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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="आर्यभट्ट केरो संख्यापद्धति – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आर्यभट्ट केरो संख्यापद्धति" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="আর্যভট্ট সংখ্যাপাতকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্যভট্ট সংখ্যাপাতকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADslov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_%C3%81rjabhata" title="Číslování Árjabhata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Číslování Árjabhata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahlschrift_des_Aryabhata" title="Zahlschrift des Aryabhata – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zahlschrift des Aryabhata" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeraci%C3%B3n_%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa" title="Numeración Āryabhaṭa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Numeración Āryabhaṭa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="आर्यभट्ट की संख्यापद्धति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्यभट्ट की संख्यापद्धति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angka_Sanskerta" title="Angka Sanskerta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angka Sanskerta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rjabhata_sz%C3%A1m%C3%A1br%C3%A1zol%C3%A1sa" title="Árjabhata számábrázolása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Árjabhata számábrázolása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ആര്യഭടീയത്തിലെ അക്ഷരസംഖ്യകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആര്യഭടീയത്തിലെ അക്ഷരസംഖ്യകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angka_%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa" title="Angka Āryabhaṭa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angka Āryabhaṭa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata-Tallen" title="Aryabhata-Tallen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aryabhata-Tallen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeracja_Aryabhata" title="Numeracja Aryabhata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Numeracja Aryabhata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa" title="Numeração Āryabhaṭa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Numeração Āryabhaṭa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa+numeration%22">"Āryabhaṭa numeration"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa+numeration%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa+numeration%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa+numeration%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa+numeration%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa+numeration%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sanskrit numerals" redirects here. For the basic numerals of Sanskrit, see <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar#Numerals" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit grammar § Numerals</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numeral_systems" title="Category:Numeral systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">Place-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numerals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_numerals" title="Gujarati numerals">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi numerals">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_numerals" title="Odia numerals">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_numerals" title="Sinhala numerals">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_numerals" title="Malayalam numerals">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script#Numerals" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script#Numerals" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_numerals" title="Dzongkha numerals">Dzongkha</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_numerals" title="Balinese numerals">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerals" title="Burmese numerals">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_numerals" title="Javanese numerals">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_numerals" title="Khmer numerals">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script#Numerals" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_numerals" title="Mongolian numerals">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_numerals" title="Sundanese numerals">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">East Asian systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_numerals" title="Suzhou numerals">Suzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_numerals" title="Hokkien numerals">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_numerals" title="Vietnamese numerals">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counting_rods" title="Counting rods">Counting rods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_numerals" title="Tangut numerals">Tangut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">History</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform_numerals" title="Babylonian cuneiform numerals">Babylonian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_numerals" title="Cistercian numerals">Cistercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadic_numerals" title="Pentadic numerals">Pentadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_Numeral_Symbols" title="Rumi Numeral Symbols">Rumi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary#Numerals" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaktovik_numerals" title="Kaktovik numerals">Kaktovik</a> (Iñupiaq)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">radix/base</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Common radices/bases</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_numeral_system" title="Quaternary numeral system">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinary" title="Quinary">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senary" title="Senary">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodecimal" title="Duodecimal">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal">60</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Non-standard_positional_numeral_systems" title="Non-standard positional numeral systems">Non-standard radices/bases</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijective_numeration" title="Bijective numeration">Bijective</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unary_numeral_system" title="Unary numeral system">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed-digit_representation" title="Signed-digit representation">Signed-digit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balanced_ternary" title="Balanced ternary">balanced ternary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_radix" title="Mixed radix">Mixed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Factorial_number_system" title="Factorial number system">factorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_base" title="Negative base">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex-base_system" title="Complex-base system">Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quater-imaginary_base" title="Quater-imaginary base">2i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-integer_base_of_numeration" title="Non-integer base of numeration">Non-integer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio_base" title="Golden ratio base">φ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sign-value_notation" title="Sign-value notation">Sign-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Non-alphabetic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_numerals" title="Aegean numerals">Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script#Numerals" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_numerals" title="Brahmi numerals">Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_numerals" title="Chuvash numerals">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_numerals" title="Egyptian numerals">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_numerals" title="Etruscan numerals">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi numerals">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-cuneiform" title="Proto-cuneiform">Proto-cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_marks" title="Tally marks">Tally marks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_numeral_system" title="Alphabetic numeral system">Alphabetic</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_numerals" title="Armenian numerals">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabic_numeral_system" title="Alphasyllabic numeral system">Alphasyllabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksharapalli" title="Aksharapalli">Akṣarapallī</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Āryabhaṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system">Kaṭapayādi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic numerals">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_numerals" title="Cyrillic numerals">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script#Numerals" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_numerals" title="Glagolitic numerals">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">List of numeral systems</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numeral_systems" title="Template talk:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Āryabhaṭa numeration is an <a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabic_numeral_system" title="Alphasyllabic numeral system">alphasyllabic numeral system</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Sanskrit phonemes</a>. It was introduced in the early 6th century in India by <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Āryabhaṭa">Āryabhaṭa</a>, in the first chapter titled Gītika Padam of his <a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a>. It attributes a numerical value to each syllable of the form consonant+vowel possible in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit phonology">Sanskrit phonology</a>, from ka = 1 up to hau = <a href="/wiki/Exa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exa">1018</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The basis of this number system is mentioned in the second stanza of the first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a>. The Varga (Group/Class) letters ka to ma are to be placed in the varga (square) places (1st, 100th, 10000th, etc.) and Avarga letters like ya, ra, la .. have to be placed in Avarga places (10th, 1000th, 100000th, etc.). The Varga letters ka to ma have values from 1, 2, 3 .. up to 25 and Avarga letters ya to ha have values 30, 40, 50 .. up to 100. In the Varga and Avarga letters, beyond the ninth vowel (place), new symbols can be used. The values for vowels are as follows: a = 1; i = 100; u = 10000; ṛ = 1000000 and so on. <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> used this number system for representing both small and large numbers in his mathematical and astronomical calculations. This system can even be used to represent fractions and mixed fractions. For example, nga is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄5, nja is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄10 and jhardam (jha=9; its half) = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4+1⁄2.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</div> <table border="1" width="320" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#F0FFFF"> <td colspan="5" height="32">Example:  299,792,458 </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%">100 101 </td> <td width="20%">102 103 </td> <td width="20%">104 105 </td> <td width="20%">106 107 </td> <td width="20%">108 </td></tr> <tr> <td> 58, </td> <td> 24, </td> <td> 79, </td> <td> 99, </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style> जल </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"> घिनि </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"> झुशु </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"> झृसृ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"> खॢ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ja-la </td> <td>ghi-ni </td> <td>jhu-śu </td> <td>jhṛ-sṛ </td> <td>khḷ </td></tr></tbody></table> The traditional Indian digit order is reversed compared to the modern way. By consequence, Āryabhaṭa began with the ones before the tens; then the hundreds and the thousands; then the <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> (105) and so on. (cf. <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a>) Another example might be ङिशिबुणॢष्खृ ṅiśibuṇḷṣkhṛ,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 1582237500. Note that in this case, 106(ṛ) and 108(ḷ) parts are swapped, and 106(ṛ) part is ligature.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] Another example from <a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a> is a verse for <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa%27s_sine_table" title="Āryabhaṭa's sine table">table of sines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> makhi bhakhi phakhi dhakhi ṇakhi ñakhi ṅakhi hasjha skaki kiṣga śghakhi kighva ghlaki kigra hakya dhaki kica sga jhaśa ṅva kla pta pha cha kala-ardha-jyāḥ </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numeral_table">Numeral table</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Numeral table">edit</a>]</div> In citing the values of Āryabhaṭa numbers, the short vowels अ, इ, उ, ऋ, ऌ, ए, and ओ are invariably used. However, the Āryabhaṭa system did not distinguish between long and short vowels. This table only cites the full slate of क-derived (1 x 10x) values, but these are valid throughout the list of numeric syllables.<a href="#cite_note-Ifrah-3">[3]</a> <table border="1" width="794" style="text-align:center" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="14" height="88" style="padding:0.6em 0 0 0"><big><big><big> The</big>   33 × 9  =  297   <big><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerical</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> </big></big></big> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="24"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="48"> </td> <td width="24"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <td bgcolor="#F0FFFF" height="28" colspan="3">Nine <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabics</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>-a </td> <td>-i </td> <td>-u </td> <td>-ṛ </td> <td>-ḷ </td> <td>-e </td> <td>-ai </td> <td>-o </td> <td>-au </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> अ </big></big></big> </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> इ </big></big></big> </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> उ </big></big></big> </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ऋ </big></big></big> </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ऌ </big></big></big> </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ए </big></big></big> </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big>ऐ </big></big></big> </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big>ओ</big></big></big> </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big>औ </big></big></big> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#E0E0E0"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="32">  </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">  </td> <td><big><big> ×</big></big> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  <big>10 0</big> </td> <td>  <big>10 2</big> </td> <td>  <big>10 4</big> </td> <td>  <big>10 6</big> </td> <td>  <big>10 8</big> </td> <td>  <big>1010</big> </td> <td><big>1012</big> </td> <td>  <big>1014</big> </td> <td><big>1016</big> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td bgcolor="#F0FFFF" height="24" colspan="3">Five <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">k - </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFCC" style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> क </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 1</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big>क</big></big> or <big><big>का</big></big> ka </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big>कि</big></big> or <big><big>की</big></big> ki </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big>कु</big></big> or <big><big>कू</big></big> ku </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big>कृ</big></big> or <big><big>कॄ</big></big> kṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big>कॢ</big></big> or <big><big>कॣ</big></big> kḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big>के</big></big> or <big><big>कॆ</big></big> ke </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big>कै</big></big> kai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big>को</big></big> or <big><big>कॊ</big></big> ko </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big>कौ</big></big> kau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">kh - </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFCC" style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ख </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 2</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ख </big></big> kha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> खि </big></big> khi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> खु </big></big> khu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> खृ </big></big> khṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> खॢ </big></big> khḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> खे </big></big> khe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> खै </big></big> khai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> खो </big></big> kho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> खौ </big></big> khau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">g - </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFCC" style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ग </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 3</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ग </big></big> ga </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> गि </big></big> gi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> गु </big></big> gu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> गृ </big></big> gṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> गॢ </big></big> gḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> गे </big></big> ge </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> गै </big></big> gai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> गो </big></big> go </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> गौ </big></big> gau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">gh - </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFCC" style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> घ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 4</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> घ </big></big> gha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> घि </big></big> ghi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> घु </big></big> ghu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> घृ </big></big> ghṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> घॢ </big></big> ghḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> घे </big></big> ghe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> घै </big></big> ghai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> घो </big></big> gho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> घौ </big></big> ghau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ṅ - </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFCC" style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ङ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 5</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ङ </big></big> ṅa </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ङि </big></big> ṅi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ङु </big></big> ṅu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ङृ </big></big> ṅṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ङॢ </big></big> ṅḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ङे </big></big> ṅe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ङै </big></big> ṅai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ङो </big></big> ṅo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ङौ </big></big> ṅau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td bgcolor="#F0FFFF" height="24" colspan="3">Five <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">c - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> च </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 6</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> च </big></big> ca </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> चि </big></big> ci </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> चु </big></big> cu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> चृ </big></big> cṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> चॢ </big></big> cḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> चे </big></big> ce </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> चै </big></big> cai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> चो </big></big> co </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> चौ </big></big> cau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ch - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> छ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 7</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> छ </big></big> cha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> छि </big></big> chi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> छु </big></big> chu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> छृ </big></big> chṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> छॢ </big></big> chḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> छे </big></big> che </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> छै </big></big> chai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> छो </big></big> cho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> छौ </big></big> chau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">j - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ज </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 8</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ज </big></big> ja </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> जि </big></big> ji </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> जु </big></big> ju </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> जृ </big></big> jṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> जॢ </big></big> jḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> जे </big></big> je </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> जै </big></big> jai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> जो </big></big> jo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> जौ </big></big> jau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">jh - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> झ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 9</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> झ </big></big> jha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> झि </big></big> jhi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> झु </big></big> jhu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> झृ </big></big> jhṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> झॢ </big></big> jhḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> झे </big></big> jhe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> झै </big></big> jhai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> झो </big></big> jho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> झौ </big></big> jhau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ñ - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ञ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 10</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ञ </big></big> ña </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ञि </big></big> ñi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ञु </big></big> ñu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ञृ </big></big> ñṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ञॢ </big></big> ñḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ञे </big></big> ñe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ञै </big></big> ñai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ञो </big></big> ño </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ञौ </big></big> ñau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td bgcolor="#F0FFFF" height="24" colspan="3">Five <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ṭ - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ट </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 11</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ट </big></big> ṭa </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> टि </big></big> ṭi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> टु </big></big> ṭu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> टृ </big></big> ṭṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> टॢ </big></big> ṭḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> टे </big></big> ṭe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> टै </big></big> ṭai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> टो </big></big> ṭo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> टौ </big></big> ṭau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ṭh - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ठ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 12</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ठ </big></big> ṭha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ठि </big></big> ṭhi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ठु </big></big> ṭhu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ठृ </big></big> ṭhṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ठॢ </big></big> ṭhḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ठे </big></big> ṭhe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ठै </big></big> ṭhai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ठो </big></big> ṭho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ठौ </big></big> ṭhau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ḍ - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ड </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 13</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ड </big></big> ḍa </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> डि </big></big> ḍi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> डु </big></big> ḍu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> डृ </big></big> ḍṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> डॢ </big></big> ḍḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> डे </big></big> ḍe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> डै </big></big> ḍai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> डो </big></big> ḍo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> डौ </big></big> ḍau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ḍh - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ढ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 14</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ढ </big></big> ḍha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ढि </big></big> ḍhi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ढु </big></big> ḍhu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ढृ </big></big> ḍhṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ढॢ </big></big> ḍhḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ढे </big></big> ḍhe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ढै </big></big> ḍhai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ढो </big></big> ḍho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ढौ </big></big> ḍhau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ṇ - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ण </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 15</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ण </big></big> ṇa </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> णि </big></big> ṇi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> णु </big></big> ṇu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> णृ </big></big> ṇṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> णॢ </big></big> ṇḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> णे </big></big> ṇe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> णै </big></big> ṇai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> णो </big></big> ṇo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> णौ </big></big> ṇau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td bgcolor="#F0FFFF" height="24" colspan="3">Five <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">t - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> त </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 16</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> त </big></big> ta </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ति </big></big> ti </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> तु </big></big> tu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> तृ </big></big> tṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> तॢ </big></big> tḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ते </big></big> te </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> तै </big></big> tai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> तो </big></big> to </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> तौ </big></big> tau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">th - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> थ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 17</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> थ </big></big> tha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> थि </big></big> thi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> थु </big></big> thu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> थृ </big></big> thṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> थॢ </big></big> thḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> थे </big></big> the </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> थै </big></big> thai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> थो </big></big> tho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> थौ </big></big> thau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">d - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> द </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 18</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> द </big></big> da </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> दि </big></big> di </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> दु </big></big> du </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> दृ </big></big> dṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> दॢ </big></big> dḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> दे </big></big> de </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> दै </big></big> dai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> दो </big></big> do </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> दौ </big></big> dau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">dh - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ध </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 19</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ध </big></big> dha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> धि </big></big> dhi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> धु </big></big> dhu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> धृ </big></big> dhṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> धॢ </big></big> dhḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> धे </big></big> dhe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> धै </big></big> dhai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> धो </big></big> dho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> धौ </big></big> dhau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">n - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> न </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 20</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> न </big></big> na </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> नि </big></big> ni </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> नु </big></big> nu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> नृ </big></big> nṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> नॢ </big></big> nḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ने </big></big> ne </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> नै </big></big> nai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> नो </big></big> no </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> नौ </big></big> nau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td bgcolor="#F0FFFF" height="24" colspan="3">Five <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">p - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> प </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 21</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> प </big></big> pa </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> पि </big></big> pi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> पु </big></big> pu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> पृ </big></big> pṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> पॢ </big></big> pḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> पे </big></big> pe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> पै </big></big> pai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> पो </big></big> po </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> पौ </big></big> pau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ph - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> फ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 22</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> फ </big></big> pha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> फि </big></big> phi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> फु </big></big> phu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> फृ </big></big> phṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> फॢ </big></big> phḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> फे </big></big> phe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> फै </big></big> phai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> फो </big></big> pho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> फौ </big></big> phau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">b - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ब </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 23</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ब </big></big> ba </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> बि </big></big> bi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> बु </big></big> bu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> बृ </big></big> bṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> बॢ </big></big> bḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> बे </big></big> be </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> बै </big></big> bai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> बो </big></big> bo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> बौ </big></big> bau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">bh - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> भ </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 24</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> भ </big></big> bha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> भि </big></big> bhi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> भु </big></big> bhu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> भृ </big></big> bhṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> भॢ </big></big> bhḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> भे </big></big> bhe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> भै </big></big> bhai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> भो </big></big> bho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> भौ </big></big> bhau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">m - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> म </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 25</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> म </big></big> ma </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> मि </big></big> mi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> मु </big></big> mu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> मृ </big></big> mṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> मॢ </big></big> mḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> मे </big></big> me </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> मै </big></big> mai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> मो </big></big> mo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> मौ </big></big> mau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td bgcolor="#F0FFFF" height="24" colspan="3">Four <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">trill</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">y - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> य </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 30</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> य </big></big> ya </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> यि </big></big> yi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> यु </big></big> yu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> यृ </big></big> yṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> यॢ </big></big> yḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ये </big></big> ye </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> यै </big></big> yai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> यो </big></big> yo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> यौ </big></big> yau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">r - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> र </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 40</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> र </big></big> ra </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> रि </big></big> ri </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> रु </big></big> ru </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> रृ </big></big> rṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> रॢ </big></big> rḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> रे </big></big> re </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> रै </big></big> rai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> रो </big></big> ro </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> रौ </big></big> rau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">l - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ल </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 50</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ल </big></big> la </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> लि </big></big> li </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> लु </big></big> lu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> लृ </big></big> lṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> लॢ </big></big> lḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ले </big></big> le </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> लै </big></big> lai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> लो </big></big> lo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> लौ </big></big> lau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">v - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> व </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 60</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> व </big></big> va </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> वि </big></big> vi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> वु </big></big> vu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> वृ </big></big> vṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> वॢ </big></big> vḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> वे </big></big> ve </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> वै </big></big> vai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> वो </big></big> vo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> वौ </big></big> vau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td bgcolor="#F0FFFF" height="24" colspan="3">Three <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ś - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> श </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 70</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> श </big></big> śa </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> शि </big></big> śi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> शु </big></big> śu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> शृ </big></big> śṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> शॢ </big></big> śḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> शे </big></big> śe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> शै </big></big> śai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> शो </big></big> śo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> शौ </big></big> śau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">ṣ - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ष </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 80</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ष </big></big> ṣa </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> षि </big></big> ṣi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> षु </big></big> ṣu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> षृ </big></big> ṣṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> षॢ </big></big> ṣḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> षे </big></big> ṣe </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> षै </big></big> ṣai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> षो </big></big> ṣo </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> षौ </big></big> ṣau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">s - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> स </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 90</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> स </big></big> sa </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> सि </big></big> si </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> सु </big></big> su </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> सृ </big></big> sṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> सॢ </big></big> sḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> से </big></big> se </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> सै </big></big> sai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> सो </big></big> so </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> सौ </big></big> sau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td bgcolor="#F0FFFF" height="24" colspan="3">One <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFCC"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="48">h - </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big><big> ह </big></big></big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0"><big> 100</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> ह </big></big> ha </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> हि </big></big> hi </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> हु </big></big> hu </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> हृ </big></big> hṛ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> हॢ </big></big> hḷ </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> हे </big></big> he </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> है </big></big> hai </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> हो </big></big> ho </td> <td style="line-height:1.6"><big><big> हौ </big></big> hau </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF">  </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" height="24">  </td> <td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">  </td> <td bgcolor="#E0E0E0">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksharapalli" title="Aksharapalli">Aksharapalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutasamkhya_system" title="Bhutasamkhya system">Bhutasamkhya system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system">Katapayadi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Āryabhaṭīya 1(gītikā).3 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoddam2001" class="citation journal cs1">Roddam, Narasimha (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F414851a">"Sines in terse verse"</a>. Nature. 414 (6866). Macmillan Magazines Ltd.: 851. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.414..851N">2001Natur.414..851N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F414851a">10.1038/414851a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11780041">11780041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197930">197930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sines+in+terse+verse&rft.volume=414&rft.issue=6866&rft.pages=851&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F414851a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11780041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.414..851N&rft.aulast=Roddam&rft.aufirst=Narasimha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F414851a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa+numeration" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ifrah-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Ifrah_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIfrah2000" class="citation book cs1">Ifrah, Georges (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411">The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer</a>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411/page/n468">447</a>–450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39340-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39340-1"><bdi>0-471-39340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+History+of+Numbers.+From+Prehistory+to+the+Invention+of+the+Computer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=447-450&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-471-39340-1&rft.aulast=Ifrah&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiversalhistory00ifra_411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa+numeration" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7705-1326-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-7705-1326-6">3-7705-1326-6</a></li> <li>Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-39340-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-39340-1">0-471-39340-1</a>.</li> <li>B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7643-0399-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7643-0399-9">3-7643-0399-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1911" class="citation journal cs1">Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00040995">10.1017/S0035869X00040995</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189823">25189823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163070211">163070211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Aryabhata%27s+System+of+Expressing+Numbers&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=109-126&rft.date=1911-01&rft.issn=0035-869X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163070211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25189823%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00040995&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa+numeration" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1911" class="citation journal cs1">Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43. 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