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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_from_the_side"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Visible from the side</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_from_the_side-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visible_from_the_front_or_above" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_from_the_front_or_above"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Visible from the front or above</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_from_the_front_or_above-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visible_from_below_or_inside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_from_below_or_inside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Visible from below or inside</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_from_below_or_inside-sublist" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis_of_a_syndesmotic_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diagnosis of a syndesmotic injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis_of_a_syndesmotic_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syndesmotic_tear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syndesmotic_tear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Syndesmotic tear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syndesmotic_tear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gomphosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gomphosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gomphosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gomphosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suture_(joint)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Suture (joint)">Suture (joint)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fixed joints between bones held together by dense, fibrous tissue</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Fibrous joint</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:904_Fibrous_Joints.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/904_Fibrous_Joints.jpg/250px-904_Fibrous_Joints.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/904_Fibrous_Joints.jpg/375px-904_Fibrous_Joints.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/904_Fibrous_Joints.jpg/500px-904_Fibrous_Joints.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fibrous joints</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>articulatio fibrosa, junctura fibrosa</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/03.0.00.004%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A03.0.00.004</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1517">1517</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7492">7492</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2865760" class="extiw" title="d:Q2865760">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <b>fibrous joints</b> are <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> connected by <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_connective_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous connective tissue">fibrous tissue</a>, consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>. These are fixed joints where <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> are united by a layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness. In the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>, the joints between the bones are called <a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">sutures</a>. Such immovable joints are also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Synarthrosis" title="Synarthrosis">synarthroses</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most fibrous joints are also called "fixed" or "immovable". These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">Sutures</a>: The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called <i><a href="#Sutures">sutures</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-titleModule_–_Introduction_to_Joints_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titleModule_–_Introduction_to_Joints-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetal</a> skulls, the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid (<a href="/wiki/Synarthrosis" title="Synarthrosis">synarthrodial</a>).</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">Syndesmosis</a>: Some of the <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bones</a> in the body such as the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> are joined by a <i><a href="#Syndesmosis">syndesmosis</a></i> (along the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_forearm" title="Interosseous membrane of forearm">interosseous membrane</a>). Syndemoses are slightly moveable (<a href="/wiki/Amphiarthrosis" title="Amphiarthrosis">amphiarthrodial</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Inferior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Inferior tibiofibular joint">distal tibiofibular joint</a> is another example.</li></ul> <ul><li>A <i><a href="#Gomphosis">gomphosis</a></i> is a joint between the root of a <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dental_alveolus" title="Dental alveolus">socket</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human_mandible" class="mw-redirect" title="Human mandible">mandible</a> (jawbones).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sutures">Sutures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sutures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">Suture (anatomy)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray188.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gray188.png/220px-Gray188.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gray188.png/330px-Gray188.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gray188.png/440px-Gray188.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Side view of the skull</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_skull_side_suturas_right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Human_skull_side_suturas_right.svg/440px-Human_skull_side_suturas_right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Human_skull_side_suturas_right.svg/660px-Human_skull_side_suturas_right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Human_skull_side_suturas_right.svg/880px-Human_skull_side_suturas_right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Human skull side sutures right</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>suture</b> is a type of fibrous joint that is only found in the skull (<b>cranial suture</b>). The bones are bound together by <a href="/wiki/Sharpey%27s_fibres" title="Sharpey's fibres">Sharpey's fibres</a>. A tiny amount of movement is permitted at sutures, which contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">compliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a> of the skull. These joints are <a href="/wiki/Synarthrosis" title="Synarthrosis">synarthroses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titleModule_–_Introduction_to_Joints_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titleModule_–_Introduction_to_Joints-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is normal for many of the bones of the skull to remain unfused at birth. The fusion of the skull's bones before birth is known as <a href="/wiki/Craniosynostosis" title="Craniosynostosis">craniosynostosis</a>. The term "<a href="/wiki/Fontanelle" title="Fontanelle">fontanelle</a>" is used to describe the resulting "soft spots". The relative positions of the bones continue to change during the life of the adult (though less rapidly), which can provide useful information in <a href="/wiki/Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensics">forensics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. In old age, cranial sutures may ossify (turn to bone) completely.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joints between the teeth and jaws (gomphoses) and the joint between the mandible and the cranium, the <a href="/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint" title="Temporomandibular joint">temporomandibular joint</a>, form the only non-sutured joints in the skull. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_sutures">Types of sutures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of sutures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Serrate sutures</b> – similar to a denticulate suture but the interlocking regions are serrated rather than square. Eg: Coronal suture, sagittal Sutures.</li> <li><b>Plane sutures</b> – edges of the bones are flush with each other as in a normal <a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">butt joint</a>. Eg: Internasal suture.</li> <li><b>Limbous sutures</b> – edges are bevelled so the plane of the suture is sloping as in a <a href="/wiki/Mitre_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre joint">mitre joint</a>. Eg: Temporo-parietal suture.</li> <li><b>Schindylesis</b> – formed by two bones fitting into each other similar to a <a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">bridle joint</a>. Eg: Palatomaxillary suture.</li> <li><b>Denticulate sutures</b> – the edges slot into each other as in a <a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">finger joint</a>. Eg: Lambdoid suture.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_sutures">List of sutures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of sutures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutures_from_top.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sutures_from_top.png/330px-Sutures_from_top.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Sutures_from_top.png 1.5x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Cranial sutures viewed from top of head</figcaption></figure> <p>Most sutures are named for the bones they articulate, but some have special names of their own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visible_from_the_side">Visible from the side</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visible from the side"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_suture" title="Coronal suture">Coronal suture</a> – between the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambdoid_suture" title="Lambdoid suture">Lambdoid suture</a> – between the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occipital</a> bones and continuous with the occipitomastoid suture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipitomastoid_suture" title="Occipitomastoid suture">Occipitomastoid suture</a> – between the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">occipital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">temporal</a> bones and continuous with the lambdoid suture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenofrontal_suture" title="Sphenofrontal suture">Sphenofrontal suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoparietal_suture" title="Sphenoparietal suture">Sphenoparietal suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenosquamosal_suture" title="Sphenosquamosal suture">Sphenosquamosal suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenozygomatic_suture" title="Sphenozygomatic suture">Sphenozygomatic suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamosal_suture" title="Squamosal suture">Squamosal suture</a> – between the parietal and the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">temporal bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomaticotemporal_suture" title="Zygomaticotemporal suture">Zygomaticotemporal suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomaticofrontal_suture" title="Zygomaticofrontal suture">Zygomaticofrontal suture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visible_from_the_front_or_above">Visible from the front or above</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Visible from the front or above"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_suture" title="Frontal suture">Frontal suture</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metopic_suture" class="mw-redirect" title="Metopic suture">Metopic suture</a> – between the two <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontal bones">frontal bones</a>, prior to the fusion of the two into a single bone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_suture" title="Sagittal suture">Sagittal suture</a> – along the midline, between <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visible_from_below_or_inside">Visible from below or inside</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Visible from below or inside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontoethmoidal_suture" title="Frontoethmoidal suture">Frontoethmoidal suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosquamous_suture" title="Petrosquamous suture">Petrosquamous suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoethmoidal_suture" title="Sphenoethmoidal suture">Sphenoethmoidal suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenopetrosal_suture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenopetrosal suture">Sphenopetrosal suture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambdoid_suture.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambdoid suture"><img alt="Lambdoid suture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lambdoid_suture.png/120px-Lambdoid_suture.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lambdoid_suture.png/180px-Lambdoid_suture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lambdoid_suture.png/240px-Lambdoid_suture.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lambdoid suture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SchaedelSeitlichSutur1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coronal suture"><img alt="Coronal suture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/SchaedelSeitlichSutur1.png/120px-SchaedelSeitlichSutur1.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/SchaedelSeitlichSutur1.png/180px-SchaedelSeitlichSutur1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/SchaedelSeitlichSutur1.png/240px-SchaedelSeitlichSutur1.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coronal suture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SchaedelSeitlichSutur3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Squamosal suture"><img alt="Squamosal suture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SchaedelSeitlichSutur3.png/120px-SchaedelSeitlichSutur3.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SchaedelSeitlichSutur3.png/180px-SchaedelSeitlichSutur3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SchaedelSeitlichSutur3.png/240px-SchaedelSeitlichSutur3.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Squamosal suture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SchaedelSeitlichSutur4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Zygomaticotemporal suture"><img alt="Zygomaticotemporal suture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SchaedelSeitlichSutur4.png/120px-SchaedelSeitlichSutur4.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SchaedelSeitlichSutur4.png/180px-SchaedelSeitlichSutur4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SchaedelSeitlichSutur4.png/240px-SchaedelSeitlichSutur4.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zygomaticotemporal suture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagittal_suture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagittal suture."><img alt="Sagittal suture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sagittal_suture.jpg/120px-Sagittal_suture.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sagittal_suture.jpg/180px-Sagittal_suture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sagittal_suture.jpg/240px-Sagittal_suture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sagittal suture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagittal_suture_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagittal suture."><img alt="Sagittal suture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sagittal_suture_2.jpg/120px-Sagittal_suture_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sagittal_suture_2.jpg/180px-Sagittal_suture_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sagittal_suture_2.jpg/240px-Sagittal_suture_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sagittal suture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagittal_suture_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagittal suture."><img alt="Sagittal suture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sagittal_suture_3.jpg/120px-Sagittal_suture_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sagittal_suture_3.jpg/180px-Sagittal_suture_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sagittal_suture_3.jpg/240px-Sagittal_suture_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sagittal suture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kort-lang-skalle.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Top view of cranial suture."><img alt="Top view of cranial suture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif/120px-Kort-lang-skalle.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif/180px-Kort-lang-skalle.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif/240px-Kort-lang-skalle.gif 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Top view of cranial suture.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syndesmosis">Syndesmosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syndesmosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>syndesmosis</b> is a slightly mobile<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fibrous joint in which bones such as the tibia and fibula are joined together by connective tissue. An example is the distal tibiofibular joint. Injuries to the ankle syndesmosis are commonly known as a "high ankle sprain". Although the syndesmosis is a joint, in the literature the term syndesmotic injury is used to describe injury of the syndesmotic ligaments. It comes from the Greek σύν, <i>syn</i> (meaning "with") and δεσμός, <i>desmos</i> (meaning "a band").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syndesmosis sprains have received increasing recognition during recent years because of a heightened awareness of the mechanism, symptoms, and signs of injury.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17146360_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17146360-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis_of_a_syndesmotic_injury">Diagnosis of a syndesmotic injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diagnosis of a syndesmotic injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diagnosis of syndesmosis injuries by physical examination is often straightforward. Physical examination findings that are often positive include the squeeze test and the external rotation test. Patients with high-grade syndesmosis injuries often cannot perform a single-leg heel raise. Patients report pain in varying degrees over the anterior and often posterior distal fibular joint.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23464940_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23464940-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syndesmotic_tear">Syndesmotic tear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syndesmotic tear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The severity of acute syndesmosis injury is rated from grade I to III by several authors. A grade I injury is a partial anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament tear, meaning the exorotation and squeeze tests are negative for this grade. Grade II injury is a complete anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament and inferior interosseous ligament tear, meaning that squeeze test and exorotation are positive. This results in the injury being stabilized with immobilization but not operatively stabilized. A grade III injury is a complete anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament tear including a (partial) interosseous ligament tear and deltoid ligament avulsion, meaning the joint is unstable and positive on the exorotation and squeeze tests. This grade requires operative stabilization.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23218625_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23218625-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the syndesmosis is torn apart as result of bone fracture, surgeons will sometimes fix the relevant bones together with a <a href="/wiki/Syndesmotic_screw" title="Syndesmotic screw">syndesmotic screw</a>, temporarily replacing the syndesmosis, or with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tightrope_fixation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tightrope fixation (page does not exist)">tightrope fixation</a>, which is called <a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis_procedure" title="Syndesmosis procedure">syndesmosis procedure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The screw inhibits normal movement of the bones and, thereby, the corresponding joint(s). When the natural articulation is healed, the screw may be removed. The tightrope fixation with elastic fiberwire suture on the other hand allows physiologic motion of the ankle and may be permanent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gomphosis">Gomphosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gomphosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1003.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1003.png/240px-Gray1003.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1003.png/360px-Gray1003.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1003.png/480px-Gray1003.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">teeth</a>, viewed from the right</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gomphosis</b>, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Dental_alveolus" title="Dental alveolus">dentoalveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">syndesmosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'peg and socket joint'<sup id="cite_ref-ana&physio_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ana&physio-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a joint that binds the <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">teeth</a> to bony <a href="/wiki/Dental_alveolus" title="Dental alveolus">teeth sockets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxillary bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_mandible" class="mw-redirect" title="Human mandible">mandible</a>. Gomphos is the Greek word for "bolt". The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontal ligament">periodontal ligament</a>. Specifically, the connection is made between the maxilla or mandible to the cementum of the tooth. </p><p>The motion of a gomphosis is minimal, though considerable movement can be achieved over time—the basis of using braces to realign teeth. The joint can be considered a <a href="/wiki/Synarthrosis" title="Synarthrosis">synarthrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titleArticulations_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titleArticulations-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gomphosis is the only joint-type in which a bone does not join another bone, as teeth are not technically bone. In modern, more anatomical, joint classification, the gomphosis is simply considered a fibrous joint because the tissue linking the structures is ligamentous. It has been suggested that this permanent soft-tissue attachment was a critical requisite in the evolution of the mammalian (<a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsid</a>) <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whitney2021_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitney2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-titleModule_–_Introduction_to_Joints-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-titleModule_–_Introduction_to_Joints_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-titleModule_–_Introduction_to_Joints_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217080425/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_05.html">"Module – Introduction to Joints"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+synapsid+tusk%3A+insights+from+dicynodont+therapsid+tusk+histology&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=1961&rft.pages=20211670&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8548784%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34702071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2021.1670&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft.au=Angielczyk%2C+K.D.&rft.au=Peecook%2C+B.R.&rft.au=Sidor%2C+C.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8548784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibrous+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrous_joint&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial_fibrous_joints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial fibrous joints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibrous_joints_of_the_human_skull" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fibrous joints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">human skull</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">Syndesmosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pterygospinous_ligament" title="Pterygospinous ligament">Pterygospinous ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylohyoid_ligament" title="Stylohyoid ligament">Stylohyoid ligament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suture_(joint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suture (joint)">Sutures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Involving the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontoethmoidal_suture" title="Frontoethmoidal suture">frontoethmoidal suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_suture" title="Frontal suture">frontal suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_suture" title="Coronal suture">coronal suture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipitomastoid_suture" title="Occipitomastoid suture">occipitomastoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambdoid_suture" title="Lambdoid suture">lambdoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_suture" title="Sagittal suture">sagittal</a></li> <li>Involving the <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">sphenoid bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoethmoidal_suture" title="Sphenoethmoidal suture">sphenoethmoidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenofrontal_suture" title="Sphenofrontal suture">with frontal bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoparietal_suture" title="Sphenoparietal suture">with parietal bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenosquamosal_suture" title="Sphenosquamosal suture">sphenosquamosal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Involving the <a href="/wiki/Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Petrous part of the temporal bone">Petrous part of the temporal bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphenopetrosal_suture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenopetrosal suture">sphenopetrosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosquamous_suture" title="Petrosquamous suture">petrosquamous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamosal_suture" title="Squamosal suture">squamosal</a></li> <li><i>Facial:</i> <a href="/wiki/Palatomaxillary_suture" title="Palatomaxillary suture">palatomaxillary suture</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Involving the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_process" title="Zygomatic process">zygomatic process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphenozygomatic_suture" title="Sphenozygomatic suture">with sphenoid bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomaticotemporal_suture" title="Zygomaticotemporal suture">with temporal bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomaticofrontal_suture" title="Zygomaticofrontal suture">with frontal bone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mouth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomphosis">Gomphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_fiber" title="Periodontal fiber">Periodontal fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontium" title="Periodontium">Periodontium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_alveolus" title="Dental alveolus">Dental alveolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">Gingiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">Cementum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joints" title="Template:Joints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joints" title="Template talk:Joints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fibrous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomphosis">Gomphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(joint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suture (joint)">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">Syndesmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane" title="Interosseous membrane">Interosseous membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchondrosis" title="Synchondrosis">Synchondrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphysis" title="Symphysis">Symphysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">synovial</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Plane_joint" title="Plane joint">Plane joint</a></li> <li>1° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">Hinge joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivot_joint" title="Pivot joint">Pivot joint</a></li></ul></li> <li>2° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condyloid_joint" title="Condyloid joint">Condyloid joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_joint" title="Saddle joint">Saddle joint</a></li></ul></li> <li>3° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_and_socket_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball and socket joint">Ball and socket joint</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Synostosis" title="Synostosis">synostosis</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i>by range of motion:</i> <a href="/wiki/Synarthrosis" title="Synarthrosis">Synarthrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiarthrosis" title="Amphiarthrosis">Amphiarthrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Diarthrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinesiology" title="Kinesiology">Kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Anatomical terms of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agonist_(muscle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agonist (muscle)">Agonist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antagonist_(muscle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonist (muscle)">Antagonist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>general:</i> <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">Flexion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Adduction">Adduction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abduction_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abduction (kinesiology)">Abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal rotation">Internal rotation</a>/<a href="/wiki/External_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="External rotation">External rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (kinesiology)">Elevation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Depression_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (kinesiology)">Depression</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>specialized/upper limbs:</i> <a href="/wiki/Protraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Protraction">Protraction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Retraction_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retraction (kinesiology)">Retraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supination" class="mw-redirect" title="Supination">Supination</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronation">Pronation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>specialized/lower limbs:</i> <a href="/wiki/Plantarflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantarflexion">Plantarflexion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dorsiflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsiflexion">Dorsiflexion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eversion_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eversion (kinesiology)">Eversion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inversion_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inversion (kinesiology)">Inversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>capsular:</i> <a href="/wiki/Joint_capsule" title="Joint capsule">Joint capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_membrane" title="Synovial membrane">Synovial membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_membrane_of_articular_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous membrane of articular capsule">Fibrous membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_fluid" title="Synovial fluid">Synovial fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_bursa" title="Synovial bursa">Synovial bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articular_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular disk">Articular disk</a>/<a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">Meniscus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>extracapsular:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">Ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthesis" title="Enthesis">Enthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_arm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expand autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joints_of_upper_limbs" title="Template:Joints of upper limbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joints_of_upper_limbs" title="Template talk:Joints of upper limbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joints_of_upper_limbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joints of upper limbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sternoclavicular_joint" title="Sternoclavicular joint">Sternoclavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_sternoclavicular_ligament" title="Anterior sternoclavicular ligament">Anterior sternoclavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_sternoclavicular_ligament" title="Posterior sternoclavicular ligament">Posterior sternoclavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interclavicular_ligament" title="Interclavicular ligament">Interclavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoclavicular_ligament" title="Costoclavicular ligament">Costoclavicular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acromioclavicular_joint" title="Acromioclavicular joint">Acromioclavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">Syndesmoses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coracoacromial_ligament" title="Coracoacromial ligament">Coracoacromial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_transverse_scapular_ligament" title="Superior transverse scapular ligament">Superior transverse scapular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_transverse_ligament_of_scapula" title="Inferior transverse ligament of scapula">Inferior transverse of scapula</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acromioclavicular_ligament" title="Acromioclavicular ligament">Acromioclavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracoclavicular_ligament" title="Coracoclavicular ligament">Coracoclavicular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_ligament" title="Trapezoid ligament">trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conoid_ligament" title="Conoid ligament">conoid</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">Glenohumeral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular capsule of the humerus">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracohumeral_ligament" title="Coracohumeral ligament">Coracohumeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_ligaments" title="Glenohumeral ligaments">Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_humeral_ligament" title="Transverse humeral ligament">Transverse humeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenoid_labrum" title="Glenoid labrum">Glenoid labrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humeroradial_joint" title="Humeroradial joint">Humeroradial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radial_collateral_ligament_of_elbow_joint" title="Radial collateral ligament of elbow joint">Radial collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humeroulnar_joint" title="Humeroulnar joint">Humeroulnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_of_elbow_joint" title="Ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint">Ulnar collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proximal_radioulnar_articulation" title="Proximal radioulnar articulation">Proximal radioulnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anular_ligament_of_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anular ligament of radius">Anular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_cord" title="Oblique cord">Oblique cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrate_ligament" title="Quadrate ligament">Quadrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Distal_radioulnar" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_articulation" title="Distal radioulnar articulation">Distal radioulnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_radioulnar_ligament" title="Palmar radioulnar ligament">Palmar radioulnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_radioulnar_ligament" title="Dorsal radioulnar ligament">Dorsal radioulnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_forearm" title="Interosseous membrane of forearm">Interosseous membrane of forearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist/radiocarpal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_radiocarpal_ligament" title="Dorsal radiocarpal ligament">Dorsal radiocarpal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Palmar_radiocarpal_ligament" title="Palmar radiocarpal ligament">Palmar radiocarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_ulnocarpal_ligament" title="Dorsal ulnocarpal ligament">Dorsal ulnocarpal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Palmar_ulnocarpal_ligament" title="Palmar ulnocarpal ligament">Palmar ulnocarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_of_wrist_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulnar collateral ligament of wrist joint">Ulnar collateral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Radial_collateral_ligament_of_wrist_joint" title="Radial collateral ligament of wrist joint">Radial collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intercarpal_joints" title="Intercarpal joints">Intercarpal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midcarpal_joint" title="Midcarpal joint">Midcarpal</a></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiate_carpal_ligament" title="Radiate carpal ligament">Radiate carpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_intercarpal_ligament" title="Dorsal intercarpal ligament">Dorsal intercarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_intercarpal_ligaments" title="Palmar intercarpal ligaments">Palmar intercarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_intercarpal_ligaments" title="Interosseous intercarpal ligaments">Interosseous intercarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapholunate_ligament" title="Scapholunate ligament">Scapholunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiform_joint" title="Pisiform joint">Pisiform joint</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pisohamate_ligament" title="Pisohamate ligament">Pisohamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisometacarpal_ligament" title="Pisometacarpal ligament">Pisometacarpal</a>)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpal_joint" title="Carpometacarpal joint">Carpometacarpal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_carpometacarpal_ligaments" title="Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments">Dorsal carpometacarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_carpometacarpal_ligaments" title="Palmar carpometacarpal ligaments">Palmar carpometacarpal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb" title="Carpometacarpal joint">thumb</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Radial_collateral_ligament_of_thumb" title="Radial collateral ligament of thumb">Radial collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_of_thumb" title="Ulnar collateral ligament of thumb">Ulnar collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intermetacarpal_joints" title="Intermetacarpal joints">Intermetacarpal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_transverse_metacarpal_ligament" title="Deep transverse metacarpal ligament">Deep transverse metacarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_transverse_metacarpal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament">Superficial transverse metacarpal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metacarpophalangeal_joint" title="Metacarpophalangeal joint">Metacarpophalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_metacarpophalangeal_joints" title="Collateral ligaments of metacarpophalangeal joints">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_plate" title="Palmar plate">Palmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_joints_of_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Interphalangeal joints of hand">Interphalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligament_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_hand" title="Collateral ligament of interphalangeal joints of hand">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_plate" title="Palmar plate">Palmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel" title="Carpal tunnel">Carpal tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_canal" title="Ulnar canal">Ulnar canal</a></li></ul> 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