the fall of the west, in part due to the works of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_Fathers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church Fathers">Greek fathers</a>, who were widely read by Christians in medieval Byzantium and continue to influence religious thought to this day (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pagan_revival">Pagan revival</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pagan revival" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Reconstructionist Roman religion</a> </div> There have been revivals of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in ancient Rome">ancient Roman polytheistic religion</a> in modern times, mostly in Italy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-giudice-22">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> While interest in reviving the ancient Roman paganism dates back to the Renaissance,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-marre2-25">[25]</a> this phenomenon intensified in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today it has a presence mostly in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western world">Western world</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nova_Roma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nova Roma">Nova Roma</a> being the most notable international revivalist organization.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Science_and_philosophy">Science and philosophy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Science and philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman philosophy">Roman philosophy</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Legacy of the Roman Empire">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2021) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Theoria_Lunae.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Theoria_Lunae.jpg/350px-Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Theoria_Lunae.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="2436"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Theoria_Lunae.jpg/350px-Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Theoria_Lunae.jpg" data-width="350" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Theoria_Lunae.jpg/525px-Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Theoria_Lunae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Theoria_Lunae.jpg/700px-Cellarius_Harmonia_Macrocosmica_-_Theoria_Lunae.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ptolemy's refined geocentric theory of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deferent and epicycle">epicycles</a> was backed up by rigorous mathematics and detailed astronomical observations. It was not overturned until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copernican_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican Revolution</a>, over a thousand years later. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Family-bible.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Family-bible.jpg/220px-Family-bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Family-bible.jpg/220px-Family-bible.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Family-bible.jpg/330px-Family-bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Family-bible.jpg/440px-Family-bible.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Codex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Codex">codex</a>. The codex, the book format today in universal use, was invented by the Romans and spread by Roman Christians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </figcaption> </figure> While much of the most influential <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_science_in_classical_antiquity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in classical antiquity">Greek science</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophy</a> was developed before the rise of the Empire, major innovations occurred under Roman rule that have had a lasting impact on the intellectual world. The traditions of Greek, Egyptian and Babylonian scholarship continued to flourish at great centers of learning such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Athens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musaeum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Alexandria</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pergamon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epicurean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicurean">Epicurean</a> philosophy reached a literary apex in the long poem by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucretius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, who advocated an atomic theory of matter and revered the older teachings of the Greek <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democritus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>. The works of the philosophers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epictetus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a> and the Roman emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> were widely read during the revival of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stoicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> thought in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neostoicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neostoicism">Renaissance</a>, which synthesized Stoicism and Christianity. Fighter pilot <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Stockdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Stockdale">James Stockdale</a> famously credited the philosophy of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epictetus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a> as being a major source of strength when he was shot down and held as prisoner during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Plato's philosophy continued to be widely studied under the Empire, growing into the sophisticated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neoplatonism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonic</a> system through the influence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plotinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>. Platonic philosophy was largely reconciled with Christianity by the Roman theologian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, who, while a staunch opponent of Roman paganism, viewed the Platonists as having more in common with Christians than the other pagan schools.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> To this day, Plato's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> is considered the foundational work of Western philosophy, and is read by students around the globe. The widespread <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorem_ipsum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a> text, which is widely used as a meaningless placeholder in modern typography and graphic design, is derived from the Latin text of Cicero's philosophical treatise <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De finibus bonorum et malorum">De finibus</a>. Pagan philosophy was gradually supplanted by Christianity in the later years of the Empire, culminating in the closure of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platonic_Academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platonic Academy">Academy of Athens</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justinian_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. Many Greek-speaking philosophers moved to the east, outside the borders of the Empire. Neoplatonism and Aristotelianism gained a stronghold in Persia, where they were a heavy influence on early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>. Thinkers of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avicenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Averroes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroës)</a> engaged deeply with Greek philosophy, and played a major role in saving works of Aristotle that had been lost to the Latin West. The influence of Greek philosophy on Islam was dramatically reduced In the 11th century when the views of Avicenna and Averroes were strongly criticized by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Ghazali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a>. His <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Incoherence of the Philosophers">Incoherence of the Philosophers</a> is among the most influential books in Islamic history. In Western Europe, meanwhile, the recovery of Greek texts during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scholasticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic period</a> had a profound influence on Latin science and theology from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance. In science, the theories of the Greco-Roman physician <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galen">Galen</a> dominated Western medical thought and practice for more than 1,300 years. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> produced the most thorough and sophisticated astronomical theory of antiquity, documented in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Almagest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geocentric_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ptolemaic_model" title="Geocentric model">Ptolemaic model</a> of the solar system would remain the dominant approach to astronomy across Europe and the Middle East for more than a thousand years. Forty-eight of the 88 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constellation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constellation">constellations</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IAU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU">IAU</a> recognizes today are recorded in the seventh and eighth books of Claudius Ptolemy's Almagest. At Alexandria, the engineer and experimenter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> founded the study of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mechanics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pneumatics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pneumatics">pneumatics</a>. In modern geometry, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heron%27s_formula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heron's formula">Heron's formula</a> bears his name. Roman Alexandria also saw the seeds of modern algebra arise in the works of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diophantus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a>. Greek algebra continued to be studied in the east well after the fall of the Western Empire, where it matured into modern algebra in the hands of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Khw%C4%81rizm%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khwārizmī">al-Khwārizmī</a> (see the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_algebra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of algebra">history of algebra</a>). The study of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diophantine_equation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diophantine equation">Diophantine equations</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diophantine_approximation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diophantine approximation">Diophantine approximations</a> are still important areas of mathematical research today. All of the planets in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, excluding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth">Earth</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, are named after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_deities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman deities">Roman deities</a> in the English language. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Roman_law_and_politics">Roman law and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Roman law and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law (legal system)</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic">Republic</a> </div> Although the law of the Roman Empire is not used today, modern law in many jurisdictions is based on principles of law used and developed during the Roman Empire. Some of the same Latin <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_legal_Latin_terms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of legal Latin terms">terminology</a> is still used today. The general structure of jurisprudence used today, in many jurisdictions, is the same (trial with a judge, plaintiff, and defendant) as that established during the Roman Empire. The modern concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic">republican government</a> is directly modeled on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. The republican institutions of Rome survived in many of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_city-states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The form, function, and symbols of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> draw heavily on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic">legislative assemblies</a>, while the president holds a position similar to that of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_consul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a>. Many European political thinkers of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> were avid consumers of Latin literature. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montesquieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edmund_Burke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Adams?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> were all strongly influenced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cicero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, for instance. Adams recommended Cicero as a model for politicians to imitate, and once remarked that "the sweetness and grandeur of his sounds, and the harmony of his numbers give pleasure enough to reward the reading if one understood none of his meaning."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Inventions">Inventions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Inventions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman technology</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Roman_technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman technology">Eastern Roman technology</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Legacy of the Roman Empire">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2021) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gnocchi_di_ricotta_burro_e_salvia.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gnocchi_di_ricotta_burro_e_salvia.jpg/155px-Gnocchi_di_ricotta_burro_e_salvia.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="904"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 155px;height: 234px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gnocchi_di_ricotta_burro_e_salvia.jpg/155px-Gnocchi_di_ricotta_burro_e_salvia.jpg" data-width="155" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gnocchi_di_ricotta_burro_e_salvia.jpg/233px-Gnocchi_di_ricotta_burro_e_salvia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gnocchi_di_ricotta_burro_e_salvia.jpg/310px-Gnocchi_di_ricotta_burro_e_salvia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnocchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnocchi">Gnocchi</a>, a kind of traditional Italian pasta, was introduced to various parts of Europe by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_legion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> during the expansion of the empire. </figcaption> </figure> Many Roman inventions were improved versions of other people's inventions and ranged from military organization, weapon improvements, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armour">armour</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege">siege</a> technology, naval innovation, architecture, medical instruments, irrigation, civil planning, construction, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and many more areas of civic, governmental, military and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engineering">engineering</a> development. That said, the Romans also developed a huge array of new technologies and innovations. Many came from common themes but were vastly superior to what had come before, whilst others were totally new inventions developed by and for the needs of Empire and the Roman way of life. Some of the more famous examples are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_aqueduct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman aqueduct">Roman aqueducts</a> (some of which are still in use today), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_roads?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman roads">Roman roads</a>, water powered milling machines, thermal heating systems (as employed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermae">Roman baths</a>, and also used in palaces and wealthy homes) sewage and pipe systems and the invention and widespread use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concrete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concrete">concrete</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Romanaqueducts.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Romanaqueducts.jpg/220px-Romanaqueducts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Romanaqueducts.jpg/220px-Romanaqueducts.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Romanaqueducts.jpg/330px-Romanaqueducts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Romanaqueducts.jpg/440px-Romanaqueducts.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Roman aqueduct in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Segovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, Spain. </figcaption> </figure> Metallurgy and glass work (including the first widespread use of glass windows) and a wealth of architectural innovations including high rise buildings, dome construction, bridges, and floor construction (seen in the functionality of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colosseum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>'s arena and the underlying rooms/areas beneath it) are other examples of Roman innovations. Military inventiveness was widespread and included tactical/strategic innovations, new methodologies in training, discipline and field medicine as well as inventions in all aspects of weaponry, from armor and shielding to siege engines and missile technology. This combination of new methodologies, technical innovation, and creative invention in the military gave Rome the edge against its adversaries for half a millennium, and with it, the ability to create an empire that even today, more than 2000 years later, continues to leave its legacy in many areas of modern life. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Colonies_and_roads">Colonies and roads</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Colonies and roads" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">List of cities founded by the Romans</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_roads?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman roads">Roman roads</a> </div> Rome left a legacy of founding many cities as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a>. There were more than 500 Roman colonies spread through the Empire, most of them populated by veterans of the Roman legions. Some Roman colonies rose to become influential commercial and trade centers, transportation hubs and capitals of international empires, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budapest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. All those colonies were connected by another important legacy of the Roman Empire: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_roads?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman roads">Roman roads</a>. Indeed, the empire comprised more than 400,000 kilometres (250,000 mi) of roads, of which over 80,500 kilometres (50,000 mi) were stone-paved.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The courses (and sometimes the surfaces) of many Roman roads survived for millennia and many are overlaid by modern roads, like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Via_Emilia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Emilia">Via Emilia</a> in northern Italy. The roads are closely linked to modern-day economies, with those that survived from the empire's territorial peak in 117 CE having more economic activity today. This is especially true in European areas, which kept wheeled vehicles in the latter half of the first millennium, whereas other regions preferred cheaper methods of transport such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camel_caravan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel caravan">camel caravans</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman architecture</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Legacy of the Roman Empire">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2021) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Album_Wilenskie._1845-1875_(5552457)_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Album_Wilenskie._1845-1875_%285552457%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Album_Wilenskie._1845-1875_%285552457%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="2967"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Album_Wilenskie._1845-1875_%285552457%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Album_Wilenskie._1845-1875_%285552457%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Album_Wilenskie._1845-1875_%285552457%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Album_Wilenskie._1845-1875_%285552457%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Album_Wilenskie._1845-1875_%285552457%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Album_Wilenskie._1845-1875_%285552457%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cathedral_of_Vilnius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Vilnius">Cathedral of Vilnius</a> (1783), by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laurynas_Gucevi%C4%8Dius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laurynas Gucevičius">Laurynas Gucevičius</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Renaissance-era <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palladian_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palladian architecture">architectural style</a> developed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrea_Palladio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>, inspired by Greek and Roman architecture, became hugely influential throughout the Western world. In the mid-18th century, Roman architecture inspired <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>, part of the wider international movement of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neoclassicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>. Though Neoclassical architecture employs the same classical vocabulary as late <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baroque_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>, it tends to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiaroscuro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiaroscuro">light and shade</a> are flatter; sculptural bas-reliefs are flatter and tend to be framed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features are isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves. International Neoclassical architecture was exemplified in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a>'s buildings, especially the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altes_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altes Museum">Old Museum</a> in Berlin; Sir <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Soane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Soane">John Soane</a>'s Bank of England in London; and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White House">White House</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Capitol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_DC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a>. The Scots architect <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Cameron_(architect)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Cameron (architect)">Charles Cameron</a> created palatial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italianate_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a> interiors for the German-born <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catherine_II_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II the Great">Catherine II the Great</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._Petersburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. Italy clung to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rococo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_French_client_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Italy_2" title="List of French client states">Napoleonic regimes</a> brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Imperial_idea">Imperial idea</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Imperial idea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession of the Roman Empire</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Translatio_imperii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a> </div> From a legal point of view, the Roman Empire, founded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in 27 BC and divided after the death of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodosius_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 395 into two "parts" (or rather courts, as the empire continued to be considered as one), had survived only in the eastern part which, with the deposition of the last western emperor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a>, in 476, had also obtained the imperial regalia of the western part, reuniting from a formal point of view the Roman Empire. The Roman line continued uninterrupted to rule the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, whose main characteristics were Roman concept of state, medieval Greek culture and language, and Orthodox Christian faith. The Byzantines themselves never ceased to refer to themselves as "Romans" (Rhomaioi) and to their state as the "Roman Empire", the "Empire of the Romans" (in Greek Βασιλεία των Ῥωμαίων, Basileía ton Rhōmaíōn) or "Romania" (Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía). Likewise, they were called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BBm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">Rûm</a>" (Rome) by their eastern enemies to the point that competing neighbours even acquired its name, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Rûm">Sultanate of Rûm</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:German_-_Flask_for_Priming_Power_with_the_Justice_of_Trajan_-_Walters_511334.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/German_-_Flask_for_Priming_Power_with_the_Justice_of_Trajan_-_Walters_511334.jpg/280px-German_-_Flask_for_Priming_Power_with_the_Justice_of_Trajan_-_Walters_511334.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1799"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 328px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/German_-_Flask_for_Priming_Power_with_the_Justice_of_Trajan_-_Walters_511334.jpg/280px-German_-_Flask_for_Priming_Power_with_the_Justice_of_Trajan_-_Walters_511334.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="328" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/German_-_Flask_for_Priming_Power_with_the_Justice_of_Trajan_-_Walters_511334.jpg/420px-German_-_Flask_for_Priming_Power_with_the_Justice_of_Trajan_-_Walters_511334.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/German_-_Flask_for_Priming_Power_with_the_Justice_of_Trajan_-_Walters_511334.jpg/560px-German_-_Flask_for_Priming_Power_with_the_Justice_of_Trajan_-_Walters_511334.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Flask for Priming Power with the Justice of Trajan (mid-16th century), depicting a woman's plea for justice from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trajan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, with an imperial pennant of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Habsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> suggesting that as Holy Roman Emperors they are the political descendants of the ancient Roman emperors (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>) </figcaption> </figure> The designation of the Empire as "Byzantine" is a retrospective idea: it began only in 1557, a century after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>, when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germans">German</a> historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hieronymus_Wolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hieronymus Wolf">Hieronymus Wolf</a> published his work Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ, a collection of Byzantine sources. The term did not come in general use in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western world">Western world</a> before the 19th century,[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] when modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greece">Greece</a> was born. The end of the continuous tradition of the Roman Empire is open to debate: the final point may be viewed as coming as early as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sack of Constantinople">sack of Constantinople</a> in 1204, or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capture_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Constantinople">capture of Constantinople</a> in 1453, or as late as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">abolition of the Ottoman sultanate</a> in 1922 given the Ottoman sultans' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Ottoman titles and appellations">adoption of the title</a> of Emperor of the Romans (Kayser-i Rum) for themselves. After the fall of Constantinople, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas Palaiologos</a>, brother of the last <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Emperor">Eastern Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_XI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine XI">Constantine XI</a>, was elected emperor and tried to organize the remaining forces. His rule came to an end after the fall of the last major Byzantine city, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Corinth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>. He then moved to Italy and continued to be recognized as Eastern emperor by the Christian powers. Other Byzantine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rump_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rump state">rump states</a>, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a>, were soon conquered by the Ottomans as well. His son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andreas_Palaiologos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andreas Palaiologos">Andreas Palaiologos</a> continued claims on the Byzantine throne until he sold the title to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> before his death in 1502.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> However, there is no evidence that any Spanish monarch used the Byzantine imperial titles. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the Roman concept of state was continued for almost a millennium by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> whose emperors, mostly of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German language">German</a> tongue, viewed themselves as the legitimate successors to the ancient imperial tradition (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_the_Romans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>) and Rome as the capital of its Empire. The German title of "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaiser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a>" is derived from the Latin name Caesar, which is pronounced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈkae̯sar]</a> in Classical Latin. The coronation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as "Roman" emperor by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Leo_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> in the year 800 happened at a time of unprecedented sole female imperial rule in Constantinople (by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irene_of_Athens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irene of Athens">Empress Irene</a>) which was interpreted by adversaries as tantamount to a vacancy. The imperial title in the West generated what historians have called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Problem of two emperors">problem of two emperors</a>. The emperors of the Holy Roman Empire sought in many ways to make themselves accepted by the Byzantines as their peers: with diplomatic relations, political marriages or threats. Sometimes, however, they did not obtain the expected results, because from Constantinople they were always called "King of the Germans", never "Emperor". The Holy Roman Empire survived Byzantium, but was eventually dissolved in 1806 owing to pressure by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, firstly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a>, then the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Serbs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor of the Serbs">Serbian</a>, and ultimately the Russian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar">czars</a> (Czar derived from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caesar_(title)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>) proclaimed being Emperors. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovite Russia</a> adopted the idea of being a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moscow, third Rome">Third Rome</a> (with Constantinople being the second). Sentiments [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] of being the heir of the fallen Eastern Roman Empire began during the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow</a>, who had married <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sophia_Palaiologina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sophia Palaiologina">Sophia Paleologina</a>, the niece of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_XI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine XI">Constantine XI</a> (it is important to note that she was not the heiress of the Byzantine throne; rather, her brother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andreas_Palaiologos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andreas Palaiologos">Andreas</a> was). Being the most powerful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christian</a> state, the Tsars were thought of in Russia as succeeding the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> as the rightful rulers of the Orthodox Christian world.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Romanov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a>, being the rulers of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, were finally ended in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> There were also competing Bulgarian and Wallachian<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> claims for succession of the Roman Empire. In the early 20th century, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_fascism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascists</a> under their "Duce" <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benito_Mussolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> dreamed of transforming Italy back into the Roman Empire again, encompassing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean basin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Associated with Italian fascism, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francoist_Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> also connected their claims with Roman imperialism.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>][<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Toponymy_and_ethnonymy">Toponymy and ethnonymy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Toponymy and ethnonymy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">List of cities founded by the Romans</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Continental_Europe,_Ireland_and_Scandinavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Latin place names in Continental Europe, Ireland and Scandinavia">List of Latin place names in Continental Europe, Ireland and Scandinavia</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Latin place names in Britain">List of Latin place names in Britain</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Latin place names in Africa">List of Latin place names in Africa</a>; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Latin place names in Asia">List of Latin place names in Asia</a> </div> Aside from the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> itself, the Imperial Roman name has survived in a number of regions and was also adopted by some of the political regimes that ruled them. These include: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romagna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>, the Italian region that was the administrative center of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine Italy</a> and thus remained associated with the Roman Empire when most of the country had fallen under Lombard rule;</li> <li>Rûm, the name by which the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq Turks</a> referred to the parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> which they had conquered from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, thus the common name of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> for their realm (1077–1308).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> after the 1390s, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rûm Eyalet</a> was the region around <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sivas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>, later known simply as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eyalet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eyalet">Eyalet</a> of Sivas. <ul> <li>The name of the Turkish city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erzurum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> has been derived from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> Arḍ ar-Rūm (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ارض الروم) 'land of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BBm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">Rûm</a>'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Laurent-Canard-38">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Romania, a habitual reference in medieval Latin and Romance languages to the Byzantine Empire, or between 1204 and 1261 to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>. It survived for a time in place names such as that of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nafplio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a>, which in Italian was referred to as Napoli in Romania well into the modern era, or to this day in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosnia_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnian</a> region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanija">Romanija</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rumelia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>, the Balkan parts of the former Eastern Empire, labelled "land of the Romans" following their conquest by the Ottomans and at a time when the territories in Asia Minor formerly known as Rum were more commonly referred to again as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a> was an Ottoman autonomous province (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vilayet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilayet">Vilayet</a>) that was created in the aftermath of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a> as a result of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> and was located in what is today <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Bulgaria">Southern Bulgaria</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> is still known colloquially as Roúmeli (Ρούμελη).</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romandy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romandy">Romandy</a> is the French-speaking region of western Switzerland that includes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canton of Geneva">Canton of Geneva</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canton_of_Jura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canton of Jura">Canton of Jura</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Canton of Neuchâtel</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canton_of_Vaud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Vaud">Canton of Vaud</a>, and the French-speaking regions of Bernese Jura (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canton_of_Bern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canton of Bern">Canton of Bern</a>), Western Fribourg (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canton of Fribourg">Canton of Fribourg</a>), and Lower Valais (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canton_of_Valais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Canton of Valais</a>).</li> <li>The modern country of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romania">Romania</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> trace <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origin of the Romanians">their origin</a> to the Roman Empire's province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Dacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a>, arguing that Roman colonization in the region gave rise to the Romanian people.</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aromanians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Megleno-Romanians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istro-Romanians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a>, ethnicities related to the Romanians whose names originate or originated from "Roman" or similar words.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> </ul> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnonymy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonymy">ethnonymy</a>: <ul> <li>The word <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>, naming the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language family">language family</a> that also includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portuguese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> among others, is itself derived from "Roman". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Substrate in Romanian">Substrate in Romanian</a> </div></li> <li>The Francophone inhabitants of Romandy are called and self-identify as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romands">Romands</a> and whose name ultimately originates from the Latin adjective "romanus". The language <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>, which historically has been the main language of the Romands, has occasionally been called Rommant or Romand,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> although most Romands now speak Swiss French instead of Franco-Provençal.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BBm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">Rûm</a> in Asia Minor and the Middle East refers dependent on context to Byzantines and/or Orthodox Christians, namely the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rum_Millet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum Millet</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Correspondingly, Orthodox Armenians are known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hayhurum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a> - literally, Armenian and Rûm - and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urums?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urums">Urums</a> are Turkic-speaking Orthodox Christians in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crimea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(country)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romaniote_Jews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote Jews</a> also derive their name from the former Eastern/Byzantine/Ottoman Empire.</li> </ul></li> <li>In turn, during the 16th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portuguese_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> used "rume" and "rumes" (plural) as a generic term to refer to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamluk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a>-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> forces they faced then in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <ul> <li>Chinese authors during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ming_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> similarly referred to the Ottomans in general as Lumi (魯迷), derived from Rûm. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qing_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> they also used the word Wulumu (務魯木).</li> </ul></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romani_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, by contrast, are named after an unrelated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanskrit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> root common with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Domba">Domba people</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Roman_Empire_in_art_and_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Roman Empire in art and culture">Category:Roman Empire in art and culture</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jacques-Louis_David,_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg/220px-Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="1797"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg/220px-Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg/330px-Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg/440px-Jacques-Louis_David%2C_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oath of the Horatii">Oath of the Horatii</a>, by the French painter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a>, depicts a Roman legend about a 7th-century BC dispute between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Kingdom">Rome</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alba_Longa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </figcaption> </figure> The 1979 film <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> features a famous scene in which a revolutionary asks <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Political_satire" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian">"what have the Romans ever done for us?"</a>, prompting the other members to incrementally add items to an increasingly lengthy series of achievements and contributions to public welfare.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In September 2023, an internet trend emerged primarily on social media app <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TikTok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, revolving around asking men "how often do you think of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>?"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> The trend originated in August 2023, stemming from an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Instagram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> reel from a 32-year-old Swedish Roman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_reenactment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical reenactment">reenactor</a> Artur Hulu; known online as Gaius Flavius. In the reel, he declared that women are not aware of how often men think of the Roman Empire, asking the former to ask their "husband, boyfriend, father, or brother."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> Hulu stated that he posed the demand after noticing a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gender_disparity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender disparity">gender disparity</a> in interest in Roman Empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-48">[48]</a> These TikToks primarily featured women asking their boyfriends how often they thought of the Roman Empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Many of the men in these videos respond by stating that they think of it frequently, leading to shock from the women.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> Not all reactions from the men were universal; in one viral TikTok, when asked by his wife, one husband responds "Like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicki_Minaj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicki Minaj">Nicki Minaj</a> album?" likely in reference to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicki_Minaj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alter_egos" title="Nicki Minaj">Minaj's alter ego</a> and her <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman%27s_Revenge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman's Revenge">eponymous 2011 song</a>. Another user on the app stated that she thought about the Roman Empire all the time, before positioning herself in front of a playlist of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicki_Minaj_discography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicki Minaj discography">Minaj's music</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> In the videos, many men frequently boasted of the accomplishments of the Roman Empire, such as the size of the empire, their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Roman technology">technological advancements</a> such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_aqueduct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueducts</a>, and its military prowess.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-48">[48]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_antiquity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_tradition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Roman Empire">History of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2016" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715 (Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 156. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-63347-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-63347-6"><bdi>978-1-305-63347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1715&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=Cengage+Learning&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-305-63347-6&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill1957" class="citation book cs1">Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957). Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2 (Newman Press ed.). p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+the+History+of+Western+Civilization%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=Newman+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Latin">History of Latin</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages">"Romance languages"</a>. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2018-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romance+languages&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRomance-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808145804/http://departamento.pucp.edu.pe/educacion/areas-academicas/curriculo-y-didactica/curriculo-y-didactica-publicaciones/language-acquisition-romance-speaking-world-peru/">"Language Acquisition in the Romance Speaking World: Peru - Departamento de Educación"</a>. Departamento.pucp.edu.pe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://departamento.pucp.edu.pe/educacion/areas-academicas/curriculo-y-didactica/curriculo-y-didactica-publicaciones/language-acquisition-romance-speaking-world-peru/">the original</a> on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Acquisition+in+the+Romance+Speaking+World%3A+Peru+-+Departamento+de+Educaci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Departamento.pucp.edu.pe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepartamento.pucp.edu.pe%2Feducacion%2Fareas-academicas%2Fcurriculo-y-didactica%2Fcurriculo-y-didactica-publicaciones%2Flanguage-acquisition-romance-speaking-world-peru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFäcke2014" class="citation book cs1">Fäcke, Christiane (2014-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DzM_mBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522romance%2Bspeaking%2Bworld%2522%26pg%3DPA11">Manual of Language Acquisition - Google Libros</a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110302257?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783110302257"><bdi>9783110302257</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2016-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Language+Acquisition+-+Google+Libros&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft.isbn=9783110302257&rft.aulast=F%C3%A4cke&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzM_mBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522romance%2Bspeaking%2Bworld%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2009" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Jean Jacques (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeOUfbeTC-tsC%26q%3Dromanophone%2Bworld%26pg%3DPA34">Multilingualism, Education and Change - Jean Jacques Weber - Google Libros</a>. Peter Lang. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631572856?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783631572856"><bdi>9783631572856</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2016-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingualism%2C+Education+and+Change+-+Jean+Jacques+Weber+-+Google+Libros&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783631572856&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Jean+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeOUfbeTC-tsC%26q%3Dromanophone%2Bworld%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonEnsslin2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Sally; Ensslin, Astrid (2007-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D_ZmZ21jOH9EC%26q%3Dromanophone%2Bworld%26pg%3DRA1-PT73">Language in the Media: Representations, Identities, Ideologies - Google Libros</a>. A&C Black. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441151254?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781441151254"><bdi>9781441151254</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2016-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Media%3A+Representations%2C+Identities%2C+Ideologies+-+Google+Libros&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft.isbn=9781441151254&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft.au=Ensslin%2C+Astrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZmZ21jOH9EC%26q%3Dromanophone%2Bworld%26pg%3DRA1-PT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeretta2003" class="citation book cs1">Beretta, Claudio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhprLhm1Xra0C%26q%3D%2522neolatin%2Bworld%2522%26pg%3DPA221">I nomi dei fiumi, dei monti, dei siti: strutture linguistiche preistoriche - Claudio Beretta - Google Libros</a>. Hoepli Editore. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788820330989?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9788820330989"><bdi>9788820330989</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2016-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+nomi+dei+fiumi%2C+dei+monti%2C+dei+siti%3A+strutture+linguistiche+preistoriche+-+Claudio+Beretta+-+Google+Libros&rft.pub=Hoepli+Editore&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788820330989&rft.aulast=Beretta&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhprLhm1Xra0C%26q%3D%2522neolatin%2Bworld%2522%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSA2015" class="citation journal cs1">USA (2015-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104016">"Radiation oncology in Latin speaking countries: A link between Europe and Latin America"</a>. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 19 (4): 227–9. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.rpor.2013.06.004">10.1016/j.rpor.2013.06.004</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104016">4104016</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25061515">25061515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rep+Pract+Oncol+Radiother&rft.atitle=Radiation+oncology+in+Latin+speaking+countries%3A+A+link+between+Europe+and+Latin+America.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=227-9&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4104016%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25061515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rpor.2013.06.004&rft.au=USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4104016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkenstaedtDieter_Wolff1973" class="citation book cs1">Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). Ordered Profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-533-02253-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-533-02253-6"><bdi>3-533-02253-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordered+Profusion%3B+studies+in+dictionaries+and+the+English+lexicon&rft.pub=C.+Winter&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=3-533-02253-6&rft.aulast=Finkenstaedt&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Dieter+Wolff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> Uwe Pörksen, German Academy for Language and Literature's Jahrbuch [Yearbook] 2007 (Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, pp. 121-130)</li> <li id="cite_note-Walter-13">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Walter_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Walter_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/475024/Van_der_Sijs_Loanwords_in_the_World's_Languages.pdf">Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook</a> (PDF). Walter de Gruyter. 2009. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHnKeVbwTwyYC%26pg%3DPA370">370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.knaw.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F475024%2FVan_der_Sijs_Loanwords_in_the_World%27s_Languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Sijs2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicoline_van_der_Sijs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicoline van der Sijs">van der Sijs, Nicoline</a> (2009). "Loanwords in Dutch". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Tadmor, Uri (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/475024/Van_der_Sijs_Loanwords_in_the_World's_Languages.pdf">Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook</a> (PDF). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 350. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5"><bdi>978-3-11-021843-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 June 2020. <q>The Latin loanwords [in Dutch] (from Roman times, from Church Latin and from medical and scientific Latin) amount to 32.2% of all loanwords [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Loanwords+in+Dutch&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021843-5&rft.aulast=van+der+Sijs&rft.aufirst=Nicoline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.knaw.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F475024%2FVan_der_Sijs_Loanwords_in_the_World%27s_Languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Sawicka-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sawicka_15-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irena_Natalia_Sawicka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irena Natalia Sawicka">Sawicka, Irena</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/ch/article/view/ch.2013.006/117">"A Crossroad Between West, East and Orient–The Case of Albanian Culture."</a> Colloquia Humanistica. No. 2. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2013. Page 97: "Even according to Albanian linguists, Albanian vocabulary is composed in 60 percent of Latin words from different periods... When albanological studies were just emerging, it happened that Albanian was classified as a Romance language. Already there exists the idea of a common origin of both Albanian and Rumanian languages. The Rumanian grammar is almost identical to that of Albanian, but it may be as well the effect of later convergence within the Balkan Sprachbund.."</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunt1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horace_G._Lunt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace G. Lunt">Lunt, Horace G.</a> (1955). "The Old Church Slavonic writing systems". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCuCTJ638En8C">Old Church Slavonic Grammar</a> (7 ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (published 2010). p. 16. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110876888?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783110876888"><bdi>9783110876888</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 June 2020. <q>[...] the Greek-based alphabet is the ancestor of the cyrillic alphabets used today in the Balkans and among the East Slavs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Old+Church+Slavonic+writing+systems&rft.btitle=Old+Church+Slavonic+Grammar&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9783110876888&rft.aulast=Lunt&rft.aufirst=Horace+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCuCTJ638En8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ISTC-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ISTC_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html">"Incunabula Short Title Catalogue"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Library">British Library</a>. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incunabula+Short+Title+Catalogue&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcatalogues%2Fistc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> Roberto Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford: Blackwell) 1969:1.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a> (PDF). Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorwin1955" class="citation book cs1">Corwin, Edward S. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/higherlawbackgro0000corw">The "Higher Law" Background of American Constitutional Law</a>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornell_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/higherlawbackgro0000corw/page/17">17–18</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801490125?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780801490125"><bdi>9780801490125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Higher+Law%22+Background+of+American+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9780801490125&rft.aulast=Corwin&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhigherlawbackgro0000corw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Sedgwick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Sedgwick">Mark Sedgwick</a>, Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century, (2004) p. 187</li> <li id="cite_note-giudice-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-giudice_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiudice2012" class="citation journal cs1">Giudice, Christian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/9521300">"Pagan Rome was Rebuilt in a Play: Roggero Musmeci Ferrari Bravo and the Representation of Rumon"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Pomegranate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Pomegranate">The Pomegranate</a>. 14 (2): 212–232. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1558%252Fpome.v14i2.212">10.1558/pome.v14i2.212</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-1735">1743-1735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate&rft.atitle=Pagan+Rome+was+Rebuilt+in+a+Play%3A+Roggero+Musmeci+Ferrari+Bravo+and+the+Representation+of+Rumon&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=212-232&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.v14i2.212&rft.issn=1743-1735&rft.aulast=Giudice&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9521300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuscemi2019" class="citation book cs1">Buscemi, Francesco (2019). "The Sin of Eating Meat: Fascism, Nazism and the Construction of Sacred Vegetarianism". In Gentilcore, David; Smith, Matthew (eds.). Proteins, Pathologies and Politics: Dietary Innovation and Disease from the Nineteenth Century. London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 144. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-5686-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-5686-2"><bdi>978-1-3500-5686-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sin+of+Eating+Meat%3A+Fascism%2C+Nazism+and+the+Construction+of+Sacred+Vegetarianism&rft.btitle=Proteins%2C+Pathologies+and+Politics%3A+Dietary+Innovation+and+Disease+from+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-3500-5686-2&rft.aulast=Buscemi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiudice2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Giudice, Christian (14 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/45848">Occultism and Traditionalism: Arturo Reghini and the Antimodern Reaction in Early Twentieth-Century Italy</a> (PhD). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Gothenburg">University of Gothenburg</a>. pp. 19–20. Retrieved 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Occultism+and+Traditionalism%3A+Arturo+Reghini+and+the+Antimodern+Reaction+in+Early+Twentieth-Century+Italy&rft.inst=University+of+Gothenburg&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.aulast=Giudice&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgupea.ub.gu.se%2Fhandle%2F2077%2F45848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-marre2-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-marre2_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarré2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marré, Davide (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGQatYivIsKsC%26pg%3DPT17">"Tradizione Romana"</a> [Roman tradition]. In Marré, Davide (ed.). L'Essenza del Neopaganesimo [The essence of neopaganism] (in Italian). Milan: Circolo dei Trivi. pp. 35–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tradizione+Romana&rft.btitle=L%27Essenza+del+Neopaganesimo&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=35-37&rft.pub=Circolo+dei+Trivi&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Marr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQatYivIsKsC%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> George D. Chryssides, Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements (2011, 2nd ed.)</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobertsSkeat1983">Roberts & Skeat 1983</a>, pp. 38−67, 75</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> Augustine, De Civitate Dei, book viii.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> Carl J. Richard, Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010, p. 122.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> Gabriel, Richard A. The Great Armies of Antiquity. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dy1ngxn_xTOIC%26pg%3DPA9">Page 9</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalgaard,_Carl-JohanKaarsen,_NicolaiOlsson,_OlaSelaya,_Pablo2018" class="citation news cs1">Dalgaard, Carl-Johan; Kaarsen, Nicolai; Olsson, Ola; Selaya, Pablo (2018). "Roman Roads to Prosperity: Persistence and Non-Persistence of Public Goods Provision". Center for Economic and Policy Research. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id%3D3130184">3130184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Roman+Roads+to+Prosperity%3A+Persistence+and+Non-Persistence+of+Public+Goods+Provision&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3130184%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Dalgaard%2C+Carl-Johan&rft.au=Kaarsen%2C+Nicolai&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Ola&rft.au=Selaya%2C+Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> Norwich, John Julius, Byzantium — The Decline and Fall, p. 446.</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory.com_Editors" class="citation web cs1">History.com Editors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.history.com/topics/russia/romanov-family">"Romanov Family"</a>. History. Retrieved 2022-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Romanov+Family&rft.au=History.com+Editors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Frussia%2Fromanov-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2000" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Victoria (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnfZ0K6gYSd4C%26pg%3DPA213">"Chapter 5: Romania"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_o2c0/page/213">Why Angels Fall</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press: Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_o2c0/page/213">213</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23396-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23396-9"><bdi>978-0-312-23396-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Romania&rft.btitle=Why+Angels+Fall&rft.place=New+York%3A+St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23396-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfZ0K6gYSd4C%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1985" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DVm5OGIBgoHMC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bprinces%2Bof%2BWallachia%2Band%2BMoldavia%2Bwere%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Blay%2BChristian%2Brulers%2Bleft%2Bwithin%2Bthe%2Bsphere%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bold%2BByzantine%2Bworld.%2BThey%2Bsaw%2Bthemselves%2Bas%2Bbeing%2Bin%2Bsome%2Bway%2Bthe%2Bheirs%2Bof%2Bthe%2BByzantine%2BCaesars.%2BSome%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmore%2Bambitious%2Beven%2Btook%2Bthe%2Btitle%2BBasileus%253B%2Band%2Ball%2Bof%2Bthem%2Bmodelled%2Btheir%2Bcourts%2Bon%2Bthe%2Blines%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bold%2BImperial%2Bcourt.%2522%26pg%3DPA365">"Chapter 10: The Phanariots"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/greatchurchincap00sirs/page/365">The Great Church in Captivity</a>. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/greatchurchincap00sirs/page/365">365</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31310-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31310-0"><bdi>978-0-521-31310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+The+Phanariots&rft.btitle=The+Great+Church+in+Captivity&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BCambridgeshire%5D%3B+New+York&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31310-0&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVm5OGIBgoHMC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bprinces%2Bof%2BWallachia%2Band%2BMoldavia%2Bwere%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Blay%2BChristian%2Brulers%2Bleft%2Bwithin%2Bthe%2Bsphere%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bold%2BByzantine%2Bworld.%2BThey%2Bsaw%2Bthemselves%2Bas%2Bbeing%2Bin%2Bsome%2Bway%2Bthe%2Bheirs%2Bof%2Bthe%2BByzantine%2BCaesars.%2BSome%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmore%2Bambitious%2Beven%2Btook%2Bthe%2Btitle%2BBasileus%253B%2Band%2Ball%2Bof%2Bthem%2Bmodelled%2Btheir%2Bcourts%2Bon%2Bthe%2Blines%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bold%2BImperial%2Bcourt.%2522%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Nelis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jan Nelis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25434050">"Constructing Fascist Identity: Benito Mussolini and the Myth of "Romanità""</a>. The Classical World. 100 (4): 391–415. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1353%252Fclw.2007.0069">10.1353/clw.2007.0069</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25434050">25434050</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162197480">162197480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=Constructing+Fascist+Identity%3A+Benito+Mussolini+and+the+Myth+of+%22Romanit%C3%A0%22&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=391-415&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162197480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25434050%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fclw.2007.0069&rft.au=Jan+Nelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25434050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> Alexander Kazhdan, "Rūm" The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991), vol. 3, p. 1816. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Wittek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Wittek">Paul Wittek</a>, Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Royal Asiatic Society Books, Routledge (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DFQwukvsKY-AC%26pg%3DPA81">p. 81</a>: "This state too bore the name of Rûm, if not officially, then at least in everyday usage, and its princes appear in the Eastern chronicles under the name 'Seljuks of Rûm' (Ar.: Salâjika ar-Rûm). A. Christian Van Gorder, Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran p. 215: "The Seljuqs called the lands of their sultanate Rum because it had been established on territory long considered 'Roman', i.e. Byzantine, by Muslim armies."</li> <li id="cite_note-Laurent-Canard-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Laurent-Canard_38-0">^</a> See Joseph Laurent's extensive note in his (in French) L'Arménie entre Byzance et l'Islam depuis la conquête arabe jusqu'en 886, 1919, new edition revised and updated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marius_Canard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marius Canard">Marius Canard</a>, Lisbon: Librairie Bertrand, 1980, pp. 87–88, note 83.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> (in Armenian) Darbinyan, M. «Էրզրում» [Erzurum] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia">Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia</a>. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978, vol. 4, p. 93.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRužica2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ružica, Miroslav (2006). "The Balkan Vlachs/Aromanians awakening, national policies, assimilation". Proceedings of the Globalization, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflicts in the Balkans and Its Regional Context: 28–30. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52448884">52448884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Globalization%2C+Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Conflicts+in+the+Balkans+and+Its+Regional+Context&rft.atitle=The+Balkan+Vlachs%2FAromanians+awakening%2C+national+policies%2C+assimilation&rft.pages=28-30&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52448884%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ru%C5%BEica&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlacu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Burlacu, Mihai (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49583716">"Istro-Romanians: the legacy of a culture"</a>. 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Vox Romanica. <q>par cueur et en langage maternel, c'est assavoir en rommant</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-Periodica&rft.atitle=De+la+scripta+au+patois+litt%C3%A9raire+%3A+%C3%A0+propos+de+la+langue+des+textes+francoproven%C3%A7aux+ant%C3%A9rieurs+au+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle%28in+French%29&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Marzys&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-periodica.ch%2Fcntmng%3Fpid%3Dvxr-001%3A1978%3A37%3A%3A210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> Ozbaran, Salih, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6748/is_17/ai_n28127644/?tag%3Dcontent;col1">"Ottomans as 'Rumes' in Portuguese sources in the sixteenth century"</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Portuguese Studies, Annual, 2001</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyce2023" class="citation web cs1">Nyce, Caroline Mimbs (2023-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/09/men-think-about-roman-empire-tiktok-trend/675341/">"The Brain of a Man Who Is Always Thinking About Ancient Rome"</a>. 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Retrieved 2023-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Brain+of+a+Man+Who+Is+Always+Thinking+About+Ancient+Rome&rft.date=2023-09-15&rft.aulast=Nyce&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Mimbs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2023%2F09%2Fmen-think-about-roman-empire-tiktok-trend%2F675341%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">academic.oup.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://academic.oup.com/book/38832/chapter-abstract/337722353?redirectedFrom%3Dfulltext">https://academic.oup.com/book/38832/chapter-abstract/337722353?redirectedFrom=fulltext</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.oup.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F38832%2Fchapter-abstract%2F337722353%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_47-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_47-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_47-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_47-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://time.com/6314544/tiktok-roman-empire-trend/">"Why Are Men Thinking About the Roman Empire So Often?"</a>. 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Retrieved 2023-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Men+Thinking+About+the+Roman+Empire+So+Often%3F&rft.date=2023-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6314544%2Ftiktok-roman-empire-trend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-48">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_48-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSands2023" class="citation news cs1">Sands, Leo (2023-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/09/14/roman-empire-trend-men-tiktok/">"How often do men think about ancient Rome? Quite frequently, it seems"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+often+do+men+think+about+ancient+Rome%3F+Quite+frequently%2C+it+seems.&rft.date=2023-09-15&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2F2023%2F09%2F14%2Froman-empire-trend-men-tiktok%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltermannRojas2023" class="citation news cs1">Holtermann, Callie; Rojas, Frank (2023-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/15/style/roman-empire-men-tiktok-instagram.html">"Are Men Obsessed With the Roman Empire? Yes, Say Men"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Are+Men+Obsessed+With+the+Roman+Empire%3F+Yes%2C+Say+Men.&rft.date=2023-09-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Holtermann&rft.aufirst=Callie&rft.au=Rojas%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F09%2F15%2Fstyle%2Froman-empire-men-tiktok-instagram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyen" class="citation web cs1">Noyen, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.insider.com/female-version-of-roman-empire-obsession-men-have-completely-different-2023-9">"The 'female version' of the male obsession with the Roman Empire is — to the surprise of no one — completely different"</a>. Insider. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insider&rft.atitle=The+%27female+version%27+of+the+male+obsession+with+the+Roman+Empire+is+%E2%80%94+to+the+surprise+of+no+one+%E2%80%94+completely+different&rft.aulast=Noyen&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insider.com%2Ffemale-version-of-roman-empire-obsession-men-have-completely-different-2023-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzmanovićMihajlović2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzmanović, Zorica; Mihajlović, Vladimir D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/10452643">"Roman Emperors and Identity Constructions in Modern Serbia"</a>. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power. 22 (4): 416–432.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Identities%3A+Global+Studies+in+Culture+and+Power&rft.atitle=Roman+Emperors+and+Identity+Constructions+in+Modern+Serbia&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=416-432&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kuzmanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Zorica&rft.au=Mihajlovi%C4%87%2C+Vladimir+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10452643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsSkeat1983" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Colin H.; Skeat (1983), The Birth of the Codex, London: Oxford University Press, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-726024-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-726024-1"><bdi>0-19-726024-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Codex&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-19-726024-1&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Colin+H.&rft.au=Skeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegacy+of+the+Roman+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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