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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Motak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laborantza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laborantza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Laborantza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laborantza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produkzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produkzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Produkzioa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produkzioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Produkzioa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Produkzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Txokolate_Produkzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Txokolate_Produkzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Txokolate Produkzioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Txokolate_Produkzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kakao-merkataritza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kakao-merkataritza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kakao-merkataritza</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kakao-merkataritza-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Kakao-merkataritza azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kakao-merkataritza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kontsumoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontsumoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kontsumoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontsumoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kakaoa_txanpon_gisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kakaoa_txanpon_gisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kakaoa txanpon gisa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kakaoa_txanpon_gisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kakao</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 46 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaoboon" title="Kakaoboon – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kakaoboon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88" title="كاكاو – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاكاو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakava" title="Kakava – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kakava" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra_de_cacau" title="Gra de cacau – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gra de cacau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaobohne" title="Kakaobohne – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kakaobohne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BF" title="Κακάο – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κακάο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cocoa bean" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grano_de_cacao" title="Grano de cacao – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grano de cacao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaopuu_seemned" title="Kakaopuu seemned – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kakaopuu seemned" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="کاکائو – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاکائو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaakao" title="Kaakao – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaakao" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8ve_de_cacao" title="Fève de cacao – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fève de cacao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95" title="קקאו – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קקאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="कोको – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोको" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji_kakao" title="Biji kakao – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biji kakao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AA%E8%B1%86" title="カカオ豆 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カカオ豆" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Какао бұршақтары – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Какао бұршақтары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%BD%94%EC%95%84%EC%BD%A9" title="코코아콩 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코코아콩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakava" title="Kakava – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kakava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao_pupi%C5%86as" title="Kakao pupiņas – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kakao pupiņas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji_koko" title="Biji koko – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biji koko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacahuatetl_(Xinachtli)" title="Cacahuatetl (Xinachtli) – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cacahuatetl (Xinachtli)" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakouboon" title="Kakouboon – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kakouboon" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacaoboon" title="Cacaoboon – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cacaoboon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacao" title="Cacao – pampangera" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cacao" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o_de_cacau" title="Grão de cacau – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão de cacau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacao" title="Cacao – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cacao" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Какао-бобы – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Какао-бобы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cocoa bean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa" title="Cocoa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cocoa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao" title="Kakao – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kakao" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakav" title="Kakav – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kakav" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Какао – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Какао" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao_%C3%A7ekirde%C4%9Fi" title="Kakao çekirdeği – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kakao çekirdeği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Какао-боби – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Какао-боби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%90" title="קאקאא – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאקאא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF%E8%B1%86" title="可可豆 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可可豆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%82%E5%92%95%E8%B1%86" title="唂咕豆 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="唂咕豆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208008#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kakao" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Kakao&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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[h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kakao"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Kakao" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Kakao" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&oldid=9864751" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Kakao&id=9864751&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKakao"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKakao"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kakao"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kakao&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cocoa_beans" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208008" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="hd" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #DBA901">Kakao</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;border-top: 2px solid #DBA901; border-bottom: 2px solid #DBA901; background-color:#DBA901;"><a href="/wiki/Bitarteko_ondasun" title="Bitarteko ondasun">bitarteko ondasun</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hazi" title="Hazi">hazi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche,_Costa_Rica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg/260px-Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg/390px-Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg/520px-Cocoa_beans_in_cocoa_pod_at_El_Trapiche%2C_Costa_Rica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #DBA901">Historia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Honen produktua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kakao_arbola" title="Kakao arbola">Kakao</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kakao-alea</b> edo <b>kakao</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Kakao_arbola" title="Kakao arbola">Theobroma cacao</a>-ren hazi lehor eta erabat hartzitua da, eta bertatik kakao-solidoak (koipeak ez diren substantzien nahasketa) eta kakao-gurina atera daitezke. Kakao-aleak txokolatearen oinarria dira, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Amerikako_Probintzia_Batuak" title="Erdialdeko Amerikako Probintzia Batuak">Erdialdeko Amerikako</a> elikagaiak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tejatea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tejatea (sortu gabe)">tejatea</a> adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko">Mexikoko</a> edari indigena bat zein <a href="/wiki/Artoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Artoa">artoa</a> ere barne hartzen duena. Euskal Herrira XVI. mendean heldu zen, eta txokolatea egiten hasi. Mende horretan, artean ere, monasterioetan edaten zen soilik.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etimologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Kakao" hitza kakao hitz espainiarretik dator, <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">nahuatlezko</a> <i>cacahuatl</i> hitzetik eratorria.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Náhuatl hitza, era berean, Proto Mije-Sokean kakawa hitz berreraikitik eratorria da.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kakao hitzak ere esan nahi du: </p> <ul><li>Kakao beroa edo <a href="/wiki/Txokolate_bero" title="Txokolate bero">txokolate beroa</a> ere esaten zaion edaria <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao-hauts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakao-hauts (sortu gabe)">Kakao-hautsa</a>: kakao-haziak ehotzeagatik eta kakao-solidoetatik kakao-gurina kentzeagatik sortutako hauts lehorra da, ilunak eta mingotsak baitira.</li></ul> <ul><li>Kakao-hautsaren eta <a href="/wiki/Kakao-gurin" title="Kakao-gurin">kakao-gurinaren</a> nahasketa - Txokolate forma primitiboa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kakao-zuhaitza <a href="/wiki/Amazonas" title="Amazonas">Amazonasko</a> arroan jaio zen. <a href="/wiki/Olmeka_kultura" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmeka kultura">Olmekek</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokayek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokayek (sortu gabe)">mokayek</a> (Mexiko eta Erdialdeko Amerika) etxekotu zuten. Duela 4.000 urte baino gehiago, kolonaurreko kulturek kontsumitu zuten Yucatanen zehar, maiak barne, baita zibilizazio olmekak ere zeremonia espiritualetan. Hego Amerikako Amazonas eta Orinoco arroetan, <a href="/wiki/Kolonbia" title="Kolonbia">Kolonbian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a>, Andeen adarretan ere hazten da. Kakao basatia oraindik han hazten da. Haren banaketa-eremua handiagoa izan zitekeen iraganean; basoko banaketa-eremuaren ebidentzia ilunduta egon daiteke eremu horietan zuhaitzak landatzeagatik, espainiarrak iritsi baino askoz lehenagotik. </p><p>2018ko azaroan, ebidentziak kakaoa Hego Amerika ekuatorialean lehen aldiz etxekotu zela iradokitzen du, Erdialdeko Amerikan 1.500 urte beranduago etxekotu baino lehen <a href="/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador">Ekuadorko</a> Santa-Ana-La Floridan aurkitutako lehergailuek, kakaoa Mayo-Chinchipe herriak duela 5.300 urte lantzen zuela adierazten dute. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Hondurasko</a> Puerto Escondidoko leku arkeologiko batean induskatutako zeramikatik ateratako hondakinen analisi kimikoak adierazten du kakao-produktuak 1500 eta 1400 urte bitartean kontsumitu zirela lehen aldiz han. Ebidentziak, halaber, kakao (edo frijol) haziaren zaporea ezaguna egin baino askoz lehenago, txokolatezko fruituaren mami gozoa, edari hartzitu bat egiteko erabilia (%5,34 alkohol), Ameriketan landarearen gaineko arreta piztu zuela ere adierazten du. Kakao-frijola moneta arrunta zen Erdialdeko Amerika osoan espainiar konkistaren aurretik. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kakao-zuhaitzak eremu geografiko mugatu batean hazten dira, Ekuadorretik 20 ° inguru iparraldera eta hegoaldera. Gaur egungo munduko uztaren ia% 70 mendebaldeko Afrikan landatzen da. Kakao landareak, lehen aldiz, bere izen botanikoa <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> suediar zientzialari naturalistarengandik jaso zuen, landare erresumaren jatorrizko sailkapenean, non kakao Theobroma (jainkoen elikagaia) deitu zuen. </p><p>Kakaoa produktu garrantzitsua zen kolonaurreko Erdialdeko Amerikan. <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cortes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernán Cortes">Hernán Cortesek</a> Mexikoren konkistan parte hartu zuen espainiar soldadu batek dioenez, <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II.a" class="mw-redirect" title="Moctezuma II.a">Moctezuma II.ak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azteka" title="Azteka">azteken</a> enperadoreak, afaldu zuenean, urrezko kopa batean zerbitzatutako txokolatea besterik ez zuen hartu. Informatzen denez, ez zituen egunean 60 zati baino gutxiago kontsumitzen Moctezuma II.ak, eta bere gorteko <a href="/wiki/Noblezia" title="Noblezia">nobleek</a> 2.000 gehiago. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Txokolatea espainiarrek sartu zuten Europan, eta edari ezagun bihurtu zen XVII. mendearen erdialdean <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Espainiarrek kakao-zuhaitza <a href="/wiki/Antilletako_itsaslasterra" title="Antilletako itsaslasterra">Antilletan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Filipinak" title="Filipinak">Filipinetan</a> ere sartu zuten, eta europarrek gainerako Asian eta Afrika mendebaldean sartu zuten. <a href="/wiki/Urrezko_Kosta_(Britaniar_Kolonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urrezko Kosta (Britaniar Kolonia)">Urrezko Kostan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> modernoa, kakaoa, Tetteh Quarshie ghanar batek sartu zuen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motak">Motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kakao-landarearen hiru barietate nagusiak Forastero, Criollo eta Trinitario dira. Lehenengoa da erabiliena, munduko kakao-ekoizpenaren % 80-90 hartzen du. Criollo barietateko kakao aleak arraroagoak dira eta bikaintasuntzat hartzen dira. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criollo landaketek Forastero landaketak baino errendimendu txikiagoa dute, eta kakao landareari erasotzen dioten hainbat gaixotasunekiko erresistentzia txikiagoa izateko joera ere badute, beraz, oso herrialde gutxik ekoizten dute. Kreol aleen ekoizle handienetako bat Venezuela da (Chuao eta Porcelana). Trinitarioa (<a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinitatekoa</a>) Kriollo eta Kanpoko barietateen arteko hibrido bat da. Kanpotarrak baino kalitate handiagokotzat jotzen da, errendimendu handiagoa du eta gaixotasunekiko Criollok baino erresistenteagoa da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laborantza">Laborantza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Laborantza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Laborantza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kakao-zorro batek (fruitua) 2 eta 3 cm arteko lodiera (0,79 eta 1,18 hazbete artean) duen azal latz eta larrukara bat du (hau lekaren jatorriaren eta barietatearen arabera aldatzen da), Hego Amerikan kakao-baba deritzon pulpa gozo eta muzilaginoso batez betea, 30 eta 50 hazi handi artean dituen limonadaren antzeko zaporearekin. </p><p>Uztak irauten duen bitartean, zorroak ireki, haziak gorde eta zorro hutsak baztertu egiten dira, eta mamia zuku bihurtzen da. </p><p>Haziak hartzitzeko moduan jartzen dira. Hartzidura-prozesuko bero-metaketaren ondorioz, kakao-aleek purpura-tonu gehiena galtzen dute, eta gehienbat marroi bihurtzen dira, fruta-mamiaren hondar lehorrak dituen azal itsatsita. Larruazal hori erraz askatzen da txigortu ondoren ateratzen denean. Hazi zuriak aldaki bakan batzuetan aurkitzen dira, normalean bizitokiekin nahastuta, eta balio handiagokotzat jotzen dira. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produkzioa">Produkzioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Produkzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Produkzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2017an, munduko kakao-ekoizpena 5,2 milioi tonakoa izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Boli_Kosta" title="Boli Kosta">Boli Kosta</a> buru zela, guztizkoaren% 38rekin. Beste ekoizle handi batzuk Ghana (% 17) eta <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (% 13) izan ziren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Txokolate_Produkzioa">Txokolate Produkzioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Txokolate Produkzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Txokolate Produkzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kilo bat txokolate egiteko, 300 eta 600 ale artean prozesatzen dira, nahi den kakao edukiaren arabera. Fabrika batean, aleak erre egiten dira. Gero, puskatu eta "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Winnower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winnower (sortu gabe)">winnower</a>" batekin desugertzen dira. Ateratzen diren ale zatiei "nibs" deitzen zaie. Batzuetan, pakete txikietan saltzen dira denda espezializatuetan eta merkatuetan, sukaldean, aperitiboetan eta txokolatezko plateretan erabiltzeko. Pluminak zuzenean kakaoaren zuhaitzetik datozenez, teobromina kopuru handiak dituzte. Pluminik gehienak, hainbat metodo erabiliz, txokolate likore edo kakao ore bezala ezagutzen den pasta lodi eta krematsu batean hiltzen dira. "Likore" hori txokolate bihurtzen da, kakao-gurina eta azukrea (eta batzuetan banilla eta lekitina emultsionatzaile gisa) nahastuz, eta gero findu, nahastu eta txikitu egiten da. Bestela, kakao-hautsa eta kakao-gurina bereiz daitezke prentsa hidraulikoa edo Broma prozesua erabiliz. Prozesu horrek kakao-gurinaren% 50 inguru sortzen du, eta kakao-hautsaren% 50 inguru. Kakao-hauts estandarrak% 10-12 inguruko <a href="/wiki/Koipe" title="Koipe">koipe</a>-edukia du. Kakao-gurina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txokolate-barra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txokolate-barra (sortu gabe)">txokolate-barrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gozogintza" title="Gozogintza">gozogintzako</a> beste produktu batzuk, <a href="/wiki/Xaboi" title="Xaboi">xaboiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kosmetiko" title="Kosmetiko">kosmetikoak</a> egiteko erabiltzen da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">Alkali</a> bidezko tratamenduak Holandako prozesuko kakao-hautsa sortzen du, azido gutxiagokoa, ilunagoa eta zapore leunagokoa, munduko toki gehienetan eskuragarri dagoena baino. Kakao arrunta (ez alkalinizatua) azidoa da, eta kakaoa osagai alkalino batekin tratatzen denean, potasio karbonatoa, pH-a handitu egiten da. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prozesu hori hainbat etapatan egin daiteke fabrikazioan zehar, lumatxarekin tratatzea, likorearekin tratatzea edo presio-opilarekin tratatzea barne. </p><p>Zaporea garatzen laguntzen duen beste prozesu bat txigortzea da, ale osoan egin daitekeena azala kendu aurretik, edo lumatxan, azala kendu ondoren. Txigortzearen denborak eta tenperaturak eragina dute emaitzan: "Txigortu baxu" batek zapore azido eta aromatikoagoa sortzen du, tueste altu batek zapore mingots eta biziagoa ematen duen bitartean zapore mota konplexurik gabe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kakao-merkataritza">Kakao-merkataritza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kakao-merkataritza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Kakao-merkataritza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghanatik datorren ale kakaoa, ohi, arpillera zakuetan bidaltzen eta gordetzen da, non aleak izurriteen erasoak jasan ditzaketen<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilo-bromuro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilo-bromuro (sortu gabe)">Metilo-bromuro</a> bidezko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fumigazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fumigazioa (sortu gabe)">fumigazioa</a> pixkanaka ezabatu behar zen mundu osoan 2015erako. Garraiorako eta biltegiratzeko kakaoa babesteko teknika gehigarrien artean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirenoideak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirenoideak (sortu gabe)">pirenoideak</a> aplikatzea eta hermetikoki biltegiratzea daude, poltsa zigilatuetan edo oxigeno-kontzentrazio murriztuak dituzten edukiontzietan [44]. Epe luzeko biltegiratze seguruak erraztu egiten du oinarrizko produktuen poltsetan kakao-produktuak salerostea. </p><p>Kakao-alea, kakao-gurina eta kakao-hautsa munduko bi poltsatan merkaturatzen dira: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_Futures_U.S.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ice Futures U.S. (sortu gabe)">Ice Futures U.S.</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=NYSE_Liffe_Futures_and_Options&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NYSE Liffe Futures and Options (sortu gabe)">NYSE Liffe Futures and Options</a>. Londresko merkatua mendebaldeko Afrikako kakaoan oinarritzen da, eta New Yorkekoa, berriz, gehienbat Asiako hego-ekialdean. Kakaoa munduko oinarrizko produktu bigunen merkatu txikiena da. </p><p>Kakao-gurinaren eta kakao-hautsaren etorkizuneko prezioa zehazteko, alearen prezioa ratio batez biderkatuko da. Gurinaren eta hautsaren proportzio konbinatua 3,5 ingurukoa izan da. Proportzio konbinatua 3,2 gehiago edo gutxiago bada, ekoizpena ekonomikoki bideragarria izateari uzten dio, eta lantegi batzuek gurina eta hautsa ateratzeari uzten diote, eta kakao-likorearekin soilik saltzen dute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontsumoa">Kontsumoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kontsumoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Kontsumoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mundu osoko jendeak modu askotan gozatzen du kakaoaz, urtean 3 milioi tona kakao-ale baino gehiago kontsumituz. Kakao-aleak bildu, hartzitu, lehortu eta garraiatu ondoren, hainbat osagaitan prozesatzen dira. Prozesadoreak ehotzea da merkatua aztertzeko neurri nagusia. Elaborazioa da kakao-alearen kontsumoa eskaintzarekin ekitatiboki alderatu daitekeen azken fasea. Urrats horren ondoren, osagai guztiak industrien bidez saltzen zaizkie produktu mota desberdinen fabrikatzaile askori. </p><p>Elaboraziorako munduko merkatu-kuota egonkor mantendu da, nahiz eta ehotzeek gora egin eskaria asetzeko. Bolumenaren araberako herrialde prozesatzailerik handienetako bat Holanda da, munduko ehoketen% 13 inguru erabiltzen baititu. Europak eta Errusiak, oro har, prozesamendu-merkatuaren% 38 inguru erabiltzen dute. Urtetik urtera eskariaren batez besteko hazkundea% 3 baino pixka bat handiagoa izan da 2008tik. Europa eta Ipar Amerika nahiko merkatu egonkorrak diren arren, garapen bidean dauden herrialdeetako familien diru-sarreren igoera da eskariaren hazkunde egonkorraren arrazoi nagusia. Eskariak hazten jarraitzea espero denez, eskaintzaren hazkundea moteldu egin daiteke, kakao-ekoizpen handieneko zonetan klima-baldintzak aldatu direlako <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kakaoa_txanpon_gisa">Kakaoa txanpon gisa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kakaoa txanpon gisa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Kakaoa txanpon gisa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kakaoa txanpon bezala erabiltzen zen antzinako Erdialdeko Amerikan: </p><p>Mexikoko zenbait landa-eremutan oraindik unitate <b>zontlea</b> zur, egur, fruitu eta abarretarako unitate gisa erabiltzen zuten, eta zama indiar <b>tlameme</b> batek lepoan eraman zezakeen kakao-pisua zen. Merkatuan, kakaoak, oro har, 60 edo 80 ale balio ditu erreal batengatik. Jakina, urteko uztaren araberako gorabeherak zeuden.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unitate monetariorik handiena 24,000 kakao ale zituen zakua zen. Espainiar kolonian, zilarrezko errege bat, 140 kakao aleren baliokidea zen. </p><p>Bitxia da kakaoa, txanpon gisa, zenbaitetan indigenek faltsutu izana. Istorioak dioenez, Antonio de Mendoza erregeordeak 1537an faltsifikazio horien laginak bidali zizkion Karlos V.ari: mamitik hustutako kakao hazien oskolak eta lodoarekin bete beharreko itzuliak.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Mendozakoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Mendozakoa (sortu gabe)">Antonio Mendozakoa</a> erregeordeak berak sortutako ale "faltsu" batzuk bidali zizkion <a href="/wiki/Karlos_Maria_Isidro_Borboikoa" title="Karlos Maria Isidro Borboikoa">Karlos V.</a>ari bitxikeria gisa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_bilatzaileaweb&task=indizeaKontsultatu&view=emaitzaazaldu&query=kakaoa">Kakao</a>" Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/bizigiro/bostehun-urteko-adikzioa_2127846_102.html">«Bostehun urteko adikzioa»</a> <i>Berria</i> 2024-07-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-07-30)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/cocoa">cocoa (n.)</a>" Online etimology dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman, Terrence; Justeson, John (2006). "History of the Word for 'Cacao' and Related Terms in Ancient Meso-America". In Cameron L. McNeil (ed.). <i>Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao</i>. University Press of Florida. p. 121. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8130-3382-2</bdi>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024014134/http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/chocolate/chocolate.php">"Chocolate Facts"</a> <i>2005eko ekainak 11a</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/chocolate/chocolate.php">The original</a> <i>-etik hartuta 2007ko urriak 24an.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181029130945.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181029130945.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=urs9QCMKOw4C&pg=PA2&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Cocoa Liburua</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (2005) [1632]. <i>Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España</i>. Felipe Castro Gutiérrez (Introduction). Mexico: Editores Mexicanos Unidos, S.A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.chocolatemonthclub.com/chocolate-history">https://www.chocolatemonthclub.com/chocolate-history</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_2.html">https://www.exploratorium.edu/exploring/exploring_chocolate/choc_2.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>"</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/12/dining/12chocolate.html">Rare cocoa beans discovered in Peru</a><i>" The New York Times</i>. Retrieved 1 February2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Nolan, Emily (2002).<i>"<a href="//archive.org/details/bakingfordummies00emil/page/57" class="extiw" title="iarchive:bakingfordummies00emil/page/57">Baking For Dummies</a>"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Kisiedu, E. W.; Ntifo, S. E. A. (1975). "Problems of cocoa storage and shipment in Ghana". In Kumar, R. (ed.). <i>Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of West African Cocoa Entomologists, Legon, Ghana, 1974</i>. Zoology Department of University of Ghana. pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">"World Cocoa Foundation Market Update 2014" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609222404/https://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Cocoa-Market-Update-as-of-4-1-2014.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Miguel I. Muñoz, Historia numismática del Estado de México, Biblioteca Enciclopédica del Estado de México, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112820/http://www.oem.com.mx/esto/notas/n2669919.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112820/http://www.oem.com.mx/esto/notas/n2669919.htm</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakao&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span 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