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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about Earth's natural satellite. For moons in general, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a>. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Moon (disambiguation)">Moon (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> The Moon is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural satellite">natural satellite</a>. It <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbit of the Moon">orbits</a> at an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_distance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar distance">average distance</a> of 384,400 km (238,900 mi), about 30 times the diameter of Earth. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal forces">Tidal forces</a> between Earth and the Moon have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_locking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal locking">synchronized</a> the Moon's orbital period (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_month?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Synodic_month" title="Lunar month">lunar month</a>) with its rotation period (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar day">lunar day</a>) at 29.5 Earth days, causing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Near side of the Moon">same side</a> of the Moon to always face Earth. The Moon's gravitational pull—and, to a lesser extent, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s—are the main drivers of Earth's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tide">tides</a>. <table class="infobox"> <caption class="infobox-title fn org"> Moon </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full Moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varied circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta: impact craters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/290px-FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/435px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/580px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Near side of the Moon">Near side of the Moon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_north_pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar north pole">lunar north pole</a> at top </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ddd">Designations</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Designation </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">Earth I</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">Alternative names</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_(goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selene">Selene</a> (poetic)</li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cynthia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Cynthia">Cynthia</a> (poetic)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lunar" class="extiw" title="wikt:lunar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/selenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:selenian">Selenian</a> (poetic)</li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cynthian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Cynthian">Cynthian</a> (poetic)</li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moonly" class="extiw" title="wikt:moonly">Moonly</a> (poetic)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planet_symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moon_decrescent_symbol_(bold).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="☾"><img alt="☾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%2528bold%2529.svg/36px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%2528bold%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%2528bold%2529.svg/48px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%2528bold%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moon_crescent_symbol_(bold).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="☽"><img alt="☽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moon_crescent_symbol_%2528bold%2529.svg/36px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%2528bold%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moon_crescent_symbol_%2528bold%2529.svg/48px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%2528bold%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ddd"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osculating_orbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apsis">Perigee</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">362600 km (356400–370400 km)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apsis">Apogee</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">405400 km (404000–406700 km)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">384399 km  (1.28 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Light-second?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Light-second">ls</a>, 0.00257 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomical_unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">0.0549<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> 27.321661 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Day">d</a> (27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 s<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a>) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (synodic)</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> 29.530589 d (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_speed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1.022 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metre_per_second?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metre per second">km/s</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_inclination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">5.145° to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecliptic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lang2011-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-inclination-3">[a]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of ascending node</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_precession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nodal_precession" title="Lunar precession">Regressing</a> by one revolution in 18.61 years </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perigee</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_precession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Apsidal_precession" title="Lunar precession">Progressing</a> by one revolution in 8.85 years </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural satellite">Satellite of</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth">Earth</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-near-Earth_asteroids-4">[b]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Morais2002-5">[3]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ddd">Physical characteristics</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1737.4 km   (0.2727 of Earth's)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[5]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equator">Equatorial</a> radius </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1738.1 km   (0.2725 of Earth's)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographical_pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographical pole">Polar</a> radius </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1736.0 km   (0.2731 of Earth's)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flattening?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">0.0012<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Circumference</th> <td class="infobox-data">10921 km  (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equator">equatorial</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spheroid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">3.793×107 km2   (0.074 of Earth's)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volume?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volume">Volume</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">2.1958×1010 km3   (0.02 of Earth's)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mass">Mass</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">7.346×1022 kg   (0.0123 of Earth's)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Mean <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Density?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Density">density</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">3.344 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gram_per_cubic_centimetre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gram per cubic centimetre">g/cm3</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a> 0.606 × Earth</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surface_gravity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1.622 m/s2 (5.32 ft/s2)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a> 0.1654 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_gravity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard gravity">g0</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">0.3929±0.0009<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Williams1996-9">[7]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Escape_velocity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">2.38 km/s (8600 km/h; 5300 mph)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> 29.530589 d (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synodic_day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synodic day">synodic; solar day</a>) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_locking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal locking">spin-orbit locked</a>) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidereal_rotation_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal rotation period">Sidereal rotation period</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">27.321661 d  (spin-orbit locked)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Equatorial rotation velocity </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">4.627 m/s</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axial_tilt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>1.5424° to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecliptic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SolarViews-10">[8]</a></li> <li>6.687° to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">orbit plane</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lang2011-2">[2]</a></li> <li>24° to Earth's equator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[9]</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> North pole <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_ascension?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>17h 47m 26s</li> <li>266.86°<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-report-12">[10]</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> North pole <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Declination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Declination">declination</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">65.64°<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-report-12">[10]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">0.136<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Saari-13">[11]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temperature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">Equator</th> <td style="text-align:center">100 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kelvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kelvin">K</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bugby_et_al_2010-14">[12]</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">250 K</td> <td style="text-align:center">390 K<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bugby_et_al_2010-14">[12]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">85°N </th> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center">150 K</td> <td style="text-align:center">230 K<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vasavada1999-15">[13]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Surface <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absorbed_dose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Absorbed dose">absorbed dose</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dose_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dose rate">rate</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">13.2 μGy/h (during lunar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daytime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daytime">daytime</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-surface-radiation-16">[14]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Surface <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equivalent_dose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equivalent dose">equivalent dose</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dose_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dose rate">rate</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">57.0 μSv/h (during lunar daytime)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-surface-radiation-16">[14]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apparent_magnitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>−2.5 to −12.9<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-maxval-17">[c]</a></li> <li>−12.74  (mean <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Full moon">full moon</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absolute_magnitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude (H)</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">0.2<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMCCE-18">[15]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angular_diameter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">29.3 to 34.1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minute and second of arc">arcminutes</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-angular_size-19">[d]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ddd">Atmosphere<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-L06-20">[16]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Surface <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>10−7 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pascal_(unit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a> (1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bar_(unit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bar (unit)">picobar</a>)  (day)</li> <li>10−10 Pa (1 femtobar)    (night)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pressure_explanation-21">[e]</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helium">He</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argon">Ar</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neon">Ne</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodium">Na</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium">K</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen">H</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radon">Rn</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geophysical_definition_of_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geophysical definition of planet">geophysical terms</a>, the Moon is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary-mass_object?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary-mass object">planetary-mass object</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite planet">satellite planet</a>. Its mass is 1.2% that of the Earth, and its diameter is 3,474 km (2,159 mi), roughly one-quarter of Earth's (about as wide as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contiguous_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contiguous United States">United States from coast to coast</a>). Within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, it is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Solar System objects by size">largest and most massive</a> satellite in relation to its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primary_body?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primary body">parent planet</a>, the fifth largest and most massive moon overall, and larger and more massive than all known <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwarf_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Metzger2021-22">[17]</a> Its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surface_gravity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a> is about one sixth of Earth's, about half of that of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and the second highest among all Solar System moons, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s moon <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Io_(moon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>. The body of the Moon is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary_differentiation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terrestrial_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial</a>, with no significant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrosphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">atmosphere</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">magnetic field</a>. It <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origin of the Moon">formed</a> 4.51 billion years ago, not long after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Age_of_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Age of Earth">Earth's formation</a>, out of the debris from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">a giant impact</a> between Earth and a hypothesized Mars-sized body called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theia_(planet)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_surface?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar surface">lunar surface</a> is covered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_dust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar dust">lunar dust</a> and marked by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of mountains on the Moon">mountains</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impact_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ejecta_blanket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ejecta blanket">their ejecta</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ray_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ray system">ray-like streaks</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rille">rilles</a> and, mostly on the near side of the Moon, by dark <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar mare">maria</a> ("seas"), which are plains of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basalt">cooled lava</a>. These maria were formed when molten lava flowed into ancient impact basins. The Moon is, except when passing through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth%27s_shadow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth's shadow">Earth's shadow</a> during a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a>, always illuminated by the Sun, but from Earth the visible illumination shifts during its orbit, producing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar phase">lunar phases</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[18]</a> The Moon is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_brightest_natural_objects_in_the_sky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of brightest natural objects in the sky">brightest celestial object</a> in Earth's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Night_sky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Night sky">night sky</a>. This is mainly due to its large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angular_diameter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angular diameter">angular diameter</a>, while the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reflectance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reflectance">reflectance</a> of the lunar surface is comparable to that of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asphalt_concrete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>. The apparent size is nearly the same as that of the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun completely during a total <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a>. From Earth about 59% of the lunar surface is visible over time due to cyclical shifts in perspective (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libration">libration</a>), making parts of the far side of the Moon visible. The Moon has been an important source of inspiration and knowledge for humans, having been crucial to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmography">cosmography</a>, mythology, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar deity">religion</a>, art, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar calendar">time keeping</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural science">natural science</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaceflight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a>. In 1959, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">the first human-made objects to leave Earth and reach another body</a> arrived at the Moon, with the flyby of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impactor_(spacecraft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Impactor (spacecraft)">intentional impact</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a>. In 1966, the Moon became the first extraterrestrial body with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soft_landing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soft landing">soft landing</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a> and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_insertion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital insertion">orbital insertion</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_10?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a> were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">achieved</a>. On July 20, 1969, humans for the first time landed on the Moon and any extraterrestrial body, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Mare Tranquillitatis</a> with the lander <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a>' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_11?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> mission. Five more crews were sent between then and 1972, each with two men landing on the surface. The longest stay was 75 hours by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> crew. Since then, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exploration of the Moon">exploration of the Moon</a> has continued robotically, and crewed missions are being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis program">planned to return</a> beginning in the late 2020s. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Names_and_etymology">1 Names and etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natural_history">2 Natural history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lunar_geologic_timescale">2.1 Lunar geologic timescale</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formation">2.2 Formation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natural_development">2.3 Natural development</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Physical_characteristics">3 Physical characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Size_and_mass">3.1 Size and mass</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structure">3.2 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gravitational_field">3.3 Gravitational field</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Magnetic_field">3.4 Magnetic field</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Atmosphere">3.5 Atmosphere</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Surface_conditions">3.6 Surface conditions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Surface_features">3.7 Surface features</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Volcanic_features">3.7.1 Volcanic features</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Impact_craters">3.7.2 Impact craters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lunar_swirls">3.7.3 Lunar swirls</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Presence_of_water">3.8 Presence of water</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Earth%E2%80%93Moon_system">4 Earth–Moon system</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Orbit">4.1 Orbit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tidal_effects">4.2 Tidal effects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#System_evolution">4.2.1 System evolution</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Position_and_appearance">5 Position and appearance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rotation">5.1 Rotation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Illumination_and_phases">5.2 Illumination and phases</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Observational_phenomena">5.2.1 Observational phenomena</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Albedo_and_color">5.3 Albedo and color</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eclipses">5.4 Eclipses</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History_of_exploration_and_human_presence">6 History of exploration and human presence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pre-telescopic_observation_(before_1609)">6.1 Pre-telescopic observation (before 1609)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Telescopic_exploration_(1609%E2%80%931959)">6.2 Telescopic exploration (1609–1959)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#First_missions_to_the_Moon_(1959%E2%80%931976)">6.3 First missions to the Moon (1959–1976)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Moon_Treaty_and_explorational_absence_(1976%E2%80%931990)">6.4 Moon Treaty and explorational absence (1976–1990)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Renewed_exploration_(1990%E2%80%93present)">6.5 Renewed exploration (1990–present)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Future">6.6 Future</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Human_presence">7 Human presence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Human_impact">7.1 Human impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Astronomy_from_the_Moon">7.2 Astronomy from the Moon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Living_on_the_Moon">7.3 Living on the Moon</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legal_status">8 Legal status</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Coordination_and_regulation">8.1 Coordination and regulation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_culture_and_life">9 In culture and life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Timekeeping">9.1 Timekeeping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultural_representation">9.2 Cultural representation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Crescent">9.2.1 Crescent</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_association">9.2.2 Other association</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_culture_representation">9.3 Modern culture representation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lunar_effect">9.4 Lunar effect</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Explanatory_notes">11 Explanatory notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">14 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cartographic_resources">14.1 Cartographic resources</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultural_representation">Moon § Cultural representation</a> </div> The usual <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a> proper name for Earth's natural satellite is simply Moon, with a capital M.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PN-FAQ-25">[20]</a> The noun moon is derived from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> mōna, which (like all its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> cognates) stems from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Germanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *mēnōn,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[21]</a> which in turn comes from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Indo-European?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *mēnsis 'month'<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[22]</a> (from earlier *mēnōt, genitive *mēneses) which may be related to the verb 'measure' (of time).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-barnhart1995-28">[23]</a> Occasionally, the name Luna <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈluːnə/</a> is used in scientific writing<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[24]</a> and especially in science fiction to distinguish the Earth's moon from others, while in poetry "Luna" has been used to denote personification of the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[25]</a> Cynthia <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɪnθiə/</a> is another poetic name, though rare, for the Moon personified as a goddess,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[26]</a> while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selene">Selene</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/səˈliːniː/</a> (literally 'Moon') is the Greek goddess of the Moon. The English adjective pertaining to the Moon is lunar, derived from the Latin word for the Moon, lūna. Selenian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/səliːniən/</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[27]</a> is an adjective used to describe the Moon as a world, rather than as a celestial object,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[28]</a> but its use is rare. It is derived from σελήνη selēnē, the Greek word for the Moon, and its cognate selenic was originally a rare synonym<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[29]</a> but now nearly always refers to the chemical element <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selenium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selenium">selenium</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[30]</a> The element name selenium and the prefix seleno- (as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selenography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selenography">selenography</a>, the study of the physical features of the Moon) come from this Greek word.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-oed-36">[31]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[32]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, the Greek goddess of the wilderness and the hunt, came to also be identified as the goddess of the Moon (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selene">Selene</a>) and was sometimes called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cynthia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cynthia">Cynthia</a>, after her birthplace on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Cynthus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Cynthus">Mount Cynthus</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pannen2010-38">[33]</a> Her Roman equivalent is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diana_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>. The names Luna, Cynthia, and Selene are reflected in technical terms for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_orbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbits</a> such as apolune, pericynthion and selenocentric. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomical_symbol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">astronomical symbol</a> for the Moon is a crescent\decrescent, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moon_crescent_symbol_(bold).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="☽"> <noscript> <img alt="☽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" data-alt="☽" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>\<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moon_decrescent_symbol_(bold).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="☾"> <noscript> <img alt="☾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" data-alt="☾" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>, for example in M☾ 'lunar mass' (also ML). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lunar_geologic_timescale">Lunar geologic timescale</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Lunar geologic timescale</a> </div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"> <map name="timeline_rqgvwx9mhj95lj57eva0a98t8ypxloi"><area shape="rect" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Imbrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" coords="115,34,179,55" title="Early Imbrian" alt="Early Imbrian"><area shape="rect" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Imbrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" coords="186,34,244,55" title="Late Imbrian" alt="Late Imbrian"><area shape="rect" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre%2DNectarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" coords="53,9,161,30" title="Pre-Nectarian" alt="Pre-Nectarian"><area shape="rect" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nectarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" coords="139,9,181,30" title="Nectarian" alt="Nectarian"><area shape="rect" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eratosthenian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" coords="360,9,468,30" title="Eratosthenian" alt="Eratosthenian"><area shape="rect" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copernican_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" coords="605,9,697,30" title="Copernican period" alt="Copernican period"></map><img usemap="#timeline_rqgvwx9mhj95lj57eva0a98t8ypxloi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/rqgvwx9mhj95lj57eva0a98t8ypxloi.png"> </div> <div class="center"> Millions of years before present </div> The lunar geological periods are named after their characteristic features, from most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impact_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a> outside the dark <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar mare">mare</a>, to the mare and later craters, and finally the young, still bright and therefore readily visible craters with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ray_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ray system">ray systems</a> like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copernicus (lunar crater)">Copernicus</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tycho_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycho (crater)">Tycho</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origin of the Moon">Origin of the Moon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Far_side_of_the_Moon.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Far_side_of_the_Moon.png/220px-Far_side_of_the_Moon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2250"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Far_side_of_the_Moon.png/220px-Far_side_of_the_Moon.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Far_side_of_the_Moon.png/330px-Far_side_of_the_Moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Far_side_of_the_Moon.png/440px-Far_side_of_the_Moon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a> lacks the near side's characteristic large dark areas of maria. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Near side of the Moon">near side of the Moon</a> might have looked like this early in the Moon's history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Planetary_Society_2022-39">[34]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-explanet.info-40">[35]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotope_dating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope dating">Isotope dating</a> of lunar samples suggests the Moon formed around 50 million years after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">origin of the Solar System</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Age-42">[37]</a> Historically, several formation mechanisms have been proposed,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[38]</a> but none satisfactorily explains the features of the Earth–Moon system. A fission of the Moon from Earth's crust through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centrifugal_force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Binder-44">[39]</a> would require too great an initial rotation rate of Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BotM-45">[40]</a> Gravitational capture of a pre-formed Moon<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mitler-46">[41]</a> depends on an unfeasibly extended <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere of Earth</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dissipate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissipate">dissipate</a> the energy of the passing Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BotM-45">[40]</a> A co-formation of Earth and the Moon together in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circumplanetary disk">primordial</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accretion_disk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accretion disk">accretion disk</a> does not explain the depletion of metals in the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BotM-45">[40]</a> None of these hypotheses can account for the high <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angular_momentum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> of the Earth–Moon system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[42]</a> The prevailing theory is that the Earth–Moon system formed after a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giant_impact?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact">giant impact</a> of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars">Mars</a>-sized body (named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theia_(planet)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a>) with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Earth">proto-Earth</a>. The oblique impact blasted material into orbit about the Earth and the material accreted and formed the Moon<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-taylor1998-48">[43]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[44]</a> just beyond the Earth's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roche_limit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> of ~2.56 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth_radius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth radius">R🜨</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[45]</a> Giant impacts are thought to have been common in the early Solar System. Computer simulations of giant impacts have produced results that are consistent with the mass of the lunar core and the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system. These simulations show that most of the Moon derived from the impactor, rather than the proto-Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[46]</a> However, models from 2007 and later suggest a larger fraction of the Moon derived from the proto-Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[47]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[48]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[49]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[50]</a> Other bodies of the inner Solar System such as Mars and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_Vesta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> have, according to meteorites from them, very different oxygen and tungsten <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isotope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> compositions compared to Earth. However, Earth and the Moon have nearly identical isotopic compositions. The isotopic equalization of the Earth-Moon system might be explained by the post-impact mixing of the vaporized material that formed the two,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pahlevan2007-56">[51]</a> although this is debated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[52]</a> The impact would have released enough energy to liquefy both the ejecta and the Earth's crust, forming a magma ocean. The liquefied ejecta could have then re-accreted into the Earth–Moon system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Warren1985-58">[53]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[54]</a> The newly formed Moon would have had <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar magma ocean">its own magma ocean</a>; its depth is estimated from about 500 km (300 miles) to 1,737 km (1,079 miles).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Warren1985-58">[53]</a> While the giant-impact theory explains many lines of evidence, some questions are still unresolved, most of which involve the Moon's composition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[55]</a> Models that have the Moon acquiring a significant amount of the proto-earth are more difficult to reconcile with geochemical data for the isotopes of zirconium, oxygen, silicon, and other elements.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[56]</a> A study published in 2022, using high-resolution simulations (up to 108 particles), found that giant impacts can immediately place a satellite with similar mass and iron content to the Moon into orbit far outside Earth's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roche_limit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a>. Even satellites that initially pass within the Roche limit can reliably and predictably survive, by being partially stripped and then torqued onto wider, stable orbits.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[57]</a> On November 1, 2023, scientists reported that, according to computer simulations, remnants of Theia could still be present inside the Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NYT-20231101-63">[58]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NAT-20231101-64">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Natural_development">Natural development</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Archean.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Archean.png/330px-Archean.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1124"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Archean.png/330px-Archean.png" data-width="330" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Archean.png/495px-Archean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Archean.png/660px-Archean.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Artist's depiction of the Moon as it might have appeared in Earth's sky after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> around 4 billion years ago. At that time the Moon orbited the Earth at half its current distance, making it appear 2.8 times larger than it does today.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute-65">[60]</a> </figcaption> </figure> The newly formed Moon settled into a much closer Earth orbit than it has today. Each body therefore appeared much larger in the sky of the other, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a> were more frequent, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal effect">tidal effects</a> were stronger.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute-65">[60]</a> Due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_acceleration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal acceleration">tidal acceleration</a>, the Moon's orbit around Earth has become significantly larger, with a longer period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[61]</a> Following formation, the Moon has cooled and most of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">its atmosphere</a> has been stripped.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-John_2017-67">[62]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surface_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface of the Moon">lunar surface</a> has since been shaped by large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impact_event?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impact event">impact events</a> and many small ones, forming a landscape featuring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar crater">craters</a> of all ages. The Moon was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volcanism">volcanically active</a> until 1.2 billion years ago, which laid down the prominent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_maria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar maria">lunar maria</a>. Most of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar mare">mare basalts</a> erupted during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imbrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imbrian">Imbrian period</a>, 3.3–3.7 billion years ago, though some are as young as 1.2 billion years<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hiesinger-68">[63]</a> and some as old as 4.2 billion years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Papike-69">[64]</a> There are differing explanations for the eruption of mare basalts, particularly their uneven occurrence which mainly appear on the near-side. Causes of the distribution of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_highlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar highlands">lunar highlands</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">far side</a> are also not well understood. Topological measurements show the near side crust is thinner than the far side. One possible scenario then is that large impacts on the near side may have made it easier for lava to flow onto the surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ESA_Science_&_Technology_2006-70">[65]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The Moon is a very slightly scalene <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellipsoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a> due to tidal stretching, with its long axis displaced 30° from facing the Earth, due to gravitational anomalies from impact basins. Its shape is more elongated than current tidal forces can account for. This 'fossil bulge' indicates that the Moon solidified when it orbited at half its current distance to the Earth, and that it is now too cold for its shape to restore <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a> at its current orbital distance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Size_and_mass">Size and mass</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of natural satellites">List of natural satellites</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moons_of_solar_system_v7.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Moons_of_solar_system_v7.jpg/330px-Moons_of_solar_system_v7.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 233px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Moons_of_solar_system_v7.jpg/330px-Moons_of_solar_system_v7.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="233" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Moons_of_solar_system_v7.jpg/495px-Moons_of_solar_system_v7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Moons_of_solar_system_v7.jpg/660px-Moons_of_solar_system_v7.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Size comparison of the main moons of the Solar System with Earth to scale. Nineteen moons are large enough <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">to be round</a>, several having <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subsurface_ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface ocean">subsurface oceans</a> and one, Titan, having a considerable atmosphere. </figcaption> </figure> The Moon is by size and mass the fifth largest natural satellite of the Solar System, categorizable as one of its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary-mass moon">planetary-mass moons</a>, making it a satellite planet under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geophysical_definition_of_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geophysical definition of planet">geophysical definitions of the term</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Metzger2021-22">[17]</a> It is smaller than <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(planet)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and considerably larger than the largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwarf_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> of the Solar System, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>. While the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minor-planet_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minor-planet moon">minor-planet moon</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charon_(moon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluto-Charon_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto-Charon system">Pluto-Charon system</a> is larger relative to Pluto,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Moon_vs._Charon-72">[f]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[67]</a> the Moon is the largest natural satellite of the Solar System relative to their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primary_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary (astronomy)">primary</a> planets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[g]</a> The Moon's diameter is about 3,500 km, more than a quarter of Earth's, with the face of the Moon comparable to the width of either <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainland_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Australia-75">[68]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contiguous_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a> (which excludes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alaska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, etc.).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dyches_2021_d923-76">[69]</a> The whole surface area of the Moon is about 38 million square kilometers, comparable to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South America">South America</a> combined,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-y857-77">[70]</a> the combined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Americas">American</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landmass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landmass">landmass</a> having an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Continental_landmasses" title="List of islands by area">area (excluding all islands)</a> of 37.7 million square kilometers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-f708-78">[71]</a> The Moon's mass is 1/81 of Earth's,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-worldbook-79">[72]</a> being the second densest among the planetary moons, and having the second highest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surface_gravity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a>, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Io_(moon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, at 0.1654 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G-force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G-force">g</a> and an escape velocity of 2.38 km/s (8600 km/h; 5300 mph). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internal structure of the Moon">Internal structure of the Moon</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geology of the Moon">Geology of the Moon</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Return_of_the_moon_diagram.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Return_of_the_moon_diagram.svg/330px-Return_of_the_moon_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Return_of_the_moon_diagram.svg/330px-Return_of_the_moon_diagram.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Return_of_the_moon_diagram.svg/495px-Return_of_the_moon_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Return_of_the_moon_diagram.svg/660px-Return_of_the_moon_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Moon's internal structure: solid inner core (iron-metallic), molten outer core, hardened mantle and crust. The crust on the Moon's near side permanently facing Earth is thinner, featuring larger areas flooded by material of the once molten mantle forming today's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar mare">lunar mare</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The Moon is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary_differentiation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> body that was initially in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a> but has since departed from this condition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[73]</a> It has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geochemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geochemistry">geochemically</a> distinct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crust_(geology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mantle_(geology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary_core?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary core">core</a>. The Moon has a solid iron-rich inner core with a radius possibly as small as 240 kilometres (150 mi) and a fluid outer core primarily made of liquid iron with a radius of roughly 300 kilometres (190 mi). Around the core is a partially molten boundary layer with a radius of about 500 kilometres (310 mi).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weber2011-82">[75]</a> This structure is thought to have developed through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractional crystallization</a> of a global magma ocean shortly after the Moon's formation 4.5 billion years ago.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[76]</a> Crystallization of this magma ocean would have created a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mafic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mafic">mafic</a> mantle from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a> and sinking of the minerals <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olivine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clinopyroxene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinopyroxene">clinopyroxene</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthopyroxene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopyroxene">orthopyroxene</a>; after about three-quarters of the magma ocean had crystallized, lower-density <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plagioclase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> minerals could form and float into a crust atop.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-S06-84">[77]</a> The final liquids to crystallize would have been initially sandwiched between the crust and mantle, with a high abundance of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compatibility_(geochemistry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compatibility (geochemistry)">incompatible</a> and heat-producing elements.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a> Consistent with this perspective, geochemical mapping made from orbit suggests a crust of mostly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anorthosite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anorthosite">anorthosite</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-L06-20">[16]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon rock">Moon rock</a> samples of the flood lavas that erupted onto the surface from partial melting in the mantle confirm the mafic mantle composition, which is more iron-rich than that of Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a> The crust is on average about 50 kilometres (31 mi) thick.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a> The Moon is the second-densest satellite in the Solar System, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Io_(moon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schubert2004-85">[78]</a> However, the inner core of the Moon is small, with a radius of about 350 kilometres (220 mi) or less,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a> around 20% of the radius of the Moon. Its composition is not well understood, but is probably metallic iron alloyed with a small amount of sulfur and nickel; analyzes of the Moon's time-variable rotation suggest that it is at least partly molten.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[79]</a> The pressure at the lunar core is estimated to be 5 GPa (49,000 atm).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Gravitational_field">Gravitational field</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Youtubeastronautsonmoonot3.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Youtubeastronautsonmoonot3.gif/220px-Youtubeastronautsonmoonot3.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="182"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Youtubeastronautsonmoonot3.gif/220px-Youtubeastronautsonmoonot3.gif" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Youtubeastronautsonmoonot3.gif 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Astronaut <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> jumping on the Moon, illustrating that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gravitational acceleration">gravitational pull</a> of the Moon is approximately 1/6 of Earth's. The jumping height is limited by the EVA space suit's weight on the Moon of about 13.6 kg (30 lb) and by the suit's pressurization resisting the bending of the suit, as needed for jumping.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kluger_2018_z081-88">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nast_2013_v237-89">[82]</a> </figcaption> </figure> On average the Moon's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surface_gravity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a> is 1.62 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metre per second squared">m/s2</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NSSDC-6">[4]</a> (0.1654 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G-force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G-force">g</a>; 5.318 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foot_per_second_squared?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foot per second squared">ft/s2</a>), about half of the surface gravity of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars">Mars</a> and about a sixth of Earth's. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Moon's gravitational field</a> is not uniform. The details of the gravitational field have been measured through tracking the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doppler_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doppler effect">Doppler shift</a> of radio signals emitted by orbiting spacecraft. The main lunar gravity features are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mass_concentration_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mass concentration (astronomy)">mascons</a>, large positive gravitational anomalies associated with some of the giant impact basins, partly caused by the dense mare basaltic lava flows that fill those basins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[83]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[84]</a> The anomalies greatly influence the orbit of spacecraft about the Moon. There are some puzzles: lava flows by themselves cannot explain all of the gravitational signature, and some mascons exist that are not linked to mare volcanism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Magnetic_field">Magnetic field</h3> </div> The Moon has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">an external magnetic field</a> of less than 0.2 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tesla_(unit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tesla (unit)">nanoteslas</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mighani2020-93">[86]</a> or less than one hundred thousandth <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth's magnetic field">that of Earth</a>. The Moon does not have a global <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dipole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dipole">dipolar</a> magnetic field and only has crustal magnetization likely acquired early in its history when a dynamo was still operating.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GB2009-94">[87]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[88]</a> Early in its history, 4 billion years ago, its magnetic field strength was likely close to that of Earth today.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mighani2020-93">[86]</a> This early dynamo field apparently expired by about one billion years ago, after the lunar core had crystallized.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mighani2020-93">[86]</a> Theoretically, some of the remnant magnetization may originate from transient magnetic fields generated during large impacts through the expansion of plasma clouds. These clouds are generated during large impacts in an ambient magnetic field. This is supported by the location of the largest crustal magnetizations situated near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antipodes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antipodes">antipodes</a> of the giant impact basins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="620"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg/330px-Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg/440px-Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The thin lunar atmosphere is visible on the Moon's surface at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunrise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunset?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunset">sunset</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_horizon_glow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar horizon glow">lunar horizon glow</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Planetary_Society_2016-97">[90]</a> and lunar twilight rays, like Earth's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crepuscular_rays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crepuscular rays">crepuscular rays</a>. This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> sketch depicts the glow and rays<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Science_Mission_Directorate_2013-98">[91]</a> among the general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zodiacal_light?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zodiacal light">zodiacal light</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Colwell_Robertson_Hor%C3%A1nyi_Wang_2009_pp._2%E2%80%939-99">[92]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EarthSky_Updates_on_your_cosmos_and_world_2014-100">[93]</a> </figcaption> </figure> The Moon has an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> so tenuous as to be nearly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vacuum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>, with a total mass of less than 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[94]</a> The surface pressure of this small mass is around 3 × 10−15 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a> (0.3 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanopascal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanopascal">nPa</a>); it varies with the lunar day. Its sources include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outgassing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sputtering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a>, a product of the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-L06-20">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[95]</a> Elements that have been detected include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potassium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, produced by sputtering (also found in the atmospheres of Mercury and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Io_(moon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helium-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helium-4">helium-4</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neon">neon</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NASA-20150817-103">[96]</a> from the solar wind; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argon">argon-40</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radon">radon-222</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonium-210?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a>, outgassed after their creation by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioactive_decay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> within the crust and mantle.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stern1999-104">[97]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[98]</a> The absence of such neutral species (atoms or molecules) as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxygen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnesium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, which are present in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regolith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regolith">regolith</a>, is not understood.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stern1999-104">[97]</a> Water vapor has been detected by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chandrayaan-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> and found to vary with latitude, with a maximum at ~60–70 degrees; it is possibly generated from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimation</a> of water ice in the regolith.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sridharan2010-106">[99]</a> These gases either return into the regolith because of the Moon's gravity or are lost to space, either through solar radiation pressure or, if they are ionized, by being swept away by the solar wind's magnetic field.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Stern1999-104">[97]</a> Studies of Moon magma samples retrieved by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> missions demonstrate that the Moon had once possessed a relatively thick atmosphere for a period of 70 million years between 3 and 4 billion years ago. This atmosphere, sourced from gases ejected from lunar volcanic eruptions, was twice the thickness of that of present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars">Mars</a>. The ancient lunar atmosphere was eventually stripped away by solar winds and dissipated into space.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-John_2017-67">[62]</a> A permanent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_dust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon dust">Moon dust</a> cloud exists around the Moon, generated by small particles from comets. Estimates are 5 tons of comet particles strike the Moon's surface every 24 hours, resulting in the ejection of dust particles. The dust stays above the Moon approximately 10 minutes, taking 5 minutes to rise, and 5 minutes to fall. On average, 120 kilograms of dust are present above the Moon, rising up to 100 kilometers above the surface. Dust counts made by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Atmosphere_and_Dust_Environment_Explorer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer">LADEE</a>'s Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX) found particle counts peaked during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geminid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminid">Geminid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quadrantid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrantid">Quadrantid</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taurids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taurids">Northern Taurid</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omicron_Centaurids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omicron Centaurids">Omicron Centaurid</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meteor_shower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meteor shower">meteor showers</a>, when the Earth, and Moon pass through comet debris. The lunar dust cloud is asymmetric, being more dense near the boundary between the Moon's dayside and nightside.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[100]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Surface_conditions">Surface conditions</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:AS17-145-22224.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AS17-145-22224.jpg/220px-AS17-145-22224.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="3952"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AS17-145-22224.jpg/220px-AS17-145-22224.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AS17-145-22224.jpg/330px-AS17-145-22224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AS17-145-22224.jpg/440px-AS17-145-22224.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gene_Cernan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> with lunar dust stuck on his suit. Lunar dust is highly abrasive and can cause damage to human lungs, nervous, and cardiovascular systems.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[102]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ionizing_radiation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmic_ray?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>, the Sun and the resulting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neutron_radiation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neutron radiation">neutron radiation</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Science_Mission_Directorate_2005-110">[103]</a> produce radiation levels on average of 1.369 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millisievert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Millisievert">millisieverts</a> per day during lunar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daytime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daytime">daytime</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-surface-radiation-16">[14]</a> which is about 2.6 times more than on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Space_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> with 0.53 millisieverts per day at about 400 km above Earth in orbit, 5–10 times more than during a trans-Atlantic flight, 200 times more than on Earth's surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ScienceAlert_2020-111">[104]</a> For further comparison radiation on a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human mission to Mars">flight to Mars</a> is about 1.84 millisieverts per day and on Mars on average 0.64 millisieverts per day, with some locations on Mars possibly having levels as low as 0.342 millisieverts per day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Paris_Davies_Tognetti_Zahniser_2020-112">[105]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wall_2013-113">[106]</a> The Moon's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axial_tilt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> with respect to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecliptic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> is only 1.5427°,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SolarViews-10">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[107]</a> much less than the 23.44° of Earth. Because of this small tilt, the Moon's solar illumination varies much less with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Season?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Season">season</a> than on Earth and it allows for the existence of some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peak_of_Eternal_Light?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak of Eternal Light">peaks of eternal light</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_north_pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar north pole">Moon's north pole</a>, at the rim of the crater <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peary_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peary (crater)">Peary</a>. The surface is exposed to drastic temperature differences ranging from 120 °C to −171 °C depending on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_irradiance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar irradiance">solar irradiance</a>. Because of the lack of atmosphere, temperatures of different areas vary particularly upon whether they are in sunlight or shadow,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[108]</a> making topographical details play a decisive role on local <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_surface_temperature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global surface temperature">surface temperatures</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bbc-116">[109]</a> Parts of many craters, particularly the bottoms of many polar craters,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-M03-117">[110]</a> are permanently shadowed, these "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crater_of_eternal_darkness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crater of eternal darkness">craters of eternal darkness</a>" have extremely low temperatures. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter measured the lowest summer temperatures in craters at the southern pole at 35 K (−238 °C; −397 °F)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[111]</a> and just 26 K (−247 °C; −413 °F) close to the winter solstice in the north polar crater <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermite_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermite (crater)">Hermite</a>. This is the coldest temperature in the Solar System ever measured by a spacecraft, colder even than the surface of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bbc-116">[109]</a> Blanketed on top of the Moon's crust is a highly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comminution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comminution">comminuted</a> (broken into ever smaller particles) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impact_gardening?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impact gardening">impact gardened</a> mostly gray surface layer called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regolith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regolith">regolith</a>, formed by impact processes. The finer regolith, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_soil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">lunar soil</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silicon_dioxide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> glass, has a texture resembling snow and a scent resembling spent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gunpowder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[112]</a> The regolith of older surfaces is generally thicker than for younger surfaces: it varies in thickness from 10–15 m (33–49 ft) in the highlands and 4–5 m (13–16 ft) in the maria.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[113]</a> Beneath the finely comminuted regolith layer is the megaregolith, a layer of highly fractured bedrock many kilometers thick.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[114]</a> These extreme conditions are considered to make it unlikely for spacecraft to harbor bacterial spores at the Moon for longer than just one lunar orbit.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Surface_features">Surface features</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selenography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selenography">Selenography</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_terrane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar terrane">Lunar terrane</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_lunar_features?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of lunar features">List of lunar features</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of quadrangles on the Moon">List of quadrangles on the Moon</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Apollo_17_AS17-140-21497.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Apollo_17_AS17-140-21497.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_AS17-140-21497.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Apollo_17_AS17-140-21497.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_AS17-140-21497.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Apollo_17_AS17-140-21497.jpg/330px-Apollo_17_AS17-140-21497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Apollo_17_AS17-140-21497.jpg/440px-Apollo_17_AS17-140-21497.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> astronaut <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison H. Schmitt</a> next to the large Moon boulder nicknamed "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a>" </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Topography_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Topography of the Moon">topography of the Moon</a> has been measured with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laser_altimetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser altimetry">laser altimetry</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stereoscopy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stereoscopy">stereo image analysis</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[116]</a> Its most extensive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_features_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of features on the Moon">topographic feature</a> is the giant far-side <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">South Pole–Aitken basin</a>, some 2,240 km (1,390 mi) in diameter, the largest crater on the Moon and the second-largest confirmed impact <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_largest_craters_in_the_Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of largest craters in the Solar System">crater in the Solar System</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Spudis1994-124">[117]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[118]</a> At 13 km (8.1 mi) deep, its floor is the lowest point on the surface of the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Spudis1994-124">[117]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[119]</a> The highest elevations of the Moon's surface are located directly to the northeast, which might have been thickened by the oblique formation impact of the South Pole–Aitken basin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[120]</a> Other large impact basins such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Imbrium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Imbrium">Imbrium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Serenitatis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Serenitatis">Serenitatis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Crisium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Crisium">Crisium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Smythii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Smythii">Smythii</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Orientale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Orientale">Orientale</a> possess regionally low elevations and elevated rims.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Spudis1994-124">[117]</a> The far side of the lunar surface is on average about 1.9 km (1.2 mi) higher than that of the near side.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a> The discovery of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fault_scarp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fault scarp">fault scarp</a> cliffs suggest that the Moon has shrunk by about 90 metres (300 ft) within the past billion years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[121]</a> Similar shrinkage features exist on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geology_of_Mercury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geology of Mercury">Mercury</a>. Mare Frigoris, a basin near the north pole long assumed to be geologically dead, has cracked and shifted. Since the Moon does not have tectonic plates, its tectonic activity is slow and cracks develop as it loses heat.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[122]</a> Scientists have confirmed the presence of a cave on the Moon near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sea_of_Tranquillity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Tranquillity">Sea of Tranquillity</a>, not far from the 1969 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_11?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> landing site. The cave, identified as an entry point to a collapsed lava tube, is roughly 45 meters wide and up to 80 m long. This discovery marks the first confirmed entry point to a lunar cave. The analysis was based on photos taken in 2010 by NASA's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>. The cave's stable temperature of around 17 °C could provide a hospitable environment for future astronauts, protecting them from extreme temperatures, solar radiation, and micrometeorites. However, challenges include accessibility and risks of avalanches and cave-ins. This discovery offers potential for future lunar bases or emergency shelters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Volcanic_features">Volcanic features</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanism on the Moon</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moon_names.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Moon_names.svg/300px-Moon_names.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Moon_names.svg/300px-Moon_names.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Moon_names.svg/450px-Moon_names.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Moon_names.svg/600px-Moon_names.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The names of the main volcanic features the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar mare">maria</a> (blue) and some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_craters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar craters">crater</a> (brown) features of the near side of the Moon </figcaption> </figure> The main features visible from Earth by the naked eye are dark and relatively featureless lunar plains called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar mare">maria</a> (singular mare; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "seas", as they were once believed to be filled with water)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[124]</a> are vast solidified pools of ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> lava. Although similar to terrestrial basalts, lunar basalts have more iron and no minerals altered by water.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[125]</a> The majority of these lava deposits erupted or flowed into the depressions associated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impact_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impact crater">impact basins</a>, though the Moon's largest expanse of basalt flooding, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a>, does not correspond to an obvious impact basin. Different episodes of lava flows in maria can often be recognized by variations in surface albedo and distinct flow margins.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[126]</a> As the maria formed, cooling and contraction of the basaltic lava created <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wrinkle_ridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrinkle ridge">wrinkle ridges</a> in some areas. These low, sinuous ridges can extend for hundreds of kilometers and often outline buried structures within the mare. Another result of maria formation is the creation of concentric depressions along the edges, known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rille">arcuate rilles</a>. These features occur as the mare basalts sink inward under their own weight, causing the edges to fracture and separate. In addition to the visible maria, the Moon has mare deposits covered by ejecta from impacts. Called cryptomares, these hidden mares are likely older than the exposed ones.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[127]</a> Conversely, mare lava has obscured many impact melt sheets and pools. Impact melts are formed when intense shock pressures from collisions vaporize and melt zones around the impact site. Where still exposed, impact melt can be distinguished from mare lava by its distribution, albedo, and texture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[128]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rille">Sinuous rilles</a>, found in and around maria, are likely extinct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lava_channels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava channels">lava channels</a> or collapsed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lava_tubes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava tubes">lava tubes</a>. They typically originate from volcanic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volcanism on the Moon">vents</a>, meandering and sometimes branching as they progress. The largest examples, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schroter%27s_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schroter's Valley">Schroter's Valley</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadley–Apennine">Rima Hadley</a>, are significantly longer, wider, and deeper than terrestrial lava channels, sometimes featuring bends and sharp turns that again, are uncommon on Earth. Mare volcanism has altered impact craters in various ways, including filling them to varying degrees, and raising and fracturing their floors from uplift of mare material beneath their interiors. Examples of such craters include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taruntius_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taruntius (crater)">Taruntius</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gassendi_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gassendi (crater)">Gassendi</a>. Some craters, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hyginus_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hyginus (crater)">Hyginus</a>, are of wholly volcanic origin, forming as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caldera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caldera">calderas</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pit_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pit crater">collapse pits</a>. Such craters are relatively rare, and tend to be smaller (typically a few kilometers wide), shallower, and more irregularly shaped than impact craters. They also lack the upturned rims characteristic of impact craters. Several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geologic_province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geologic province">geologic provinces</a> containing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shield_volcano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a> and volcanic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_dome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar dome">domes</a> are found within the near side maria.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[129]</a> There are also some regions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic deposits</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinder_cone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinder cone">scoria cones</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volcanism on the Moon">non-basaltic domes</a> made of particularly high viscosity lava. Almost all maria are on the near side of the Moon, and cover 31% of the surface of the near side<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-worldbook-79">[72]</a> compared with 2% of the far side.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[130]</a> This is likely due to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KREEP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KREEP">concentration of heat-producing elements</a> under the crust on the near side, which would have caused the underlying mantle to heat up, partially melt, rise to the surface and erupt.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-S06-84">[77]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[131]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[132]</a> Most of the Moon's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar mare">mare basalts</a> erupted during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imbrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imbrian">Imbrian period</a>, 3.3–3.7 billion years ago, though some being as young as 1.2 billion years<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hiesinger-68">[63]</a> and as old as 4.2 billion years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Papike-69">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_(AS15-M-1558).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png/220px-Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="1746"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png/220px-Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png/330px-Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png/440px-Lava_flows_in_Mare_Imbrium_%28AS15-M-1558%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Old <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basalt">hardened</a> lava flows of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Imbrium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Imbrium">Mare Imbrium</a> forming <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wrinkle_ridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrinkle ridge">wrinkle ridges</a> </figcaption> </figure> In 2006, a study of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ina_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ina (crater)">Ina</a>, a tiny depression in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lacus_Felicitatis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lacus Felicitatis">Lacus Felicitatis</a>, found jagged, relatively dust-free features that, because of the lack of erosion by infalling debris, appeared to be only 2 million years old.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Berardelli-140">[133]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moonquake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonquake">Moonquakes</a> and releases of gas indicate continued lunar activity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Berardelli-140">[133]</a> Evidence of recent lunar volcanism has been identified at 70 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irregular_mare_patch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irregular mare patch">irregular mare patches</a>, some less than 50 million years old. This raises the possibility of a much warmer lunar mantle than previously believed, at least on the near side where the deep crust is substantially warmer because of the greater concentration of radioactive elements.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[134]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[135]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[136]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[137]</a> Evidence has been found for 2–10 million years old basaltic volcanism within the crater Lowell,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[138]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[139]</a> inside the Orientale basin. Some combination of an initially hotter mantle and local enrichment of heat-producing elements in the mantle could be responsible for prolonged activities on the far side in the Orientale basin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[140]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[141]</a> The lighter-colored regions of the Moon are called terrae, or more commonly highlands, because they are higher than most maria. They have been radiometrically dated to having formed 4.4 billion years ago, and may represent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plagioclase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cumulates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulates">cumulates</a> of the lunar magma ocean.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hiesinger-68">[63]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Papike-69">[64]</a> In contrast to Earth, no major lunar mountains are believed to have formed as a result of tectonic events.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[142]</a> The concentration of maria on the near side likely reflects the substantially thicker crust of the highlands of the Far Side, which may have formed in a slow-velocity impact of a second moon of Earth a few tens of millions of years after the Moon's formation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[143]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[144]</a> Alternatively, it may be a consequence of asymmetrical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_heating?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal heating">tidal heating</a> when the Moon was much closer to the Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Impact_craters">Impact craters</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of craters on the Moon">List of craters on the Moon</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Daedalus_crater_AS11-41-6151.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A gray, many-ridged surface from high above. The largest feature is a circular ringed structure with high walled sides and a lower central peak: the entire surface out to the horizon is filled with similar structures that are smaller and overlapping." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daedalus_crater_AS11-41-6151.jpg/220px-Daedalus_crater_AS11-41-6151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="3900"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daedalus_crater_AS11-41-6151.jpg/220px-Daedalus_crater_AS11-41-6151.jpg" data-alt="A gray, many-ridged surface from high above. The largest feature is a circular ringed structure with high walled sides and a lower central peak: the entire surface out to the horizon is filled with similar structures that are smaller and overlapping." data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daedalus_crater_AS11-41-6151.jpg/330px-Daedalus_crater_AS11-41-6151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Daedalus_crater_AS11-41-6151.jpg/440px-Daedalus_crater_AS11-41-6151.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A view of a three kilometer deep larger crater <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daedalus_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daedalus (crater)">Daedalus</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">Moon's far side</a> </figcaption> </figure> A major geologic process that has affected the Moon's surface is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impact_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impact crater">impact cratering</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[146]</a> with craters formed when asteroids and comets collide with the lunar surface. There are estimated to be roughly 300,000 craters wider than 1 km (0.6 mi) on the Moon's near side.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[147]</a> Lunar craters exhibit a variety of forms, depending on their size. In order of increasing diameter, the basic types are simple craters with smooth bowl shaped interiors and upturned rims, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complex_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Complex crater">complex craters</a> with flat floors, terraced walls and central peaks, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peak_ring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peak ring">peak ring</a> basins, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multi-ring_basin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-ring basin">multi-ring basins</a> with two or more concentric rings of peaks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[148]</a> The vast majority of impact craters are circular, but some, like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cantor_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cantor (crater)">Cantor</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janssen_(lunar_crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Janssen (lunar crater)">Janssen</a>, have more polygonal outlines, possibly guided by underlying faults and joints. Others, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messier_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messier (crater)">Messier</a> pair, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schiller_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schiller (crater)">Schiller</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniell_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniell (crater)">Daniell</a>, are elongated. Such elongation can result from highly oblique impacts, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Binary_asteroid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Binary asteroid">binary asteroid</a> impacts, fragmentation of impactors before surface strike, or closely spaced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secondary crater">secondary</a> impacts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[149]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar geologic timescale">lunar geologic timescale</a> is based on the most prominent impact events, such as multi-ring formations like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nectarian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nectarian">Nectaris</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_Imbrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Imbrian">Imbrium</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Orientale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Orientale">Orientale</a> that are between hundreds and thousands of kilometers in diameter and associated with a broad apron of ejecta deposits that form a regional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stratigraphy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic horizon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-geologic-157">[150]</a> The lack of an atmosphere, weather, and recent geological processes mean that many of these craters are well-preserved. Although only a few <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multi-ring_basins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-ring basins">multi-ring basins</a> have been definitively dated, they are useful for assigning relative ages. Because impact craters accumulate at a nearly constant rate, counting the number of craters per unit area can be used to estimate the age of the surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-geologic-157">[150]</a> However care needs to be exercised with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crater_counting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crater counting">crater counting</a> technique due to the potential presence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondary_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secondary crater">secondary craters</a>. Ejecta from impacts can create secondary craters that often appear in clusters or chains, but can also occur as isolated formations at a considerable distance from the impact. These can resemble primary craters, and may even dominate small crater populations, so their unidentified presence can distort age estimates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[151]</a> The radiometric ages of impact-melted rocks collected during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_missions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a> cluster between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years old: this has been used to propose a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> period of increased impacts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[152]</a> High-resolution images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in the 2010s show a contemporary crater-production rate significantly higher than was previously estimated. A secondary cratering process caused by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ejecta_blanket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ejecta blanket">distal ejecta</a> is thought to churn the top two centimeters of regolith on a timescale of 81,000 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[153]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[154]</a> This rate is 100 times faster than the rate computed from models based solely on direct micrometeorite impacts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Lunar_swirls">Lunar swirls</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_swirls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar swirls">Lunar swirls</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg/220px-Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="775"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg/220px-Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg/330px-Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg/440px-Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Wide angle image of a lunar swirl, the 70 kilometer long <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reiner_Gamma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reiner Gamma">Reiner Gamma</a> </figcaption> </figure> Lunar swirls are enigmatic features found across the Moon's surface. They are characterized by a high albedo, appear optically immature (i.e. the optical characteristics of a relatively young <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regolith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regolith">regolith</a>), and often have a sinuous shape. Their shape is often accentuated by low <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albedo">albedo</a> regions that wind between the bright swirls. They are located in places with enhanced surface <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnetic_field?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a> and many are located at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antipodal_point?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antipodal point">antipodal point</a> of major impacts. Well known swirls include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reiner_Gamma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reiner Gamma">Reiner Gamma</a> feature and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Ingenii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Ingenii">Mare Ingenii</a>. They are hypothesized to be areas that have been partially shielded from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_wind?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, resulting in slower <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_weathering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space weathering">space weathering</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Presence_of_water">Presence of water</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar water">Lunar water</a> </div> Liquid water cannot persist on the lunar surface. When exposed to solar radiation, water quickly decomposes through a process known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photodissociation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photodissociation">photodissociation</a> and is lost to space. However, since the 1960s, scientists have hypothesized that water ice may be deposited by impacting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Comets">comets</a> or possibly produced by the reaction of oxygen-rich lunar rocks, and hydrogen from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_wind?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, leaving traces of water which could possibly persist in cold, permanently shadowed craters at either pole on the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Margot1999-164">[157]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[158]</a> Computer simulations suggest that up to 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi) of the surface may be in permanent shadow.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-M03-117">[110]</a> The presence of usable quantities of water on the Moon is an important factor in rendering <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonization of the Moon">lunar habitation</a> as a cost-effective plan; the alternative of transporting water from Earth would be prohibitively expensive.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-seedhouse2009-166">[159]</a> In years since, signatures of water have been found to exist on the lunar surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-moonwater_18032010-167">[160]</a> In 1994, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clementine_mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bistatic_Radar_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine mission">bistatic radar experiment</a> located on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a> spacecraft, indicated the existence of small, frozen pockets of water close to the surface. However, later radar observations by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arecibo_Telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arecibo Telescope">Arecibo</a>, suggest these findings may rather be rocks ejected from young impact craters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[161]</a> In 1998, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Prospector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Neutron_Spectrometer_(NS)" title="Lunar Prospector">neutron spectrometer</a> on the Lunar Prospector spacecraft showed that high concentrations of hydrogen are present in the first meter of depth in the regolith near the polar regions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Feldman1998-169">[162]</a> Volcanic lava beads, brought back to Earth aboard Apollo 15, showed small amounts of water in their interior.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Saal2008-170">[163]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg/300px-Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="390"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg/300px-Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg/450px-Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg/600px-Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> In 2008, NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper equipment on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chandrayaan-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> discovered, for the first time, water-rich minerals (shown in blue around a small crater from which they were ejected). </figcaption> </figure> The 2008 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chandrayaan-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> spacecraft has since confirmed the existence of surface water ice, using the on-board <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a>. The spectrometer observed absorption lines common to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydroxyl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a>, in reflected sunlight, providing evidence of large quantities of water ice, on the lunar surface. The spacecraft showed that concentrations may possibly be as high as 1,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parts_per_million?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pieters2009-171">[164]</a> Using the mapper's reflectance spectra, indirect lighting of areas in shadow confirmed water ice within 20° latitude of both poles in 2018.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[165]</a> In 2009, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LCROSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a> sent a 2,300 kg (5,100 lb) impactor into a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Permanently_shadowed_crater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Permanently shadowed crater">permanently shadowed</a> polar crater, and detected at least 100 kg (220 lb) of water in a plume of ejected material.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Planetary-173">[166]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Colaprete-174">[167]</a> Another examination of the LCROSS data showed the amount of detected water to be closer to 155 ± 12 kg (342 ± 26 lb).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Colaprete2010-175">[168]</a> In May 2011, 615–1410 ppm water in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melt_inclusions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Melt inclusions">melt inclusions</a> in lunar sample 74220 was reported,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hauri-176">[169]</a> the famous high-titanium "orange glass soil" of volcanic origin collected during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> mission in 1972. The inclusions were formed during explosive eruptions on the Moon approximately 3.7 billion years ago. This concentration is comparable with that of magma in Earth's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_mantle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper mantle">upper mantle</a>. Although of considerable selenological interest, this insight does not mean that water is easily available since the sample originated many kilometers below the surface, and the inclusions are so difficult to access that it took 39 years to find them with a state-of-the-art ion microprobe instrument. Analysis of the findings of the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) revealed in August 2018 for the first time "definitive evidence" for water-ice on the lunar surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-177">[170]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[171]</a> The data revealed the distinct reflective signatures of water-ice, as opposed to dust and other reflective substances.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-179">[172]</a> The ice deposits were found on the North and South poles, although it is more abundant in the South, where water is trapped in permanently shadowed craters and crevices, allowing it to persist as ice on the surface since they are shielded from the sun.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-177">[170]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-179">[172]</a> In October 2020, astronomers reported detecting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water">molecular water</a> on the sunlit surface of the Moon by several independent spacecraft, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stratospheric_Observatory_for_Infrared_Astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy">Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy</a> (SOFIA).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NA-20201026-180">[173]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NA-20201026poh-181">[174]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WP-20201026-182">[175]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NYT-20201026-183">[176]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Earth–Moon_system">Earth–Moon system</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_system_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satellite system (astronomy)">Satellite system (astronomy)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed moons of Earth</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Double_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Double planet">Double planet</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Orbit">Orbit</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit of the Moon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_orbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar orbit">Lunar orbit</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cislunar_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cislunar space">Cislunar space</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif/220px-Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif/220px-Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif/330px-Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif/440px-Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A view of the rotating Earth and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a> as the Moon passes on its orbit in between the observing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DSCOVR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DSCOVR">DSCOVR satellite</a> and Earth </figcaption> </figure> The Earth and the Moon form the Earth-Moon <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_system_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satellite system (astronomy)">satellite system</a> with a shared center of mass, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barycenter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a>. This barycenter is 1,700 km (1,100 mi) (about a quarter of Earth's radius) beneath the Earth's surface. The Moon's orbit is slightly elliptical, with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> of 0.055.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semi-major_axis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a> of the geocentric lunar orbit, called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_distance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar distance">lunar distance</a>, is approximately 400,000 km (250,000 miles or 1.28 light-seconds), comparable to going <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circumference_of_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumference of Earth">around Earth</a> 9.5 times.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Aerospace_Corporation_2023_j509-184">[177]</a> The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars, its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidereal_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal period">sidereal period</a>, about once every 27.3 days.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-orbpd-185">[h]</a> However, because the Earth-Moon system moves at the same time in its orbit around the Sun, it takes slightly longer, 29.5 days,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-synpd-186">[i]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-worldbook-79">[72]</a> to return at the same <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar phase">lunar phase</a>, completing a full cycle, as seen from Earth. This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synodic_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic period">synodic period</a> or synodic month is commonly known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_month?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar month">lunar month</a> and is equal to the length of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar day</a> on the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Day-187">[178]</a> Due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_locking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal locking">tidal locking</a>, the Moon has a 1:1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_resonance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbital resonance">spin–orbit resonance</a>. This <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotation">rotation</a>–<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbit">orbit</a> ratio makes the Moon's orbital periods around Earth equal to its corresponding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotation_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotation period">rotation periods</a>. This is the reason for only one side of the Moon, its so-called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near_side?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Near side">near side</a>, being visible from Earth. That said, while the movement of the Moon is in resonance, it still is not without nuances such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libration">libration</a>, resulting in slightly changing perspectives, making over time and location on Earth about 59% of the Moon's surface visible from Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Liberation-188">[179]</a> Unlike most satellites of other planets, the Moon's orbital plane is closer to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecliptic_plane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic plane">ecliptic plane</a> than to the planet's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equatorial_plane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial plane">equatorial plane</a>. The Moon's orbit is subtly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbed</a> by the Sun and Earth in many small, complex and interacting ways. For example, the plane of the Moon's orbit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_standstill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar standstill">gradually rotates</a> once every 18.61 years,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[180]</a> which affects other aspects of lunar motion. These follow-on effects are mathematically described by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassini%27s_laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cassini's laws">Cassini's laws</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Beletskii2-190">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moon_distance_range_to_scale.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moon_distance_range_to_scale.svg/660px-Moon_distance_range_to_scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="68"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 660px;height: 88px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moon_distance_range_to_scale.svg/660px-Moon_distance_range_to_scale.svg.png" data-width="660" data-height="88" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moon_distance_range_to_scale.svg/990px-Moon_distance_range_to_scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Moon_distance_range_to_scale.svg/1320px-Moon_distance_range_to_scale.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Minimum, mean and maximum distances of the Moon from Earth with its angular diameter as seen from Earth's surface, to scale </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tidal_effects">Tidal effects</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_acceleration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal acceleration">Tidal acceleration</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tide">Tide</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theory_of_tides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tide_animation.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tide_animation.gif/220px-Tide_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tide_animation.gif/220px-Tide_animation.gif" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tide_animation.gif/330px-Tide_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Tide_animation.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Simplified diagram of the Moon's gravity tidal effect on the Earth </figcaption> </figure> The gravitational attraction that Earth and the Moon (as well as the Sun) exert on each other manifests in a slightly greater attraction on the sides closest to each other, resulting in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal forces">tidal forces</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tide">Ocean tides</a> are the most widely experienced result of this, but tidal forces also considerably affect other mechanics of Earth, as well as the Moon and their system. The lunar solid crust experiences tides of around 10 cm (4 in) amplitude over 27 days, with three components: a fixed one due to Earth, because they are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synchronous_rotation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous rotation">synchronous rotation</a>, a variable tide due to orbital eccentricity and inclination, and a small varying component from the Sun.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-touma1994-191">[182]</a> The Earth-induced variable component arises from changing distance and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libration">libration</a>, a result of the Moon's orbital eccentricity and inclination (if the Moon's orbit were perfectly circular and un-inclined, there would only be solar tides).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-touma1994-191">[182]</a> According to recent research, scientists suggest that the Moon's influence on the Earth may contribute to maintaining <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[183]</a> The cumulative effects of stress built up by these tidal forces produces <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moonquakes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonquakes">moonquakes</a>. Moonquakes are much less common and weaker than are earthquakes, although moonquakes can last for up to an hour – significantly longer than terrestrial quakes – because of scattering of the seismic vibrations in the dry fragmented upper crust. The existence of moonquakes was an unexpected discovery from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seismometer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a> placed on the Moon by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronaut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> from 1969 through 1972.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[184]</a> The most commonly known effect of tidal forces are elevated sea levels called ocean tides.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lambeck1977-194">[185]</a> While the Moon exerts most of the tidal forces, the Sun also exerts tidal forces and therefore contributes to the tides as much as 40% of the Moon's tidal force; producing in interplay the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spring_tide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tide">spring and neap tides</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lambeck1977-194">[185]</a> The tides are two bulges in the Earth's oceans, one on the side facing the Moon and the other on the side opposite. As the Earth rotates on its axis, one of the ocean bulges (high tide) is held in place "under" the Moon, while another such tide is opposite. As a result, there are two high tides, and two low tides in about 24 hours.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lambeck1977-194">[185]</a> Since the Moon is orbiting the Earth in the same direction of the Earth's rotation, the high tides occur about every 12 hours and 25 minutes; the 25 minutes is due to the Moon's time to orbit the Earth. If the Earth were a water world (one with no continents) it would produce a tide of only one meter, and that tide would be very predictable, but the ocean tides are greatly modified by other effects: <ul> <li>the frictional coupling of water to Earth's rotation through the ocean floors</li> <li>the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inertia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inertia">inertia</a> of water's movement</li> <li>ocean basins that grow shallower near land</li> <li>the sloshing of water between different ocean basins<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[186]</a></li> </ul> As a result, the timing of the tides at most points on the Earth is a product of observations that are explained, incidentally, by theory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="System_evolution">System evolution</h4> </div> Delays in the tidal peaks of both ocean and solid-body tides cause <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torque">torque</a> in opposition to the Earth's rotation. This "drains" <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angular_momentum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> and rotational <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kinetic_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> from Earth's rotation, slowing the Earth's rotation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lambeck1977-194">[185]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-touma1994-191">[182]</a> That angular momentum, lost from the Earth, is transferred to the Moon in a process known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_acceleration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal acceleration">tidal acceleration</a>, which lifts the Moon into a higher orbit while lowering orbital speed around the Earth. Thus the distance between Earth and Moon is increasing, and the Earth's rotation is slowing in reaction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-touma1994-191">[182]</a> Measurements from laser reflectors left during the Apollo missions (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiments">lunar ranging experiments</a>) have found that the Moon's distance increases by 38 mm (1.5 in) per year (roughly the rate at which human fingernails grow).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[187]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[188]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[189]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atomic_clock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clocks</a> show that Earth's day lengthens by about 17 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsecond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsecond">microseconds</a> every year,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-199">[190]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[191]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[192]</a> slowly increasing the rate at which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> is adjusted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leap_second?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leap second">leap seconds</a>. This tidal drag makes the rotation of the Earth and the orbital period of the Moon very slowly match. This matching first results in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_locking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal locking">tidally locking</a> the lighter body of the orbital system, as is already the case with the Moon. Theoretically, in 50 billion years,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Universe_Today_2016-202">[193]</a> the Earth's rotation will have slowed to the point of matching the Moon's orbital period, causing the Earth to always present the same side to the Moon. However, the Sun will become a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_giant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Sun_as_a_red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>, most likely engulfing the Earth-Moon system long before then.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-203">[194]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-204">[195]</a> If the Earth-Moon system isn't engulfed by the enlarged Sun, the drag from the solar atmosphere can cause the orbit of the Moon to decay. Once the orbit of the Moon closes to a distance of 18,470 km (11,480 mi), it will cross Earth's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roche_limit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a>, meaning that tidal interaction with Earth would break apart the Moon, turning it into a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ring_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ring system">ring system</a>. Most of the orbiting rings will begin to decay, and the debris will impact Earth. Hence, even if the Sun does not swallow up Earth, the planet may be left moonless.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-space070122-205">[196]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Position_and_appearance">Position and appearance</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_observation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar observation">Lunar observation</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Over one lunar month more than half of the Moon's surface can be seen from Earth's surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif/220px-Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif/220px-Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif" data-alt="Over one lunar month more than half of the Moon's surface can be seen from Earth's surface." data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif/330px-Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif/440px-Lunar_libration_with_phase_Oct_2007_HD.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libration">Libration</a>, the slight variation in the Moon's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apparent_size?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparent size">apparent size</a> and viewing angle over a single lunar month as viewed from somewhere on the Earth's northern hemisphere. </figcaption> </figure> The Moon's highest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altitude_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Altitude (astronomy)">altitude</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culmination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culmination">culmination</a> varies by its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar phase">lunar phase</a>, or more correctly its orbital position, and time of the year, or more correctly the position of the Earth's axis. The full moon is highest in the sky during winter and lowest during summer (for each hemisphere respectively), with its altitude changing towards dark moon to the opposite. At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Pole">North</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Pole">South Poles</a> the Moon is 24 hours above the horizon for two weeks every <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tropical_month?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical month">tropical month</a> (about 27.3 days), comparable to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polar_day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar day">polar day</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tropical_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zooplankton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arctic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> use <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moonlight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moonlight">moonlight</a> when the Sun is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polar_night?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polar night">below the horizon</a> for months on end.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[197]</a> The apparent orientation of the Moon depends on its position in the sky and the hemisphere of the Earth from which it is being viewed. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_hemisphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">northern hemisphere</a> it appears upside down compared to the view from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_hemisphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hemisphere">southern hemisphere</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[198]</a> Sometimes the "horns" of a crescent moon appear to be pointing more upwards than sideways. This phenomenon is called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wet_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wet moon">wet moon</a> and occurs more frequently in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tropics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tropics">tropics</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[199]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_distance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar distance">distance between the Moon and Earth</a> varies from around 356,400 km (221,500 mi) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apsis">perigee</a>) to 406,700 km (252,700 mi) (apogee), making the Moon's distance and apparent size fluctuate up to 14%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-size1-209">[200]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-size2-210">[201]</a> On average the Moon's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angular_diameter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angular diameter">angular diameter</a> is about 0.52°, roughly the same apparent size as the Sun (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eclipses">§ Eclipses</a>). In addition, a purely psychological effect, known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_illusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a>, makes the Moon appear larger when close to the horizon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tidal_locking_of_the_Moon_with_the_Earth.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tidal_locking_of_the_Moon_with_the_Earth.gif/220px-Tidal_locking_of_the_Moon_with_the_Earth.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tidal_locking_of_the_Moon_with_the_Earth.gif/220px-Tidal_locking_of_the_Moon_with_the_Earth.gif" data-width="220" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tidal_locking_of_the_Moon_with_the_Earth.gif/330px-Tidal_locking_of_the_Moon_with_the_Earth.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tidal_locking_of_the_Moon_with_the_Earth.gif/440px-Tidal_locking_of_the_Moon_with_the_Earth.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Comparison between the Moon on the left, rotating tidally locked (correct), and with the Moon on the right, without rotation (incorrect) </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synchronous_rotation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous rotation">tidally locked synchronous rotation</a> of the Moon as it orbits the Earth results in it always keeping nearly the same face turned towards the planet. The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near_side?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Near side">near side</a>, and the opposite the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">far side</a>. The far side is often inaccurately called the "dark side", but it is in fact illuminated as often as the near side: once every 29.5 Earth days. During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dark_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dark moon">dark moon</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New moon">new moon</a>, the near side is dark.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-212">[203]</a> The Moon originally rotated at a faster rate, but early in its history its rotation slowed and became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_locking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal locking">tidally locked</a> in this orientation as a result of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friction">frictional</a> effects associated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tidal_force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tidal force">tidal</a> deformations caused by Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-213">[204]</a> With time, the energy of rotation of the Moon on its axis was dissipated as heat, until there was no rotation of the Moon relative to Earth. In 2016, planetary scientists using data collected on the 1998-99 NASA <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Prospector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> mission, found two hydrogen-rich areas (most likely former water ice) on opposite sides of the Moon. It is speculated that these patches were the poles of the Moon billions of years ago before it was tidally locked to Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Illumination_and_phases">Illumination and phases</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar phase">Lunar phase</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moonlight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halo (optical phenomenon)">Halo (optical phenomenon)</a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moon_phases_en.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Moon_phases_en.jpg/550px-Moon_phases_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="960"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 550px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Moon_phases_en.jpg/550px-Moon_phases_en.jpg" data-width="550" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Moon_phases_en.jpg/825px-Moon_phases_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Moon_phases_en.jpg/1100px-Moon_phases_en.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The monthly changes in the angle between the direction of sunlight and view from Earth, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar phase">phases of the Moon</a> that result, as viewed from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Earth–Moon distance</a> is not to scale. </figcaption> </figure> Half of the Moon's surface is always illuminated by the Sun (except during a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a>). Earth also reflects light onto the Moon, observable at times as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earthlight_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earthlight (astronomy)">Earthlight</a> when it is reflected back to Earth from areas of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Near side of the Moon">near side of the Moon</a> that are not illuminated by the Sun. Since the Moon's axial tilt with respect to the ecliptic is 1.5427°, in every <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Draconic_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Draconic year">draconic year</a> (346.62 days) the Sun moves from being 1.5427° north of the lunar equator to being 1.5427° south of it and then back, just as on Earth the Sun moves from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> and back once every <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tropical_year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tropical year">tropical year</a>. The poles of the Moon are therefore in the dark for half a draconic year (or with only part of the Sun visible) and then lit for half a draconic year. The amount of sunlight falling on horizontal areas near the poles depends on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altitude_angle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Altitude angle">altitude angle</a> of the Sun. But these "seasons" have little effect in more equatorial areas. With the different positions of the Moon, different areas of it are illuminated by the Sun. This illumination of different lunar areas, as viewed from Earth, produces the different <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar phase">lunar phases</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synodic_month?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic month">synodic month</a>. The phase is equal to the area of the visible lunar sphere that is illuminated by the Sun. This area or degree of illumination is given by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1-\cos e)/2=\sin ^{2}(e/2)}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> <mo> − </mo> <mi> cos </mi> <mo> ⁡ </mo> <mi> e </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo> = </mo> <msup> <mi> sin </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> ⁡ </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> e </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> / </mo> </mrow> <mn> 2 </mn> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle (1-\cos e)/2=\sin ^{2}(e/2)} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a333005860c046c66303f7be22e19e89e9935ee7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.945ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1-\cos e)/2=\sin ^{2}(e/2)}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24.945ex;height: 3.176ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a333005860c046c66303f7be22e19e89e9935ee7" data-alt="{\displaystyle (1-\cos e)/2=\sin ^{2}(e/2)}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> e </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle e} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.083ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467" data-alt="{\displaystyle e}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elongation (astronomy)">elongation</a> (i.e., the angle between Moon, the observer on Earth, and the Sun). Brightness and apparent size of the Moon changes also due to its elliptic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbit of the Moon">orbit around Earth</a>. At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perigee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a> (closest), since the Moon is up to 14% closer to Earth than at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apogee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a> (most distant), it subtends a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solid_angle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solid angle">solid angle</a> which is up to 30% larger. Consequently, given the same phase, the Moon's brightness also varies by up to 30% between apogee and perigee.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-215">[206]</a> A full (or new) moon at such a position is called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supermoon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supermoon">supermoon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-size1-209">[200]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-size2-210">[201]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-216">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Observational_phenomena">Observational phenomena</h4> </div> There has been historical controversy over whether observed features on the Moon's surface change over time. Today, many of these claims are thought to be illusory, resulting from observation under different lighting conditions, poor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomical_seeing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomical seeing">astronomical seeing</a>, or inadequate drawings. However, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outgassing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> does occasionally occur and could be responsible for a minor percentage of the reported <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transient_lunar_phenomenon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transient lunar phenomenon">lunar transient phenomena</a>. Recently, it has been suggested that a roughly 3 km (1.9 mi) diameter region of the lunar surface was modified by a gas release event about a million years ago.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-217">[208]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-218">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Albedo_and_color">Albedo and color</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Two_Lunar_Phases.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Two_Lunar_Phases.jpg/300px-Two_Lunar_Phases.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="623"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Two_Lunar_Phases.jpg/300px-Two_Lunar_Phases.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Two_Lunar_Phases.jpg/450px-Two_Lunar_Phases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Two_Lunar_Phases.jpg/600px-Two_Lunar_Phases.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The changing apparent color of the Moon, filtered by Earth's atmosphere </figcaption> </figure> The Moon has an exceptionally low <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, giving it a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diffuse_reflection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diffuse reflection">reflectance</a> that is slightly brighter than that of worn <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asphalt_concrete?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>. Despite this, it is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_brightest_natural_objects_in_the_sky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of brightest natural objects in the sky">brightest object in the sky</a> after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-worldbook-79">[72]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-brightness-219">[j]</a> This is due partly to the brightness enhancement of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opposition_surge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opposition surge">opposition surge</a>; the Moon at quarter phase is only one-tenth as bright, rather than half as bright, as at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Full moon">full moon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Moon-220">[210]</a> Additionally, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Color_constancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Color constancy">color constancy</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Visual_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Visual system">visual system</a> recalibrates the relations between the colors of an object and its surroundings, and because the surrounding sky is comparatively dark, the sunlit Moon is perceived as a bright object. The edges of the full moon seem as bright as the center, without <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limb_darkening?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limb darkening">limb darkening</a>, because of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lambert%27s_cosine_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lambertian_scatterers_and_radiators" title="Lambert's cosine law">reflective properties</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_soil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">lunar soil</a>, which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retroreflector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Retroreflector">retroreflects</a> light more towards the Sun than in other directions. The Moon's color depends on the light the Moon reflects, which in turn depends on the Moon's surface and its features, having for example large darker regions. In general the lunar surface reflects a brown-tinged gray light.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Science_Mission_Directorate_2020-221">[211]</a> At times, the Moon can appear red or blue. It may appear red during a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a>, because of the red spectrum of the Sun's light being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Refracted?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Refracted">refracted</a> onto the Moon by Earth's atmosphere. Because of this red color, lunar eclipses are also sometimes called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blood_Moon_(eclipse)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Moon (eclipse)">blood moons</a>. The Moon can also seem red when it appears at low angles and through a thick atmosphere. The Moon may appear blue depending on the presence of certain particles in the air,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Science_Mission_Directorate_2020-221">[211]</a> such as volcanic particles,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-222">[212]</a> in which case it can be called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blue_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Whole_blue_moon" title="Blue moon">blue moon</a>. Because the words "red moon" and "blue moon" can also be used to refer to specific <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Full moon">full moons</a> of the year, they do not always refer to the presence of red or blue <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moonlight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moonlight">moonlight</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Eclipses">Eclipses</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar eclipses on the Moon">Solar eclipses on the Moon</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eclipse_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/157px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="3489"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/157px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="157" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/236px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg/314px-Solar_eclipse_1999_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> causes the Sun to be covered, revealing the white <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stellar_corona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stellar corona">corona</a>. </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Full_Eclipse_of_the_Moon_as_seen_in_from_Irvine,_CA,_USA_(52075715442)_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Full_Eclipse_of_the_Moon_as_seen_in_from_Irvine%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2852075715442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/157px-Full_Eclipse_of_the_Moon_as_seen_in_from_Irvine%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2852075715442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1233"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Full_Eclipse_of_the_Moon_as_seen_in_from_Irvine%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2852075715442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/157px-Full_Eclipse_of_the_Moon_as_seen_in_from_Irvine%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2852075715442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="157" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Full_Eclipse_of_the_Moon_as_seen_in_from_Irvine%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2852075715442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/236px-Full_Eclipse_of_the_Moon_as_seen_in_from_Irvine%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2852075715442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Full_Eclipse_of_the_Moon_as_seen_in_from_Irvine%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2852075715442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/314px-Full_Eclipse_of_the_Moon_as_seen_in_from_Irvine%2C_CA%2C_USA_%2852075715442%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> The Moon, tinted reddish, during a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> Eclipses only occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all in a straight line (termed "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">syzygy</a>"). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipses</a> occur at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New moon">new moon</a>, when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth. In contrast, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipses</a> occur at full moon, when Earth is between the Sun and Moon. The apparent size of the Moon is roughly the same as that of the Sun, with both being viewed at close to one-half a degree wide. The Sun is much larger than the Moon but it is the vastly greater distance that gives it the same apparent size as the much closer and much smaller Moon from the perspective of Earth. The variations in apparent size, due to the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, though occurring in different cycles. This makes possible both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Total_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Total eclipse">total</a> (with the Moon appearing larger than the Sun) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annular_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Annular eclipse">annular</a> (with the Moon appearing smaller than the Sun) solar eclipses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-223">[213]</a> In a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the disc of the Sun and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_corona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">solar corona</a> becomes visible to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naked_eye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>. Because the distance between the Moon and Earth is very slowly increasing over time,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lambeck1977-194">[185]</a> the angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing. As it evolves toward becoming a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_giant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red giant">red giant</a>, the size of the Sun, and its apparent diameter in the sky, are slowly increasing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-size_changes-224">[k]</a> The combination of these two changes means that hundreds of millions of years ago, the Moon would always completely cover the Sun on solar eclipses, and no annular eclipses were possible. Likewise, hundreds of millions of years in the future, the Moon will no longer cover the Sun completely, and total solar eclipses will not occur.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fourmilab-225">[214]</a> As the Moon's orbit around Earth is inclined by about 5.145° (5° 9') to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecliptic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecliptic">orbit of Earth around the Sun</a>, eclipses do not occur at every full and new moon. For an eclipse to occur, the Moon must be near the intersection of the two orbital planes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eclipse-226">[215]</a> The periodicity and recurrence of eclipses of the Sun by the Moon, and of the Moon by Earth, is described by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saros_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saros (astronomy)">saros</a>, which has a period of approximately 18 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[216]</a> Because the Moon continuously blocks the view of a half-degree-wide circular area of the sky,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-area-228">[l]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-229">[217]</a> the related phenomenon of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occultation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occultation">occultation</a> occurs when a bright star or planet passes behind the Moon and is occulted: hidden from view. In this way, a solar eclipse is an occultation of the Sun. Because the Moon is comparatively close to Earth, occultations of individual stars are not visible everywhere on the planet, nor at the same time. Because of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precession">precession</a> of the lunar orbit, each year different stars are occulted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[218]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="History_of_exploration_and_human_presence">History of exploration and human presence</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_spacecraft_that_orbited_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of spacecraft that orbited the Moon">List of spacecraft that orbited the Moon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pre-telescopic_observation_(before_1609)">Pre-telescopic observation (before 1609)</h3> </div> It is believed by some that the oldest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave_painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> from up to 40,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Before_present?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">BP</a> of bulls and geometric shapes,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-e093-231">[219]</a> or 20–30,000 year old <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tally_stick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tally stick">tally sticks</a> were used to observe the phases of the Moon, keeping time using the waxing and waning of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_phases?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar phases">the Moon's phases</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Burton2011-232">[220]</a> One of the earliest-discovered possible depictions of the Moon is a 3,000 BCE rock carving <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Orthostat_47&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Orthostat 47 (page does not exist)">Orthostat 47</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knowth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knowth">Knowth</a>, Ireland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Knowth-233">[221]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-spacetoday-234">[222]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_deities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar deities">Lunar deities</a> like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sin_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Crescent">featuring crescents</a> are found since the 3rd millennium BCE.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-235">[223]</a> Though the oldest found and identified astronomical depiction of the Moon is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nebra_sky_disc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nebra sky disc">Nebra sky disc</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800–1600 BCE.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-g361-236">[224]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-k874-237">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nebra_solstice_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nebra_solstice_2.jpg/220px-Nebra_solstice_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="907"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nebra_solstice_2.jpg/220px-Nebra_solstice_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nebra_solstice_2.jpg/330px-Nebra_solstice_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nebra_solstice_2.jpg/440px-Nebra_solstice_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nebra_sky_disc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nebra sky disc">Nebra sky disc</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800–1600 BCE), found near a possibly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomical_complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomical complex">astronomical complex</a>, most likely depicting the Sun or full Moon, the Moon as a crescent, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pleiades?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> and the summer and winter solstices as strips of gold on the side of the disc,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Meller_2021-238">[226]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[227]</a> with the top representing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horizon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horizon">horizon</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:03-240">[228]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North">north</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> philosopher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anaxagoras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-241">[229]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Needham1986-242">[230]</a>: 227 Elsewhere in the 5th century BC to 4th century BC, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a> had recorded the 18-year <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saros_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saros cycle">Saros cycle</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_eclipse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipses</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-243">[231]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomers</a> had described the Moon's monthly elongation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sarma-Ast-Ind-244">[232]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomer</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shi_Shen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shi Shen">Shi Shen</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Floruit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 4th century BC) gave instructions for predicting solar and lunar eclipses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Needham1986-242">[230]</a>: 411 In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristotle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s (384–322 BC) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/On_the_Heavens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="On the Heavens">description of the universe</a>, the Moon marked the boundary between the spheres of the mutable elements (earth, water, air and fire), and the imperishable stars of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aether (classical element)">aether</a>, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristotelian_physics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristotelian physics">influential philosophy</a> that would dominate for centuries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[233]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archimedes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> (287–212 BC) designed a planetarium that could calculate the motions of the Moon and other objects in the Solar System.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[234]</a> In the 2nd century BC, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus of Seleucia</a> correctly thought that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tide">tides</a> were due to the attraction of the Moon, and that their height depends on the Moon's position relative to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-247">[235]</a> In the same century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)">Aristarchus</a> computed the size and distance of the Moon from Earth, obtaining a value of about twenty times the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth_radius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth radius">radius of Earth</a> for the distance. The Chinese of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> believed the Moon to be energy equated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qi">qi</a> and their 'radiating influence' theory recognized that the light of the Moon was merely a reflection of the Sun; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jing_Fang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jing Fang">Jing Fang</a> (78–37 BC) noted the sphericity of the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Needham1986-242">[230]</a>: 413–414 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (90–168 AD) greatly improved on the numbers of Aristarchus, calculating a mean distance of 59 times Earth's radius and a diameter of 0.292 Earth diameters, close to the correct values of about 60 and 0.273 respectively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[236]</a> In the 2nd century AD, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> wrote the novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/True_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="True History">A True Story</a>, in which the heroes travel to the Moon and meet its inhabitants. In 510 AD, the Indian astronomer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aryabhata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> mentioned in his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aryabhatiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a> that reflected sunlight is the cause of the shining of the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hayashi08Aryabhata-249">[237]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-250">[238]</a> The astronomer and physicist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a> (965–1039) found that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunlight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> was not reflected from the Moon like a mirror, but that light was emitted from every part of the Moon's sunlit surface in all directions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-251">[239]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shen_Kuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095) of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> created an allegory equating the waxing and waning of the Moon to a round ball of reflective silver that, when doused with white powder and viewed from the side, would appear to be a crescent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Needham1986-242">[230]</a>: 415–416 During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, before the invention of the telescope, the Moon was increasingly recognized as a sphere, though many believed that it was "perfectly smooth".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-252">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Telescopic_exploration_(1609–1959)">Telescopic exploration (1609–1959)</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png/170px-Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3050"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png/170px-Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png" data-width="170" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png/255px-Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png/340px-Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galileo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>'s sketches of the Moon from the ground-breaking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidereus_Nuncius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sidereus Nuncius">Sidereus Nuncius</a> (1610), publishing among other findings the first descriptions of the Moon's topography </figcaption> </figure> In 1609, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galileo_Galilei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> used an early telescope to make drawings of the Moon for his book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidereus_Nuncius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sidereus Nuncius">Sidereus Nuncius</a>, and deduced that it was not smooth but had mountains and craters. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Harriot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Harriot">Thomas Harriot</a> had made, but not published such drawings a few months earlier. Telescopic mapping of the Moon followed: later in the 17th century, the efforts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Battista Riccioli">Giovanni Battista Riccioli</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Grimaldi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francesco Maria Grimaldi">Francesco Maria Grimaldi</a> led to the system of naming of lunar features in use today. The more exact 1834–1836 Mappa Selenographica of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Beer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Beer">Wilhelm Beer</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_M%C3%A4dler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Heinrich von Mädler">Johann Heinrich von Mädler</a>, and their associated 1837 book Der Mond, the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trigonometry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trigonometry">trigonometrically</a> accurate study of lunar features, included the heights of more than a thousand mountains, and introduced the study of the Moon at accuracies possible in earthly geography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-253">[241]</a> Lunar craters, first noted by Galileo, were thought to be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> until the 1870s proposal of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Proctor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Proctor">Richard Proctor</a> that they were formed by collisions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-worldbook-79">[72]</a> This view gained support in 1892 from the experimentation of geologist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grove_Karl_Gilbert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grove Karl Gilbert">Grove Karl Gilbert</a>, and from comparative studies from 1920 to the 1940s,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hall1977-254">[242]</a> leading to the development of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar geologic timescale">lunar stratigraphy</a>, which by the 1950s was becoming a new and growing branch of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astrogeology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrogeology">astrogeology</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-worldbook-79">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="First_missions_to_the_Moon_(1959–1976)">First missions to the Moon (1959–1976)</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_Race?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_landing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a> </div> After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a> the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Launch_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch system">launch systems</a> were developed and by the end of the 1950s they reached capabilities that allowed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> to launch <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spacecraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> into space. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cold_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> fueled a closely followed development of launch systems by the two states, resulting in the so-called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_Race?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and its later phase the Moon Race, accelerating efforts and interest in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exploration of the Moon">exploration of the Moon</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Luna_3_moon.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/220px-Luna_3_moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1156"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/220px-Luna_3_moon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/330px-Luna_3_moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/440px-Luna_3_moon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> First view of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>, taken by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 3">Luna 3</a>, October 7, 1959. Clearly visible is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Moscoviense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Moscoviense">Mare Moscoviense</a> (top right) and a mare triplet of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Crisium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Crisium">Mare Crisium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Marginis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Marginis">Mare Marginis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_Smythii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare Smythii">Mare Smythii</a> (left center). </figcaption> </figure> After the first spaceflight of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sputnik_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> in 1957 during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> the spacecraft of the Soviet Union's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna programme">Luna program</a> were the first to accomplish a number of goals. Following three unnamed failed missions in 1958,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-255">[243]</a> the first human-made object <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a> escaped Earth's gravity and passed near the Moon in 1959. Later that year the first human-made object <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a> reached the Moon's surface by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Impactors" title="Lander (spacecraft)">intentionally impacting</a>. By the end of the year <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 3">Luna 3</a> reached as the first human-made object the normally occluded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>, taking the first photographs of it. The first spacecraft to perform a successful lunar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lander (spacecraft)">soft landing</a> was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a> and the first vehicle to orbit the Moon was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_10?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a>, both in 1966.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-worldbook-79">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="The small blue-white semicircle of Earth, almost glowing with color in the blackness of space, rising over the limb of the desolate, cratered surface of the Moon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/220px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/220px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg" data-alt="The small blue-white semicircle of Earth, almost glowing with color in the blackness of space, rising over the limb of the desolate, cratered surface of the Moon." data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/330px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg/440px-NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earthrise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a>, the first color <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of first images of Earth from space">image of Earth</a> taken by a human from the Moon, during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> (1968) the first time a crewed spacecraft left Earth orbit and reached another <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomical_body?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical body">astronomical body</a> </figcaption> </figure> Following President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_F._Kennedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s 1961 commitment to a crewed Moon landing before the end of the decade, the United States, under NASA leadership, launched a series of uncrewed probes to develop an understanding of the lunar surface in preparation for human missions: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranger_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ranger program">Ranger program</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter program</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surveyor_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor program</a>. The crewed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> was developed in parallel; after a series of uncrewed and crewed tests of the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit, and spurred on by a potential <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_human_lunar_programs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet human lunar programs">Soviet lunar human landing</a>, in 1968 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> made the first human mission to lunar orbit (the first Earthlings, two tortoises, had circled the Moon three months earlier on the Soviet Union's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zond_5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a>, followed by turtles on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zond_6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zond 6">Zond 6</a>). The first time a person landed on the Moon and any extraterrestrial body was when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neil_Armstrong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, the commander of the American mission <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_11?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, set foot on the Moon at 02:56 UTC on July 21, 1969.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-256">[244]</a> Considered the culmination of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_Race?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CNN-257">[245]</a> an estimated 500 million people worldwide watched the transmission by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo TV camera">Apollo TV camera</a>, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-258">[246]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-259">[247]</a> While at the same time another mission, the robotic sample return mission <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_15?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 15">Luna 15</a> by the Soviet Union had been in orbit around the Moon, becoming together with Apollo 11 the first ever case of two extraterrestrial missions being conducted at the same time. The Apollo missions 11 to 17 (except <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_13?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>, which aborted its planned lunar landing) removed 380.05 kilograms (837.87 lb) of lunar rock and soil in 2,196 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon rock">separate samples</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-260">[248]</a> Scientific instrument packages were installed on the lunar surface during all the Apollo landings. Long-lived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">instrument stations</a>, including heat flow probes, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seismometer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnetometer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a>, were installed at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_12?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_14?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 14">14</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_15?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 15">15</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_16?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 16">16</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 17">17</a> landing sites. Direct transmission of data to Earth concluded in late 1977 because of budgetary considerations,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-261">[249]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-262">[250]</a> but as the stations' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_laser_ranging_experiment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar laser ranging experiment">lunar laser ranging</a> corner-cube retroreflector arrays are passive instruments, they are still being used.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-263">[251]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> in 1972 remains the last crewed mission to the Moon. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Explorer_49?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Explorer 49">Explorer 49</a> in 1973 was the last dedicated U.S. probe to the Moon until the 1990s. The Soviet Union continued sending robotic missions to the Moon until 1976, deploying in 1970 with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 17">Luna 17</a> the first remote controlled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rover (space exploration)">rover</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunokhod_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> on an extraterrestrial surface, and collecting and returning 0.3 kg of rock and soil samples with three Luna <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sample_return_mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample return mission">sample return missions</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_16?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a> in 1970, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_20?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 20">Luna 20</a> in 1972, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_24?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a> in 1976).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-264">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Moon_Treaty_and_explorational_absence_(1976–1990)">Moon Treaty and explorational absence (1976–1990)</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> </div> Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_24?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 24">last Soviet mission to the Moon</a> of 1976, there was little further lunar exploration for fourteen years. Astronautics had shifted its focus towards the exploration of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Solar System">inner</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venera_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera program">Venera program</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outer_Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Solar System">outer</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pioneer_10?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a>, 1972) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planet">planets</a>, but also towards <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geocentric_orbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a>, developing and continuously operating, beside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communication_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellites</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellites</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landsat_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landsat program">Landsat program</a>, 1972), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space telescope">space telescopes</a> and particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space station">space stations</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salyut_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut program</a>, 1971). Negotiation in 1979 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon treaty">Moon treaty</a>, and its subsequent ratification in 1984 was the only major activity regarding the Moon until 1990. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Renewed_exploration_(1990–present)">Renewed exploration (1990–present)</h3> </div> In 1990 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a>-Hagoromo,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-265">[253]</a> the first dedicated lunar mission since 1976, reached the Moon. Sent by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a>, it became the first mission that was not a Soviet Union or U.S. mission to the Moon. In 1994, the U.S. dedicated a mission to fly a spacecraft (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a>) to the Moon again for the first time since 1973. This mission obtained the first near-global topographic map of the Moon, and the first global <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multi-spectral_image?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-spectral image">multispectral</a> images of the lunar surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-266">[254]</a> In 1998, this was followed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Prospector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> mission, whose instruments indicated the presence of excess hydrogen at the lunar poles, which is likely to have been caused by the presence of water ice in the upper few meters of the regolith within permanently shadowed craters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-267">[255]</a> The next years saw a row of first missions to the Moon by a new group of states actively exploring the Moon. Between 2004 and 2006 the first spacecraft by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Space_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SMART-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a>) reached the Moon, recording the first detailed survey of chemical elements on the lunar surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-268">[256]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> reached the Moon for the first time with the orbiter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a> (2007–2009),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-269">[257]</a> obtaining a full image map of the Moon. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a> reached, orbited and impacted the Moon in 2008 for the first time with its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chandrayaan-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a>, becoming the fifth and sixth state to do so, creating a high-resolution chemical, mineralogical and photo-geological map of the lunar surface, and confirming the presence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar water">water molecules in lunar soil</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-270">[258]</a> The U.S. launched the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LCROSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a> impactor on June 18, 2009. LCROSS completed its mission by making a planned and widely observed impact in the crater <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cabeus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeus">Cabeus</a> on October 9, 2009,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-271">[259]</a> whereas LRO is currently in operation, obtaining precise lunar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altimetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Altimetry">altimetry</a> and high-resolution imagery. China continued its lunar program in 2010 with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a>, mapping the surface at a higher resolution over an eight-month period, and in 2013 with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a>, a lunar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a> along with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_rover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar rover">lunar rover</a> named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yutu_(rover)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 玉兔; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Jade Rabbit'). This was the first lunar rover mission since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunokhod_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a> in 1973 and the first lunar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soft_landing_(rocketry)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (rocketry)">soft landing</a> since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_24?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a> in 1976, making China the third country to achieve this. In 2014 the first privately funded probe, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">Manfred Memorial Moon Mission</a>, reached the Moon. Another Chinese rover mission, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a>, achieved the first landing on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">the Moon's far side</a> in early 2019.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-272">[260]</a> Also in 2019, India successfully sent its second probe, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chandrayaan-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> to the Moon. In 2020, China carried out its first robotic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sample_return_mission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample return mission">sample return mission</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a>), bringing back 1,731 grams of lunar material to Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-273">[261]</a> The U.S. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vision for Space Exploration">developed plans</a> for returning to the Moon beginning in 2004,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-274">[262]</a> and with the signing of the U.S.-led <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis_Accords?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> in 2020, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> aims to return the astronauts to the Moon in the 2020s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-275">[263]</a> The Accords have been joined by a growing number of countries. The introduction of the Artemis Accords has fueled a renewed discussion about the international framework and cooperation of lunar activity, building on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> and the ESA-led <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Village?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon Village">Moon Village</a> concept.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Space_Review_2020-276">[264]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Australian_Institute_of_International_Affairs_2021-277">[265]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Space_Treaty_Institute_%E2%80%93_Dedicated_to_Peace_and_Sustainability_in_Outer_Space._Our_Mission-278">[266]</a> 2023 and 2024 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a> and Japan became the fourth and fifth country to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soft_landing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soft landing">soft land</a> a spacecraft on the Moon, following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> in the 1960s, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a> in the 2010s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-279">[267]</a> Notably, Japan's spacecraft, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">Smart Lander for Investigating Moon</a>, survived 3 lunar nights.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-280">[268]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IM-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IM-1">IM-1</a> lander became the first commercially built lander to land on the Moon in 2024.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-281">[269]</a> China launched the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> on May 3, 2024, which conducted another lunar sample return from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AJ_FI-20230425-282">[270]</a> It also carried a Chinese rover to conduct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Absorption spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a> of lunar surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-283">[271]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> sent a lunar orbiter called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ICUBE-Q?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a> along with Chang'e 6.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-284">[272]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IM-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IM-2">Nova-C 2</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hakuto-R_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">iSpace Lander</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost">Blue Ghost</a> are all planned to launch to the Moon in 2024. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Artemis_2_Crew_Portrait.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Artemis_2_Crew_Portrait.jpg/220px-Artemis_2_Crew_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5878" data-file-height="7348"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Artemis_2_Crew_Portrait.jpg/220px-Artemis_2_Crew_Portrait.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Artemis_2_Crew_Portrait.jpg/330px-Artemis_2_Crew_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Artemis_2_Crew_Portrait.jpg/440px-Artemis_2_Crew_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a> crew, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_in_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women in space">first woman</a>, person of color and non-US citizen astronaut planned to go to the Moon, scheduled for 2025, returning humans to the Moon for the first time since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> in 1972. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clockwise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clockwise">Clockwise</a> from left: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christina_Koch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christina Koch">Koch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_J._Glover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor J. Glover">Glover</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeremy Hansen">Hansen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reid_Wiseman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reid Wiseman">Wiseman</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Future">Future</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_proposed_missions_to_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed missions to the Moon">List of proposed missions to the Moon</a> </div> Beside the progressing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> and supporting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a>, leading an international and commercial crewed opening up of the Moon and sending the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women_in_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women in space">first woman</a>, person of color and non-US citizen to the Moon in the 2020s,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-285">[273]</a> China is continuing its ambitious <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e program</a>, having announced with Russia's struggling <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna-Glob?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> program joint missions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TASS_2019_x202-286">[274]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-287">[275]</a> Both the Chinese and US lunar programs have the goal to establish in the 2030s a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar base">lunar base</a> with their international partners, though the US and its partners will first establish an orbital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Gateway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> station in the 2020s, from which Artemis missions will land the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Landing_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Landing System">Human Landing System</a> to set up temporary surface camps. While the Apollo missions were explorational in nature, the Artemis program plans to establish a more permanent presence. To this end, NASA is partnering with industry leaders to establish key elements such as modern communication infrastructure. A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4G?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4G">4G</a> connectivity demonstration is to be launched aboard an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intuitive Machines Nova-C">Intuitive Machines Nova-C</a> lander in 2024.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-288">[276]</a> Another focus is on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/In_situ_resource_utilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="In situ resource utilization">in situ resource utilization</a>, which is a key part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DARPA_lunar_programs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DARPA lunar programs">DARPA lunar programs</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DARPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> has requested that industry partners develop a 10–year lunar architecture plan to enable the beginning of a lunar economy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-289">[277]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Human_presence">Human presence</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_presence_in_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human presence in space">Human presence in space</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moon_Soft_Landings.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moon_Soft_Landings.svg/220px-Moon_Soft_Landings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4659" data-file-height="4627"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moon_Soft_Landings.svg/220px-Moon_Soft_Landings.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moon_Soft_Landings.svg/330px-Moon_Soft_Landings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moon_Soft_Landings.svg/440px-Moon_Soft_Landings.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of all the sites of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soft_landing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soft landing">soft landings</a> on the Moon (2024) </figcaption> </figure> In 1959 the first extraterrestrial probes reached the Moon (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna program">Luna program</a>), just a year into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Space age">space age</a>, after the first ever orbital flight. Since then humans have sent a range of probes and people to the Moon. The first stay of people on the Moon was conducted in 1969, in a series of crewed exploration missions (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Program">Apollo Program</a>), the last having taken place in 1972. Uninterrupted presence has been the case through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">remains</a> of impactors, landings and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Moon" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">lunar orbiters</a>. Some landings and orbiters have maintained a small lunar infrastructure, providing continuous observation and communication at the Moon. Increasing human activity in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cislunar_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cislunar space">cislunar space</a> as well as on the Moon's surface, particularly missions at the far side of the Moon or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_north_pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar north pole">lunar north</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_south_pole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar south pole">south polar</a> regions, are in need for a lunar infrastructure. For that purpose orbiters in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_orbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar orbit">orbits around the Moon</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Earth%E2%80%93Moon_Lagrange_points" title="List of objects at Lagrange points">the Earth–Moon Lagrange points</a>, have since 2006 been operated. With highly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric orbits</a> providing continuous communication, as with the orbit of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao-2 relay satellite</a> or the planned first extraterrestrial space station, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Gateway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Williams_2022-290">[278]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Phys.org_2021-291">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Human_impact">Human impact</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_debris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space debris">Space debris</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_sustainability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space sustainability">Space sustainability</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Art_in_space" title="Space art">Space art § Art in space</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moonbase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_resources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mining" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources § Mining</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism on the Moon</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_archaeology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space archaeology">Space archaeology</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:ALSEP_AS17-134-20500.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ALSEP_AS17-134-20500.jpg/220px-ALSEP_AS17-134-20500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2349"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ALSEP_AS17-134-20500.jpg/220px-ALSEP_AS17-134-20500.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ALSEP_AS17-134-20500.jpg/330px-ALSEP_AS17-134-20500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ALSEP_AS17-134-20500.jpg/440px-ALSEP_AS17-134-20500.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Artifacts of human activity, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Apollo 17's Lunar Surface Experiments Package</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Garber_2012-292">[280]</a> </figcaption> </figure> While the Moon has the lowest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary_protection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Target_categories" title="Planetary protection">planetary protection target-categorization</a>, its degradation as a pristine body and scientific place has been discussed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vidaurri_2019-293">[281]</a> If there is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Astronomy_from_the_Moon">astronomy performed from the Moon</a>, it will need to be free from any physical and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio spectrum pollution">radio pollution</a>. While the Moon has no significant atmosphere, traffic and impacts on the Moon causes clouds of dust that can spread far and possibly contaminate the original state of the Moon and its special scientific content.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-David_2020-294">[282]</a> Scholar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alice_Gorman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alice Gorman">Alice Gorman</a> asserts that, although the Moon is inhospitable, it is not dead, and that sustainable human activity would require treating the Moon's ecology as a co-participant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gorman_2022-295">[283]</a> The so-called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tardigrades_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tardigrades on the Moon">Tardigrade affair</a>" of the 2019 crashed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beresheet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a> lander and its carrying of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tardigrade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tardigrade">tardigrades</a> has been discussed as an example for lacking measures and lacking international regulation for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary_protection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary protection">planetary protection</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Alvarez_2020_p.-296">[284]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_debris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space debris">Space debris</a> beyond Earth around the Moon has been considered as a future challenge with increasing numbers of missions to the Moon, particularly as a danger for such missions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carter_2022-297">[285]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nast_2013-298">[286]</a> As such lunar waste management has been raised as an issue which future lunar missions, particularly on the surface, need to tackle.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pino_Salmeri_Hugo_Hume_p.-299">[287]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NASA/ADS-300">[288]</a> Human remains have been transported to the Moon, including by private companies such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celestis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celestis">Celestis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elysium_Space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elysium Space">Elysium Space</a>. Because the Moon has been sacred or significant to many cultures, the practice of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_burial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space burial">space burials</a> have attracted criticism from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indigenous_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> leaders. For example, then–<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navajo_Nation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> president <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Hale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Hale">Albert Hale</a> criticized NASA for sending the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cremated?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremated">cremated</a> ashes of scientist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eugene_Shoemaker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Shoemaker">Eugene Shoemaker</a> to the Moon in 1998.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magazine_Sullivan_2024_a329-301">[289]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-web.archive.org_2011_c901-302">[290]</a> Beside the remains of human activity on the Moon, there have been some intended permanent installations like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a> art piece, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a>, six <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_plaque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar plaque">lunar plaques</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a> memorial, and other artifacts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Garber_2012-292">[280]</a> Longterm missions continuing to be active are some orbiters such as the 2009-launched <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> surveilling the Moon for future missions, as well as some Landers such as the 2013-launched <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> with its Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope still operational.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-303">[291]</a> Five retroreflectors have been installed on the Moon since the 1970s and since used for accurate measurements of the physical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libration">librations</a> through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">laser ranging to the Moon</a>. There are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Future_missions" title="List of missions to the Moon">several missions by different agencies and companies planned</a> to establish a longterm human presence on the Moon, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Gateway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> as the currently most advanced project as part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Astronomy_from_the_Moon">Astronomy from the Moon</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Moon" title="Extraterrestrial sky">Extraterrestrial sky § The Moon</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earth%E2%80%99s_geocorona_from_the_Moon.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Earth%E2%80%99s_geocorona_from_the_Moon.jpg/220px-Earth%E2%80%99s_geocorona_from_the_Moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="2631"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Earth%E2%80%99s_geocorona_from_the_Moon.jpg/220px-Earth%E2%80%99s_geocorona_from_the_Moon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Earth%E2%80%99s_geocorona_from_the_Moon.jpg/330px-Earth%E2%80%99s_geocorona_from_the_Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Earth%E2%80%99s_geocorona_from_the_Moon.jpg/440px-Earth%E2%80%99s_geocorona_from_the_Moon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Earth's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exosphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a> illuminated creating its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geocorona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geocorona">geocorona</a>, visible in ultraviolet and viewed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Camera/Spectrograph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph">Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_16?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> in 1972 from the Moon's surface. </figcaption> </figure> The Moon has been used as a site for astronomical and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth_observation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth observation">Earth observations</a>. The Earth appears in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Moon" title="Extraterrestrial sky">Moon's sky</a> with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apparent_size?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparent size">apparent size</a> of 1° 48′ to 2°,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gorkavyi_Krotkov_Marshak_2023_pp._1527%E2%80%931537-304">[292]</a> three to four times the size of the Moon or Sun in Earth's sky, or about the apparent width of two little fingers at an arm's length away. Observations from the Moon started as early as 1966 with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of first images of Earth from space">first images of Earth</a> from the Moon, taken by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a>. Of particular cultural significance is the 1968 photograph called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earthrise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a>, taken by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Anders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Anders">Bill Anders</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> in 1968. In April 1972 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_16?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> mission set up the first dedicated telescope,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-w422-305">[293]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-x909-306">[294]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Camera/Spectrograph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph">Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph</a>, recording various astronomical photos and spectra.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-307">[295]</a> The Moon is recognized as an excellent site for telescopes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-308">[296]</a> It is relatively nearby; certain craters near the poles are permanently dark and cold and especially useful for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infrared_telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infrared telescope">infrared telescopes</a>; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio telescope">radio telescopes</a> on the far side would be shielded from the radio chatter of Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-309">[297]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_soil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">lunar soil</a>, although it poses a problem for any moving parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, can be mixed with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_nanotube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epoxy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epoxy">epoxies</a> and employed in the construction of mirrors up to 50 meters in diameter.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-310">[298]</a> A lunar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zenith_telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zenith telescope">zenith telescope</a> can be made cheaply with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ionic_liquid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ionic liquid">ionic liquid</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-311">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Living_on_the_Moon">Living on the Moon</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_habitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar habitation">Lunar habitation</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg/220px-Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="3904"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg/220px-Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg/330px-Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg/440px-Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Astronaut <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">life-supporting suit</a> looking back at the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar base">lunar habitat and base</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module Eagle</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tranquility_Base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a>, during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_11?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> (1969), the first crewed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_landing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a> </figcaption> </figure> The only instances of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_habitat_(facility)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Extraterrestrial_surface_habitat" title="Space habitat (facility)">humans living on the Moon</a> have taken place in an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> for several days at a time (for example, during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_17?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> mission).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-312">[300]</a> One challenge to astronauts during their stay on the surface is that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_dust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar dust">lunar dust</a> sticks to their suits and is carried into their quarters. Astronauts could taste and smell the dust, which smells like gunpowder and was called the "Apollo aroma".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Aroma-313">[301]</a> This fine lunar dust can <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_dust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Harmful_effects_of_lunar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar dust">cause health issues</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Aroma-313">[301]</a> In 2019, at least one plant seed sprouted in an experiment on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Change_4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lunar_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Change 4">Chang'e 4 lander</a>. It was carried from Earth along with other small life in its Lunar Micro Ecosystem.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Seeds-314">[302]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space law">Space law</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_outer_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of outer space">Politics of outer space</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_advocacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a> </div> Although <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna program">Luna</a> landers scattered pennants of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on the Moon, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">U.S. flags</a> were symbolically planted at their landing sites by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a>, no nation claims ownership of any part of the Moon's surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unoosa_q6-315">[303]</a> Likewise no <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">private ownership of parts of the Moon, or as a whole</a>, is considered credible.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unoosa_q7-316">[304]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iisl_2004-317">[305]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iisl_2009-318">[306]</a> The 1967 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> defines the Moon and all outer space as the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">province of all mankind</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unoosa_q6-315">[303]</a> It restricts the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes, explicitly banning military installations and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unoosa_q5-319">[307]</a> A majority of countries are parties of this treaty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unoosa_q4-320">[308]</a> The 1979 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Agreement</a> was created to elaborate, and restrict the exploitation of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_resources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar resources">Moon's resources</a> by any single nation, leaving it to a yet unspecified international regulatory regime.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Space_Review_2021-321">[309]</a> As of January 2020, it has been signed and ratified by 18 nations,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unoosa_moon-322">[310]</a> none of which have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_spaceflight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> capabilities. Since 2020, countries have joined the U.S. in their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis_Accords?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a>, which are challenging the treaty. The U.S. has furthermore emphasized in a presidential <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_order?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Executive order">executive order</a> ("Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources.") that "the United States does not view outer space as a 'global commons'" and calls the Moon Agreement "a failed attempt at constraining free enterprise."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-323">[311]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-324">[312]</a> With Australia signing and ratifying both the Moon Treaty in 1986 as well as the Artemis Accords in 2020, there has been a discussion if they can be harmonized.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Australian_Institute_of_International_Affairs_2021-277">[265]</a> In this light an Implementation Agreement for the Moon Treaty has been advocated for, as a way to compensate for the shortcomings of the Moon Treaty and to harmonize it with other laws and agreements such as the Artemis Accords, allowing it to be more widely accepted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Space_Review_2020-276">[264]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Space_Treaty_Institute_%E2%80%93_Dedicated_to_Peace_and_Sustainability_in_Outer_Space._Our_Mission-278">[266]</a> In the face of such increasing commercial and national interest, particularly prospecting territories, U.S. lawmakers have introduced in late 2020 specific regulation for the conservation of historic landing sites<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HowStuffWorks_2021-325">[313]</a> and interest groups have argued for making such sites <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-For_All_Moonkind-326">[314]</a> and zones of scientific value protected zones, all of which add to the legal availability and territorialization of the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Alvarez_2020_p.-296">[284]</a> In 2021, the Declaration of the Rights of the Moon<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Declaration-327">[315]</a> was created by a group of "lawyers, space archaeologists and concerned citizens", drawing on precedents in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rights_of_Nature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of Nature">Rights of Nature</a> movement and the concept of legal personality for non-human entities in space.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-328">[316]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Evans_2021-329">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Coordination_and_regulation">Coordination and regulation</h3> </div> Increasing human activity at the Moon has raised the need for coordination to safeguard international and commercial lunar activity. Issues from cooperation to mere coordination, through for example the development of a shared <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar time">Lunar time</a>, have been raised. In particular the establishment of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationalism (politics)">international</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> regulatory regime for lunar human activity has been called for by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> and suggested through an Implementation Agreement,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Space_Review_2020-276">[264]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Space_Treaty_Institute_%E2%80%93_Dedicated_to_Peace_and_Sustainability_in_Outer_Space._Our_Mission-278">[266]</a> but remains contentious. Current lunar programs are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multilateralism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a>, with the US-led <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> and the China-led <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a>. For broader international cooperation and coordination the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Lunar_Exploration_Working_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Lunar Exploration Working Group">International Lunar Exploration Working Group</a> (ILEWG), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Village?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon Village">Moon Village Association</a> (MVA) and more generally the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">International Space Exploration Coordination Group</a> (ISECG) has been established. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="In_culture_and_life">In culture and life</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Timekeeping">Timekeeping</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metonic_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg/220px-Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg/220px-Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg/330px-Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg/440px-Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus_of_Laussel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venus of Laussel">Venus of Laussel</a> (c. 25,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Before_present?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">BP</a>) holding a crescent shaped horn. The 13 notches on the horn may symbolize the average number of days from menstruation to an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ovulation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>, or the approximate number of full <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menstrual_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycles</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar cycle">lunar cycles</a> per year (although these two phenomena are unrelated).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0b-330">[318]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Boyle_2019-331">[319]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Since pre-historic times people have taken note of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_phases?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar phases">the Moon's phases</a> and its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar cycle">waxing and waning cycle</a>, and used it to keep record of time. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tally_stick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tally stick">Tally sticks</a>, notched bones dating as far back as 20–30,000 years ago, are believed by some to mark the phases of the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Burton2011-232">[220]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-332">[320]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-333">[321]</a> The counting of the days between the Moon's phases gave eventually rise to generalized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unit_of_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unit of time">time periods</a> of lunar cycles as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Month?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Month">months</a>, and possibly of its phases as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Week?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Week">weeks</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Zerubavel_1989_p._9-334">[322]</a> The words for the month in a range of different languages carry this relation between the period of the month and the Moon etymologically. The English month as well as moon, and its cognates in other Indo-European languages (e.g. the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> mensis and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> μείς (meis) or μήν (mēn), meaning "month")<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-335">[323]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-336">[324]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-337">[325]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-338">[326]</a> stem from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Indo-European?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) root of moon, *méh1nōt, derived from the PIE verbal root *meh1-, "to measure", "indicat[ing] a functional conception of the Moon, i.e. marker of the month" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cf.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cf.">cf.</a> the English words measure and menstrual).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-339">[327]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-340">[328]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-341">[329]</a> To give another example from a different <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language family">language family</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> uses the same word (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%2588" class="extiw" title="wikt:月">月</a>) for moon as well as for month, which furthermore can be found in the symbols for the word week (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%2598%259F%25E6%259C%259F" class="extiw" title="wikt:星期">星期</a>). This lunar timekeeping gave rise to the historically dominant, but varied, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendars</a>. The 7th-century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> is an example of a purely <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a>, where months are traditionally determined by the visual sighting of the hilal, or earliest crescent moon, over the horizon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-342">[330]</a> Of particular significance has been the occasion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Full_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Full moon">full moon</a>, highlighted and celebrated in a range of calendars and cultures, an example being the Buddhist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vesak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vesak">Vesak</a>. The full moon around the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/March_equinox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="March equinox">southern</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/September_equinox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="September equinox">northern autumnal equinox</a> is often called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvest_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvest moon">harvest moon</a> and is celebrated with festivities such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvest_Moon_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvest Moon Festival">Harvest Moon Festival</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_lunar_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese lunar calendar">Chinese lunar calendar</a>, its second most important celebration after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_New_Year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese New Year">the Chinese</a> lunisolar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_New_Year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Confucius_Institute_for_Scotland_2022-343">[331]</a> Furthermore, association of time with the Moon can also be found in religion, such as the ancient Egyptian temporal and lunar deity <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khonsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cultural_representation">Cultural representation</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archaeoastronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar deity">Lunar deity</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selene">Selene</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_(goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna (goddess)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crescent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crescent">Crescent</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nocturne_(painting)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturne (painting)">Nocturne (painting)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_magic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="theader"> Recurring lunar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect (religion)">aspects</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar deity">lunar deities</a> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Sumerian cylinder seal and impression, dated c. 2100 BC, of Ḫašḫamer, ensi (governor) of Iškun-Sin c. 2100 BC. The seated figure is probably king Ur-Nammu, bestowing the governorship on Ḫašḫamer, who is led before him by Lamma (protective goddess).[332]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/200px-Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="873"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/200px-Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" data-alt="Sumerian cylinder seal and impression, dated c. 2100 BC, of Ḫašḫamer, ensi (governor) of Iškun-Sin c. 2100 BC. The seated figure is probably king Ur-Nammu, bestowing the governorship on Ḫašḫamer, who is led before him by Lamma (protective goddess).[332]" data-width="200" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/300px-Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/400px-Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crescent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crescent">crescent</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sin_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sîn</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2100 BC </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Luna on the Parabiago plate (2nd–5th century), featuring the crescent crown, chariot and velificatio as lunar aspect found in different cultures." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg/200px-Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="299"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg/200px-Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg" data-alt="Luna on the Parabiago plate (2nd–5th century), featuring the crescent crown, chariot and velificatio as lunar aspect found in different cultures." data-width="200" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg/300px-Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg/400px-Patera_di_Parabiago_-_MI_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Diana_-_Luna_-_25-7-2003_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_25-7-2003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Crescent headgear, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_(goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chariot_of_the_Moon" title="Luna (goddess)">chariot</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velificatio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velificatio">velificatio</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_(goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a>, 2nd–5th century </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Goddess_O_Ixchel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Rabbits are in a range of cultures identified with the Moon, from China to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, as with the rabbit (on the left) of the Maya moon goddess (6th–9th century)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Goddess_O_Ixchel.jpg/200px-Goddess_O_Ixchel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="565"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Goddess_O_Ixchel.jpg/200px-Goddess_O_Ixchel.jpg" data-alt="Rabbits are in a range of cultures identified with the Moon, from China to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, as with the rabbit (on the left) of the Maya moon goddess (6th–9th century)." data-width="200" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Goddess_O_Ixchel.jpg/300px-Goddess_O_Ixchel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Goddess_O_Ixchel.jpg/400px-Goddess_O_Ixchel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_rabbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon rabbit">Moon rabbit</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maya moon goddess">Mayan moon goddess</a>, 6th–9th century </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> Since prehistoric times humans have depicted and later described their perception of the Moon and its importance for them and their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmology">cosmologies</a>. It has been characterized and associated in many different ways, from having a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spirit_(vital_essence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (vital essence)">spirit</a> or being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar deity">a deity</a>, and an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect (religion)">aspect</a> thereof or an aspect <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon (astrology)">in astrology</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Crescent">Crescent</h4> </div> For the representation of the Moon, especially its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_phase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar phase">lunar phases</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crescent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crescent">crescent</a> (🌙) has been a recurring symbol in a range of cultures since at least 3,000 BCE or possibly earlier with bull horns dating to the earliest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cave_painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> at 40,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Before_present?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">BP</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-e093-231">[219]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-k874-237">[225]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Writing_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> such as Chinese the crescent has developed into the symbol <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%2588" class="extiw" title="wikt:月">月</a>, the word for Moon, and in ancient Egyptian it was the symbol <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25F0%2593%2587%25B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:𓇹">𓇹</a>, meaning Moon and spelled like the ancient Egyptian lunar deity <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iah">Iah</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hart_2005_p._77-345">[333]</a> which the other ancient Egyptian lunar deities <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khonsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thoth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> were associated with. Iconographically the crescent was used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> as the primary symbol of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sin_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sîn</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-235">[223]</a> the ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumeria">Sumerian</a> lunar deity,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nemet1998-346">[334]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-235">[223]</a> who was the father of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inanna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inanna">Inanna/Ishtar</a>, the goddess of the planet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venus">Venus</a> (symbolized as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octagram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octagram">eight pointed</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Star_of_Ishtar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Star of Ishtar">Star of Ishtar</a>),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nemet1998-346">[334]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-235">[223]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a>, the god of the Sun (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_symbol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar symbol">symbolized as a disc, optionally with eight rays</a>),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nemet1998-346">[334]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-235">[223]</a> all three often depicted next to each other. Nanna/Sîn is, like some other lunar deities, for example Iah and Khonsu of ancient Egypt, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mene_(goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mene (goddess)">Mene</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selene">Selene</a> of ancient Greece and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna (mythology)">Luna</a> of ancient Rome, depicted as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horned_deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horned deity">horned deity</a>, featuring crescent shaped headgears or crowns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-347">[335]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-348">[336]</a> The particular arrangement of the crescent with a star known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Star_and_crescent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Star and crescent">star and crescent</a> (☪️) goes back to the Bronze Age, representing either the Sun and Moon, or the Moon and the planet Venus, in combination. It came to represent the selene goddess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artemis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, and via the patronage of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hecate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, which as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triple_deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triple deity">triple deity</a> under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epithet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epithet">epithet</a> trimorphos/trivia included aspects of Artemis/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diana_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, came to be used as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine flags and insignia">symbol of Byzantium</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgin_Mary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a>) later taking her place, becoming depicted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marian_veneration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian veneration">Marian veneration</a> on a crescent and adorned with stars. Since then the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heraldry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heraldry">heraldric</a> use of the star and crescent proliferated, Byzantium's symbolism possibly influencing the development of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman flag</a>, specifically the combination of the Turkish crescent with a star,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-349">[337]</a> and becoming a popular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbols of Islam">symbol for Islam</a> (as the <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hilal%23Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:hilal">hilal</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Star_and_crescent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Contemporary_use" title="Star and crescent">for a range of nations</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kadoi_2014-350">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Other_association">Other association</h4> </div> The features of the Moon, the contrasting brighter highlands and darker maria, have been seen by different cultures <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_pareidolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar pareidolia">forming abstract shapes</a>. Such shapes are among others the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a> (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coyolx%C4%81uhqui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coyolxāuhqui">Coyolxāuhqui</a>) or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_Rabbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon Rabbit">Moon Rabbit</a> (e.g. the Chinese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tu%27er_Ye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tu'er Ye">Tu'er Ye</a> or in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American mythologies</a> the aspect of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maya_moon_goddess?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maya moon goddess">Mayan Moon goddess</a>, from which possibly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Awilix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Awilix">Awilix</a> is derived, or of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metztli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metztli">Metztli</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C4%93ccizt%C4%93catl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tēcciztēcatl">Tēcciztēcatl</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Collections_Search_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston_1987-344">[332]</a> Occasionally some lunar deities have been also depicted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_(goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chariot_of_the_Moon" title="Luna (goddess)">driving a chariot across the sky</a>, such as the Hindu <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chandra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chandra">Chandra/Soma</a>, the Greek Artemis, which is associated with Selene, or Luna, Selene's ancient Roman equivalent. Color and material wise the Moon has been associated in Western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silver">silver</a>, while gold is associated with the Sun.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Abbri_2019_pp._39%E2%80%9344-351">[339]</a> Through a miracle, the so-called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Splitting of the Moon">splitting of the Moon</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: انشقاق القمر) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a>, association with the Moon applies also to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-352">[340]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Modern_culture_representation">Modern culture representation</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_in_science_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon in science fiction">Moon in science fiction</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_appearances_of_the_Moon_in_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of appearances of the Moon in fiction">List of appearances of the Moon in fiction</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/193px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="23756"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 193px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/193px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="193" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/290px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/386px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> The Moon is prominently featured in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>'s 1889 painting, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Starry_Night?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2019-353">[341]</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg/201px-Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1795"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 201px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg/201px-Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="201" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg/302px-Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg/402px-Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> An iconic image of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a> from the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science-fiction_film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction film">science-fiction film</a> set in space, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Trip_to_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Trip to the Moon">A Trip to the Moon</a> (1902, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>), inspired by a history of literature about going to the Moon. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> The perception of the Moon in modern times has been informed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telescope">telescope</a> enabled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern astronomy">modern astronomy</a> and later by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaceflight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> enabled actual human activity at the Moon, particularly the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultural_impact" title="Apollo program">culturally impactful lunar landings</a>. These new insights inspired cultural references, connecting romantic reflections about the Moon<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_MIT_Press_Reader_2020-354">[342]</a> and speculative fiction such as science-fiction dealing with the Moon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2019-353">[341]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nature_2019-355">[343]</a> Contemporarily the Moon has been seen as a place for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commercialization_of_space?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercialization of space">economic expansion into space</a>, with missions prospecting for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_resources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar resources">lunar resources</a>. This has been accompanied with renewed public and critical reflection on humanity's cultural and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legal_status">legal relation to the celestial body</a>, especially regarding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Alvarez_2020_p.-296">[284]</a> as in the 1970 poem "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitey_on_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitey on the Moon">Whitey on the Moon</a>". In this light the Moon's nature has been invoked,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Declaration-327">[315]</a> particularly for lunar conservation<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nast_2013-298">[286]</a> and as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commons">common</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Open_Lunar_Foundation_2022-356">[344]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Space_Review_2021-321">[309]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Evans_2021-329">[317]</a> In 2021 20 July, the date of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_11?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Landing" title="Apollo 11">first crewed Moon landing</a>, became the annual International Moon Day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nations_1967_a849-357">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lunar_effect">Lunar effect</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a> </div> The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. The Moon has long been associated with insanity and irrationality; the words lunacy and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunatic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunatic">lunatic</a> are derived from the Latin name for the Moon, Luna. Philosophers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristotle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> argued that the full moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sciam-358">[346]</a> Even today, people who believe in a lunar effect claim that admissions to psychiatric hospitals, traffic accidents, homicides or suicides increase during a full moon, but dozens of studies invalidate these claims.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sciam-358">[346]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RottonKelly1985-359">[347]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MartensKelly1988-360">[348]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-kelly-361">[349]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FosterRoenneberg2008-362">[350]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of natural satellites">List of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selenography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selenography">Selenography</a> (geography of the Moon)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordinated_Lunar_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinated Lunar Time">Coordinated Lunar Time</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-inclination-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-inclination_3-0">^</a> Between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equator">equator</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-W06-1">[1]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-near-Earth_asteroids-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-near-Earth_asteroids_4-0">^</a> There are a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroid">near-Earth asteroids</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3753_Cruithne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3753 Cruithne">3753 Cruithne</a>, that are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Co-orbital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-orbital">co-orbital</a> with Earth: their orbits bring them close to Earth for periods of time but then alter in the long term (Morais et al, 2002). These are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quasi-satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quasi-satellite">quasi-satellites</a> – they are not moons as they do not orbit Earth. For more information, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Other_moons_of_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Other moons of Earth">Other moons of Earth</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-maxval-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-maxval_17-0">^</a> The maximum value is given based on scaling of the brightness from the value of −12.74 given for an equator to Moon-centre distance of 378 000 km in the NASA factsheet reference to the minimum Earth–Moon distance given there, after the latter is corrected for Earth's equatorial radius of 6 378 km, giving 350 600 km. The minimum value (for a distant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New moon">new moon</a>) is based on a similar scaling using the maximum Earth–Moon distance of 407 000 km (given in the factsheet) and by calculating the brightness of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earthshine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthshine">earthshine</a> onto such a new moon. The brightness of the earthshine is [ Earth <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albedo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albedo">albedo</a> × (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth_radius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth radius">Earth radius</a> / Radius of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbit of the Moon">Moon's orbit</a>)2 ] relative to the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full moon. (Earth albedo = 0.367; Earth radius = (polar radius × equatorial radius)½ = 6 367 km.)</li> <li id="cite_note-angular_size-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-angular_size_19-0">^</a> The range of angular size values given are based on simple scaling of the following values given in the fact sheet reference: at an Earth-equator to Moon-centre distance of 378 000 km, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angular_diameter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angular diameter">angular size</a> is 1896 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arcsecond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcseconds</a>. The same fact sheet gives extreme Earth–Moon distances of 407 000 km and 357 000 km. For the maximum angular size, the minimum distance has to be corrected for Earth's equatorial radius of 6 378 km, giving 350 600 km.</li> <li id="cite_note-pressure_explanation-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pressure_explanation_21-0">^</a> Lucey et al. (2006) give 107 particles cm−3 by day and 105 particles cm−3 by night. Along with equatorial surface temperatures of 390 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kelvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kelvin">K</a> by day and 100 K by night, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ideal_gas_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a> yields the pressures given in the infobox (rounded to the nearest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Order_of_magnitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Order of magnitude">order of magnitude</a>): 10−7 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pascal_(unit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a> by day and 10−10 Pa by night.</li> <li id="cite_note-Moon_vs._Charon-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Moon_vs._Charon_72-0">^</a> With 27% the diameter and 60% the density of Earth, the Moon has 1.23% of the mass of Earth. The moon <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charon_(moon)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> is larger relative to its primary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, but Earth and the Moon are different since Pluto is considered a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwarf_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> and not a planet, unlike Earth.</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> There is no strong correlation between the sizes of planets and the sizes of their satellites. Larger planets tend to have more satellites, both large and small, than smaller planets.</li> <li id="cite_note-orbpd-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-orbpd_185-0">^</a> More accurately, the Moon's mean sidereal period (fixed star to fixed star) is 27.321661 days (27 d 07 h 43 min 11.5 s), and its mean tropical orbital period (from equinox to equinox) is 27.321582 days (27 d 07 h 43 min 04.7 s) (Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris, 1961, at p.107).</li> <li id="cite_note-synpd-186"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-synpd_186-0">^</a> More accurately, the Moon's mean synodic period (between mean solar conjunctions) is 29.530589 days (29 d 12 h 44 min 02.9 s) (Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris, 1961, at p.107).</li> <li id="cite_note-brightness-219"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-brightness_219-0">^</a> The Sun's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apparent_magnitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> is −26.7, while the full moon's apparent magnitude is −12.7.</li> <li id="cite_note-size_changes-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-size_changes_224-0">^</a> See graph in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Life_phases" title="Sun">Sun#Life phases</a>. At present, the diameter of the Sun is increasing at a rate of about five percent per billion years. This is very similar to the rate at which the apparent angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing as it recedes from Earth.</li> <li id="cite_note-area-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-area_228-0">^</a> On average, the Moon covers an area of 0.21078 square degrees on the night sky.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-W06-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-W06_1-12">m</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWieczorekJolliffKhanPritchard2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wieczorek, Mark A.; Jolliff, Bradley L.; Khan, Amir; Pritchard, Matthew E.; Weiss, Benjamin P.; Williams, James G.; Hood, Lon L.; Righter, Kevin; Neal, Clive R.; Shearer, Charles K.; McCallum, I. 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(1996). "Lunar moments, tides, orientation, and coordinate frames". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary_and_Space_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary and Space Science">Planetary and Space Science</a>. 44 (10): 1077–1080. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996P%26SS...44.1077W">1996P&SS...44.1077W</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252F0032-0633%252895%252900154-9">10.1016/0032-0633(95)00154-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=Lunar+moments%2C+tides%2C+orientation%2C+and+coordinate+frames&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1077-1080&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900154-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996P%26SS...44.1077W&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Newhall%2C+XX&rft.au=Dickey%2C+Jean+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-SolarViews-10">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SolarViews_10-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SolarViews_10-1">b</a> Hamilton, Calvin J.; Hamilton, Rosanna L., The Moon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm">Views of the Solar System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204134527/http://solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm">Archived</a> February 4, 2016, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1995–2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakemson1971" class="citation journal cs1">Makemson, Maud W. 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The Moon. 2 (3): 293–308. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Moon....2..293M">1971Moon....2..293M</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252FBF00561882">10.1007/BF00561882</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119603394">119603394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moon&rft.atitle=Determination+of+selenographic+positions&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-308&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119603394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00561882&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971Moon....2..293M&rft.aulast=Makemson&rft.aufirst=Maud+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-report-12">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-report_12-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-report_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchinalA'HearnBowellConrad2010" class="citation journal cs1">Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Bowell, Edward G.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; Courtin, Régis; Fukushima, Toshio; Hestroffer, Daniel; Hilton, James L.; Krasinsky, George A.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Oberst, Jürgen; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Stooke, Philip J.; Tholen, David J.; Thomas, Paul C.; Williams, Iwan P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065344/http://astropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/28fd9e81-1964-44d6-a58b-fbbf61e64e15/WGCCRE2009reprint.pdf">"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009"</a> (PDF). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 109 (2): 101–135. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CeMDA.109..101A">2011CeMDA.109..101A</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs10569-010-9320-4">10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189842666">189842666</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://astropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/28fd9e81-1964-44d6-a58b-fbbf61e64e15/WGCCRE2009reprint.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU+Working+Group+on+Cartographic+Coordinates+and+Rotational+Elements%3A+2009&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-135&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189842666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-010-9320-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CeMDA.109..101A&rft.aulast=Archinal&rft.aufirst=Brent+A.&rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Bowell%2C+Edward+G.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Albert+R.&rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&rft.au=Courtin%2C+R%C3%A9gis&rft.au=Fukushima%2C+Toshio&rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+George+A.&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Oberst%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Seidelmann%2C+P.+Kenneth&rft.au=Stooke%2C+Philip+J.&rft.au=Tholen%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Paul+C.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov%2Falfresco%2Fd%2Fd%2Fworkspace%2FSpacesStore%2F28fd9e81-1964-44d6-a58b-fbbf61e64e15%2FWGCCRE2009reprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"> also available <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://astropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov/download/Docs/WGCCRE/WGCCRE2009reprint.pdf">"via usgs.gov"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427144731/https://astropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov/download/Docs/WGCCRE/WGCCRE2009reprint.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=via+usgs.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov%2Fdownload%2FDocs%2FWGCCRE%2FWGCCRE2009reprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Saari-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Saari_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2008" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Grant (2008). 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Science Advances. 6 (39). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.1334Z">2020SciA....6.1334Z</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fsciadv.aaz1334">10.1126/sciadv.aaz1334</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7518862">7518862</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32978156">32978156</a>. <q>We measured an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of 13.2 ± 1 μGy/hour ... LND measured an average dose equivalent of 1369 μSv/day on the surface of the Moon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=First+measurements+of+the+radiation+dose+on+the+lunar+surface&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=39&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7518862%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32978156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaz1334&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.1334Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Wimmer-Schweingruber%2C+RF&rft.au=Yu%2C+J&rft.au=Wang%2C+C&rft.au=Fu%2C+Q&rft.au=Zou%2C+Y&rft.au=Sun%2C+Y&rft.au=Wang%2C+C&rft.au=Hou%2C+D&rft.au=B%C3%B6ttcher%2C+SI&rft.au=Burmeister%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7518862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-IMCCE-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMCCE_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages1/101.html">"Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies"</a>. IMCCE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321023334/https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages1/101.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMCCE&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+-+the+brightest+bodies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpromenade.imcce.fr%2Fen%2Fpages1%2F101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-L06-20">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-L06_20-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-L06_20-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-L06_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuceyKorotevGillisTaylor2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lucey, Paul; Korotev, Randy L.; Gillis, Jeffrey J.; Taylor, Larry A.; Lawrence, David; Campbell, Bruce A.; Elphic, Rick; Feldman, Bill; Hood, Lon L.; Hunten, Donald; Mendillo, Michael; Noble, Sarah; Papike, James J.; Reedy, Robert C.; Lawson, Stefanie; Prettyman, Tom; Gasnault, Olivier; Maurice, Sylvestre (2006). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/%23spelling">the original</a> on December 16, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naming+Astronomical+Objects%3A+Spelling+of+Names&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublic_press%2Fthemes%2Fnaming%2F%23spelling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-PN-FAQ-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PN-FAQ_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/nomenFAQ.html">"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Planetary Nomenclature FAQ"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USGS_Astrogeology_Research_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS Astrogeology Research Program">USGS Astrogeology Research Program</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527120646/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/nomenFAQ.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature%3A+Planetary+Nomenclature+FAQ&rft.pub=USGS+Astrogeology+Research+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FnomenFAQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel2003" class="citation book cs1">Orel, Vladimir (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/Orel-AHandbookOfGermanicEtymology/mode/2up/search/moon">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</a>. Brill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617033731/https://archive.org/details/Orel-AHandbookOfGermanicEtymology/mode/2up/search/moon">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Germanic+Etymology&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FOrel-AHandbookOfGermanicEtymology%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fmoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-Menchero2020" class="citation web cs1">López-Menchero, Fernando (May 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://indo-european.info/dictionary-translator/word.inc.php/ine/m%25c4%2593nsis">"Late Proto-Indo-European Etymological Lexicon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522153418/https://indo-european.info/dictionary-translator/word.inc.php/ine/m%25c4%2593nsis">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Late+Proto-Indo-European+Etymological+Lexicon&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Menchero&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findo-european.info%2Fdictionary-translator%2Fword.inc.php%2Fine%2Fm%25c4%2593nsis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-barnhart1995-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-barnhart1995_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnhart1995" class="citation book cs1">Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HarperCollins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 487. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270084-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270084-1"><bdi>978-0-06-270084-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barnhart+Concise+Dictionary+of+Etymology&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-270084-1&rft.aulast=Barnhart&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> E.g.: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall_III2016" class="citation book cs1">Hall III, James A. (2016). Moons of the Solar System. Springer International. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-20636-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-20636-3"><bdi>978-3-319-20636-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moons+of+the+Solar+System&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-20636-3&rft.aulast=Hall+III&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Luna" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q%3DLuna">"Luna"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luna&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DLuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin%23withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Cynthia" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q%3DCynthia">"Cynthia"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cynthia&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DCynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin%23withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/selenian">"selenian"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merriam-Webster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=selenian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fselenian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-selenian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q%3Dselenian">"selenian"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=selenian&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dselenian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin%23withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-selenic" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q%3Dselenic">"selenic"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=selenic&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dselenic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin%23withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/selenic">"selenic"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merriam-Webster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=selenic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fselenic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-oed-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-oed_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50136796?single%3D1%26query_type%3Dword%26queryword%3Dlunar%26first%3D%26max_to_show%3D10">"Oxford English Dictionary: lunar, a. and n."</a> Oxford English Dictionary: Second Edition 1989. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021946/https://public.oed.com/help/">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+Second+Edition+1989&rft.atitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+lunar%2C+a.+and+n.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50136796%3Fsingle%3D1%26query_type%3Dword%26queryword%3Dlunar%26first%3D%26max_to_show%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%3Dselh/nh">σελήνη</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Liddell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perseus_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Pannen2010-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Pannen2010_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannen2010" class="citation book cs1">Pannen, Imke (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D37CPbHwqPjwC%26pg%3DPA96">When the Bad Bleeds: Mantic Elements in English Renaissance Revenge Tragedy</a>. V&R unipress GmbH. pp. 96–. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-640-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-640-5"><bdi>978-3-89971-640-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904223627/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D37CPbHwqPjwC%26pg%3DPA96">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Bad+Bleeds%3A+Mantic+Elements+in+English+Renaissance+Revenge+Tragedy&rft.pages=96-&rft.pub=V%26R+unipress+GmbH&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-89971-640-5&rft.aulast=Pannen&rft.aufirst=Imke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37CPbHwqPjwC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-The_Planetary_Society_2022-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Planetary_Society_2022_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.planetary.org/articles/the-two-faced-moon">"The two-faced Moon"</a>. The Planetary Society. March 14, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428213253/https://www.planetary.org/articles/the-two-faced-moon">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&rft.atitle=The+two-faced+Moon&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-two-faced-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-explanet.info-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-explanet.info_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://explanet.info/Chapter04.htm">"Exploring the Planets: Chapter 4. The Moon"</a>. explanet.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428213755/https://explanet.info/Chapter04.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=explanet.info&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Planets%3A+Chapter+4.+The+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplanet.info%2FChapter04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiemensSprungFonsecaLeitzke2019" class="citation journal cs1">Thiemens, Maxwell M.; Sprung, Peter; Fonseca, Raúl O. 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Retrieved August 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=The+Moon+is+older+than+scientists+thought&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F143025%2Fthe-moon-is-older-than-scientists-thought%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarboniBoehnke,_P.Keller,_C.B.Kohl,_I.E.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Barboni, M.; Boehnke, P.; Keller, C.B.; Kohl, I.E.; Schoene, B.; Young, E.D.; McKeegan, K.D. 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Science Advances. 3 (1): e1602365. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SciA....3E2365B">2017SciA....3E2365B</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fsciadv.1602365">10.1126/sciadv.1602365</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5226643">5226643</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28097222">28097222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Early+formation+of+the+Moon+4.51+billion+years+ago&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e1602365&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5226643%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28097222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1602365&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017SciA....3E2365B&rft.aulast=Barboni&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Boehnke%2C+P.&rft.au=Keller%2C+C.B.&rft.au=Kohl%2C+I.E.&rft.au=Schoene%2C+B.&rft.au=Young%2C+E.D.&rft.au=McKeegan%2C+K.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5226643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Binder-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Binder_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1974" class="citation journal cs1">Binder, A. 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Walken and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/bookofmoon0000stro/page/24">24–27</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1734-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1734-4"><bdi>978-0-8027-1734-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617181611/https://archive.org/details/bookofmoon0000stro">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2020. 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Retrieved October 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Micro+cold+traps+on+the+Moon&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-175&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2005.05369&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218595642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41550-020-1198-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatAs...5..169H&rft.au=Hayne%2C+P.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41550-020-1198-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-WP-20201026-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WP-20201026_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarinoAchenbach2020" class="citation news cs1">Guarino, Ben; Achenbach, Joel (October 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2020/10/26/water-on-the-moon/">"Pair of studies confirm there is water on the moon – New research confirms what scientists had theorized for years — the moon is wet"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Washington_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026184808/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2020/10/26/water-on-the-moon/">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pair+of+studies+confirm+there+is+water+on+the+moon+%E2%80%93+New+research+confirms+what+scientists+had+theorized+for+years+%E2%80%94+the+moon+is+wet.&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.aulast=Guarino&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Achenbach%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fscience%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fwater-on-the-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20201026-183"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NYT-20201026_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2020" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (October 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/science/moon-ice-water.html">"There's Water and Ice on the Moon, and in More Places Than NASA Once Thought – Future astronauts seeking water on the moon may not need to go into the most treacherous craters in its polar regions to find it"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026170716/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/science/moon-ice-water.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=There%27s+Water+and+Ice+on+the+Moon%2C+and+in+More+Places+Than+NASA+Once+Thought+%E2%80%93+Future+astronauts+seeking+water+on+the+moon+may+not+need+to+go+into+the+most+treacherous+craters+in+its+polar+regions+to+find+it.&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fscience%2Fmoon-ice-water.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-The_Aerospace_Corporation_2023_j509-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Aerospace_Corporation_2023_j509_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Aerospace_Corporation2023" class="citation web cs1">The Aerospace Corporation (July 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://medium.com/the-aerospace-corporation/its-international-moon-day-let-s-talk-about-cislunar-space-9d108f1a1b0b">"It's International Moon Day! Let's talk about Cislunar Space"</a>. Medium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108000242/https://medium.com/the-aerospace-corporation/its-international-moon-day-let-s-talk-about-cislunar-space-9d108f1a1b0b">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=It%27s+International+Moon+Day%21+Let%27s+talk+about+Cislunar+Space.&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft.au=The+Aerospace+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fthe-aerospace-corporation%2Fits-international-moon-day-let-s-talk-about-cislunar-space-9d108f1a1b0b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Day-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Day_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Williams2017" class="citation news cs1">Matt Williams (July 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.universetoday.com/20524/how-long-is-a-day-on-the-moon-1/">"How Long is a Day on the Moon?"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129020253/https://www.universetoday.com/20524/how-long-is-a-day-on-the-moon-1/">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2020. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522153419/https://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Smoon4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Libration+of+the+Moon&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fstargaze%2FSmoon4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh,_I._D.Eliot,_M.Pattiaratchi,_C.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haigh, I. D.; Eliot, M.; Pattiaratchi, C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/files/3380567/A0059.pdf">"Global influences of the 18.61 year nodal cycle and 8.85 year cycle of lunar perigee on high tidal levels"</a> (PDF). J. Geophys. Res. 116 (C6): C06025. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRC..116.6025H">2011JGRC..116.6025H</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1029%252F2010JC006645">10.1029/2010JC006645</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212170314/https://api.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/files/3380567/A0059.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Global+influences+of+the+18.61+year+nodal+cycle+and+8.85+year+cycle+of+lunar+perigee+on+high+tidal+levels&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=C6&rft.pages=C06025&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2010JC006645&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JGRC..116.6025H&rft.au=Haigh%2C+I.+D.&rft.au=Eliot%2C+M.&rft.au=Pattiaratchi%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.research-repository.uwa.edu.au%2Ffiles%2F3380567%2FA0059.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Beletskii2-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Beletskii2_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV_V_Belet︠s︡kiĭ2001" class="citation book cs1">V V Belet︠s︡kiĭ (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbyWZusmVSecC">Essays on the Motion of Celestial Bodies</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkhäuser">Birkhäuser</a>. p. 183. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-5866-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-5866-2"><bdi>978-3-7643-5866-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323203843/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbyWZusmVSecC">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2018. 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NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/">the original</a> on May 7, 2012. 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Retrieved September 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lunar+maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowth.com%2Flunar-maps.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-spacetoday-234"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-spacetoday_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305162253/http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html">"Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos"</a>. Space Today. 2006. 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Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carved+and+Drawn+Prehistoric+Maps+of+the+Cosmos&rft.pub=Space+Today&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetoday.org%2FSolSys%2FEarth%2FOldStarCharts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BlackGreen1992-235">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_235-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_235-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_235-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_235-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_235-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ">Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</a>. The British Museum Press. pp. 54, 135. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021935/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ%26hl%3Den">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pages=54%2C+135&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-g361-236"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-g361_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.landesmuseum-vorgeschichte.de/en/nebra-sky-disc">"Nebra Sky Disc"</a>. State Museum of Prehistory. Retrieved September 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Museum+of+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Nebra+Sky+Disc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesmuseum-vorgeschichte.de%2Fen%2Fnebra-sky-disc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-k874-237">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-k874_237-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-k874_237-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonova2022" class="citation web cs1">Simonova, Michaela (January 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.thecollector.com/depictions-of-the-moon-in-art/">"Under the Moonlight: Depictions of the Moon in Art"</a>. TheCollector. Retrieved May 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheCollector&rft.atitle=Under+the+Moonlight%3A+Depictions+of+the+Moon+in+Art&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft.aulast=Simonova&rft.aufirst=Michaela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecollector.com%2Fdepictions-of-the-moon-in-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Meller_2021-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Meller_2021_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeller2021" class="citation book cs1">Meller, Harald (2021). "The Nebra Sky Disc – astronomy and time determination as a source of power". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/80363367">Time is power. Who makes time?: 13th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany</a>. Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-948618-22-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-948618-22-3"><bdi>978-3-948618-22-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nebra+Sky+Disc+%E2%80%93+astronomy+and+time+determination+as+a+source+of+power&rft.btitle=Time+is+power.+Who+makes+time%3F%3A+13th+Archaeological+Conference+of+Central+Germany&rft.pub=Landesmuseum+f%C3%BCr+Vorgeschichte+Halle+%28Saale%29.&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-948618-22-3&rft.aulast=Meller&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F80363367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3D0dlijsmVJ9c%26t%3D760s">Concepts of cosmos in the world of Stonehenge</a>. British Museum. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+cosmos+in+the+world+of+Stonehenge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0dlijsmVJ9c%26t%3D760s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:03-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:03_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohanDinwiddieChallonerStuart2016" class="citation book cs1">Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip; et al. (Writers) (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/940282526">Big History</a>. Foreword by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Christian (historian)">David Christian</a> (1st American ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DK_(publisher)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a>. p. 20. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5443-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5443-0"><bdi>978-1-4654-5443-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940282526">940282526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F940282526&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-5443-0&rft.aulast=Bohan&rft.aufirst=Elise&rft.au=Dinwiddie%2C+Robert&rft.au=Challoner%2C+Jack&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Colin&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Derek&rft.au=Wragg-Sykes%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Chrisp%2C+Peter&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Ben&rft.au=Parker%2C+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F940282526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson,_E.F.1999" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.html">"Anaxagoras of Clazomenae"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112072236/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anaxagoras+of+Clazomenae&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.date=1999-02&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAnaxagoras.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Needham1986-242">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Needham1986_242-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Needham1986_242-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Needham1986_242-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Needham1986_242-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjfQ9E0u4pLAC">Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth</a>. Taipei: Caves Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05801-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05801-8"><bdi>978-0-521-05801-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622004236/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjfQ9E0u4pLAC">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China%2C+Volume+III%3A+Mathematics+and+the+Sciences+of+the+Heavens+and+Earth&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Caves+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05801-8&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfQ9E0u4pLAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaboeBrittonHendersonNeugebauer1991" class="citation journal cs1">Aaboe, A.; Britton, J.P.; Henderson, J.A.; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_Neugebauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Neugebauer">Neugebauer, Otto</a>; Sachs, A.J. (1991). "Saros Cycle Dates and Related Babylonian Astronomical Texts". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the American Philosophical Society">Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</a>. 81 (6): 1–75. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1006543">10.2307/1006543</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006543">1006543</a>. <q>One comprises what we have called "Saros Cycle Texts", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223 months (or 18 years).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Saros+Cycle+Dates+and+Related+Babylonian+Astronomical+Texts&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1-75&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1006543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1006543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aaboe&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Britton%2C+J.P.&rft.au=Henderson%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Neugebauer%2C+Otto&rft.au=Sachs%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Sarma-Ast-Ind-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sarma-Ast-Ind_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarma2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K._V._Sarma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="K. V. Sarma">Sarma, K.V.</a> (2008). "Astronomy in India". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helaine_Selin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helaine Selin">Helaine Selin</a> (ed.). 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Cambridge: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/discardedimagein0000lewi/page/108">108</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47735-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47735-2"><bdi>978-0-521-47735-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617181455/https://archive.org/details/discardedimagein0000lewi">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discarded+Image&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47735-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscardedimagein0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/science/31computer.html?hp">"Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 B.C."</a> The New York Times. 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Retrieved March 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Discovering+How+Greeks+Computed+in+100+B.C.&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F07%2F31%2Fscience%2F31computer.html%3Fhp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Waerden1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert</a> (1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</a>. 500 (1): 1–569. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987NYASA.500....1A">1987NYASA.500....1A</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3296915">3296915</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84491987">84491987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Heliocentric+System+in+Greek%2C+Persian+and+Hindu+Astronomy&rft.volume=500&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-569&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84491987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3296915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987NYASA.500....1A&rft.aulast=van+der+Waerden&rft.aufirst=Bartel+Leendert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1998" class="citation book cs1">Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford & New York: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 71, 386. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5"><bdi>978-0-19-509539-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&rft.place=Oxford+%26+New+York&rft.pages=71%2C+386&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509539-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hayashi08Aryabhata-249"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hayashi08Aryabhata_249-0">^</a> Hayashi (2008), "Aryabhata I", Encyclopædia Britannica.</li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-250">^</a> Gola, 5; p. 64 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/stream/The_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930%23page/n93/mode/2up">The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata: An Ancient Indian Work on Mathematics and Astronomy</a>, translated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Eugene_Clark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Eugene Clark">Walter Eugene Clark</a> (University of Chicago Press, 1930; reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2006). "Half of the spheres of the Earth, the planets, and the asterisms is darkened by their shadows, and half, being turned toward the Sun, is light (being small or large) according to their size."</li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.I._Sabra2008" class="citation book cs1">A.I. Sabra (2008). "Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 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Retrieved May 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+SLIM+moon+lander+defies+death+to+survive+3rd+frigid+lunar+night+%28image%29&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft.au=Robert+Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fjapan-slim-moon-lander-survives-3rd-lunar-night&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/02/22/live-coverage-intuitive-machines-aims-to-become-first-commercial-lander-to-safely-reach-the-moon/">"Intuitive Machines' 'Odysseus' becomes first commercial lander to reach the Moon – Spaceflight Now"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615055824/https://spaceflightnow.com/2024/02/22/live-coverage-intuitive-machines-aims-to-become-first-commercial-lander-to-safely-reach-the-moon/">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved April 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intuitive+Machines%27+%27Odysseus%27+becomes+first+commercial+lander+to+reach+the+Moon+%E2%80%93+Spaceflight+Now&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflightnow.com%2F2024%2F02%2F22%2Flive-coverage-intuitive-machines-aims-to-become-first-commercial-lander-to-safely-reach-the-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-AJ_FI-20230425-282"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AJ_FI-20230425_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Jones2023" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Jones [@AJ_FI] (April 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://x.com/AJ_FI/status/1650832520978526208">"China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first ever lunar far side sample-return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024, and expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. Targeting southern area of Apollo basin (~43º S, 154º W)"</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twitter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Chang%27e-6+sample+return+mission+%28a+first+ever+lunar+far+side+sample-return%29+is+scheduled+to+launch+in+May+2024%2C+and+expected+to+take+53+days+from+launch+to+return+module+touchdown.+Targeting+southern+area+of+Apollo+basin+%28~43%C2%BA+S%2C+154%C2%BA+W%29&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft.au=Andrew+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FAJ_FI%2Fstatus%2F1650832520978526208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2024" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (May 6, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/">"China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon"</a>. SpaceNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508193233/https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=China%27s+Chang%27e-6+is+carrying+a+surprise+rover+to+the+moon&rft.date=2024-05-06&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2024" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (January 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission/">"China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SpaceNews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503100724/https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission/">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=China%27s+Chang%27e-6+probe+arrives+at+spaceport+for+first-ever+lunar+far+side+sample+mission&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.asianage.com/science/150519/nasa-plans-to-send-first-woman-on-moon-by-2024.html">"NASA plans to send first woman on Moon by 2024"</a>. The Asian Age. May 15, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414162829/https://www.asianage.com/science/150519/nasa-plans-to-send-first-woman-on-moon-by-2024.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2020. 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Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615055827/https://www.space.com/darpa-moon-tech-study-future-lunar-economy">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2024. 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Universe Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217015619/https://www.universetoday.com/155842/a-cubesat-is-flying-to-the-moon-to-make-sure-lunar-gateways-orbit-is-actually-stable-1/">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2022. 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Phys.org. June 11, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217015553/https://phys.org/news/2021-06-queqiao-bridge-earth-side-moon.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=Queqiao%3A+The+bridge+between+Earth+and+the+far+side+of+the+moon&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2021-06-queqiao-bridge-earth-side-moon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Garber_2012-292">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Garber_2012_292-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Garber_2012_292-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarber2012" class="citation web cs1">Garber, Megan (December 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/12/the-trash-weve-left-on-the-moon/266465/">"The Trash We've Left on the Moon"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409080003/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/12/the-trash-weve-left-on-the-moon/266465/">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Trash+We%27ve+Left+on+the+Moon&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2012%2F12%2Fthe-trash-weve-left-on-the-moon%2F266465%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Vidaurri_2019-293"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vidaurri_2019_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidaurri2019" class="citation web cs1">Vidaurri, Monica (October 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qz.com/1734103/will-people-go-to-space-and-then-colonize-it/">"Will people go to space—and then colonize it?"</a>. Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109040803/https://qz.com/1734103/will-people-go-to-space-and-then-colonize-it/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Will+people+go+to+space%E2%80%94and+then+colonize+it%3F&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft.aulast=Vidaurri&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1734103%2Fwill-people-go-to-space-and-then-colonize-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-David_2020-294"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-David_2020_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2020" class="citation web cs1">David, Leonard (August 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.space.com/moon-ice-mining-contamination-concerns.html">"Cold as (lunar) ice: Protecting the moon's polar regions from contamination"</a>. Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204000406/https://www.space.com/moon-ice-mining-contamination-concerns.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Cold+as+%28lunar%29+ice%3A+Protecting+the+moon%27s+polar+regions+from+contamination&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fmoon-ice-mining-contamination-concerns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Gorman_2022-295"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Gorman_2022_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2022" class="citation web cs1">Gorman, Alice (July 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://spacewatch.global/2022/07/spacewatchgl-opinion-an-ecofeminist-approach-to-the-sustainable-used-of-the-moon/">"#SpaceWatchGL Opinion: An ecofeminist approach to the sustainable use of the Moon"</a>. SpaceWatch.Global. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704024322/https://spacewatch.global/2022/07/spacewatchgl-opinion-an-ecofeminist-approach-to-the-sustainable-used-of-the-moon/">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceWatch.Global&rft.atitle=%23SpaceWatchGL+Opinion%3A+An+ecofeminist+approach+to+the+sustainable+use+of+the+Moon&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacewatch.global%2F2022%2F07%2Fspacewatchgl-opinion-an-ecofeminist-approach-to-the-sustainable-used-of-the-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"> Note: see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Val_Plumwood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Val Plumwood">Val Plumwood</a> which Alice Gorman cites regarding co-participation.</li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez_2020_p.-296">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Alvarez_2020_p._296-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Alvarez_2020_p._296-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Alvarez_2020_p._296-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Alvarez, Tamara (January 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/43890727">The Eighth Continent: An Ethnography of Twenty-First Century Euro-American Plans to Settle the Moon</a> (Thesis). p. 109-115, 164–167, 176. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205171101/https://www.academia.edu/43890727">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved November 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Eighth+Continent%3A+An+Ethnography+of+Twenty-First+Century+Euro-American+Plans+to+Settle+the+Moon&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43890727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Carter_2022-297"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Carter_2022_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2022" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Jamie (February 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2022/02/27/as-chinese-rocket-strikes-moon-this-week-we-need-to-act-now-to-prevent-new-space-junk-around-the-moon-say-scientists/">"As Chinese Rocket Strikes Moon This Week We Need To Act Now To Prevent New Space Junk Around The Moon Say Scientists"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409134704/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2022/02/27/as-chinese-rocket-strikes-moon-this-week-we-need-to-act-now-to-prevent-new-space-junk-around-the-moon-say-scientists/">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2022. 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Wired. July 15, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714235012/https://www.wired.com/2013/07/space-environmentalism/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Space%3A+The+Final+Frontier+of+Environmental+Disasters%3F&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fspace-environmentalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Pino_Salmeri_Hugo_Hume_p.-299"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Pino_Salmeri_Hugo_Hume_p._299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinoSalmeriHugoHume2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pino, Paolo; Salmeri, Antonino; Hugo, Adam; Hume, Shayna (August 27, 2021). "Waste Management for Lunar Resources Activities: Toward a Circular Lunar Economy". New Space. 10 (3). Mary Ann Liebert Inc: 274–283. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1089%252Fspace.2021.0012">10.1089/space.2021.0012</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-0256">2168-0256</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233335692">233335692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Space&rft.atitle=Waste+Management+for+Lunar+Resources+Activities%3A+Toward+a+Circular+Lunar+Economy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-283&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233335692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2168-0256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fspace.2021.0012&rft.aulast=Pino&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Salmeri%2C+Antonino&rft.au=Hugo%2C+Adam&rft.au=Hume%2C+Shayna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NASA/ADS-300"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NASA/ADS_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggsSacco1985" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Briggs, Randall; Sacco, Albert (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1985lbsa.conf..423B">"1985lbsa.conf..423B Page 423"</a>. Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century (in Finnish): 423. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985lbsa.conf..423B">1985lbsa.conf..423B</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526022021/https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1985lbsa.conf..423B">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lunar+Bases+and+Space+Activities+of+the+21st+Century&rft.atitle=1985lbsa.conf..423B+Page+423&rft.pages=423&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985lbsa.conf..423B&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft.au=Sacco%2C+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1985lbsa.conf..423B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Magazine_Sullivan_2024_a329-301"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magazine_Sullivan_2024_a329_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineSullivan2024" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Sullivan, Will (January 5, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/navajo-nation-president-asks-for-delay-of-moon-mission-carrying-human-remains-180983543/">"Navajo Nation President Asks for Delay of Moon Mission Carrying Human Remains"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106235545/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/navajo-nation-president-asks-for-delay-of-moon-mission-carrying-human-remains-180983543/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Navajo+Nation+President+Asks+for+Delay+of+Moon+Mission+Carrying+Human+Remains&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fnavajo-nation-president-asks-for-delay-of-moon-mission-carrying-human-remains-180983543%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org_2011_c901-302"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-web.archive.org_2011_c901_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314165835/http://celestis.com/luna01Flight.asp">"Celestis Memorial Spaceflights"</a>. 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Retrieved January 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celestis+Memorial+Spaceflights&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcelestis.com%2Fluna01Flight.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Jones2020" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Jones (September 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.space.com/china-change-3-moon-lander-lasts-7-years">"China's Chang'e 3 lunar lander still going strong after 7 years on the moon"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125043612/https://www.space.com/china-change-3-moon-lander-lasts-7-years">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2020. 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What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html%23Q7">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+treaties+control+space-related+activities+of+States.+What+about+non-governmental+entities+active+in+outer+space%2C+like+companies+and+even+individuals%3F&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Outer+Space+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Foosa%2Fen%2FFAQ%2Fsplawfaq.html%23Q7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-iisl_2004-317"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-iisl_2004_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021426/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf">"Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004)"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Institute_of_Space_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Institute of Space Law">International Institute of Space Law</a>. 2004. 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Retrieved March 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Further+Statement+by+the+Board+of+Directors+of+the+IISL+On+Claims+to+Lunar+Property+Rights+%282009%29&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Space+Law&rft.date=2009-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iislweb.org%2Fdocs%2FStatement%2520BoD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-unoosa_q5-319"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-unoosa_q5_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html%23Q5">"Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html%23Q5">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+the+five+international+treaties+regulate+military+activities+in+outer+space%3F&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Outer+Space+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Foosa%2Fen%2FFAQ%2Fsplawfaq.html%23Q5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-unoosa_q4-320"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-unoosa_q4_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html%23Q4">"How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs</a>. 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New Space. 6 (4): 288–298. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NewSp...6..288T">2018NewSp...6..288T</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1089%252Fspace.2018.0025">10.1089/space.2018.0025</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-0256">2168-0256</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158616075">158616075</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628015902/https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/space.2018.0025">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Space&rft.atitle=Moon%2C+Inc.%3A+The+New+Zealand+Model+of+Granting+Legal+Personality+to+Natural+Resources+Applied+to+Space&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=288-298&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fspace.2018.0025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158616075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2168-0256&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NewSp...6..288T&rft.aulast=Tepper&rft.aufirst=Eytan&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liebertpub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1089%2Fspace.2018.0025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Evans_2021-329">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Evans_2021_329-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Evans_2021_329-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2021" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Kate (July 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eos.org/features/hear-ye-hear-ye-a-declaration-of-the-rights-of-the-moon">"Hear Ye! Hear Ye! A Declaration of the Rights of the Moon"</a>. Eos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206102833/https://eos.org/features/hear-ye-hear-ye-a-declaration-of-the-rights-of-the-moon">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eos&rft.atitle=Hear+Ye%21+Hear+Ye%21+A+Declaration+of+the+Rights+of+the+Moon&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feos.org%2Ffeatures%2Fhear-ye-hear-ye-a-declaration-of-the-rights-of-the-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-330"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0b_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_William_Irwin.1981" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, William Irwin. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6890108">The time falling bodies take to light : mythology, sexuality, and the origins of culture</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 105. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-80510-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-80510-1"><bdi>0-312-80510-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6890108">6890108</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003030402/https://www.worldcat.org/title/time-falling-bodies-take-to-light-mythology-sexuality-and-the-origins-of-culture/oclc/6890108">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2021. 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Science News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104145754/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/moon-time-calendar-ancient-human-art">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2021. 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Fourth Estate Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/calendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5/page/10">10–11</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85702-721-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85702-721-1"><bdi>978-1-85702-721-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calendar&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85702-721-1&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=David+Ewing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcalendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Zerubavel_1989_p._9-334"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Zerubavel_1989_p._9_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerubavel1989" class="citation book cs1">Zerubavel, E. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCd5ZjRsNj4sC%26pg%3DPA9">The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 9. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-98165-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-98165-9"><bdi>978-0-226-98165-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725234921/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCd5ZjRsNj4sC%26pg%3DPA9">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2022. 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Vol. 3. J. Walton. p. 768. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126140722/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPJ0YAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology%3A+Oarses-Zygia&rft.pages=768&rft.pub=J.+Walton&rft.date=1849&rft.au=Smith%2C+William+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJ0YAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstienne,_Henri1846" class="citation book cs1">Estienne, Henri (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0qQ_AAAAcAAJ">Thesaurus graecae linguae</a>. Vol. 5. Didot. p. 1001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728014911/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0qQ_AAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thesaurus+graecae+linguae&rft.pages=1001&rft.pub=Didot&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Estienne%2C+Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qQ_AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry%3Dmensis">mensis</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perseus_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-338">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%3Dmei/s">μείς</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Liddell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford Linguistics. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 98, 128, 317. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928791-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.series=Oxford+Linguistics&rft.pages=98%2C+128%2C+317&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928791-8&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.etymonline.com/?term%3Dmeasure">"measure"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=measure&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dmeasure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.etymonline.com/?term%3Dmenstrual">"menstrual"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=menstrual&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dmenstrual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyas1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ilyas, Mohammad (March 1994). "Lunar Crescent Visibility Criterion and Islamic Calendar". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 35: 425. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994QJRAS..35..425I">1994QJRAS..35..425I</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Lunar+Crescent+Visibility+Criterion+and+Islamic+Calendar&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=425&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994QJRAS..35..425I&rft.aulast=Ilyas&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Confucius_Institute_for_Scotland_2022-343"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Confucius_Institute_for_Scotland_2022_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.confuciusinstitute.ac.uk/events/mid-autumn-festival-activities-10-september/">"Mid-Autumn Festival Celebration"</a>. Confucius Institute for Scotland. August 30, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122172612/https://www.confuciusinstitute.ac.uk/events/mid-autumn-festival-activities-10-september/">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Confucius+Institute+for+Scotland&rft.atitle=Mid-Autumn+Festival+Celebration&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.confuciusinstitute.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fmid-autumn-festival-activities-10-september%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Collections_Search_–_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston_1987-344">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Collections_Search_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston_1987_344-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Collections_Search_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston_1987_344-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/6027/cylinder-vase;jsessionid%3DF2E906D47F69B2A85DB31D259E691783">"Cylinder vase"</a>. Collections Search – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. May 20, 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111060850/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/6027/cylinder-vase;jsessionid%3DF2E906D47F69B2A85DB31D259E691783">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections+Search+%E2%80%93+Museum+of+Fine+Arts%2C+Boston&rft.atitle=Cylinder+vase&rft.date=1987-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mfa.org%2Fobjects%2F6027%2Fcylinder-vase%3Bjsessionid%3DF2E906D47F69B2A85DB31D259E691783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hart_2005_p._77-345"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hart_2005_p._77_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2005" class="citation book cs1">Hart, G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQ1LAiPylZm4C%26pg%3DPA77">The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses</a>. Routledge Dictionaries. Taylor & Francis. p. 77. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-28424-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-28424-5"><bdi>978-1-134-28424-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725234921/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQ1LAiPylZm4C%26pg%3DPA77">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Egyptian+Gods+and+Goddesses&rft.series=Routledge+Dictionaries&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-28424-5&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1LAiPylZm4C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Nemet1998-346">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nemet1998_346-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nemet1998_346-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nemet1998_346-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998" class="citation cs1">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme">Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</a>. Greenwood. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/203">203</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29497-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616064441/https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/203">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29497-6&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZschietzschmann2006" class="citation book cs1">Zschietzschmann, W. (2006). Hellas and Rome: The Classical World in Pictures. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. p. 23. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-5544-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-5544-7"><bdi>978-1-4286-5544-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellas+and+Rome%3A+The+Classical+World+in+Pictures&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+Montana&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4286-5544-7&rft.aulast=Zschietzschmann&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Beth (2006). "Outline as a Special Technique in Black- and Red-figure Vase-painting". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYyufPUA_S74C%26pg%3DPA178">The Colors of Clay: Special Techniques in Athenian Vases</a>. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. pp. 178–179. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-942-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-942-3"><bdi>978-0-89236-942-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021937/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYyufPUA_S74C%26pg%3DPA178%26hl%3Den">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Outline+as+a+Special+Technique+in+Black-+and+Red-figure+Vase-painting&rft.btitle=The+Colors+of+Clay%3A+Special+Techniques+in+Athenian+Vases&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=178-179&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-942-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyufPUA_S74C%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-349">^</a> "It seems possible, though not certain, that after the conquest Mehmed took over the crescent and star as an emblem of sovereignty from the Byzantines. The half-moon alone on a blood red flag, allegedly conferred on the Janissaries by Emir Orhan, was much older, as is demonstrated by numerous references to it dating from before 1453. But since these flags lack the star, which along with the half-moon is to be found on Sassanid and Byzantine municipal coins, it may be regarded as an innovation of Mehmed. It seems certain that in the interior of Asia tribes of Turkish nomads had been using the half-moon alone as an emblem for some time past, but it is equally certain that crescent and star together are attested only for a much later period. There is good reason to believe that old Turkish and Byzantine traditions were combined in the emblem of Ottoman and, much later, present-day Republican Turkish sovereignty." Franz Babinger (William C. Hickman Ed., Ralph Manheim Trans.), Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, Princeton University Press, 1992, p 108</li> <li id="cite_note-Kadoi_2014-350"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kadoi_2014_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadoi2014" class="citation web cs1">Kadoi, Yuka (October 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/crescent-symbol-of-islam-COM_25588?s.num%3D27%26s.start%3D20">"Crescent (symbol of Islam)"</a>. Brill Encyclopedia of Islam Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408190925/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/crescent-symbol-of-islam-COM_25588?s.num%3D27%26s.start%3D20">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.atitle=Crescent+%28symbol+of+Islam%29&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.aulast=Kadoi&rft.aufirst=Yuka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fcrescent-symbol-of-islam-COM_25588%3Fs.num%3D27%26s.start%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Abbri_2019_pp._39–44-351"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Abbri_2019_pp._39%E2%80%9344_351-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbri2019" class="citation journal cs1">Abbri, Ferdinando (August 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/subs/article/view/603">"Gold and silver: perfection of metals in medieval and early modern alchemy"</a>. 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"The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>. 10 (2): 129–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Moon+Was+Full+and+Nothing+Happened%3A+A+Review+of+Studies+on+the+Moon+and+Human+Behavior&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-143&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Rotton%2C+James&rft.au=Culver%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"> Reprinted in The Hundredth Monkey – and other paradigms of the paranormal, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal, edited by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joe_Nickell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barry_Karr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barry Karr">Barry Karr</a>, and Tom Genoni, 1996, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CSICOP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CSICOP">CSICOP</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FosterRoenneberg2008-362"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FosterRoenneberg2008_362-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterRoenneberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Russell G.; Roenneberg, Till (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.07.003">"Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Current_Biology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a>. 18 (17): R784–R794. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CBio...18.R784F">2008CBio...18.R784F</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.07.003">10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786384">18786384</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15429616">15429616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Human+Responses+to+the+Geophysical+Daily%2C+Annual+and+Lunar+Cycles&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=R784-R794&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2008.07.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15429616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786384&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CBio...18.R784F&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Russell+G.&rft.au=Roenneberg%2C+Till&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2008.07.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngier2014" class="citation news cs1">Angier, Natalie (September 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/09/science/revisiting-the-moon.html">"The Moon Comes Around Again"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908072715/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/09/science/revisiting-the-moon.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Moon+Comes+Around+Again&rft.date=2014-09-07&rft.aulast=Angier&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F09%2Fscience%2Frevisiting-the-moon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page4.shtml">"The Moon"</a>. Discovery 2008. BBC World Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311073446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/948_discovery_2008/page4.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovery+2008&rft.atitle=The+Moon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F948_discovery_2008%2Fpage4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusseySpudis,_P.D.2004" class="citation book cs1">Bussey, B.; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Spudis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Spudis">Spudis, P.D.</a> (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81528-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81528-4"><bdi>978-0-521-81528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clementine+Atlas+of+the+Moon&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81528-4&rft.aulast=Bussey&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Spudis%2C+P.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain" class="citation news cs1">Cain, Fraser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.universetoday.com/1143/podcast-where-does-the-moon-come-from/">"Where does the Moon Come From?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universe_Today?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universe Today">Universe Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142948/https://www.universetoday.com/1143/podcast-where-does-the-moon-come-from/">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=Where+does+the+Moon+Come+From%3F&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F1143%2Fpodcast-where-does-the-moon-come-from%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"> (podcast and transcript)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolliff2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jolliff, B. (2006). Wieczorek, M.; Shearer, C.; Neal, C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.minsocam.org/msa/RIM/Rim60.html">"New views of the Moon"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reviews_in_Mineralogy_and_Geochemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry">Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry</a>. 60 (1). Chantilly, Virginia: Mineralogy Society of America: 721. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006RvMG...60D...5J">2006RvMG...60D...5J</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2138%252Frmg.2006.60.0">10.2138/rmg.2006.60.0</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939950-72-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939950-72-0"><bdi>978-0-939950-72-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627165803/http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/RIM/Rim60.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Mineralogy+and+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=New+views+of+the+Moon&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=721&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2138%2Frmg.2006.60.0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006RvMG...60D...5J&rft.isbn=978-0-939950-72-0&rft.aulast=Jolliff&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fmsa%2FRIM%2FRim60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation web cs1">Jones, E. M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/">"Apollo Lunar Surface Journal"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508133136/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apollo+Lunar+Surface+Journal&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/">"Exploring the Moon"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar and Planetary Institute">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510141741/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Moon&rft.pub=Lunar+and+Planetary+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Flunar%2Fmissions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie2003" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, Dana (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/bigsplatorhowour00mack">The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be</a>. Hoboken, NJ: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-15057-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-15057-2"><bdi>978-0-471-15057-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617181357/https://archive.org/details/bigsplatorhowour00mack">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Splat%2C+or+How+Our+Moon+Came+to+Be&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-15057-2&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigsplatorhowour00mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_P.2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrick_Moore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrick Moore">Moore, P.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr">On the Moon</a>. Tucson, Arizona: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Co.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Publishing Co.">Sterling Publishing Co.</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35469-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35469-6"><bdi>978-0-304-35469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Moon&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35469-6&rft.au=Moore%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatrickmooreonmo00patr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html">"Moon Articles"</a>. Planetary Science Research Discoveries. Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030432/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries&rft.atitle=Moon+Articles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrd.hawaii.edu%2FArchive%2FArchive-Moon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpudis1996" class="citation book cs1">Spudis, P.D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/oncefuturemoon0000spud">The Once and Future Moon</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Press">Smithsonian Institution Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-634-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-634-8"><bdi>978-1-56098-634-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617181602/https://archive.org/details/oncefuturemoon0000spud">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Once+and+Future+Moon&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-634-8&rft.aulast=Spudis&rft.aufirst=P.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foncefuturemoon0000spud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1992" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, S.R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121">Solar system evolution</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521372121/page/307">307</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37212-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37212-1"><bdi>978-0-521-37212-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solar+system+evolution&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37212-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521372121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeague2006" class="citation web cs1">Teague, K. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_archive.html">"The Project Apollo Archive"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404042710/http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_archive.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Project+Apollo+Archive&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Teague&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apolloarchive.com%2Fapollo_archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelms1987" class="citation journal cs1">Wilhelms, D.E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/">"Geologic History of the Moon"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Professional Paper. 1348. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3133%252Fpp1348">10.3133/pp1348</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223214805/http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Professional+Paper&rft.atitle=Geologic+History+of+the+Moon&rft.volume=1348&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fpp1348&rft.aulast=Wilhelms&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fser.sese.asu.edu%2FGHM%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelms1993" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelms, D.E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/torockymoongeolo0000wilh">To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration</a>. Tucson: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1065-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1065-8"><bdi>978-0-8165-1065-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617181456/https://archive.org/details/torockymoongeolo0000wilh">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+a+Rocky+Moon%3A+A+Geologist%27s+History+of+Lunar+Exploration&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1065-8&rft.aulast=Wilhelms&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftorockymoongeolo0000wilh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">Moon at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a> </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <ul> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moon" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Moon">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Moon" class="extiw" title="c:Moon">Media</a> from Commons</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:The_Moon" class="extiw" title="n:Category:The Moon">News</a> from Wikinews</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Moon" class="extiw" title="q:Moon">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy/Moon" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Astronomy/Moon">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Solar_System/Moon" class="extiw" title="b:Solar System/Moon">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Liquids/Liquid_objects/Moon" class="extiw" title="v:Liquids/Liquid objects/Moon">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Moon" class="extiw" title="voy:Moon">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nasa.gov/moon">NASA images and videos about the Moon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3Dnr5Pj6GQL2o">Video (04:56) – The Moon in 4K (NASA, April 2018)</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/moonrise.html">Find moonrise, moonset and moon phase for a location</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cartographic_resources">Cartographic resources</h3> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421114248/https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/Moon/Geology/Unified_Geologic_Map_of_the_Moon_GIS_v2">Unified Geologic Map of the Moon</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trek.nasa.gov/moon/">Moon Trek – An integrated map browser of datasets and maps for the Moon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/cla/">Consolidated Lunar Atlas</a></li> <li>3D zoomable globes: <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/maps/space/moon/">The Moon</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Maps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>, a 3-D rendition of the Moon akin to Google Earth</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Moon">World Wind Central on Moon</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529090138/http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm">Maps and panoramas at Apollo landing sites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030074615/https://earthlymission.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/moon-earthside-map.jpg">earthly mission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818143433/http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/images/gigapan">Large image of the Moon's north pole area</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Stars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" 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id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D" title="Мазэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Мазэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D" title="Мазэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мазэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maan" title="Maan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mond" title="Mond – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mond" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B9_(%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA)" title="Ай (спутник) – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Ай (спутник)" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%25A8%25E1%2588%25A8%25E1%2589%2583" title="ጨረቃ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጨረቃ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A1nud%25C3%25A2%25C5%25A1" title="Mánudâš – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Mánudâš" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="चंद्रमा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चंद्रमा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C5%258Dna" title="Mōna – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mōna" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0" title="Амза – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амза" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1" title="القمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A3%25DC%2597%25DC%25AA%25DC%2590" title="ܣܗܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܗܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6" title="Լուսին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լուսին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun%25C3%25A2" title="Lunâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lunâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena" title="Lena – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lena" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A7%25B0" title="চন্দ্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চন্দ্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluna" title="Lluna – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lluna" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="चंद्रमा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चंद्रमा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasy" title="Jasy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jasy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25BE%25D1%2586%25D3%2580_(%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F)" title="МоцӀ (астрономия) – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="МоцӀ (астрономия)" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaxsi_(alaxpacha_y%25C3%25A4nakata)" title="Phaxsi (alaxpacha yänakata) – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phaxsi (alaxpacha yänakata)" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay" title="Ay – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25DB%258C" title="آی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalo" title="Kalo – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kalo" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2581%25E0%25A6%25A6" title="চাঁদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাঁদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goe%25CC%258Dh-ni%25C3%25BB" title="Goe̍h-niû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goe̍h-niû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulan_(satelit)" title="Wulan (satelit) – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Wulan (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B9_(%25D1%258E%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588)" title="Ай (юлдаш) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ай (юлдаш)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%258F%25D1%2586_(%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B6%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA_%25D0%2597%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596)" title="Месяц (спадарожнік Зямлі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Месяц (спадарожнік Зямлі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%258F%25D1%2586_(%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B6%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA)" title="Месяц (спадарожнік) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Месяц (спадарожнік)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="चंद्रमा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चंद्रमा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan_(astronomiya)" title="Bulan (astronomiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulan (astronomiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun" title="Mun – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Mun" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Луна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mond" title="Mond – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mond" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%259F%25E0%25BE%25B3%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཟླ་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟླ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjesec_(satelit)" title="Mjesec (satelit) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mjesec (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loar" title="Loar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Һара – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һара" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluna" title="Lluna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25B9%25C4%2583%25D1%2585_(%25C3%2587%25C4%2595%25D1%2580_%25C3%25A7%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588%25C4%2595)" title="Уйăх (Çĕр çулташĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уйăх (Çĕр çулташĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan_(astronomiya)" title="Bulan (astronomiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bulan (astronomiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%259Bs%25C3%25ADc" title="Měsíc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měsíc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwedzi_muChadenga" title="Mwedzi muChadenga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mwedzi muChadenga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleuad" title="Lleuad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lleuad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A5nen" title="Månen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Månen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="لقامار – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لقامار" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A1nnu" title="Mánnu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Mánnu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mond" title="Mond – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mond" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2580%25DE%25A6%25DE%2582%25DE%258B%25DE%25AA" title="ހަނދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހަނދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oolj%25C3%25A9%25C3%25A9%25CA%25BC" title="Ooljééʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ooljééʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="चन्द्रमा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चन्द्रमा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuu" title="Kuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A3%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AE%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B7" title="Σελήνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σελήνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B3%25E1%25B9%2585na" title="Lóṅna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lóṅna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2_(%25D0%259C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0)" title="Ков (Моданть ки лангонь ялга) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ков (Моданть ки лангонь ялга)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luno" title="Luno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilargia" title="Ilargia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ilargia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C6%2594leti" title="Ɣleti – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Ɣleti" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587" title="ماه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandarma" title="Chandarma – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chandarma" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A1nin" title="Mánin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mánin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lune" title="Lune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moanne_(natuerlike_satellyt_fan_de_Ierde)" title="Moanne (natuerlike satellyt fan de Ierde) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moanne (natuerlike satellyt fan de Ierde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewru" title="Lewru – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Lewru" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lune" title="Lune – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lune" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghealach" title="An Ghealach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghealach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eayst" title="Yn Eayst – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Eayst" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gealach" title="Gealach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gealach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25BAa" title="Lúa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lúa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D1%2582_(%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580)" title="Бутт (новкъар) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бутт (новкъар)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%2588%25E5%2585%2589" title="月光 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="月光" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="مانگ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مانگ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%259A%25E0%25AA%2582%25E0%25AA%25A6%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25B0" title="ચંદ્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચંદ્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="चंद्रीम – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="चंद्रीम" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngie%25CC%258Dt-khi%25C3%25B9" title="Ngie̍t-khiù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngie̍t-khiù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258B%25AC" title="달 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="달" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wata" title="Wata – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wata" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahina" title="Mahina – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mahina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6" title="Լուսին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուսին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="चन्द्रमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चन्द्रमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%259Bsa%25C4%258Dk" title="Měsačk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Měsačk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjesec" title="Mjesec – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mjesec" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luno" title="Luno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Luno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25BB%258Cnwa" title="Ọnwa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọnwa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lune" title="Lune – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lune" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2591%2595%25E1%2596%2585%25E1%2591%25AD%25E1%2596%2585" title="ᑕᖅᑭᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑕᖅᑭᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatqiq" title="Tatqiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tatqiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25C3%25A6%25D0%25B9_(%25D0%2597%25C3%25A6%25D1%2585%25D1%2585%25D1%258B_%25C3%25A6%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B1%25C3%25A6%25D0%25BB%25D1%2586%25D1%2586%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD)" title="Мæй (Зæххы æмбæлццон) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæй (Зæххы æмбæлццон)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INyanga" title="INyanga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INyanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungli%25C3%25B0" title="Tunglið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tunglið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%2597" title="הירח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הירח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembulan" title="Rembulan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rembulan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fena%25C9%25A3" title="Fenaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fenaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaammat" title="Qaammat – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Qaammat" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259A%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0" title="ಚಂದ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಂದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594" title="მთვარე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთვარე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D9%2588%25D9%2597%25D9%2586" title="زوٗن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زوٗن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies%25C4%2585dz" title="Miesądz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Miesądz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B9_(%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA)" title="Ай (серік) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ай (серік)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loor" title="Loor – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Loor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwezi" title="Mwezi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwezi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D3%25A7%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Тӧлысь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тӧлысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalin" title="Lalin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lalin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalin" title="Lalin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lalin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyv" title="Heyv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Heyv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B9" title="Ай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25B6na" title="Löna – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Löna" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%2587%25E0%25BA%2588%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ດວງຈັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດວງຈັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%2593ness" title="Mēness – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mēness" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2584erdmound" title="Äerdmound – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerdmound" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B7" title="Варз – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Варз" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%2597nulis" title="Mėnulis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mėnulis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunn-a" title="Lunn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lunn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maon" title="Maon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Maon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A1nz%25C3%25A1_(monz%25C9%2594%25CC%2581t%25C9%2594)" title="Sánzá (monzɔ́tɔ) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sánzá (monzɔ́tɔ)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuudam" title="Kuudam – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kuudam" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lunra" title="lunra – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lunra" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omwezi" title="Omwezi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Omwezi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25BCna" title="Lüna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lüna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold" title="Hold – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hold" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Месечина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Месечина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volana" title="Volana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B5%25BB" title="ചന്ദ്രൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചന്ദ്രൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamar" title="Qamar – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Qamar" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Marama" title="Te Marama – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Te Marama" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="चंद्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चंद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2590_(%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594)" title="თუთა (ალმაშარე) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თუთა (ალმაშარე)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1" title="قمر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25AF" title="ဂိတု – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂိတု" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25DA%25A9" title="مونک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مونک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%258A%25EA%25AF%25A5_(%25EA%25AF%258A%25EA%25AF%2584%25EA%25AF%25A4)" title="ꯊꯥ (ꯊꯄꯤ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯥ (ꯊꯄꯤ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%25C5%258Fk-gi%25C3%25B9" title="Nguŏk-giù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguŏk-giù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2" title="Ков – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ков" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Сар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259C_(%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B6%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%259F%25E1%2580%25BA)" title="လ (ကမ္ဘာရံဂြိုဟ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လ (ကမ္ဘာရံဂြိုဟ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vula_(setilaiti)" title="Vula (setilaiti) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vula (setilaiti)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maan" title="Maan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maone_(eerde)" title="Maone (eerde) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Maone (eerde)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="चन्द्रमा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चन्द्रमा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="मिला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%2588" title="月 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="月" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DF%259E%25DF%258A%25DF%2599%25DF%258F" title="ߞߊߙߏ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊߙߏ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D1%2582_(%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0)" title="Бутт (планета) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бутт (планета)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moune" title="Moune – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moune" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A5nen" title="Månen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Månen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A5nen" title="Månen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Månen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leune" title="Leune – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Leune" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lune" title="Lune – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Lune" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ii mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ii.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%2586%25AA" title="ꆪ – Sichuan Yi" lang="ii" hreflang="ii" data-title="ꆪ" data-language-autonym="ꆇꉙ" data-language-local-name="Sichuan Yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꆇꉙ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%259C%25E0%25AC%25B9%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25A8" title="ଜହ୍ନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜହ୍ନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addeessa" title="Addeessa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Addeessa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oy" title="Oy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%259A%25E0%25A9%25B0%25E0%25A8%25A6%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25BE" title="ਚੰਦਰਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੰਦਰਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulad" title="Fulad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Fulad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="چند – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چند" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25AC" title="လာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25DA%2596%25D9%2585%25DB%258D" title="سپوږمۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سپوږمۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muun" title="Muun – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Muun" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D3%25A7%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Тӧлісь – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Тӧлісь" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2596%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259F%2587%25E1%259E%2585%25E1%259F%2590%25E1%259E%2593%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2591" title="ព្រះច័ន្ទ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះច័ន្ទ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun-a" title="Lun-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lun-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun_(i_stap_long_heven)" title="Mun (i stap long heven) – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Mun (i stap long heven)" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maand_(Eer)" title="Maand (Eer) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Maand (Eer)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%25C4%2599%25C5%25BCyc" title="Księżyc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księżyc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A6%25CE%25AD%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Φέγγος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Φέγγος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay" title="Ay – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ay" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay_(k%25C3%25B6k_cismi)" title="Ay (kök cismi) – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ay (kök cismi)" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moond_(%25C3%2584%25C3%25A4d)" title="Moond (Ääd) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Moond (Ääd)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhon_(chereski)" title="Chhon (chereski) – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chhon (chereski)" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glina" title="Glina – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Glina" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killa" title="Killa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Killa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%258F%25D1%2586%25D1%258C_(%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%2582)" title="Місяць (сателіт) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Місяць (сателіт)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Луна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AB%25D0%25B9" title="Ый – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ый" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bulad" title="bulad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bulad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masina" title="Masina – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Masina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2583" title="चन्द्रः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चन्द्रः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25AA%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B8%25E1%25B1%25AB%25E1%25B1%259A" title="ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muin" title="Muin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idass" title="Idass – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Idass" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moune" title="Moune – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Moune" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25ABna" title="Hëna – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hëna" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25A0%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%258F" title="චන්ද්‍රයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චන්ද්‍රයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" title="Moon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%2586%25DA%258A" title="چنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesiac" title="Mesiac – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mesiac" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna" title="Luna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%25A3%25D1%2581%25D1%25A7%25D1%2586%25D1%258C" title="Мѣсѧць – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мѣсѧць" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mje%25C5%259B%25C5%25AFnczek" title="Mjeśůnczek – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjeśůnczek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil" title="Bil – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bil" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="مانگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun_(son)" title="Mun (son) – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Mun (son)" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586" title="Месец – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Месец" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjesec" title="Mjesec – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mjesec" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan_(satelit)" title="Bulan (satelit) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bulan (satelit)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuu" title="Kuu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A5nen" title="Månen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Månen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buwan_(astronomiya)" title="Buwan (astronomiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buwan (astronomiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25BE" title="நிலா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyur_(amtiwg)" title="Ayyur (amtiwg) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ayyur (amtiwg)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyur_(amtiweg)" title="Ayyur (amtiweg) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ayyur (amtiweg)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lune" title="Lune – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lune" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B9_(%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2580%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD)" title="Ай (иярчен) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ай (иярчен)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/byacing" title="byacing – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="byacing" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%259A%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%25A6%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%25A1%25E0%25B1%2581" title="చంద్రుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చంద్రుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ดวงจันทร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดวงจันทร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C9%259B%25C9%259Bi" title="Pɛɛi – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Pɛɛi" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%2588%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2592" title="ወርሒ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ወርሒ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25BE%25D2%25B3" title="Моҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Моҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C4%2581hina" title="Māhina – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Māhina" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258F%2585%25E1%258F%2593_%25E1%258F%2592%25E1%258F%2583%25E1%258F%25B1_%25E1%258E%25A1%25E1%258E%25AF" title="ᏅᏓ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏓ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taa%2527%25C3%25A9-e%25C5%25A1e%2527he" title="Taa'é-eše'he – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Taa'é-eše'he" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259A%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%2586" title="ಚಂದ್ರೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಚಂದ್ರೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay" title="Ay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%25C3%25BD_(hemra)" title="Aý (hemra) – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Aý (hemra)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C6%2586bosome" title="Ɔbosome – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɔbosome" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwat" title="Zwat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B9" title="Ай – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ай" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258D%25D0%25B7%25D1%258C_(%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F)" title="Толэзь (астрономия) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Толэзь (астрономия)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A8%2595%25E1%25A8%2598%25E1%25A8%2592%25E1%25A8%2599%25E1%25A8%258A%25E1%25A8%2581" title="ᨕᨘᨒᨙᨊᨁ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨘᨒᨙᨊᨁ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%258F%25D1%2586%25D1%258C_(%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA)" title="Місяць (супутник) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місяць (супутник)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="چاند – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A" title="ئاي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronghndwen" title="Ronghndwen – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ronghndwen" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2581una" title="Łuna – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łuna" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudmaine" title="Kudmaine – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kudmaine" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25E1%25BA%25B7t_Tr%25C4%2583ng" title="Mặt Trăng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mặt Trăng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun" title="Mun – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mun" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuu" title="Kuu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kuu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lune" title="Lune – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lune" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashi" title="Kashi – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kashi" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%2588" title="月 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="月" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moane" title="Moane – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Moane" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan_(astronomiya)" title="Bulan (astronomiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bulan (astronomiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%2588%25E7%2590%2583" title="月球 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="月球" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%2527weti" title="N'weti – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="N'weti" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259C%25D7%2591%25D7%25A0%25D7%2594" title="לבנה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לבנה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2592%25E1%25B9%25A3%25C3%25B9p%25C3%25A1" title="Òṣùpá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òṣùpá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%2588%25E4%25BA%25AE" title="月亮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="月亮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maen_(Aerde)" title="Maen (Aerde) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Maen (Aerde)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mienolis" title="Mienolis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mienolis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%2588%25E7%2590%2583" title="月球 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="月球" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%258Amaraa" title="Ŋmaraa – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Ŋmaraa" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25B9n" title="Sùn – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Sùn" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bulan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B5%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586" title="Мешац – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Мешац" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%25C5%25A1um" title="Ovšum – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ovšum" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%25A2%25E2%25B5%25A2%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%2594%25E2%25B5%259C" title="ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 04:13 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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