CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Catherine de' Medici - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bda939e3-4ec4-425f-beed-bf7ba3a7e0b7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Catherine_de'_Medici","wgTitle":"Catherine de' Medici","wgCurRevisionId":1256173981,"wgRevisionId":1256173981,"wgArticleId":44154,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2023","Articles containing Italian-language text","Pages with Italian IPA","Articles containing French-language text","Pages with French IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Commons link from Wikidata", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia","Featured articles","Catherine de' Medici","Queens consort of France","Regents of France","French people of the French Wars of Religion","House of Medici","House of Valois","French queen mothers","16th-century women monarchs","16th-century regents","Dauphines of Viennois","Dauphines of France","Counts of Dreux","16th-century countesses regnant","Counter-Reformation","Nobility from Florence","Duchesses of Brittany","Duchesses of Orléans","French Roman Catholics","French suo jure nobility","French duchesses","1519 births","1589 deaths","Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis","Henry II of France","16th-century Italian women","16th-century Italian nobility","16th-century French politicians","16th-century French nobility","16th-century French women","Italian art patrons","Genocide perpetrators", "Daughters of dukes","16th-century women regents","Mothers of Polish monarchs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Catherine_de'_Medici","wgRelevantArticleId":44154,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Catherine_de_Medici","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q131552","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1719"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg/800px-Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1146"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg/640px-Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="917"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Catherine de' Medici - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Catherine_de_Medici rootpage-Catherine_de_Medici skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Catherine+de%27+Medici" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Catherine+de%27+Medici" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Catherine+de%27+Medici" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Catherine+de%27+Medici" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_upbringing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_upbringing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Birth and upbringing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_upbringing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dauphine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dauphine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dauphine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dauphine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Queen of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen_mother" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_mother"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Queen mother</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Queen_mother-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Queen mother subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Queen_mother-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Francis_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Francis_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reign of Francis II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Francis_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Charles_IX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Charles_IX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reign of Charles IX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Charles_IX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Huguenots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huguenots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Huguenots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huguenots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Bartholomew's_Day_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Bartholomew's_Day_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Bartholomew's_Day_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Henry_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Henry_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reign of Henry III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Henry_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Catholic League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_months_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_months_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Last months and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_months_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patron_of_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patron_of_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Patron of the arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patron_of_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Patron of the arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Patron_of_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Culinary legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_to_the_occult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_to_the_occult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Links to the occult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_to_the_occult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catherine de' Medici</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_de%27_Medici" title="Catharina de' Medici – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Catharina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="كاترين دي مديتشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاترين دي مديتشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_de_M%C3%A9dici" title="Catalina de Médici – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catalina de Médici" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Medi%C3%A7i" title="Yekaterina Mediçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yekaterina Mediçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کاترین مدیچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاترین مدیچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de%27_Medici" title="Caterina de' Medici – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Caterina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Кацярына Медычы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кацярына Медычы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Кацярына Мэдычы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кацярына Мэдычы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Catherine de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Катерина де Медичи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катерина де Медичи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Medici" title="Katarina Medici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Katarina Medici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de%27_Medici" title="Caterina de' Medici – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Caterina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Екатерина Медичи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Екатерина Медичи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de_M%C3%A8dici" title="Caterina de Mèdici – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caterina de Mèdici" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Екатерина Медичи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Екатерина Медичи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_Medicejsk%C3%A1" title="Kateřina Medicejská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kateřina Medicejská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catrin_de_Medici" title="Catrin de Medici – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Catrin de Medici" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_af_Medici" title="Katarina af Medici – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Katarina af Medici" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de%E2%80%99_Medici" title="Caterina de’ Medici – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caterina de’ Medici" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de%27_Medici" title="Caterina de' Medici – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Caterina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Αικατερίνη των Μεδίκων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αικατερίνη των Μεδίκων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_de_M%C3%A9dici" title="Catalina de Médici – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catalina de Médici" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerino_de_Medi%C4%89o" title="Katerino de Mediĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katerino de Mediĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalina_Medici" title="Katalina Medici – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katalina Medici" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کاترین مدیچی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاترین مدیچی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis" title="Catherine de Médicis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catherine de Médicis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarina_de_Medici" title="Catarina de Medici – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catarina de Medici" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%B0_%EB%93%9C_%EB%A9%94%EB%94%94%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="카트린 드 메디시스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카트린 드 메디시스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%AB" title="Եկատերինա Մեդիչի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եկատերինա Մեդիչի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80)" title="कैथरीन (फ्रांस की महारानी) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैथरीन (फ्रांस की महारानी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_de%27_Medici" title="Katarina de' Medici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katarina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Catherine de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katr%C3%ADn_af_Medici" title="Katrín af Medici – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Katrín af Medici" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de%27_Medici" title="Caterina de' Medici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caterina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%99" title="קטרינה דה מדיצ'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטרינה דה מדיצ'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="ეკატერინე მედიჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკატერინე მედიჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Екатерина Медичи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Екатерина Медичи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_wa_Medici" title="Katerina wa Medici – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Katerina wa Medici" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_Medicaea" title="Catharina Medicaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Catharina Medicaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katr%C4%ABna_Medi%C4%8Di" title="Katrīna Mediči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katrīna Mediči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotryna_Medi%C4%8Di" title="Kotryna Mediči – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kotryna Mediči" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici_Katalin_francia_kir%C3%A1lyn%C3%A9" title="Medici Katalin francia királyné – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Medici Katalin francia királyné" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Катерина Медичи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Катерина Медичи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de_Medicis" title="Catherine de Medicis – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Catherine de Medicis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%89" title="كاترين دى ميديشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاترين دى ميديشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de%27_Medici" title="Caterina de' Medici – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Caterina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_de%27_Medici" title="Catharina de' Medici – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Catharina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9" title="カトリーヌ・ド・メディシス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カトリーヌ・ド・メディシス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_de%E2%80%99_Medici" title="Katharina de’ Medici – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katharina de’ Medici" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de_Medici" title="Caterina de Medici – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Caterina de Medici" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Medichi" title="Yekaterina Medichi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yekaterina Medichi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%8A" title="کترینا دو مېدیچي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کترینا دو مېدیچي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catlin-a_dij_M%C3%A9dici" title="Catlin-a dij Médici – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Catlin-a dij Médici" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzyna_Medycejska" title="Katarzyna Medycejska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katarzyna Medycejska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarina_de_M%C3%A9dici" title="Catarina de Médici – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catarina de Médici" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de%27_Medici" title="Caterina de' Medici – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caterina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Екатерина Медичи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Екатерина Медичи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Catherine de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catirina_d%C3%AE_Medici" title="Catirina dî Medici – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Catirina dî Medici" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catherine de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar%C3%ADna_Medicejsk%C3%A1" title="Katarína Medicejská – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katarína Medicejská" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Medi%C4%8Dejska" title="Katarina Medičejska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katarina Medičejska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8E_%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کاترین دێ مێدیچی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاترین دێ مێدیچی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Катарина Медичи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катарина Медичи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Catherine de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katariina_de%E2%80%99_Medici" title="Katariina de’ Medici – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katariina de’ Medici" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_av_Medici" title="Katarina av Medici – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katarina av Medici" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5" title="กาเตรีนา เด เมดีชี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาเตรีนา เด เมดีชี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Catherine de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%87%D1%96" title="Катерина Медічі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катерина Медічі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_de%27_Medici" title="Caterina de' Medici – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Caterina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_de%27_Medici" title="Catharina de' Medici – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Catharina de' Medici" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Catherine de' Medici" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BE%8E%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%87" title="凯瑟琳·德·美第奇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="凯瑟琳·德·美第奇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%98%89%E8%8A%99%E8%93%AE%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%A5%87" title="嘉芙蓮·德·麥地奇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="嘉芙蓮·德·麥地奇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BE%8E%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%87" title="凯瑟琳·德·美第奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凯瑟琳·德·美第奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131552#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Catherine_de%27_Medici" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Catherine_de%27_Medici" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&oldid=1256173981" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Catherine_de%27_Medici&id=1256173981&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCatherine_de%2527_Medici"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCatherine_de%2527_Medici"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131552" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de_Medici&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de Medici">Catherine de Medici</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Queen of France from 1547 to 1559</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Caterina de' Medici" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Caterina_de%27_Medici,_Governor_of_Siena" title="Caterina de' Medici, Governor of Siena">Caterina de' Medici, Governor of Siena</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Catherine de' Medici</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg/220px-Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg/330px-Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg/440px-Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1560</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">Queen consort of France</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1547 – <span class="nowrap">10 July 1559</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1549</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regents#France" title="List of regents">Queen regent of France</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regency</th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1560 – <span class="nowrap">17 August 1563</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">13 April 1519<br /><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 1589<span style="display:none">(1589-01-05)</span> (aged 69)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Blois">Château de Blois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1589<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Saint-Sauveur, <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a></li><li>4 April 1609</li><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="28 October 1533">1533</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="10 July 1559">1559</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France_(1547%E2%80%931575)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude of France (1547–1575)">Claude, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret, Queen of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Caterina_de%E2%80%99_Medici.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Catherine de' Medici's signature"><img alt="Catherine de' Medici's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Signatur_Caterina_de%E2%80%99_Medici.PNG/125px-Signatur_Caterina_de%E2%80%99_Medici.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Signatur_Caterina_de%E2%80%99_Medici.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="59" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Catherine de' Medici</b> (Italian: <i lang="it">Caterina de' Medici</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kateˈriːna<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɛːditʃi]</a></span>; French: <i lang="fr">Catherine de Médicis</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[katʁin<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>medisis]</a></span>; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was an Italian<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florentine</a>) noblewoman born into the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici family</a>. She was <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of France">Queen of France</a> from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">King Henry II</a> and the mother of French kings <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a>. The years during which her sons reigned have been called "the age of Catherine de' Medici" since she had extensive, albeit at times varying, influence on the political life of France.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine was born in Florence to <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne</a>. In 1533, at the age of 14, Catherine married Henry, the second son of King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a>, who would become <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a> upon the death of his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis</a> in 1536. Catherine's marriage was arranged by her cousin <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> (Giulio de' Medici). During his reign, Henry excluded Catherine from state affairs, instead showering favours on his chief mistress, <a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a>, who wielded much influence over him. Henry's sudden accidental death in 1559 thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old Francis<span class="nowrap"> </span>II. When Francis<span class="nowrap"> </span>II died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>IX and thus gained sweeping powers. After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>III. He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of her life but outlived her by just seven months. </p><p>Catherine's three sons reigned in an age of almost constant <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">civil and religious war in France</a>. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. However, Catherine kept the monarchy and state institutions functioning, if at a minimal level. At first, Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>. However, she failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. Later, she resorted in frustration and anger to hardline policies against them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, she was blamed for the persecutions carried out under her sons' rules, in particular the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> of 1572, during which thousands of Huguenots were killed in France. </p><p>Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, but evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, her authority was limited by the effects of the civil wars, and she suffers in comparison to what might have been had her husband the king lived to take responsibility or stabilise the country. Therefore, her policies may be seen as desperate measures to keep the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> on the throne at all costs and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland,_Ancien_Régime,_20_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland,_Ancien_Régime,_20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without Catherine, it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine has been called "the most important woman in Europe" in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-stragexi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stragexi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_upbringing">Birth and upbringing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and upbringing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_papa_Clemente_VII,_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/El_papa_Clemente_VII%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/170px-El_papa_Clemente_VII%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/El_papa_Clemente_VII%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/255px-El_papa_Clemente_VII%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/El_papa_Clemente_VII%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/340px-El_papa_Clemente_VII%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7351" data-file-height="8895" /></a><figcaption>Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_del_Piombo" title="Sebastiano del Piombo">Sebastiano del Piombo</a>, c.1531. Clement called Catherine's betrothal to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry of Orléans</a> "the greatest match in the world".</figcaption></figure> <p>Catherine de' Medici was born Caterina Maria Romula de' Medici<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 13 April 1519 in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>, the only child of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a>, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_la_Tour_d%27Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne</a>, the countess of Boulogne. The young couple had been married the year before at <a href="/wiki/Amboise" title="Amboise">Amboise</a> as part of the alliance between King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> and Lorenzo's uncle <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> against the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a>. According to a contemporary chronicler, when Catherine was born, her parents were "as pleased as if it had been a boy". </p><p>Within a month of Catherine's birth, both her parents were dead: Madeleine died on 28 April of <a href="/wiki/Puerperal_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal fever">puerperal fever</a>, and Lorenzo died on 4 May.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Francis wanted Catherine to be raised at the French court, but Pope Leo refused, claiming he wanted her to marry <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito de' Medici</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kviii_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kviii-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leo made Catherine Duchess of Urbino but annexed most of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, permitting Florence to keep only the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_San_Leo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress of San Leo">Fortress of San Leo</a>. It was only after Leo's death in 1521, that his successor, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a>, restored the duchy to its rightful owner, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_I_della_Rovere" title="Francesco Maria I della Rovere">Francesco Maria I della Rovere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine was first cared for by her paternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Alfonsina_Orsini" title="Alfonsina Orsini">Alfonsina Orsini</a>. After Alfonsina's death in 1520, Catherine joined her cousins and was raised by her aunt, <a href="/wiki/Clarice_de%27_Medici" title="Clarice de' Medici">Clarice de' Medici</a>. The death of Pope Leo in 1521 briefly interrupted Medici power until Cardinal Giulio de' Medici was elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> in 1523. Clement housed Catherine in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a> in Florence, where she lived in state. The Florentine people called her <i>duchessina</i> ("the little duchess"), in deference to her unrecognised claim to the Duchy of Urbino.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1527, the Medici were overthrown in Florence by a faction opposed to the regime of Clement's representative, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Passerini" title="Silvio Passerini">Silvio Passerini</a>, and Catherine was taken hostage and placed in a series of convents.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final one, the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Santissima Annuziata delle Murate</i></span> was her home for three years. Mark Strage described these years as "the happiest of her entire life".<sup id="cite_ref-strage13_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strage13-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clement had no choice but to crown <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles of Austria</a> as Holy Roman Emperor in return for his help in retaking the city.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1529, Charles's troops laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">siege to Florence</a>. As the siege dragged on, voices called for Catherine to be killed and exposed naked and chained to the city walls. Some even suggested that she be handed over to the troops to be raped.<sup id="cite_ref-strage15_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strage15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city finally surrendered on 12 August 1530. Clement summoned Catherine from her beloved convent to join him in Rome where he greeted her with open arms and tears in his eyes. Then he set about the business of finding her a husband.<sup id="cite_ref-kxii_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kxii-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_%26_Catherine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Henri_%26_Catherine.jpg/220px-Henri_%26_Catherine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Henri_%26_Catherine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Catherine and Henry's marriage, painted seventeen years after the event</figcaption></figure> <p>On her visit to Rome, the Venetian envoy described Catherine as "small of stature, and thin, and without delicate features, but having the protruding eyes peculiar to the Medici family".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suitors, however, lined up for her hand, including <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> who sent the <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="John Stewart, Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a> to Clement to conclude a marriage in April and November 1530.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Francis I of France proposed his second son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry, Duke of Orléans</a>, in early 1533, Clement jumped at the offer. Henry was a prize catch for Catherine, who, despite her wealth, was of common origin. </p><p>The wedding, a grand affair marked by extravagant display and gift-giving,<sup id="cite_ref-knecht_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knecht-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Ferr%C3%A9ol_les_Augustins" title="Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins">Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> on 28 October 1533.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Henry danced and <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousted</a> for Catherine. The fourteen-year-old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties. Henry arrived in the bedroom with King Francis, who is said to have stayed until the marriage was consummated. He noted that "each had shown valour in the joust".<sup id="cite_ref-knecht_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knecht-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clement visited the newlyweds in bed the next morning and added his blessings to the night's proceedings. </p><p>Catherine saw little of her husband in their first year of marriage, but the ladies of the court, impressed with her intelligence and keenness to please, treated her well. However, the death of her uncle Clement on 25 September 1534 undermined Catherine's standing in the French court. The next pope, Alessandro Farnese, was elected on 13 October and took the title <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a>. As a Farnese he felt no obligation to keep Clement's promises, broke the alliance with Francis and refused to continue paying her huge dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Francis lamented, "The girl has come to me stark naked."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prince Henry showed no interest in Catherine as a wife; instead, he openly took mistresses. For the first ten years of the marriage, the royal couple failed to produce any children together. In 1537, he had a brief affair with <a href="/wiki/Filippa_Duci" title="Filippa Duci">Philippa Duci</a>, who gave birth to a daughter, whom he publicly acknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proved that Henry was fertile and added to the pressure on Catherine to produce a child. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dauphine">Dauphine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dauphine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_II,_king_of_France.._F_Clouet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Henry_II%2C_king_of_France.._F_Clouet.jpg/170px-Henry_II%2C_king_of_France.._F_Clouet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Henry_II%2C_king_of_France.._F_Clouet.jpg/255px-Henry_II%2C_king_of_France.._F_Clouet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Henry_II%2C_king_of_France.._F_Clouet.jpg/340px-Henry_II%2C_king_of_France.._F_Clouet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry, Duke of Orléans</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Corneille_de_Lyon" title="Corneille de Lyon">Corneille de Lyon</a>. During his childhood, Henry spent almost four and a half years as a hostage in Spain, an ordeal that marked him for life, leaving him introverted and gloomy.</figcaption></figure><p> In 1536, Henry's older brother, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1518-1536)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Dauphin of France (1518-1536)">Francis</a>, caught a chill after a game of tennis, contracted a fever and died shortly after, leaving Henry the heir. Suspicions of poison abounded, from Catherine to Emperor Charles V.<sup id="cite_ref-kxxiv_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kxxiv-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_de_Montecuccoli" title="Sebastiano de Montecuccoli">Sebastiano de Montecuccoli</a> confessed under torture to poisoning the Dauphin.<sup id="cite_ref-kxxiv_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kxxiv-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Dauphine_of_France" title="Dauphine of France">dauphine</a>, Catherine was expected to provide a future heir to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-kxxiv_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kxxiv-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the court chronicler <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Bourdeille,_seigneur_de_Brant%C3%B4me" title="Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme">Brantôme</a>, "many people advised the king and the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a> to repudiate her, since it was necessary to continue the line of France".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divorce was discussed. In desperation, Catherine tried every known trick for getting pregnant, such as placing cow dung and ground stags' antlers on her "source of life", and drinking mule's urine. On 19 January 1544, she at last gave birth to a <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">son</a>, named after King Francis. </p><p>After becoming pregnant once, Catherine had no trouble doing so again. She may have owed her change of fortune to the physician <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fernel" title="Jean Fernel">Jean Fernel</a>, who may have noticed slight abnormalities in the couple's sexual organs and advised them how to solve the problem. However, he denied ever providing such advice.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine quickly conceived again and on 2 April 1545 she bore a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth</a>. She went on to bear Henry a further eight children, seven of whom survived infancy, including the future <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a> (born 27 June 1550); the future <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> (born 19 September 1551); and <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a> (born 18 March 1555), <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France_(1547-1575)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude of France (1547-1575)">Claude</a> (born 12 November 1547) and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret</a> (born 14 May 1553). The long-term future of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois dynasty</a>, which had ruled France since the 14th century, seemed assured. </p><p>However, Catherine's ability to bear children failed to improve her marriage. About 1538, at the age of 19, Henry had taken as his mistress the 38-year-old <a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom he adored for the rest of his life. Even so, he respected Catherine's status as his consort. When King Francis<span class="nowrap"> </span>I died on 31 March 1547, Catherine became queen consort of France. She was crowned in the <a href="/wiki/Basilique_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilique Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> on 10 June 1549. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen_of_France">Queen of France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Queen of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KatharinavonMedici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/KatharinavonMedici.jpg/220px-KatharinavonMedici.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/KatharinavonMedici.jpg/330px-KatharinavonMedici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/KatharinavonMedici.jpg/440px-KatharinavonMedici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>Catherine de' Medici (age 30s), as Queen consort of France (1550s). Portrait at the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>. As Catherine approached 40 years of age, a Venetian envoy essayed his impression: "Her mouth is too large and her eyes too prominent and colourless for beauty [...] but a very distinguished-looking woman, with a shapely figure, a beautiful skin and exquisitely shaped hands."</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Henry allowed Catherine almost no political influence as queen.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she sometimes acted as regent during his absences from France, her formal powers were strictly nominal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry even gave the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château of Chenonceau</a>, which Catherine had wanted for herself, to his mistress Diane de Poitiers instead, who took her place at the center of power, dispensing patronage and accepting favors. The imperial ambassador reported that in the presence of guests, Henry would sit on Diane's lap and play the guitar, chat about politics, or fondle her breasts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diane never regarded Catherine as a threat. She even encouraged the king to spend more time with Catherine and sire more children.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeton_en_argent_sur_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jeton_en_argent_sur_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.jpg/170px-Jeton_en_argent_sur_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jeton_en_argent_sur_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.jpg/255px-Jeton_en_argent_sur_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jeton_en_argent_sur_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.jpg/340px-Jeton_en_argent_sur_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Silver <a href="/wiki/Jeton" title="Jeton">jeton</a> of Catherine de'Médici</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1556, Catherine nearly died giving birth to twin daughters, Jeanne and <a href="/wiki/Victoire_of_France_(1556)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoire of France (1556)">Victoire</a>. Surgeons saved her life by breaking the legs of Jeanne, who died in her womb.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving daughter, Victoire, died seven weeks later. Because their birth very nearly cost Catherine her life, the king's physician advised the king that there should be no more children; therefore, Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>II stopped visiting his wife's bedroom and spent all his time with his longtime mistress, Diane de Poitiers. Catherine had no more children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Henry's reign enabled the rise of the Guise brothers, <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Charles</a>, who became a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a>, and Henry's boyhood friend <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis</a>, both of whom became <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_Dukes_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts and Dukes of Guise">Duke of Guise</a>. Their sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a> had married <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> in 1538 and was the mother of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>. At the age of five and a half, Mary was brought to the French court, where she was promised to the Dauphin, Francis.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine brought her up with her own children at the French court, while Mary of Guise governed Scotland as her daughter's <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazilian_ball_for_Henry_II_in_Rouen_October_1_1550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Brazilian_ball_for_Henry_II_in_Rouen_October_1_1550.jpg/220px-Brazilian_ball_for_Henry_II_in_Rouen_October_1_1550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Brazilian_ball_for_Henry_II_in_Rouen_October_1_1550.jpg/330px-Brazilian_ball_for_Henry_II_in_Rouen_October_1_1550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Brazilian_ball_for_Henry_II_in_Rouen_October_1_1550.jpg/440px-Brazilian_ball_for_Henry_II_in_Rouen_October_1_1550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">Brazilian ball</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a> and Catherine de' Medici in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, 1 October 1550, a precursor to the creation of <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a> in Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3–4 April 1559, Henry signed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and England, ending a long period of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. The treaty was sealed by the betrothal of Catherine's teenage daughter <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth</a>, aged 13, to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Proxy_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxy wedding">proxy wedding</a> was celebrated in Paris on 22 June 1559. As part of the celebrations, a <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a> tournament was held on 30 June 1559.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Henry took part in the jousting, sporting Diane's black-and-white colours. He defeated the dukes of Guise and Nemours, but the young <a href="/wiki/Gabriel,_comte_de_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel, comte de Montgomery">Gabriel, comte de Montgomery</a>, knocked him half out of the saddle. Henry insisted on riding against Montgomery again, and this time, Montgomery's lance shattered in the king's face.<sup id="cite_ref-Pettegree,_154_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettegree,_154-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry reeled out of the clash, his face pouring blood, with splinters "of a good bigness" sticking out of his eye and head. Catherine, Diane, and Prince Francis all fainted. Henry was carried to the Château de Tournelles, where five splinters of wood were extracted from his head, one of which had pierced his eye and brain. Catherine stayed by his bedside, but Diane kept away, "for fear", in the words of a chronicler, "of being expelled by the Queen". For the next ten days, Henry's state fluctuated. At times he even felt well enough to dictate letters and listen to music. Slowly, however, he lost his sight, speech, and reason, and on 10 July 1559, he died, aged 40. From that day, Catherine took a broken lance as her emblem, inscribed with the words "<i>lacrymae hinc, hinc dolor</i>" ("from this come my tears and my pain"), and wore black <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a> in memory of Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Queen_mother">Queen mother</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Queen mother"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Francis_II">Reign of Francis II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign of Francis II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancoisII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FrancoisII.jpg/170px-FrancoisII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FrancoisII.jpg/255px-FrancoisII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FrancoisII.jpg/340px-FrancoisII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3729" data-file-height="5372" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>, 1560. Francis found the crown so heavy at his coronation that four nobles had to hold it in place as he walked up the steps to his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a> became king at the age of fifteen. In what has been called a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, the Cardinal of Lorraine and the <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Duke of Guise</a>—whose niece, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, had <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Francis,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France">married Francis II</a> the year before—seized power the day after Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>II's death and quickly moved themselves into the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a> with the young couple.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English ambassador reported a few days later that "the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French king".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the moment, Catherine worked with the Guises out of necessity. She was not strictly entitled to a role in Francis's government, because he was deemed old enough to rule for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, all his official acts began with the words: "This being the good pleasure of the Queen, my lady-mother, and I also approving of every opinion that she holdeth, am content and command that ...". Catherine did not hesitate to exploit her new authority. One of her first acts was to force <a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a> to hand over the crown jewels and return the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a> to the crown. She later did her best to efface or outdo Diane's building work there. </p><p>The Guise brothers set about persecuting the Protestants with zeal. Catherine adopted a moderate stance and spoke against the Guise persecutions, though she had no particular sympathy for the Huguenots, whose beliefs she never shared. The Protestants looked for leadership first to <a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Prince_of_the_Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="First Prince of the Blood">First Prince of the Blood</a>, and then, with more success, to his brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1530%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)">Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé</a>, who backed a plot to overthrow the Guises by force.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Guises heard of the plot,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they moved the court to the fortified <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château of Amboise</a>. The Duke of Guise launched an attack into the woods around the château. His troops surprised the rebels and killed many of them on the spot, including the commander, La Renaudie.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others they drowned in the river or strung up around the battlements while Catherine and the court watched.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1560, <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_l%27H%C3%B4pital" title="Michel de l'Hôpital">Michel de l'Hôpital</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justice_Ministers_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justice Ministers of France">Chancellor of France</a>. He sought the support of France's constitutional bodies and worked closely with Catherine to defend the law in the face of the growing anarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither saw the need to punish Protestants who worshipped in private and did not take up arms. On 20 August 1560, Catherine and the chancellor advocated this policy to an <a href="/wiki/1560_Assembly_of_Notables" title="1560 Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>. Historians regard the occasion as an early example of Catherine's statesmanship. Meanwhile, Condé raised an army and in autumn 1560 began attacking towns in the south. Catherine ordered him to court and had him imprisoned as soon as he arrived. He was tried in November, found guilty of offences against the crown, and sentenced to death. His life was saved by the illness and death of the king, as a result of an infection or an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> in his ear.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Catherine realized Francis was going to die, she made a pact with Antoine de Bourbon by which he would renounce his right to the regency of the future king, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>, in return for the release of his brother Condé.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, when Francis died on 5 December 1560, the Privy Council appointed Catherine as governor of France (<i>gouvernante de France</i>), with sweeping powers. She wrote to her daughter Elisabeth: "My principal aim is to have the honour of God before my eyes in all things and to preserve my authority, not for myself, but for the conservation of this kingdom and for the good of all your brothers".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Charles_IX">Reign of Charles IX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reign of Charles IX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Portrait_de_Charles_IX_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Inv.1012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Portrait_de_Charles_IX_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Inv.1012.jpg/170px-Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Portrait_de_Charles_IX_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Inv.1012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Portrait_de_Charles_IX_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Inv.1012.jpg/255px-Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Portrait_de_Charles_IX_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Inv.1012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Portrait_de_Charles_IX_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Inv.1012.jpg/340px-Bemberg_Fondation_Toulouse_-_Portrait_de_Charles_IX_-_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Inv.1012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="5863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>, c. 1565. The Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel described Charles as "an admirable child, with fine eyes, gracious movements, though he is not robust. He favours physical exercise that is too violent for his health, for he suffers from shortness of breath".</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles IX was ten years old at the time of his royal consecration, during which he cried. At first Catherine kept him very close to her, and even slept in his chamber. She presided over his council, decided policy, and controlled state business and patronage. However, she was never in a position to control the country as a whole, which was on the brink of civil war. In many parts of France the rule of nobles held sway rather than that of the crown. The challenges Catherine faced were complex and, in some ways, difficult for her to comprehend as a foreigner.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She summoned church leaders from both sides to attempt to solve their doctrinal differences. Despite her optimism, the resulting <a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Poissy" title="Colloquy of Poissy">Colloquy of Poissy</a> ended in failure on 13 October 1561, dissolving itself without her permission.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine failed because she saw the religious divide only in political terms. In the words of historian R. J. Knecht, "she underestimated the strength of religious conviction, imagining that all would be well if only she could get the party leaders to agree".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1562, Catherine issued the tolerant <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Germain" title="Edict of Saint-Germain">Edict of Saint-Germain</a> in a further attempt to build bridges with the Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 March 1562, however, in an incident known as the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Vassy" title="Massacre of Vassy">Massacre of Vassy</a>, the Duke of Guise and his men attacked worshipping Huguenots in a barn at <a href="/wiki/Wassy" title="Wassy">Vassy</a>, killing 74 and wounding 104.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guise, who called the massacre "a regrettable accident", was cheered as a hero in the streets of Paris while the Huguenots called for revenge. The massacre lit the fuse that sparked the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. For the next thirty years, France found itself in a state of either civil war or armed truce.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a month <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1530%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)">Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Admiral Gaspard de Coligny</a> had raised an army of 1,800. They formed an alliance with England and seized town after town in France. Catherine met Coligny, but he refused to back down. She therefore told him: "Since you rely on your forces, we will show you ours".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal army struck back quickly and laid siege to Huguenot-held <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>. Catherine visited the deathbed of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre</a>, after he was fatally wounded by an <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a> shot. Catherine insisted on visiting the field herself and when warned of the dangers laughed, "My courage is as great as yours".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholics took Rouen, but their triumph was short-lived. On 18 February 1563, a spy called <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Poltrot" title="Jean de Poltrot">Poltrot de Méré</a> fired an arquebus into the back of the <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Duke of Guise</a>, at the siege of Orléans. The murder triggered an aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">blood feud</a> that complicated the French civil wars for years to come.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine, however, was delighted with the death of her ally. "If Monsieur de Guise had perished sooner", she told the Venetian ambassador, "peace would have been achieved more quickly".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 March 1563, the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise" title="Edict of Amboise">Edict of Amboise</a>, also known as the Edict of Pacification, ended the war. Catherine now rallied both Huguenot and Catholic forces to retake <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> from the English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Huguenots">Huguenots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Huguenots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 August 1563, Charles IX was declared of age at the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a> of Rouen, but he was never able to rule on his own and showed little interest in government.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland,_Ancien_Régime,_20_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland,_Ancien_Régime,_20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine decided to launch a drive to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise" title="Edict of Amboise">Edict of Amboise</a> and revive loyalty to the crown. To this end, she set out with Charles and the court on a <a href="/wiki/Royal_entry" title="Royal entry">progress</a> around France that lasted from January 1564 until May 1565.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine held talks with <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a>, the Protestant queen regnant of Navarre (and the wife of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine de Bourbon">Antoine de Bourbon</a>) at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con" title="Mâcon">Mâcon</a> and <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9rac" title="Nérac">Nérac</a>. She also met her daughter <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> near the Spanish border, amidst lavish <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_court_festivals" title="Catherine de' Medici's court festivals">court festivities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> excused himself from the occasion. He sent the <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a> to tell Catherine to scrap the Edict of Amboise and to find punitive solutions to the problem of heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1566, through the ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Grandchamp_de_Grantrie" title="Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie">Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie</a>, and because of a long-standing <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>, Charles and Catherine proposed to the Ottoman Court a plan to resettle French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> and French and German <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> in Ottoman-controlled <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, in order to create a military colony and a buffer against the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>. This plan also had the added advantage of removing the Huguenots from France, but it failed to interest the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Faroqhi_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faroqhi-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 September 1567, in a swoop known as the <a href="/wiki/Surprise_of_Meaux" title="Surprise of Meaux">Surprise of Meaux</a>, Huguenot forces attempted to ambush the king, triggering renewed civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taken unawares, the court fled to Paris in disarray.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Longjumeau" title="Peace of Longjumeau">Peace of Longjumeau</a> of 22–23 March 1568, but civil unrest and bloodshed continued.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Surprise of Meaux marked a turning point in Catherine's policy towards the Huguenots. From that moment, she abandoned compromise for a policy of repression.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She told the Venetian ambassador in June 1568 that all one could expect from Huguenots was deceit, and she praised the Duke of Alba's reign of terror in the Netherlands, where <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a> and rebels were put to death in the thousands. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanne-albret-navarre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jeanne-albret-navarre.jpg/170px-Jeanne-albret-navarre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jeanne-albret-navarre.jpg/255px-Jeanne-albret-navarre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jeanne-albret-navarre.jpg/340px-Jeanne-albret-navarre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="5509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a>, Queen of Navarre, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>, 1570. She wrote to her son, Henry, in 1572: "All she [Catherine] does is mock me, and afterwards tells others exactly the opposite of what I have said ... she denies everything, laughing in my face ... she treats me so shamefully that the patience I manage to maintain surpasses that of <a href="/wiki/Griselda_(folklore)" title="Griselda (folklore)">Griselda</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Huguenots retreated to the fortified stronghold of <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> on the west coast, where Jeanne d'Albret and her fifteen-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry of Bourbon</a>, joined them.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "We have come to the determination to die, all of us", Jeanne wrote to Catherine, "rather than abandon our God, and our religion."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine called Jeanne, whose decision to rebel posed a dynastic threat to the Valois, "the most shameless woman in the world". Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, signed on 8 August 1570 because the royal army ran out of cash, conceded wider toleration to the Huguenots than ever before.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine looked to further Valois interests by grand dynastic marriages. In 1570, Charles IX married <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria_(1554-1592)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Austria (1554-1592)">Elisabeth of Austria</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Catherine was also eager for a match between one of her two youngest sons and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Catherine's daughter Elisabeth died in childbirth in 1568, she had touted her youngest daughter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret</a> as a bride for <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>. Now she sought a marriage between Margaret and <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry III of Navarre">Henry III of Navarre</a>, Jeanne's son, with the aim of uniting Valois and Bourbon interests. Margaret, however, was secretly involved with <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry of Guise</a>, the son of the late Duke of Guise. When Catherine found this out, she had her daughter brought from her bed. Catherine and the king then beat her, ripping her nightclothes and pulling out handfuls of her hair.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine pressed Jeanne d'Albret to attend court. Writing that she wanted to see Jeanne's children, she promised not to harm them. Jeanne replied: "Pardon me if, reading that, I want to laugh, because you want to relieve me of a fear that I've never had. I've never thought that, as they say, you eat little children."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Jeanne did come to court, Catherine pressured her hard,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> playing on Jeanne's hopes for her beloved son. Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret, so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot. When Jeanne arrived in Paris to buy clothes for the wedding, she was taken ill and died on 9 June 1572, aged forty-three. Huguenot writers later accused Catherine of murdering her with poisoned gloves.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding took place on 18 August 1572 at <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame</a>, Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="St._Bartholomew's_Day_massacre"><span id="St._Bartholomew.27s_Day_massacre"></span>St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: St. Bartholomew's Day massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three days later, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Admiral Coligny</a> was walking back to his rooms from the Louvre when a shot rang out from a house and wounded him in the hand and arm.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smoking arquebus was discovered in a window, but the culprit had made his escape from the rear of the building on a waiting horse.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coligny was carried to his lodgings at the Hôtel de Béthisy, where the surgeon <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Par%C3%A9" title="Ambroise Paré">Ambroise Paré</a> removed a bullet from his elbow and amputated a damaged finger with a pair of scissors. Catherine, who was said to have received the news without emotion, made a tearful visit to Coligny and promised to punish his attacker. Many historians have blamed Catherine for the attack on Coligny. Others point to the Guise family or a Spanish-papal plot to end Coligny's influence on the king.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the truth, the bloodbath that followed was soon beyond the control of Catherine or any other leader.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a>, which began two days later, has stained Catherine's reputation ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-Pettegree,_154_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettegree,_154-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is reason to believe she was party to the decision when on 23 August Charles IX is said to have ordered, "Then kill them all! Kill them all!"<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have suggested that Catherine and her advisers expected a Huguenot uprising to avenge the attack on Coligny. They chose therefore to strike first and wipe out the Huguenot leaders while they were still in Paris after the wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slaughter in Paris lasted for almost a week. It spread to many parts of France, where it persisted into the autumn. In the words of historian <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a>, "St Bartholomew was not a day, but a season".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 September, when Navarre knelt before the altar as a Roman Catholic, having converted to avoid being killed, Catherine turned to the ambassadors and laughed. From this time dates the legend of the wicked Italian queen. Huguenot writers branded Catherine a scheming Italian, who had acted on <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>'s principles to kill all enemies in one blow.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Henry_III">Reign of Henry III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reign of Henry III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anjou_1570louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/170px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/255px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/340px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry, Duke of Anjou</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Court" title="Jean de Court">Jean de Court</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1573</span>. As <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a>, he often showed more interest in pious devotions than in government.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two years later, Catherine faced a new crisis with the death of Charles IX at the age of twenty-three. His dying words were "oh, my mother ..." The day before he died, he named Catherine regent, since his brother and heir, Henry the Duke of Anjou, was in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, where he had been elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_1569–1795" title="List of Polish monarchs">king</a> the year before. However, three months after his coronation at <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, Henry abandoned that throne and returned to France in order to become King of France. Catherine wrote to Henry of Charles IX's death: "I am grief-stricken to have witnessed such a scene and the love which he showed me at the end ... My only consolation is to see you here soon, as your kingdom requires, and in good health, for if I were to lose you, I would have myself buried alive with you."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry was Catherine's favourite son. Unlike his brothers, he came to the throne as a grown man. He was also healthier, though he suffered from weak lungs and constant fatigue. His interest in the tasks of government, however, proved fitful. He depended on Catherine and her team of secretaries until the last few weeks of her life. He often hid from state affairs, immersing himself in acts of piety, such as <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flagellation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry married <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Lorraine-Vaud%C3%A9mont" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont">Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont</a> in February 1575, two days after his coronation. His choice thwarted Catherine's plans for a political marriage to a foreign princess. Rumours of Henry's inability to produce children were by that time in wide circulation. The papal <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a> <a href="/wiki/Salviati_family" title="Salviati family">Salviati</a> observed, "it is only with difficulty that we can imagine there will be offspring ... physicians and those who know him well say that he has an extremely weak constitution and will not live long." As time passed and the likelihood of children from the marriage receded, Catherine's youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Alençon</a>, known as "Monsieur", played upon his role as heir to the throne, repeatedly exploiting the anarchy of the civil wars, which were by now as much about noble power struggles as religion.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine did all in her power to bring Francis back into the fold. On one occasion, in March 1578, she lectured him for six hours about his dangerously subversive behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1576, in a move that endangered Henry's throne, Francis allied with the Protestant princes against the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 May 1576, Catherine gave in to almost all Huguenot demands in the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu" title="Edict of Beaulieu">Edict of Beaulieu</a>. The treaty became known as the <i>Peace of Monsieur</i> because it was thought that Francis had forced it on the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">consumption</a> in June 1584, after a disastrous intervention in the Low Countries during which his army had been massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine wrote, the next day: "I am so wretched to live long enough to see so many people die before me, although I realize that God's will must be obeyed, that He owns everything, and that He lends us only for as long as He likes the children whom He gives us."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of her youngest son was a calamity for Catherine's dynastic dreams. Under <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>, by which only males could ascend the throne, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre now became heir presumptive to the French crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Pettegree,_154_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pettegree,_154-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Hilliard_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nicholas_Hilliard_002.jpg/170px-Nicholas_Hilliard_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nicholas_Hilliard_002.jpg/255px-Nicholas_Hilliard_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Nicholas_Hilliard_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Catherine's youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Alençon</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1577</span>. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth of England</a> called him "her frog" but found him "not so deformed" as she had been led to expect.</figcaption></figure> <p>Catherine had at least taken the precaution of marrying Margaret, her youngest daughter, to Navarre. Margaret, however, became almost as much of a thorn in Catherine's side as Francis, and in 1582, she returned to the French court without her husband. Catherine was heard yelling at her for taking lovers. Catherine sent <a href="/wiki/Pomponne_de_Belli%C3%A8vre" title="Pomponne de Bellièvre">Pomponne de Bellièvre</a> to Navarre to arrange Margaret's return. In 1585, Margaret fled Navarre again. She retreated to her property at <a href="/wiki/Agen" title="Agen">Agen</a> and begged her mother for money. Catherine sent her only enough "to put food on her table". Moving on to the fortress of Carlat, Margaret took a lover called d'Aubiac. Catherine asked Henry to act before Margaret brought shame on them again. In October 1586, therefore, he had Margaret locked up in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Usson" title="Château d'Usson">Château d'Usson</a>. D'Aubiac was executed, though not, despite Catherine's wish, in front of Margaret.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine cut Margaret out of her will and never saw her again. </p><p>Catherine was unable to control Henry in the way she had Francis and Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her role in his government became that of chief executive and roving diplomat. She travelled widely across the kingdom, enforcing his authority and trying to head off war. In 1578, she took on the task of pacifying the south. At the age of fifty-nine, she embarked on an eighteen-month journey around the south of France to meet Huguenot leaders face to face. Her efforts won Catherine new respect from the French people.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On her return to Paris in 1579, she was greeted outside the city by the Parlement and crowds. The Venetian ambassador, Gerolamo Lipomanno, wrote: "She is an indefatigable princess, born to tame and govern a people as unruly as the French: they now recognize her merits, her concern for unity and are sorry not to have appreciated her sooner."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was under no illusions, however. On 25 November 1579, she wrote to the king, "You are on the eve of a general revolt. Anyone who tells you differently is a liar."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_League">Catholic League</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Catholic League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Guise.jpg/170px-Guise.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Guise.jpg/255px-Guise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Guise.jpg/340px-Guise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="4568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry, Duke of Guise</a>, by Pierre Dumoûtier. Disarmed by Catherine's sweetness on meeting her for negotiations at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a> in 1585, Guise tearfully insisted that his motives had been misunderstood. Catherine told him it would be better if he took off his boots and ate something, after which they could talk at length.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many leading Roman Catholics were appalled by Catherine's attempts to appease the Huguenots. After the Edict of Beaulieu, they had started forming local leagues to protect their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of the heir to the throne in 1584 prompted the Duke of Guise to assume the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>. He planned to block Henry of Navarre's succession and place Henry's Catholic uncle <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)" title="Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)">Cardinal Charles de Bourbon</a> on the throne instead. In this cause, he recruited the great Catholic princes, nobles and prelates, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville" title="Treaty of Joinville">treaty of Joinville</a> with Spain, and prepared to make war on the "heretics".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1585, Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>III had no choice but to go to war against the League.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Catherine put it, "peace is carried on a stick" (<i>bâton porte paix</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Take care", she wrote to the king, "especially about your person. There is so much treachery about that I die of fear."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry was unable to fight the Catholics and the Protestants at once, both of whom had stronger armies than his own. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nemours" title="Treaty of Nemours">Treaty of Nemours</a>, signed on 7 July 1585, he was forced to give in to all the League's demands, even that he pay its troops.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went into hiding to fast and pray, surrounded by a bodyguard known as "<a href="/wiki/The_forty-five_guards" class="mw-redirect" title="The forty-five guards">the Forty-five</a>", and left Catherine to sort out the mess.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarchy had lost control of the country, and was in no position to assist England in the face of the coming Spanish attack. The Spanish ambassador told Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>II that the abscess was about to burst.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1587, the Catholic backlash against the Protestants had become a campaign across Europe. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>'s execution of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, on 8 February 1587 outraged the Catholic world.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> prepared for an invasion of England. The League took control of much of northern France to secure French ports for his <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">armada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Last_months_and_death">Last months and death</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Last months and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8758_catherina_de_medices.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8758_catherina_de_medices.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8758_catherina_de_medices.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8758_catherina_de_medices.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8758_catherina_de_medices.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8758_catherina_de_medices.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8758_catherina_de_medices.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3636" data-file-height="5084" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Catherine de' Medici</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry hired Swiss troops to help him defend himself in Paris. The Parisians, however, claimed the right to defend the city themselves. On 12 May 1588, they set up barricades in the streets and refused to take orders from anyone except the Duke of Guise.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Catherine tried to go to Mass, she found her way barred, though she was allowed through the barricades. The chronicler L'Estoile reported that she cried all through her lunch that day. She wrote to Bellièvre, "Never have I seen myself in such trouble or with so little light by which to escape."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As usual, Catherine advised the king, who had fled the city in the nick of time, to compromise and live to fight another day. On 15 June 1588, Henry duly signed the Act of Union, which gave in to all the League's latest demands. </p><p>On 8 September 1588 at Blois, where the court had assembled for a meeting of the Estates, Henry dismissed all his ministers without warning. Catherine, in bed with a lung infection, had been kept in the dark.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king's actions effectively ended her days of power. </p><p>At the meeting of the Estates, Henry thanked Catherine for all she had done. He called her not only the mother of the king but the mother of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry did not tell Catherine of his plan for a solution to his problems.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 December 1588, he asked the Duke of Guise to call on him at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Blois">Château de Blois</a>. As Guise entered the king's chamber, the Forty-five plunged their blades into his body, and he died at the foot of the king's bed. At the same moment, eight members of the Guise family were rounded up, including the Duke of Guise's brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Cardinal_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II, Cardinal of Guise">Louis II, Cardinal of Guise</a>, whom Henry's men hacked to death the next day in the palace dungeons.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after the murder of Guise, Henry entered Catherine's bedroom on the floor below and announced, "Please forgive me. Monsieur de Guise is dead. He will not be spoken of again. I have had him killed. I have done to him what he was going to do to me."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine's immediate reaction is not known; but on Christmas Day, she told a friar, "Oh, wretched man! What has he done? ... Pray for him ... I see him rushing towards his ruin."<sup id="cite_ref-K267_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K267-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She visited her old friend Cardinal de Bourbon on 1 January 1589 to tell him she was sure he would soon be freed. He shouted at her, "Your words, Madam, have led us all to this butchery."<sup id="cite_ref-K267_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K267-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She left in tears. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg/220px-Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg/330px-Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg/440px-Catherine_de_Medicis_Henri_II_gisants_basilique-Saint-Denis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2057" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">Effigies</a> of Catherine de' Medici and Henry II by <a href="/wiki/Germain_Pilon" title="Germain Pilon">Germain Pilon</a> (1583), <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 January 1589, Catherine died at the age of sixty-nine, probably from <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>. L'Estoile wrote: "those close to her believed that her life had been shortened by displeasure over her son's deed."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added that she had no sooner died than she was treated with as much consideration as a dead goat. Because Paris was held by enemies of the crown, Catherine had to be buried provisionally at Blois. Eight months later, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Jacques Clément">Jacques Clément</a> stabbed Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>III to death. At the time, Henry was besieging Paris with the King of Navarre, who would <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France%27s_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV of France's succession">succeed him as Henry IV of France</a>. Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>III's assassination ended nearly three centuries of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Valois</a> rule and brought the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon dynasty</a> into power. Years later, <a href="/wiki/Diane_de_France" title="Diane de France">Diane</a>, daughter of Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>II and Philippa Duci, had Catherine's remains reinterred in the <a href="/wiki/Basilique_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilique Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis basilica</a> in Paris. In 1793, a revolutionary mob tossed her bones into a mass grave with those of the other kings and queens.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry IV was later reported to have said of Catherine: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I ask you, what could a woman do, left by the death of her husband with five little children on her arms, and two families of France who were thinking of grasping the crown—our own [the Bourbons] and the Guises? Was she not compelled to play strange parts to deceive first one and then the other, in order to guard, as she did, her sons, who successively reigned through the wise conduct of that shrewd woman? I am surprised that she never did worse.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patron_of_the_arts">Patron of the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Patron of the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_patronage_of_the_arts" title="Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts">Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_building_projects" title="Catherine de' Medici's building projects">Catherine de' Medici's building projects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_court_festivals" title="Catherine de' Medici's court festivals">Catherine de' Medici's court festivals</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caron-Antoine-triumph-of-winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Caron-Antoine-triumph-of-winter.jpg/350px-Caron-Antoine-triumph-of-winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Caron-Antoine-triumph-of-winter.jpg/525px-Caron-Antoine-triumph-of-winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Caron-Antoine-triumph-of-winter.jpg/700px-Caron-Antoine-triumph-of-winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><i>Triumph of Winter</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Caron" title="Antoine Caron">Antoine Caron</a>, c. 1568</figcaption></figure> <p>Catherine believed in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was inspired by the example of her father-in-law, King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, who had hosted the leading artists of Europe at his court, and by her <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> ancestors. In an age of civil war and declining respect for the monarchy, she sought to bolster royal prestige through lavish cultural display. Once in control of the royal purse, she launched a programme of artistic patronage that lasted for three decades. During this time, she presided over a distinctive late <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> culture in all branches of the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventory</a> drawn up at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_la_Reine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel de la Reine">Hôtel de la Reine</a> after Catherine's death shows her to have been a keen collector. Listed works of art included <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestries</a>, hand-drawn maps, sculptures, rich fabrics, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a> furniture inlaid with <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, sets of china, and <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also hundreds of portraits, for which a vogue had developed during Catherine's lifetime. Many portraits in her collection were by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Clouet" title="Jean Clouet">Jean Clouet</a> (1480–1541) and his son <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1510</span>–1572). François Clouet drew and painted portraits of all Catherine's family and of many members of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Catherine's death, a decline in the quality of French portraiture set in. By 1610, the school patronised by the late Valois court and brought to its pinnacle by François Clouet had all but died out.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond portraiture, little is known about the painting at Catherine de' Medici's court.<sup id="cite_ref-biic_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biic-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last two decades of her life, only two painters stand out as recognisable personalities: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cousin_the_Younger" title="Jean Cousin the Younger">Jean Cousin the Younger</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1522</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1594</span>), few of whose works survive, and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Caron" title="Antoine Caron">Antoine Caron</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1521</span>–1599), who became Catherine's official painter after working at <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> under <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Primaticcio" title="Francesco Primaticcio">Primaticcio</a>. Caron's vivid <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, with its love of ceremonial and its preoccupation with massacres, reflects the neurotic atmosphere of the French court during the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Caron's paintings, such as those of the <i>Triumphs of the Seasons</i>, are of <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> subjects that echo the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_court_festivals" title="Catherine de' Medici's court festivals">festivities</a> for which Catherine's court was famous. His designs for the <a href="/wiki/Valois_Tapestries" title="Valois Tapestries">Valois Tapestries</a> celebrate the <i>fêtes</i>, picnics, and mock battles of the "magnificent" entertainments hosted by Catherine. They depict events held at Fontainebleau in 1564; at <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> in 1565 for the summit meeting with the Spanish court; and at the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries</a> in 1573 for the visit of the Polish ambassadors who presented the Polish crown to Catherine's son <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry of Anjou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biic_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biic-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballet_1582.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ballet_1582.png/200px-Ballet_1582.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ballet_1582.png/300px-Ballet_1582.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ballet_1582.png/400px-Ballet_1582.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1813" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_Comique_de_la_Reine" title="Ballet Comique de la Reine">Ballet Comique de la Reine</a></i>, from a 1582 engraving by Jacques Patin</figcaption></figure> <p>The musical shows in particular allowed Catherine to express her creative gifts. They were usually dedicated to the ideal of peace in the realm and based on <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> themes. To create the necessary dramas, music, and scenic effects for these events, Catherine employed the leading artists and architects of the day. Historian Frances Yates has called her "a great creative artist in festivals."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine gradually introduced changes to the traditional entertainments: for example, she increased the prominence of dance in the shows that climaxed each series of entertainments. A distinctive new art form, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ballets_de_cour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballets de cour">ballet de cour</a></i>, emerged from these creative advances.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to its synthesis of dance, music, verse, and setting, the production of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_Comique_de_la_Reine" title="Ballet Comique de la Reine">Ballet Comique de la Reine</a></i> in 1581 is regarded by scholars as the first authentic ballet.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine de' Medici's great love among the arts was architecture. "As the daughter of the Medici," suggests French art historian Jean-Pierre Babelon, "she was driven by a passion to build and a desire to leave great achievements behind her when she died."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>II's death, Catherine set out to immortalise her husband's memory and to enhance the grandeur of the Valois monarchy through a series of costly building projects.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included work on the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montceaux" title="Château de Montceaux">Château de Montceaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Maur" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Saint-Maur">Château de Saint-Maur</a>, and Chenonceau. Catherine built two new palaces in Paris: the Tuileries and the Hôtel de la Reine. She was closely involved in the planning and supervising of all her architectural schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine had emblems of her love and grief carved into the stonework of her buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poets lauded her as the new Artemisia, after <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_II_of_Caria" title="Artemisia II of Caria">Artemisia II of Caria</a>, who built the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maussollos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of Maussollos">Mausoleum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a> as a tomb for her dead husband.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the centrepiece of an ambitious new chapel, she commissioned a magnificent tomb for Henry at the basilica of Saint Denis. It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Primaticcio" title="Francesco Primaticcio">Francesco Primaticcio</a> (1504–1570), with sculpture by Germain Pilon (1528–1590). Art historian Henri Zerner has called this monument "the last and most brilliant of the royal tombs of the Renaissance."<sup id="cite_ref-zccclxxvix_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zccclxxvix-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine also commissioned <a href="/wiki/Germain_Pilon" title="Germain Pilon">Germain Pilon</a> to carve the marble sculpture that contains Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>II's heart. A poem by Ronsard, engraved on its base, tells the reader not to wonder that so small a vase can hold so large a heart, since Henry's real heart resides in Catherine's breast.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Catherine spent ruinous sums on the arts,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of her patronage left no permanent legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the Valois dynasty so soon after her death brought a change in priorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary_legend">Culinary legend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culinary legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Catherina_de%27_Medici.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arms_of_Catherina_de%27_Medici.svg/130px-Arms_of_Catherina_de%27_Medici.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arms_of_Catherina_de%27_Medici.svg/195px-Arms_of_Catherina_de%27_Medici.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arms_of_Catherina_de%27_Medici.svg/260px-Arms_of_Catherina_de%27_Medici.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms</figcaption></figure> <p>The legend that de' Medici introduced a long list of foods, techniques and utensils from Italy to France is discredited by food historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson2014_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ketcham_Wheaton" title="Barbara Ketcham Wheaton">Barbara Ketcham Wheaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mennell" title="Stephen Mennell">Stephen Mennell</a> provided the definitive arguments against these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheaton2011_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheaton2011-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mennell1996_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mennell1996-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They point out that Catherine's father-in-law, King Francis<span class="nowrap"> </span>I, and the flower of the French aristocracy had dined at some of Italy's most élite tables during the king's Italian campaigns (and that an earlier generation had done so during <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">King Charles VIII</a>'s invasion of 1494); that a vast Italian entourage had visited France for the wedding of Catherine de' Medici's father to her French-born mother; and that she had little influence at court until her husband's death because he was so besotted by his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a>. In fact, a large population of Italians—bankers, silk-weavers, philosophers, musicians, and artists, including <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>—had emigrated to France to promote the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Nevertheless, popular culture frequently attributes Italian culinary influence and forks in France to Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known reference to Catherine as the popularizer of Italian culinary innovation is the entry for "cuisine" in <a href="/wiki/Diderot" class="mw-redirect" title="Diderot">Diderot</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%27Alembert" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Alembert">d'Alembert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> published in 1754, which describes <a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">haute cuisine</a> as decadent and effeminate and explains that fussy sauces and fancy fricassees arrived in France via "that crowd of corrupt Italians who served at the court of Catherine de' Medici."<sup id="cite_ref-Wheaton2011_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheaton2011-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Links_to_the_occult">Links to the occult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Links to the occult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catherine de' Medici has been labelled by <a href="/wiki/Wiccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiccan">Wiccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a> a "sinister Queen ... noted for her interest in the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> arts".<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine and Henry's inability to produce an heir for the first ten years of their marriage gave rise to suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. Labouvie suggested that women's power was believed to be the ability to create and sustain life, whilst witches were believed to have the opposite power; that of attacking health, life and fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An infertile woman, and in particular an infertile queen, was therefore regarded as 'unnatural' and a small step from supernatural. Essentially, however, there exists no concrete proof that she took part in the occult, and it is now believed that Catherine's trouble in providing an heir was in fact due to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>'s penile deformity.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catherine herself had been educated by <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Ruggeri" title="Cosimo Ruggeri">Cosimo Ruggeri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, which were <a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy">closely linked in her day</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were an academic rather than a Satanic activity,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although his general background and favourite status suggests there was more to it than that. It has been suggested that Catherine educated her son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a>, in the dark arts,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "the two devoted themselves to sorceries that were scandals of the age".<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, some (more extreme) authors<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe Catherine to be the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mass" title="Black Mass">Black Mass</a>, a Satanic inversion of the traditional Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass (Catholic Church)">Mass</a>, although there is little to prove this aside from <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>'s account in his book <i><a href="/wiki/De_la_D%C3%A9monomanie_des_Sorciers_-_Jean_Bodin;_University_of_Southern_California_Copy" class="mw-redirect" title="De la Démonomanie des Sorciers - Jean Bodin; University of Southern California Copy">De la démonomanie des sorciers</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">witchcraft in Italy</a>. This lends some weight to the suggestion that people were labelled 'witches' simply because they did not act the way a woman would have been expected to act, or simply to suit personal or political agendas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be particularly true for Catherine as an Italian woman ruling in France; several historians argue that she was disliked by her French subjects, who labelled her "the Italian woman".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any event, the rumours have made a mark on Catherine's reputation over time, and there are now many dramaticised works about her involvement in the occult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Henry_II_of_France" title="Descendants of Henry II of France">Descendants of Henry II of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KatharinavonMediciFamilie7.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/KatharinavonMediciFamilie7.jpeg/220px-KatharinavonMediciFamilie7.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/KatharinavonMediciFamilie7.jpeg/330px-KatharinavonMediciFamilie7.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/KatharinavonMediciFamilie7.jpeg/440px-KatharinavonMediciFamilie7.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Henry and Catherine family portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>Catherine de' Medici married Henry, Duke of Orléans, the future <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> on 28 October 1533. She gave birth to ten children, of whom four sons and three daughters survived to marriageable age. Three of her sons became kings of France, while two of her daughters married kings and one married a duke. Catherine outlived all her children except Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>III, who died seven months after her, and Margaret, who inherited her robust health. Victoire and Jeanne were twin daughters born in 1556; Jeanne was stillborn due to surgeons breaking her legs to save her mother's life;<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victoire survived, dying less than two months later. According to the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Simon_Renard" title="Simon Renard">Simon Renard</a>, the birth nearly killed Catherine,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the royal couple were advised by the King's physician to have no further children. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livre_d%27heures_de_Catherine_de_Medicis_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Livre_d%27heures_de_Catherine_de_Medicis_04.jpg/220px-Livre_d%27heures_de_Catherine_de_Medicis_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Livre_d%27heures_de_Catherine_de_Medicis_04.jpg/330px-Livre_d%27heures_de_Catherine_de_Medicis_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Livre_d%27heures_de_Catherine_de_Medicis_04.jpg/440px-Livre_d%27heures_de_Catherine_de_Medicis_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Louis, Victoire and Jeanne, the three children who died in infancy, depicted in Catherine's <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II, King of France</a> (19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560). Married <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, in 1558.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth</a> (2 April 1545 – 3 October 1568). Married <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II, King of Spain</a>, in 1559.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France_(1547%E2%80%931575)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude of France (1547–1575)">Claude</a> (12 November 1547 – 21 February 1575). Married <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Charles III, Duke of Lorraine">Charles III, Duke of Lorraine</a>, in 1559.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549%E2%80%931550)" title="Louis of Valois (1549–1550)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a> (3 February 1549 – 24 October 1550). Died in infancy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX, King of France</a> (27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574). Married <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria_(1554-1592)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Austria (1554-1592)">Elizabeth of Austria</a> in 1570.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III, King of France</a> (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589). Married <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a> in 1575.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret</a> (14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615). Married Henry, King of Navarre, the future <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>, in 1572.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Hercules, Duke of Anjou</a> (18 March 1555 – 19 June 1584), renamed Francis when he was confirmed.</li> <li>Victoire (24 June 1556 – 17 August 1556). Died in infancy.</li> <li>Jeanne (24 June 1556). Stillborn<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Catherine de' Medici</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero de' Medici</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Orsini" title="Clarice Orsini">Clarice Orsini</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Orsini,_Count_of_Tagliacozzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Orsini, Count of Tagliacozzo">Roberto Orsini, Count of Tagliacozzo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tomas20_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas20-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Alfonsina_Orsini" title="Alfonsina Orsini">Alfonsina Orsini</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Caterina_Sanseverino,_Countess_of_Tagliacozzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterina Sanseverino, Countess of Tagliacozzo">Caterina Sanseverino</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tomas20_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas20-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Catherine de' Medici</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_VI,_Count_of_Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand VI, Count of Auvergne">Bertrand VI, Count of Auvergne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale65_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale65-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="John III, Count of Auvergne">John III, Count of Auvergne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale65_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale65-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_La_Tr%C3%A9mo%C3%AFlle" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise de La Trémoïlle">Louise de La Trémoïlle</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale65_157-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale65-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_VIII,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="John VIII, Count of Vendôme">John VIII, Count of Vendôme</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_of_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Bourbon" title="Jeanne of Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon">Jeanne of Bourbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale65_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale65-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_de_Beauvau" title="Isabelle de Beauvau">Isabelle de Beauvau</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though an <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Italian nation state</a> had yet to be established, the Latin equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Italians#Name" title="Italians">term <i>Italian</i></a> (<i>italus</i>) had been in use for natives of <a href="/wiki/Italian_geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographical region">the region</a> since antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources claim that Victoire was the one who was stillborn.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_(Pliny)" title="Epistulae (Pliny)">Letters</a></i> 9.23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, 98; Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 3; Neale, <i>The Age of Catherine de Medici</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, 272. For a summary of the fluctuations in Catherine's historical reputation, see the preface to R. J. Knecht's <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 1998: xi–xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutherland,_Ancien_Régime,_20-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland,_Ancien_Régime,_20_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland,_Ancien_Régime,_20_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stragexi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stragexi_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strage, Mark (1976). <i>Women of Power: The Life and Times of Catherine de' Medici</i>. London and New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich. Prologue, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frieda, Leonie, <i>Catherine de Medici: Renaissance Queen of France</i>, p. 14 ("the baby received the names Caterina, a Medici family name, Maria, since it was the day of the Holy Virgin, and Romula, after the founder of Fiesole").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht 1998, p. 8 (dates of death); Héritier 1963, p. 15 (cause of Madeleine's death).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kviii-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kviii_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frieda 2003, p. 22 (New York edition).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>The Medici: Volume II</i>, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strage13-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strage13_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strage, pp. 13, 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strage15-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strage15_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strage, p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kxii-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kxii_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hay, Denys, ed., <i>The Letters of James V</i>, HMSO (1954), p. 173, 180–182, 189,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knecht-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knecht_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knecht_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205215507/https://www.marseille13.fr/fr/eglise-saint-ferreol-les-augustins">"Eglise Saint-Ferréol les Augustins | Marseille 13"</a>. <i>www.marseille13.fr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marseille13.fr/fr/eglise-saint-ferreol-les-augustins">the original</a> on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marseille13.fr&rft.atitle=Eglise+Saint-Ferr%C3%A9ol+les+Augustins+%26%23124%3B+Marseille+13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marseille13.fr%2Ffr%2Feglise-saint-ferreol-les-augustins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frieda 2003, p. 47 (NY edition). Knecht 1998, p. 28, gives likely incorrect dates of 25 September 1533 for the death of Pope Clement VII and 12 October for the election of Pope Paul III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frieda 2003, p. 48 (NY edition): "J'ai reçu la fille toute nue." Knecht 1998, p. 28, gives the English translation ""The girl has been given to me stark naked." He cites Cloulas (<i>Catherine de Médicis</i>, 1979, p. 57), who gives the French as "J'ai eu la fille toute nue", without citing a source.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 29–30. Henry legitimised the child under the name <a href="/wiki/Diane_de_France" title="Diane de France">Diane de France</a>; he also produced at least two sons by other women (Knecht, p. 38).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kxxiv-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kxxiv_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kxxiv_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kxxiv_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Costa2010" class="citation journal cs1">de Costa, Caroline (Spring 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ogmagazine.org.au/12/3-12/long-barren-years-catherine-de-medicis-gynaecologists-view-history/">"The long barren years of Catherine de Medicis: A gynaecologist's view of history"</a>. <i>O&G Magazine</i>. <b>12</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=O%26G+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+long+barren+years+of+Catherine+de+Medicis%3A+A+gynaecologist%27s+view+of+history&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=de+Costa&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogmagazine.org.au%2F12%2F3-12%2Flong-barren-years-catherine-de-medicis-gynaecologists-view-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, p. 30. Another source (Héritier 1963, p. 36) dates the beginning of their sexual relationship to late 1536 or early 1537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellman2013" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, Kathleen Anne (2013). <i>Queens and mistresses of Renaissance France</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17885-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17885-2"><bdi>978-0-300-17885-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queens+and+mistresses+of+Renaissance+France&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17885-2&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, Henry</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philipofspain00kame"><i>Philip of Spain</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300070811" title="Special:BookSources/9780300070811"><bdi>9780300070811</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+of+Spain&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780300070811&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilipofspain00kame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pettegree,_154-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pettegree,_154_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pettegree,_154_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pettegree,_154_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettegree, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy, 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 64; Holt, 44. The incident was known later as the <a href="/wiki/Amboise_conspiracy" title="Amboise conspiracy">"tumult" or conspiracy of Amboise</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Renaissance France</i>, 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, 72; Guy, 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettegree, 154; Hoogvliet, 105. The regency was traditionally the preserve of the princes of the blood.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manetsch, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Renaissance France</i>, 311; Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 11–12. The edict, also known as the Edict of Toleration and the Edict of January, was significant for effectively recognising the existence of Protestant churches and permitting their worship outside city walls.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Secretaries of State</i>, 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 91; Carroll, 126; Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 104, 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faroqhi-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faroqhi_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaroqhi2006" class="citation book cs1">Faroqhi, Suraiya (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-m8mind_TVIC&pg=PA37"><i>The Ottoman Empire and the World Around it</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845111229" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845111229"><bdi>978-1845111229</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+World+Around+it&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1845111229&rft.aulast=Faroqhi&rft.aufirst=Suraiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-m8mind_TVIC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Secretaries of State</i>, 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryson, 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryson, 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeanne d'Albret wrote to her son, Henry: "I am not free to talk with either the King or Madame, only the Queen Mother, who goads me [<i>me traite á la fourche</i>] ... You have doubtless realized that their main object, my son, is to separate you from God, and from me." Quoted by Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 151. An autopsy revealed tuberculosis and an abscess.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Massacre of St Bartholomew</i>, 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, 83. The investigators traced the house and horse to the Guises and claimed to have found evidence that the would-be killer was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Louviers_de_Maurevert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de Louviers de Maurevert (page does not exist)">Charles de Louviers de Maurevert</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 154–157. Coligny was lobbying the king to intervene against the empire in the Netherlands.<br />• The Duke of Anjou was later reported as saying that he and Catherine had planned the assassination with Anne d'Este, who longed to avenge her husband, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a>.<br />• For an overview of historians' various interpretations, see Holt, 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettegree, 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, 84.<br />• The memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_de_Saulx" title="Gaspard de Saulx">Marshal Tavannes</a>, edited by his son and published around 1620 (Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 122, 158), state that Catherine had summoned a war council in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Gardens</a> (so as not to be overheard) to plan the next move: "Because the attempt on the Admiral would cause a war, she, and the rest of us, agreed that it would be advisable to bring battle in Paris". It is almost certain, however, that when Charles gave the order "Kill them all!", he meant those drawn up on a list by Catherine, and not, as has often been claimed, all Huguenots.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Morris, 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 163–164; Heller, 117; Manetsch, 60–61. The <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a> and anti-Italianism in Huguenot "histories" proved seductive not only to Protestants but to Catholics seeking a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a> for France's woes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Secretaries of State</i>, 232, 240, 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Secretaries of State</i>, 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, 105–106; Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 254–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Secretaries of State</i>, 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettegree, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Secretaries of State</i>, 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Renaissance France</i>, 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Secretaries of State</i>, 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades" title="Day of the Barricades">The Day of the Barricades</a>", as the revolt became known, "reduced the authority and prestige of the monarchy to its lowest ebb for a century and a half." Morris, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry wrote a note to Villeroy, which began: "Villeroy, I remain very well contented with your service; do not fail however to go away to your house where you will stay until I send for you; do not seek the reason for this my letter, but obey me." Sutherland, <i>Secretaries of State</i>, 300–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yet on 22 December 1588, Guise spent the night with his current mistress <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Sauve" title="Charlotte de Sauve">Charlotte de Sauve</a>, the most accomplished and notorious member of Catherine de' Medici's group of female spies known as the "Flying Squadron", making it unlikely Catherine was kept 'in the dark'. Emmanuel le Roy Ladurie France 1460–1610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pettegree, 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 266. The words were reported to the government of Florence by Catherine's doctor, Filippo Cavriana, who acted as their informant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K267-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K267_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-K267_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 268–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brantôme, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoogvliet, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimier, 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimier, 308–319; Jollet, 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biic-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biic_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biic_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt, 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt calls Caron's style "perhaps the purest known type of Mannerism in its elegant form, appropriate to an exquisite but neurotic society." Blunt, 98, 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yates, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yates, 51; Strong, 102, 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babelon, 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, <i>Ancien Régime</i>, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoogvliet, 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zccclxxvix-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zccclxxvix_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zerner, 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoogvliet, 111. Ronsard may be referring to Artemisia, who drank the ashes of her dead husband, which became part of her own body.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knecht, <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>, 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson2014-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson2014_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Davidson2014" class="citation book cs1">Alan Davidson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199677337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199677337"><bdi>978-0199677337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199677337&rft.au=Alan+Davidson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRL6LAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheaton2011-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheaton2011_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheaton2011_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Ketcham_Wheaton2011" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Ketcham Wheaton (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTzZT_3DQTcC"><i>Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300 to 1789</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 43–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439143735" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439143735"><bdi>978-1439143735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Savoring+the+Past%3A+The+French+Kitchen+and+Table+from+1300+to+1789&rft.pages=43-51&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1439143735&rft.au=Barbara+Ketcham+Wheaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTzZT_3DQTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mennell1996-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mennell1996_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Mennell1996" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Mennell (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdRnNPb8z3sC"><i>All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present</i></a> (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. pp. 65–66, 69–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252064906" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252064906"><bdi>978-0252064906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Manners+of+Food%3A+Eating+and+Taste+in+England+and+France+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+Present&rft.pages=65-66%2C+69-71&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0252064906&rft.au=Stephen+Mennell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdRnNPb8z3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonella Campanini, "The Illusive Story Of Catherine de' Medici: A Gastronomic Myth", <i>The New Gastronome</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://thenewgastronome.com/caterina-de-medici-a-gastronomic-myth/">[1]</a>, summarizing Antonella Campanini, Loïc Bienassis, "La reine à la fourchette et autres histoires. Ce que la table française emprunta à l'Italie: analyse critique d'un mythe" in Florent Quellier, Pascal Briost, <i>La Table de la Renaissance: Le mythe italien</i>, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2753574069" title="Special:BookSources/978-2753574069">978-2753574069</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiderotle_Rond_d'Alembert1754" class="citation book cs1">Diderot, Denis; le Rond d'Alembert, Jean (1754). <i>Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers</i>. Paris: Briasson, David, Le Breton and Durand. p. vol. IV, p. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C+ou+dictionnaire+raisonn%C3%A9+des+sciences%2C+des+arts+et+des+m%C3%A9tiers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=vol.+IV%2C+p.+538&rft.pub=Briasson%2C+David%2C+Le+Breton+and+Durand&rft.date=1754&rft.aulast=Diderot&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=le+Rond+d%27Alembert%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Gerald B. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.pages=91&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSee_Rowlands2013" class="citation book cs1">See Rowlands, Alison (2013). <i>Witchcraft and Gender in Early Modern Europe</i>. Oxford. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Gender+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=See+Rowlands&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordetsky,_Rabinowitz_and_O'Brien2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gordetsky, Rabinowitz and O'Brien (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canjurol.com/pdfs/DrGordetsky.pdf">"The "infertility" of Catherine de Medici and its influence on 16th century France"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Canadian Journal of Urology</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 4584–4588. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19364432">19364432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=The+%22infertility%22+of+Catherine+de+Medici+and+its+influence+on+16th+century+France&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4584-4588&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19364432&rft.au=Gordetsky%2C+Rabinowitz+and+O%27Brien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canjurol.com%2Fpdfs%2FDrGordetsky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Burns, <i>Astrology through History: Interpreting the Stars from Ancient Mesopotamia</i>, xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kocku Von Stuckrad, <i>Locations of Knowledge in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Esoteric Discourse and Western Identities</i>, 142–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Gerald. <i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i>. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.pages=91&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillot_de_Givry" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Jules_Grillot_de_Givry" title="Émile-Jules Grillot de Givry">Grillot de Givry, Émile-Jules</a>. <i>Witchcraft, Magic & Alchemy</i>. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft%2C+Magic+%26+Alchemy&rft.pages=121&rft.aulast=Grillot+de+Givry&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile-Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley" class="citation book cs1">Farley, Peter R. <i>Where Were You Before The Tree of Life? Volume 6</i>. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Were+You+Before+The+Tree+of+Life%3F+Volume+6&rft.pages=218&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Bodin, <i>De la demonomanie des sorciers</i>, 71 verso.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGortner" class="citation web cs1">Gortner, C. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043658/http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2010/06/history%E2%80%99s-black-widow-the-legend-of-catherine-de-medici.html">"History's Black Widow: The Legend of Catherine de Medici"</a>. <i>Wonders and Marvels</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/2010/06/history%E2%80%99s-black-widow-the-legend-of-catherine-de-medici.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wonders+and+Marvels&rft.atitle=History%27s+Black+Widow%3A+The+Legend+of+Catherine+de+Medici&rft.aulast=Gortner&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wondersandmarvels.com%2F2010%2F06%2Fhistory%25E2%2580%2599s-black-widow-the-legend-of-catherine-de-medici.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomervill2006" class="citation book cs1">Somervill, Barbara A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg5WMcQxADsC"><i>Catherine de Medici</i></a>. Compass Point Books. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756515812" title="Special:BookSources/978-0756515812"><bdi>978-0756515812</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+de+Medici&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0756515812&rft.aulast=Somervill&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJg5WMcQxADsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heritier, 48, has the twins' deaths the other way round.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whale65-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whale65_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whale65_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whale65_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whale65_157-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whale, 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomas20-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomas20_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomas20_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomas, 20</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Babelon, Jean-Pierre. "The Louvre: Royal Residence and Temple of the Arts". <i>Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past. Vol. III: Symbols</i>. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nora" title="Pierre Nora">Pierre Nora</a>. English language edition translated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldhammer" title="Arthur Goldhammer">Arthur Goldhammer</a>, edited by Lawrence D. Kritzman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231109261" title="Special:BookSources/0231109261">0231109261</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Blunt, Anthony</a>. <i>Art and Architecture in France: 1500–1700</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300077483" title="Special:BookSources/0300077483">0300077483</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Bourdeille,_seigneur_de_Brant%C3%B4me" title="Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme">Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeille</a>. <i>Illustrious Dames of the Court of the Valois Kings.</i> Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. New York: Lamb, 1912. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/347527">347527</a></li> <li>Bryson, David M. <i>Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land: Dynasty, Homeland, Religion and Violence in Sixteenth-century France.</i> Leiden and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill Academic, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004113789" title="Special:BookSources/9004113789">9004113789</a>.</li> <li>Carroll, Stuart. <i>Noble Power During the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521023874" title="Special:BookSources/0521023874">0521023874</a>.</li> <li>Cloulas, Ivan (1979). <i>Catherine de Médicis: Le destin d'une reine</i>. Paris: Fayard, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2213007380" title="Special:BookSources/978-2213007380">978-2213007380</a>. Digital edition: Paris: Tallandier, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1021014787" title="Special:BookSources/979-1021014787">979-1021014787</a>.</li> <li>Dimier, L. <i>French Painting in the XVI Century.</i> Translated by Harold Child. London: Duckworth, 1904. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/86065266">86065266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonie_Frieda" title="Leonie Frieda">Frieda, Leonie</a> (2003). <i>Catherine de Medici: Renaissance Queen of France</i>. New York: HarperCollins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060744928" title="Special:BookSources/0060744928">0060744928</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/184212725X" title="Special:BookSources/184212725X">184212725X</a>. Paperback edition: London: Phoenix, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753820390" title="Special:BookSources/0753820390">0753820390</a>. [Pagination differs in different editions.]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstone2015" class="citation book cs1">Goldstone, Nancy (2015). <i>The Rival Queens: Catherine de' Medici, Her Daughter Marguerite de Valois, and the Betrayal That Ignited a Kingdom</i> (Paperback). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780224770" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780224770"><bdi>978-1780224770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rival+Queens%3A+Catherine+de%27+Medici%2C+Her+Daughter+Marguerite+de+Valois%2C+and+the+Betrayal+That+Ignited+a+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1780224770&rft.aulast=Goldstone&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John.</a> <i>My Heart Is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots</i>. London: Fourth Estate, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/184115752X" title="Special:BookSources/184115752X">184115752X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Hearn" title="Karen Hearn">Hearn, Karen</a>, ed. <i>Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1530–1630</i>. New York: Rizzoli, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/084781940X" title="Special:BookSources/084781940X">084781940X</a>.</li> <li>Heller, Henry. <i>Anti-Italianism in Sixteenth-Century France.</i> Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802036899" title="Special:BookSources/0802036899">0802036899</a>.</li> <li>Heritier, Jean. <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Haldane" title="Charlotte Haldane">Charlotte Haldane</a>. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1963. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1678642">1678642</a></li> <li>Holt, Mack P. <i>The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521547504" title="Special:BookSources/0521547504">0521547504</a>.</li> <li>Hoogvliet, Margriet. "Princely Culture and Catherine de Médicis". In <i>Princes and Princely Culture, 1450–1650.</i> Edited by Martin Gosman, Alasdair A. MacDonald, and Arie Johan Vanderjagt. Leiden and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill Academic, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004135723" title="Special:BookSources/9004135723">9004135723</a>.</li> <li>Jollet, Etienne. <i>Jean et François Clouet.</i> Translated by Deke Dusinberre. Paris: Lagune, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500974659" title="Special:BookSources/0500974659">0500974659</a>.</li> <li>Knecht, R. J. <i>Catherine de' Medici.</i> London and New York: Longman, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582082412" title="Special:BookSources/0582082412">0582082412</a>.</li> <li>Knecht, R. J. <i>The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483–1610.</i> Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631227296" title="Special:BookSources/0631227296">0631227296</a>.</li> <li>Lee, Carol. <i>Ballet in Western Culture: A History of Its Origins and Evolution.</i> London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041594256X" title="Special:BookSources/041594256X">041594256X</a>.</li> <li>Manetsch, Scott Michael. <i>Theodore Beza and the Quest for Peace in France, 1572–1598.</i> Leiden and Boston, Massachusetts : Brill Academic, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004111018" title="Special:BookSources/9004111018">9004111018</a>.</li> <li>Morris, T. A. <i>Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century</i>. London and New York: Routledge, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041515040X" title="Special:BookSources/041515040X">041515040X</a>.</li> <li>Neale, J. E. <i>The Age of Catherine de Medici</i>. London: Jonathan Cape, 1943. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39949296">39949296</a></li> <li>Paranque, Estelle. <i>Blood, Fire & Gold: The Story of Elizabeth I & Catherine de Medici</i>. London: Edbury Press, 2022; New York: Hatchette Books, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306830518" title="Special:BookSources/9780306830518">9780306830518</a>.</li> <li>Pettegree, Andrew. <i>Europe in the Sixteenth Century</i>. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/063120704X" title="Special:BookSources/063120704X">063120704X</a>.</li> <li>Somervill, Barbara A. <i>Catherine de Medici: The Power Behind the French Throne</i>. Compass Point Books, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0756515815" title="Special:BookSources/0756515815">0756515815</a></li> <li>Strage, Mark. <i>Women of Power: The Life and Times of Catherine de' Medici</i>. New York and London: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0151983704" title="Special:BookSources/0151983704">0151983704</a></li> <li>Sutherland, N. M. <i>Catherine de Medici and the Ancien Régime.</i> London: Historical Association, 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1018933">1018933</a></li> <li>Sutherland, N. M. <i>The French Secretaries of State in the Age of Catherine de Medici.</i> London: Athlone Press, 1962. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1367811">1367811</a></li> <li>Sutherland, N. M. <i>The Massacre of St Bartholomew and the European Conflict, 1559–1572.</i> London: Macmillan, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333136292" title="Special:BookSources/0333136292">0333136292</a>.</li> <li>Sutherland, N. M. <i>Princes, Politics and Religion: 1547–1589.</i> London: Hambledon Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907628443" title="Special:BookSources/0907628443">0907628443</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Strong" title="Roy Strong">Strong, Roy.</a> <i>Art and Power: Renaissance Festivals, 1450–1650.</i> Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851152473" title="Special:BookSources/0851152473">0851152473</a>.</li> <li>Thomson, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0x0n99zf/"><i> Renaissance Paris: Architecture and Growth, 1475–1600</i>.</a> Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520053478" title="Special:BookSources/0520053478">0520053478</a>. Retrieved 21 March 2008.</li> <li>Tomas, Natalie R. <i>The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence.</i> Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754607771" title="Special:BookSources/0754607771">0754607771</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhale1914" class="citation book cs1">Whale, Winifred Stephens (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latrmoillefami00whalrich"><i>The La Trémoille family</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+La+Tr%C3%A9moille+family&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Whale&rft.aufirst=Winifred+Stephens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatrmoillefami00whalrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wilson, Ian. <i>Nostradamus: The Evidence.</i> London: Orion, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/075284279X" title="Special:BookSources/075284279X">075284279X</a>.</li> <li>Wood, James B. <i>The King's Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562–76</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521550033" title="Special:BookSources/0521550033">0521550033</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Yates, Frances</a>. <i>The Valois Tapestries</i>. 1959. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415220432" title="Special:BookSources/0415220432">0415220432</a>.</li> <li>Zerner, Henri. <i>Renaissance Art in France. The Invention of Classicism.</i> Translated by Deke Dusinberre, Scott Wilson, and Rachel Zerner. Paris: Flammarion, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2080111442" title="Special:BookSources/2080111442">2080111442</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Zvereva, Alexandra. <i>Les Clouet de Catherine de Médicis.</i> Paris: Somogy, Éditions d'Art; Musée Condé, Château de Chantilly, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2850565709" title="Special:BookSources/2850565709">2850565709</a>.</li> <li>Young, G.F. <i>The Medici: Volume II</i>. 1920. London: John Murray. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/288522172">288522172</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" class="extiw" title="commons:Catherine de' Medici"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Catherine de' Medici</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themedicifamily.com/Catherine-de-Medici-Queen-of-France.html">Catherine de Medici history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derniersvalois.canalblog.com/archives/catherine_de_medicis/index.html">Portraits of Catherine de' Medici</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3841"><i>Memoirs of Marguerite de Valois</i></a> Full text at Gutenberg. Retrieved 27 March 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Catherine de' Medici"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Catherine_de%27_Medici">"Catherine de' Medici" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 528–529.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catherine+de%27+Medici&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=528-529&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Catharine de' Medici"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Catharine_de%27_Medici">"Catharine de' Medici" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catharine+de%27+Medici&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatherine+de%27+Medici" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Catherine de' Medici </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 13 April 1519</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 5 January 1589</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Foix" title="Margaret of Foix">Margaret of Foix</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duchess_consort_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess consort of Brittany">Duchess consort of Brittany</a> </b><br />10 August 1536 – 31 March 1547 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Duchy disbanded </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of France">Queen consort of France</a> </b><br />31 March 1547 – 10 July 1559 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Countess_of_Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne, Countess of Auvergne">Anne de la Tour d'Auvergne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Countess_of_Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess of Auvergne">Countess of Auvergne</a> </b><br />16 June 1524 – 5 January 1589 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Valois,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême">Charles de Valois</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catherine_de&#039;_Medici" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Template:Catherine de' Medici"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Catherine de' Medici (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catherine de' Medici"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catherine_de&#039;_Medici" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catherine de' Medici</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth, Queen of Spain</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_Valois" title="Claude of Valois">Claude, Duchess of Lorraine</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549%E2%80%931550)" title="Louis of Valois (1549–1550)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret, Queen of France and Navarre</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Henry_II_of_France" title="Descendants of Henry II of France">Descendants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties/<br />Groups in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Guise" title="House of Guise">House of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">French Catholic Leagues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarice_de%27_Medici" title="Clarice de' Medici">Clarice de' Medici</a> (paternal aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Passerini" title="Silvio Passerini">Cardinal Silvio Passerini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fernel" title="Jean Fernel">Jean Fernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis I, Prince of Condé">Louis I, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_l%27H%C3%B4pital" title="Michel de l'Hôpital">Michel de l'Hôpital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Claude, Duke of Guise">Claude, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne III of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Admiral Gaspard de Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">Siege of Florence (1529–1530)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Poissy" title="Colloquy of Poissy">Colloquy of Poissy (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Germain" title="Edict of Saint-Germain">Edict of Saint-Germain (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Vassy" title="Massacre of Vassy">Massacre of Vassy (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise" title="Edict of Amboise">Edict of Amboise (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_of_Meaux" title="Surprise of Meaux">Surprise of Meaux (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Longjumeau" title="Peace of Longjumeau">Treaty of Longjumeau (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu" title="Edict of Beaulieu">Edict of Beaulieu (1576)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Palais du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Blois" title="Château of Blois">Château of Blois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patron of the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_patronage_of_the_arts" title="Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_building_projects" title="Catherine de' Medici's building projects">Building projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_court_festivals" title="Catherine de' Medici's court festivals">Court Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" class="extiw" title="commons:Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Duchesses_of_Orléans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Duchesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Template:Duchesses of Orléans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Duchesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Template talk:Duchesses of Orléans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duchesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Duchesses of Orléans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Duchesses_of_Orléans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countesses_and_duchesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans#Duchess_of_Orléans" title="List of countesses and duchesses of Orléans">Duchesses of Orléans</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_France,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Blanche of France, Duchess of Orléans">Blanche of France</a> <i>(1345–1376)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans">Valentina Visconti</a> <i>(1389–1407)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois" title="Isabella of Valois">Isabella of Valois</a> <i>(1407–1409)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonne_of_Armagnac" title="Bonne of Armagnac">Bonne d'Armagnac</a> <i>(1410–1430)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Cleves,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie of Cleves, Duchess of Orléans">Marie of Cleves</a> <i>(1440–1465)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Berry">Jeanne of France</a> <i>(1476–1498)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catherine de' Medici</a> <i>(1533–1547)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier">Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier</a> <i>(1626–1627)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_of_Lorraine" title="Marguerite of Lorraine">Princess Marguerite of Lorraine</a> <i>(1632–1660)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_of_England" title="Henrietta of England">Princess Henrietta of England</a> <i>(1661–1670)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Charlotte,_Madame_Palatine" title="Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine">Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess of the Palatinate</a> <i>(1672–1701)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Marie_de_Bourbon" title="Françoise Marie de Bourbon">Françoise Marie de Bourbon</a>, Mademoiselle de Blois <i>(1701–1732)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_of_Baden-Baden" title="Auguste of Baden-Baden">Margravine Auguste of Baden-Baden</a> <i>(1724–1728)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Henriette_de_Bourbon" title="Louise Henriette de Bourbon">Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti</a> <i>(1752–1759)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans">Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre</a> <i>(1785–1793)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily</a> <i>(1809–1830)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_Helene_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> <i>(1837–1842)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Isabelle_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans">Infanta Isabel de Borbón-Orléans</a> <i>(1864–1894)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria">Archduchess Maria Dorothea of Austria</a> <i>(1896–1926)</i></li> <li>Gersende de Sabran-Pontèves <i>(1969–present)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_consorts" title="Template:French consorts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_consorts" title="Template talk:French consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_consorts_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal consorts of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_queens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Frankish queens">List of Frankish queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_royal_consorts" title="List of French royal consorts">List of French royal consorts</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde" title="Clotilde">Clotilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultragotha" title="Ultragotha">Ultragotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntheuc" title="Guntheuc">Guntheuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radegund" title="Radegund">Radegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingund" title="Ingund">Ingund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aregund" title="Aregund">Aregund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingoberga" title="Ingoberga">Ingoberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merofleda" title="Merofleda">Merofleda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcovefa" title="Marcovefa">Marcovefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudechild" title="Theudechild">Theudechild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austregilde" title="Austregilde">Austregilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audovera" title="Audovera">Audovera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galswintha" title="Galswintha">Galswintha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredegund" title="Fredegund">Fredegund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhilda_of_Austrasia" title="Brunhilda of Austrasia">Brunhilda of Austrasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrude" title="Bertrude">Bertrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichilde" title="Sichilde">Sichilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomentrude" title="Gomentrude">Gomentrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanthild" title="Nanthild">Nanthild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragintrudis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragintrudis">Ragintrudis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfefundis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfefundis">Wulfefundis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertechildis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertechildis">Bertechildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthild_of_Chelles" title="Balthild of Chelles">Balthild of Chelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilichild_(wife_of_Childeric_II)" title="Bilichild (wife of Childeric II)">Bilichild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrothildis" title="Chrothildis">Chrothildis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrada_of_Laon" title="Bertrada of Laon">Bertrada of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga,_wife_of_Carloman_I" title="Gerberga, wife of Carloman I">Gerberga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderata_of_the_Lombards" title="Desiderata of the Lombards">Desiderata of the Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)" title="Hildegard (queen)">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastrada" title="Fastrada">Fastrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitgard_(Frankish_queen)" title="Luitgard (Frankish queen)">Luitgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Hesbaye" title="Ermengarde of Hesbaye">Ermengarde of Hesbaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria_(died_843)" title="Judith of Bavaria (died 843)">Judith of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermentrude_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ermentrude of Orléans">Ermentrude of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richilde_of_Provence" title="Richilde of Provence">Richilde of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Paris" title="Adelaide of Paris">Adelaide of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardis" title="Richardis">Richardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odrate_of_Troyes" title="Théodrate of Troyes">Théodrate of Troyes</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederuna" title="Frederuna">Frederuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgifu_of_Wessex" title="Eadgifu of Wessex">Eadgifu of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Vermandois" title="Beatrice of Vermandois">Beatrice of Vermandois</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_France" title="Emma of France">Emma of France</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony" title="Gerberga of Saxony">Gerberga of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Italy" title="Emma of Italy">Emma of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Aquitaine" title="Adelaide of Aquitaine">Adelaide of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozala_of_Italy" title="Rozala of Italy">Rozala of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Burgundy" title="Bertha of Burgundy">Bertha of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Arles" title="Constance of Arles">Constance of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Frisia" title="Matilda of Frisia">Matilda of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Kiev" title="Anne of Kiev">Anne of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Holland" title="Bertha of Holland">Bertha of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrade_of_Montfort" title="Bertrade of Montfort">Bertrade of Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Maurienne" title="Adelaide of Maurienne">Adelaide of Maurienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile" title="Constance of Castile">Constance of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault" title="Isabella of Hainault">Isabella of Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_France" title="Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of France">Ingeborg of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Merania" title="Agnes of Merania">Agnes of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France">Isabella of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Brabant,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Brabant, Queen of France">Marie of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Queen_of_France" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France">Margaret of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementia_of_Hungary" title="Clementia of Hungary">Clementia of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Joan II, Countess of Burgundy">Joan II, Countess of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Burgundy" title="Blanche of Burgundy">Blanche of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Luxembourg,_Queen_of_France" title="Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of France">Marie of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Joan of Évreux">Joan of Évreux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Lame" title="Joan the Lame">Joan of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_France" title="Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France">Blanche of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I,_Countess_of_Auvergne" title="Joan I, Countess of Auvergne">Joan I, Countess of Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Bourbon" title="Joanna of Bourbon">Joanna of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Anjou" title="Marie of Anjou">Marie of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Berry" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Berry">Joan of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catherine de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Eugénie de Montijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dauphines_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dauphines_of_France" title="Template:Dauphines of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dauphines_of_France" title="Template talk:Dauphines of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphines_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphines of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dauphines_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dauphine_of_France" title="Dauphine of France">Dauphines of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Bourbon" title="Joanna of Bourbon">Joanna of Bourbon</a> <i>(1350–1364)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Nevers" title="Margaret of Nevers">Margaret of Burgundy</a> <i>(1412–1415)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline,_Countess_of_Hainaut" title="Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut">Jacqueline of Bavaria</a> <i>(1415–1417)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret of Scotland</a> <i>(1436–1445)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a> <i>(1451–1461)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catherine de' Medici</a> <i>(1536–1547)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary Stuart</a> <i>(1558–1559)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Victoria_of_Bavaria" title="Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria">Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria</a> <i>(1680–1690)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_of_Savoy" title="Marie Adélaïde of Savoy">Marie Adélaïde of Savoy</a> <i>(1711–1712)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Rafaela_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain">Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain</a> <i>(1745–1746)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France">Maria Josepha of Saxony</a> <i>(1747–1765)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Maria Antonia of Austria</a> <i>(1770–1774)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France">Marie Thérèse of France</a> <i>(1824–1830)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_consorts_of_Brittany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breton_royal_consorts" title="Template:Breton royal consorts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breton_royal_consorts" title="Template talk:Breton royal consorts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breton_royal_consorts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breton royal consorts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_consorts_of_Brittany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Breton_royal_consorts" title="List of Breton royal consorts">Royal consorts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Consorts to early monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._578–907" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal; background:lightgray; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 578–907</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argentaela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argentaela (page does not exist)">Argentaela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marmohec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marmohec (page does not exist)">Marmohec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wembrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wembrit (page does not exist)">Wembrit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostlon_of_Brittany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostlon of Brittany (page does not exist)">Prostlon of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotitia_of_Brittany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotitia of Brittany (page does not exist)">Lotitia of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oreguen_of_Rennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oreguen of Rennes (page does not exist)">Oreguen of Rennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nantes" title="County of Nantes">House of Nantes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal; background:lightgray; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;">938–958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscille_of_Anjou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roscille of Anjou (page does not exist)">Roscille of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aremburge,_Lady_of_Ancenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aremburge, Lady of Ancenis (page does not exist)">Aremburge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rennes" title="Count of Rennes">House of Rennes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal; background:lightgray; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;">958–1072</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde-Gerberga_of_Anjou" title="Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou">Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawise_of_Normandy" title="Hawise of Normandy">Hawise of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Blois" title="Bertha of Blois">Bertha of Blois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">House of Cornouaille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal; background:lightgray; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;">1072–1156</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Normandy" title="Constance of Normandy">Constance of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Anjou_(died_1146)" title="Ermengarde of Anjou (died 1146)">Ermengarde of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_FitzRoy,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Matilda FitzRoy, Duchess of Brittany">Matilda FitzRoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Counts and dukes of Penthièvre">House of Penthièvre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal; background:lightgray; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;">1156–1196</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Huntingdon,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Margaret of Huntingdon, Duchess of Brittany">Margaret of Huntingdon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Dreux" title="Counts of Dreux">House of Dreux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal; background:lightgray; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;">1221–1341</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Navarre,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany">Blanche of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland">Yolande of Dreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon" title="Isabella of Castile, Queen of Aragon">Isabella of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Savoy" title="Joan of Savoy">Joan of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal; background:lightgray; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;">1341–1365</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Flanders" title="Joanna of Flanders">Joanna of Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montfort_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Montfort of Brittany">Montfort of Brittany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal; background:lightgray; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;">1365–1514</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Waltham" title="Mary of Waltham">Mary of Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Holland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Joan Holland, Duchess of Brittany">Joan Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joan of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany">Joan of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany">Isabella of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Amboise" title="Françoise d'Amboise">Françoise d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Luxembourg-Saint-Pol" title="Catherine of Luxembourg-Saint-Pol">Catherine of Luxembourg-Saint-Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brittany" title="Margaret of Brittany">Margaret of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Foix" title="Margaret of Foix">Margaret of Foix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgray;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal; background:lightgray; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;">1514–1547</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catherine de' Medici </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Medici" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medici" title="Template:Medici"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medici" title="Template talk:Medici"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medici" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medici"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Medici" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Lords of Florence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo "The Elder"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Piero di Cosimo de' Medici">Piero "The Gouty"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo "The Magnificent"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero "The Brief"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Giovanni, Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours">Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Giulio</a> (Clement VII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro "The Moor"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Florence">Dukes of Florence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro "The Moor"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Dukes of Tuscany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici" title="Francesco I de' Medici">Francesco I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici" title="Ferdinando I de' Medici">Ferdinando I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_II_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo II de' Medici">Cosimo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_II_de%27_Medici" title="Ferdinando II de' Medici">Ferdinando II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_III_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo III de' Medici">Cosimo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici" title="Gian Gastone de' Medici">Gian Gastone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Queens of France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caterina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Maria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Popes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Cardinals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>male line</i>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Giovanni</a> (Leo X)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Giulio</a> (Clement VII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Alessandro</a> (Leo XI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Medici_(cardinal)" title="Giovanni de' Medici (cardinal)">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinando I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_de%27_Medici_(cardinal)" title="Carlo de' Medici (cardinal)">Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_de%27_Medici" title="Giancarlo de' Medici">Giovan Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_de%27_Medici" title="Leopoldo de' Medici">Leopoldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_de%27_Medici" title="Francesco Maria de' Medici">Francesco Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_de%27_Medici_di_Ottaiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco de' Medici di Ottaiano (page does not exist)">Francesco</a><br /><i>female line</i>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_de%27_Rossi" title="Luigi de' Rossi">Luigi de' Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Salviati" title="Giovanni Salviati">Giovanni Salviati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Cybo" title="Innocenzo Cybo">Innocenzo Cybo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Salviati" title="Bernardo Salviati">Bernardo Salviati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Ridolfi" title="Niccolò Ridolfi">Niccolò Ridolfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Strozzi" title="Lorenzo Strozzi">Lorenzo Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrante_Gonzaga" title="Ferrante Gonzaga">Ferrante Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_II_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" title="Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Vincenzo II Gonzaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Bishops and archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippo_de%27_Medici_(archbishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippo de' Medici (archbishop) (page does not exist)">Filippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Antonio_de%27_Medici" title="Bernardo Antonio de' Medici">Bernardo Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuliano_de%27_Medici_Castellina_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuliano de' Medici Castellina (bishop) (page does not exist)">Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanobi_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanobi de' Medici (page does not exist)">Zanobi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Condottieri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_delle_Bande_Nere" title="Giovanni delle Bande Nere">Giovanni delle Bande Nere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni_de%27_Medici" title="Don Giovanni de' Medici">Don Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattias_de%27_Medici" title="Mattias de' Medici">Mattias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_tables_of_the_House_of_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical tables of the House of Medici">Genealogical tables of the House of Medici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="798" /></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Festina Lente</i></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Villas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Cafaggiolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea di Cafaggiolo">Cafaggiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_del_Trebbio" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea del Trebbio">Trebbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Careggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea di Careggi">Careggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici_in_Fiesole" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Medici in Fiesole">Fiesole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_La_Quiete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa La Quiete (page does not exist)">La Quiete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_in_Collesalvetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea in Collesalvetti (page does not exist)">Collesalvetti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_in_Poggio_a_Caiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea in Poggio a Caiano (page does not exist)">Poggio a Caiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Castello" title="Villa di Castello">Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Corsini_a_Mezzomonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Corsini a Mezzomonte (page does not exist)">Mezzomonte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Agnano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Agnano (page does not exist)">Agnano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Spedaletto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Spedaletto (page does not exist)">Spedaletto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Petraia" title="Villa La Petraia">La Petraia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Niccolini_(Camugliano)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Niccolini (Camugliano) (page does not exist)">Camugliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fattoria_medicea_di_Stabbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fattoria medicea di Stabbia (page does not exist)">Stabbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_della_Topaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea della Topaia (page does not exist)">La Topaia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Cerreto_Guidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Cerreto Guidi (page does not exist)">Cerreto Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Marignolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Marignolle (page does not exist)">Marignolle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Arena_Metato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Arena Metato (page does not exist)">Arena Metato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Poggio_Imperiale" title="Villa del Poggio Imperiale">Poggio Imperiale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Lappeggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Lappeggi (page does not exist)">Lapeggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_dell%27Ambrogiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea dell'Ambrogiana">L'Ambrogiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Magia" title="Villa La Magia">La Màgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Lilliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Lilliano (page does not exist)">Liliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Coltano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Coltano (page does not exist)">Coltano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Montevettolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea di Montevettolini">Montevettolini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Artimino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Artimino (page does not exist)">Artimino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Buti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Buti (page does not exist)">Buti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_mediceo_di_Seravezza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo mediceo di Seravezza (page does not exist)">Seravezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Mediceo_di_San_Marco" title="Casino Mediceo di San Marco">Casino Mediceo di San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Turin" title="Palazzo Madama, Turin">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Medici_Tornaquinci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci (page does not exist)">Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Mediceo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Mediceo (page does not exist)">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Vedove" title="Palazzo delle Vedove">Palazzo delle Vedove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio_de%E2%80%99_Medici,_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Vecchio de’ Medici, Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Medici_a_Materdei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Medici a Materdei (page does not exist)">Materdei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Medici_di_Ottaviano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano (page does not exist)">Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Fountains and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medici_fountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medici fountain (page does not exist)">Medici fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Pratolino" title="Villa di Pratolino">Villa di Pratolino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Fortresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arezzo#Others" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bastione_Fortezza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bastione Fortezza (page does not exist)">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piombino#Main_sights" title="Piombino">Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistoia#Others" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortezza_Medicea_di_San_Martino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortezza Medicea di San Martino (page does not exist)">San Piero a Sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortezza_Medicea_(Siena)" title="Fortezza Medicea (Siena)">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortezza_Medicea_(Volterra)" title="Fortezza Medicea (Volterra)">Volterra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Chapels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magi_Chapel" title="Magi Chapel">Magi Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Chapels" title="Medici Chapels">Medici Chapels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">San Lorenzo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Sacristy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Sacristy">New Sacristy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_dei_Principi" title="Cappella dei Principi">Cappella dei Principi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sacristy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Sacristy">Old Sacristy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patronage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Painters, sculptors and architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Ammannati" title="Bartolomeo Ammannati">Bartolomeo Ammannati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_and_the_Medici" title="Michelangelo and the Medici">Michelangelo and the Medici</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Buontalenti" title="Bernardo Buontalenti">Bernardo Buontalenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelozzo" title="Michelozzo">Michelozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_del_Pollaiuolo" title="Antonio del Pollaiuolo">Antonio del Pollaiuolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_della_Quercia" title="Jacopo della Quercia">Jacopo della Quercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Poets and other literary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poliziano" title="Poliziano">Agnolo Poliziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Humanists and philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_de%27_Cavalieri" title="Emilio de' Cavalieri">Emilio de' Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heraldry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palleschi" title="Palleschi">Medici coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany">Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Order of Saint Stephen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_lions" title="Medici lions">Medici lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_porcelain" title="Medici porcelain">Medici porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Vase" title="Medici Vase">Medici Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_de%27_Medici" title="Venus de' Medici">Venus de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arazzeria_Medicea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arazzeria Medicea (page does not exist)">Arazzeria Medicea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_giraffe" title="Medici giraffe">Medici giraffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">Stories set to music: "opera"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albizzi" title="Albizzi">Albizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazzi_conspiracy" title="Pazzi conspiracy">Pazzi conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_(TV_series)" title="Medici (TV series)">TV series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medici_episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Medici episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131552#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131552#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131552#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120957473">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22213267">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51148996143459752941">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19218/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmthKJ3cqDHYcDpYXGHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118560557">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50072220">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123351707">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123351707">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621115">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cathérine <regina di Francia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VEAV064840">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61539904">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700866&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1166357">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/791778">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070636036">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/15010695">Norway</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90369961">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000185188&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000038923">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz0ph31d2h923">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810578146305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/29677">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259439105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000120078">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614756606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14228285">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500241471">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/m2032">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1842489">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="CATERINA de' Medici, regina di Francia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/caterina-de-medici-regina-di-francia_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118560557.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118560557">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027311090">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dz3b3t">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/345390">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&oldid=1256173981">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&oldid=1256173981</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Category:Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Queens_consort_of_France" title="Category:Queens consort of France">Queens consort of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regents_of_France" title="Category:Regents of France">Regents of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_the_French_Wars_of_Religion" title="Category:French people of the French Wars of Religion">French people of the French Wars of Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Medici" title="Category:House of Medici">House of Medici</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Valois" title="Category:House of Valois">House of Valois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_queen_mothers" title="Category:French queen mothers">French queen mothers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_women_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century women monarchs">16th-century women monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_regents" title="Category:16th-century regents">16th-century regents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dauphines_of_Viennois" title="Category:Dauphines of Viennois">Dauphines of Viennois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dauphines_of_France" title="Category:Dauphines of France">Dauphines of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counts_of_Dreux" title="Category:Counts of Dreux">Counts of Dreux</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_countesses_regnant" title="Category:16th-century countesses regnant">16th-century countesses regnant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counter-Reformation" title="Category:Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobility_from_Florence" title="Category:Nobility from Florence">Nobility from Florence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Duchesses_of_Brittany" title="Category:Duchesses of Brittany">Duchesses of Brittany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Duchesses_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Category:Duchesses of Orléans">Duchesses of Orléans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:French Roman Catholics">French Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_suo_jure_nobility" title="Category:French suo jure nobility">French suo jure nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_duchesses" title="Category:French duchesses">French duchesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1519_births" title="Category:1519 births">1519 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1589_deaths" title="Category:1589 deaths">1589 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis">Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Henry_II_of_France" title="Category:Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Italian_women" title="Category:16th-century Italian women">16th-century Italian women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Italian_nobility" title="Category:16th-century Italian nobility">16th-century Italian nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_French_politicians" title="Category:16th-century French politicians">16th-century French politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_French_nobility" title="Category:16th-century French nobility">16th-century French nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_French_women" title="Category:16th-century French women">16th-century French women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_art_patrons" title="Category:Italian art patrons">Italian art patrons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide_perpetrators" title="Category:Genocide perpetrators">Genocide perpetrators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Daughters_of_dukes" title="Category:Daughters of dukes">Daughters of dukes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_women_regents" title="Category:16th-century women regents">16th-century women regents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mothers_of_Polish_monarchs" title="Category:Mothers of Polish monarchs">Mothers of Polish monarchs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2023">Use dmy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_New_International_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 16:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_de%27_Medici&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-bcl48","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.350","walltime":"1.705","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17000,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":277497,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":17903,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":282814,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1395.417 1 -total"," 19.83% 276.704 2 Template:Infobox"," 19.57% 273.021 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 15.23% 212.553 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.70% 191.169 17 Template:Navbox"," 12.21% 170.450 1 Template:Marriage"," 8.95% 124.853 34 Template:ISBN"," 8.38% 116.944 2 Template:Langx"," 8.26% 115.213 2 Template:Str_≠_len"," 6.06% 84.541 1 Template:Catherine_de'_Medici"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.623","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25280756,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-f9nqr","timestamp":"20241125143140","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catherine_de%27_Medici","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131552","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q131552","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-13T09:16:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T16:27:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg","headline":"queen-consort and regent of France (1519-1589)"}</script> </body> </html>