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aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M20,4H4C2.895,4,2,4.895,2,6v12c0,1.105,0.895,2,2,2h16c1.105,0,2-0.895,2-2V6C22,4.895,21.105,4,20,4z M20,8.236l-8,4.882 L4,8.236V6h16V8.236z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main id="site-content" role="main"> <div class="page-header" style="background-image:url(https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/nano-feature.jpg); "> <div class="section-inner"> <h1 class="title-header">Nanoscale Properties</h1> </div> </div> <article class="post-388 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry" id="post-388"> <header class="entry-header has-text-align-center header-footer-group"> <div class="entry-header-inner section-inner medium"> <h1 class="entry-title">Nanoscale Properties</h1> <div class="intro-text section-inner max-percentage small"> <p>Properties of materials at the nanoscale are different in many cases from the properties of materials observed in other scales.</p> </div> </div> </header> <div class="post-inner "> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="alignwide flexColumns"> <div class="contentCol"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Nanoscale Properties</h2> <p>Properties of materials at the nanoscale are different in many cases from the properties of materials observed on other length scales.</p> <p>Consider, for example, the melting point of metals. Nanoparticles often exhibit a lower melting point than the corresponding metals in bulk, and these melting points depend on size. For example, bulk gold melts at 1064 degrees Celsius, but a 4 nm gold particle melts at roughly 850 degrees Celsius.</p> <p>In semiconductors such as Silicon, the band gap changes with particle size. The <a href="http://trynano.org/resources/glossary#bandgap">band gap</a> is the energy needed to move an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. This characteristic affects the electrical and optical properties of various semiconductors (such as Silicon, Germanium and Gallium Arsenide) and impacts where these materials are used. The band gaps of these three materials are 1.12, 0.67 and 1.42 electron volts (eV) respectively in bulk form. Studies show that the band gap increases when these materials are made in the form of nanowires or nanoparticles. (A nanowire is a wire-like structure with diameter of the order nanometers). For example, a silicon nanowire with diameter of 1.3 nm has a very wide band gap of 3.5 eV.</p> <p>The color of a material can also depend on size. The appearance of color is caused by the partial absorption of light primarily by electrons in that material; light that isn’t absorbed remains visible.</p> <p>On many smooth metal surfaces, light is reflected by the very high density of conduction electrons in these materials; this is why the surfaces of slabs of metal can have a mirror-like appearance. In contrast, small particles absorb some of the light leading to the appearance of color. This property depends on the size of nanoparticles.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-large"><img decoding="async" width="175" height="191" src="https://trynano.ieeenano.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/vase.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-390"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chinese Ruby color pottery using gold particles.  <em>Image Credit: NASA Ames Center for Nanotechnology</em></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Nanosystems are not large enough for many classical laws of physics to apply. For example, Ohm’s law, which describes the relation between current and voltage in a conductor, does not describe current conduction through a tiny nanowire. Here other effects, known as <em>quantum mechanical effects</em> become important.</p> </div> <div class="sidebarCol"> <img src="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/nanoscaleproperties-scaled.jpg" /> <span>Graphene, a molecular network of hexagons connected together. Chemical network. Carbon, nanomaterials. Image credit: sermax55/bigstock.com</span> <h3>Read More</h3> <div class="related-box"> <div class="relative-item"> <a href="https://trynano.org/about-nanotechnology/history-of-nanotechnology/"><img width="300" height="294" src="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/smdrexel2-2a-300x294.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Model of water inside a carbon nanotube. Image Credit: Henry Ye, Drexel University" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/smdrexel2-2a-300x294.jpg 300w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/smdrexel2-2a.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://trynano.org/about-nanotechnology/history-of-nanotechnology/">History of Nanotechnology</a> <div class="excerpt"> As is the case with many other disciplines, applications of nanotechnology (for example, in making steel and creating paintings) were in use centuries before the field was formally defined. </div> </div> <div class="relative-item"> <a href="https://trynano.org/about-nanotechnology/the-future-of-nanotechnology/"><img width="300" height="169" src="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-300x169.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-300x169.jpg 300w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-768x432.jpg 768w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://trynano.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/futureofnano.jpg 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a> <a href="https://trynano.org/about-nanotechnology/the-future-of-nanotechnology/">The Future of Nanotechnology</a> <div class="excerpt"> The future of nanotechnology has been a subject of many scientific and nonscientific speculations, including several doomsday visions in popular culture that predicted self-replicating nano particles taking part in massive assaults on humanity and the environment. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </main> <div class="footer-nav-widgets-wrapper header-footer-group"> <a class="to-the-top" href="#site-header"> <span class="to-the-top-long"> To the top <span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true">↑</span> </span> <span class="to-the-top-short"> Up <span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true">↑</span> </span> </a> <div class="footer-inner section-inner"> <aside class="footer-widgets-outer-wrapper" role="complementary"> <div class="footer-widgets-wrapper"> <div class="footer-widgets"> <div class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-content"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="/education-resources/nanotechnology-glossary/"> <svg version="1.1" id="Capa_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="enable-background:new 0 0 512 512;" xml:space="preserve"> <g> <g> <path 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href="/education-resources/nanotechnology-glossary/"><span>Glossary</span></a></div></div></div><div class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-content"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://ieeenano.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><svg version="1.1" id="Capa_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" style="enable-background:new 0 0 512 512;" xml:space="preserve"> <g> <g> <path d="M477.9,102.4c-18.8,0-34.1,15.3-34.1,34.1s15.3,34.1,34.1,34.1s34.1-15.3,34.1-34.1C512,117.7,496.7,102.4,477.9,102.4z M477.9,153.6c-9.4,0-17.1-7.7-17.1-17.1c0-9.4,7.7-17.1,17.1-17.1s17.1,7.7,17.1,17.1C494.9,145.9,487.3,153.6,477.9,153.6z" /> </g> </g> <g> <g> <path d="M34.1,384C15.3,384,0,399.3,0,418.1s15.3,34.1,34.1,34.1c18.8,0,34.1-15.3,34.1-34.1S53,384,34.1,384z M34.1,435.2 c-9.4,0-17.1-7.7-17.1-17.1s7.7-17.1,17.1-17.1c9.4,0,17.1,7.7,17.1,17.1S43.5,435.2,34.1,435.2z" /> 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