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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Afro-Panamanians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable Afro-Panamanians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Afro-Panamanians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Afro-Panamanians</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Casco_Viejo_(Old_City)_Trio_-_Panama_City_-_Panama_(11427376006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Casco_Viejo_%28Old_City%29_Trio_-_Panama_City_-_Panama_%2811427376006%29.jpg/220px-Casco_Viejo_%28Old_City%29_Trio_-_Panama_City_-_Panama_%2811427376006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Casco_Viejo_%28Old_City%29_Trio_-_Panama_City_-_Panama_%2811427376006%29.jpg/330px-Casco_Viejo_%28Old_City%29_Trio_-_Panama_City_-_Panama_%2811427376006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Casco_Viejo_%28Old_City%29_Trio_-_Panama_City_-_Panama_%2811427376006%29.jpg/440px-Casco_Viejo_%28Old_City%29_Trio_-_Panama_City_-_Panama_%2811427376006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3626" data-file-height="2301" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Afro-Panamanian man in Casco Viejo.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal, Colón">Cristóbal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama" title="Balboa, Panama">Balboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo" title="Río Abajo">Río Abajo</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, the Canal Zone, province of <a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Province" title="Bocas del Toro Province">Bocas del Toro</a>, villages in the Darién Province</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Creole" title="Bocas del Toro Creole">Bocas del Toro Creole</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Afro-Caribbeans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Afro-Panamanians</b> are <a href="/wiki/Panamanians" title="Panamanians">Panamanians</a> of African descent. The population can be mainly broken into two categories: "Afro-Colonials", those descended from slaves brought to Panama during the colonial period; and "Afro-Antilleans", West Indian immigrant descendants with origins in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, whose ancestors were brought in to build the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. </p><p>Afro-Panamanians can be found in the towns and cities of <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal, Colón">Cristóbal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama" title="Balboa, Panama">Balboa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Abajo" title="Río Abajo">Río Abajo</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, the Canal Zone and the province of <a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Province" title="Bocas del Toro Province">Bocas del Toro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WDMIP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDMIP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Period">Early Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Africans to arrive in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> came with <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>, in 1513. Panama was a very important territory because it had the shortest route from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Goods were taken from ports in <a href="/wiki/Portobelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Portobelo">Portobelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nombre_de_Dios,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Nombre de Dios, Colón">Nombre de Dios</a>, transported overland to ports in Panama City and boarded on ships headed to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Initially, indigenous labor was used. Due to abuse and disease, the indigenous population was decimated. <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas">Bartolomé de Las Casas</a> advocated getting slaves from Africa. By 1517, the trade in Africans was underway. Initially slaves were used to work and maintain the ships and port. It later turned to transporting goods across the isthmus. The transportation of goods was grueling not only due to the 60 kilometers of harsh tropical rainforest, but also to bad weather and attacks by indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-EveryCulture.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EveryCulture.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is difficult to pinpoint and identify the place of origin of the African slaves brought to Panama during the colonial era. According to the study of Martin Jamieson, some authors point out that most were from <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other authors point out that the slaves came from the region between southern <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Angola">northern Angola</a>. In fact, according to other authors, whether from 1514 began arriving Africans, brought from West Africa to work on plantations in Panama, from 1523, men and women who arrived mainly came from <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The presence of this factor determined the ethnic-cultural core musical features of the Panamanian people. The form of communication used by Africans since 1607 (due to their songs, their instruments and their dances, their numerous uprisings - many of whom fled to settle in the forests, under the guidance of legendary figures like <a href="/wiki/Bayano" title="Bayano">Bayano</a>, Anton Mandinga or Domingo Congo-and the conclusion of a peace treaty in 1607, which granted some freedom, but with restrictions, to thousands of former slaves), and is still cultivated by the "Congo" (a culture, and genre of Afrocolonial dance from Republic of Panama,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> characterized by a violent expression and erotic dancing, and is almost always associated with some sort of mime and theater, with themes of infamous historical episodes of African slave trade, slavery and the resulting slave rebellions during the time of the conquest and colonialism. Students of this culture did find parallels as their <a href="/wiki/Cryptolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptolect">cryptolect</a> is similar to funeral practices of <a href="/wiki/San_Basilio_de_Palenque" title="San Basilio de Palenque">San Basilio de Palenque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, who are of Congolese and Ghanaian origin. The study of this culture helps determine at least some origins of Afro-Panamanians), is the greeting with feet and talking backwards, as a mixture of European, African and Indigenous cultures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Already by 1560, there were <a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">maroon</a> communities in Bayano <a href="/wiki/Quilombo" title="Quilombo">palanqueras</a>, and Cerro de Cabra, <a href="/wiki/Portobelo,_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Portobelo, Panama">Portobelo, Panama</a>. </p><p>Moreover, besides the slaves which some authors may have been imported to Panama from, mostly, Guinea Bissau, Cameroon, Congo and Angola (which originated culture "Congos" in 1607), according to Guzman Navarro, many of the slaves who arrived in Panama in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were transported by French traffickers, from <a href="/wiki/Goree" class="mw-redirect" title="Goree">Goree</a> slave factory in <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a>. During the period when the <i>asiento</i> was granted to the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a>, which lasted until the mid-eighteenth century, slaves came mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Windward_Coast" title="Windward Coast">Windward Coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> - west of <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a> (east of the Ivory Coast-<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>), but also came some slaves from <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a>. In the last decades of the eighteenth century the Spanish Gaditana Company was authorized to import African slaves, although most came from other American colonies, including <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Caribbean">French Caribbean</a> colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-laprensa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laprensa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_ethnic_groups_and_their_arrival_to_Panama">African ethnic groups and their arrival to Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: African ethnic groups and their arrival to Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When registered as slaves, certain Africans used their African ethnicity and possible places of origin as first or last names. This resulted in names such as Luis Mozambique, Congo Anton, Christopher Sape, Miguel Biafara, Bran Gaspar, Pedro Mandinga, Anton Bañol and John Jolofo (Wolof), to name a few. This confirms the contribution of slaves from Senegambia, Ghana, Central Africa and Mozambique. Thus, the name of Africans living in Panama allows us to draw some lines on its possible origin: Mozambique, Congo and the region Kasanga, Congo-Angola, Sao Tome, the island of the same name in the equatorial region, and the region situated between Portuguese Guinea and Senegal in West Africa: Manding, specifically, gelofo/<a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>, Bañol (<a href="/wiki/Banyun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyun people">Banyun</a>, established in Senegambia and Guinea Bissau), Zape (Sierra Leone), Bioho (Bijagos), <a href="/wiki/Biafara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Biafara people">Biafara</a>, and Bran. They came through several circuits and networks that joined the "Middle America" with the economy in the South Atlantic, in which Panama and Cartagena were central ports and points of passage required for the transfer of Africans during the colonial period. On the African side, and according to <a href="/wiki/Enriqueta_Vila_Vilar" title="Enriqueta Vila Vilar">Enriqueta Vila Vilar</a>, major African ports' output of forced labor during the sixteenth century were the islands of Santiago in Cape Verde, São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea and Luanda in Angola, confirming what Rodney Hilton called "almost exclusive relations between Upper Guinea and the middle region of America." In West Africa existed, by then, a group of Portuguese merchants called "reindeiros", who had a monopoly on the sale of captives and "selling" the right to sell slaves, of whose earnings the Crown received a percentage. The buying and selling of people involved a complex network of officials and employees installed at key points in the sales network and was articulated across the Atlantic. </p><p>While there were a small number of traders traveling from Africa to America during the sixteenth century, the fact is that it was this a small number who had direct control of large contracts to take enslaved Africans in Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Angola. In this last stand Gomez Reinel and Juan Rodríguez Coutiño (governor of Angola), who lived in Panama working ranches in the early seventeenth century with his brother Manuel de Souza Coutinho, known as Louis de Sousa, the Dominican friar who in 1602 was responsible for the seats in Cartagena.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Antillean_migration_waves_(1849–1910)"><span id="Afro-Antillean_migration_waves_.281849.E2.80.931910.29"></span>Afro-Antillean migration waves (1849–1910)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Afro-Antillean migration waves (1849–1910)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Afro-Antillean migration to Panama occurred in mid-nineteenth century. The <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> began in 1849, and the subsequent attraction of wealth highlighted the need to facilitate travel between the east and west coasts of the United States. This raised the urgency of building a railroad across the narrowest point of the American continent, but the problem the engineers of the railway company faced was that Panama did not have the labor force needed to provide workers for the construction of railroad. Simultaneously, an overpopulation crisis in the Caribbean was causing labor surpluses. These two situations combined the need for workers in Panama and unemployment in the Antilles, which resulted the influx of Afro-Antillean people to the isthmus. </p><p>During the immigration of 1844, people came from <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</a> (Dutch and Venezuelan islands north of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts">St. Kitts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, etc. After 1880, the cultivation of banana in Central America was expanded, and The <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> and the Chiriqui Land Company were established in <a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Province" title="Bocas del Toro Province">Bocas del Toro</a> (Panama) and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Limon" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Limon">Puerto Limon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>). These events again raised the need for Caribbean labor. </p><p>The third event that caused Afro-Caribbean immigration to Panama was the construction of the Panama Canal by the French. Due to the endurance shown by Afro-West Indians in the construction of railroads and projects in Bocas del Toro and Puerto Limon, the French company returned to the Caribbean to recruit workers. According to Lobinot Marrero, many of the West Indians who arrived in Panama during these years were from the <a href="/wiki/French_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="French Antilles">French Antilles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>. Between 1906-1907, Panama received more than 2,800 workers from Martinique and about 2,000 from Guadeloupe. An estimated 50,000 Guadeloupeans and Martinicans participated in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> between 1904 and 1914. In 2014, it was estimated that there were between 60,000 and 70,000 descendants of these West Indians living in Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, the construction of the Panama Canal was taken over by the United States due to the failure of the French company, again resulting in an influx of West Indian workers to Panama. Although between 1904 and 1914, the vast majority of Afro-West Indians who arrived in Panama worked a one-year contract with the idea of returning to their home islands once the project concluded. However, after construction of the canal was complete many Afro-Antillean people chose to stay in Panama. Many who remained got jobs in the Canal Zone, becoming the largest immigrant group in Panama. On the subject of Afro-Antillean Panama, Leslie B. Rout said that when the canal was opened in 1914, some 20,000 Afro-West Indians remained in Panama.{cn|October 2022} </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cimarrones">Cimarrones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cimarrones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarron people (Panama)</a></div> <p>Some African slaves used the isolated nature of transporting goods as an opportunity to escape slavery. Many people of African descent escaped into the sparsely settled terrain and formed Cimarroneras, or marooned societies. These ex-slaves were known as Cimarrones. Cimarrones would mount attacks on transport caravans so often that the attacks became very disruptive to trade by the 1550s. The most famous of these Cimarrones was <a href="/wiki/Bayano" title="Bayano">Bayano</a>. In 1570, all Maroons were pardoned to stop the raiding. Famous Cimarrones proceeded to found Cimarroneras. Luis de Mozambique founded Santiago del Principe Cimarronera and Antón de Mandinga founded Santa la Real. It was with the Cimarrones of Panama that <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a> alliance in 1572 in order to carry out his first independent attack on the New World Spanish colonies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery">Slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slaves were used in many functions in the areas of Portobelo and Panama City. Most worked as domestic servants in their enslavers' houses. Some were engaged in the production of textile and dyes. Others were skilled tradesmen—blacksmiths, carpenters, and cobblers. The discovery of gold also saw their use in mining. This strong dependency on slaves saw an increase in the slave population. For most of the 1600s and 1700s, Afro-Panamanians outnumbered whites. In 1610, the population consisted of 548 white men, 303 white women, 156 white children, 146 <a href="/wiki/Mulattoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattoes">mulattoes</a>, 148 West Indian blacks, and 3,500 African slaves. By 1625, Afro-Panamanians numbered 12,000 and by 1630 white Panamanians were outnumbered ten to one by Afro-Panamanians. By 1789, Afro-Panamanians numbered 23,000 out of a population of 36,000. Some slaves were able to buy their freedom or were emancipated by their masters. A few free blacks were able to get an education. Some became artisans and a few became lower bureaucrats in the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence">Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Panama_from_Spain" title="Independence of Panama from Spain">Independence of Panama from Spain</a></div> <p>In 1821, Panama (at that time a part of Spain), sued for independence successfully. Independence brought about the end of slavery, but little changed for Afro-Panamanians. Changes did not come with independence and emancipation as was expected. Numerous race riots broke out in the 1830s, as many Afro-Panamanians were disappointed with the rate of societal progress. In 1838, Panama City had a major race riot which was quelled by the Hispanic elite. Afro-Panamanians continued life at the bottom of the racial caste system, with white Panamanians at the top. Mulattoes and Mestizos who claimed Hispanic heritage, and indigenous Panamanians were above blacks in the caste system. Job discrimination and <a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">social rejection</a> because of ethnicity was rampant. Afro-Panamanians remained in a world apart from the greater culture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antillean">Antillean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antillean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1903, the construction of the Panama Canal began. 50,000 workers migrated from Jamaica, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, Barbados and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>. The workers were referred to as <i>Antilleans</i> or derisively as <i>chombos</i>. <i>Antilleans</i> and other black workers were paid less than white workers. Discrimination was rampant. Most supervisors were from the southern US, and implemented a type of southern segregation. The presence of West Indians had other repercussions. Creoles and <a href="/wiki/Mestizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos">mestizos</a> who had a social status above blacks were also discriminated against. These groups were deeply offended and engaged in rampant discrimination of all blacks outside the general canal locale. Native blacks began to resent the West Indians, who they felt made things worse for them. In 1914, when the Panama Canal was completed, 20,000 West Indians remained in the country. 1926 Panamanian laws decreased immigration from the West Indies and later barred non-Spanish speaking blacks from entering the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_status">Modern status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1960s, Afro-Panamanians began to organize themselves politically, aligned with the labor movement. National Center of Panamanian Workers (CNTP) was at the center of Afro-Panamanian rights. A few Afro-Panamanians broke into the upper circle. A few were elected to the national assembly of the People Party, aligned with CNTP. One Afro-Panamanian was elected to the supreme court.{cn|october 2022} During the 1970s, they organized congresses dealing with issues surrounding Afro-Panamanians, like discrimination of the National Symphony Orchestra against blacks. In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>, who had African ancestry, was elected. He became authoritarian and the United States in 1989 invaded Panama and removed Noriega. The hardest hit were Afro-Panamanian neighborhoods. During the 1990s, more congresses were formed to address the problems of Afro-Panamanians, like the destruction of black property during the invasion. Also the study of Afro-Panamanian took root. The Center of Panamanian Studies was formed. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Panama" title="University of Panama">University of Panama</a> also began to focus more on Afro-Panamanian subjects as a discipline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Afro-Panamanians">Notable Afro-Panamanians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable Afro-Panamanians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Afro-Panamanians" title="Special:EditPage/Afro-Panamanians">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Cobham" title="Billy Cobham">Billy Cobham</a>, Panamanian–American jazz drummer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Carrasquilla" title="Adalberto Carrasquilla">Adalberto Carrasquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Yearwood" title="Alejandro Yearwood">Alejandro Yearwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolando_Blackburn" title="Rolando Blackburn">Rolando Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Blackman" title="César Blackman">César Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Yanis" title="César Yanis">César Yanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Ward_Brown" title="Silvano Ward Brown">Silvano Ward Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Brown" title="Roberto Brown">Roberto Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Browne" title="Omar Browne">Omar Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Linton" title="Óscar Linton">Óscar Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Cooper" title="Armando Cooper">Armando Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Cummings" title="Harold Cummings">Harold Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Phillips_(footballer,_born_1975)" title="Ricardo Phillips (footballer, born 1975)">Ricardo Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Harvey" title="Carlos Harvey">Carlos Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Griffith" title="Víctor Griffith">Víctor Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Sinclair" title="Ernesto Sinclair">Ernesto Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Walker" title="Ernesto Walker">Ernesto Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Catuy" title="Jair Catuy">Jair Catuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stephens" title="Alfredo Stephens">Alfredo Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Smoke" title="Pop Smoke">Pop Smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Baloy" title="Felipe Baloy">Felipe Baloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramis_Haywood" title="Aramis Haywood">Aramis Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_McLean" title="Jean McLean">Jean McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Anderson" title="Iván Anderson">Iván Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilio_Waterman" title="Cecilio Waterman">Cecilio Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="José Córdoba">José Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Torres" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Torres">Roman Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Davis_(Panamanian_footballer)" title="Eric Davis (Panamanian footballer)">Eric Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_Perez" class="mw-redirect" title="Blas Perez">Blas Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismael_D%C3%ADaz_(footballer,_born_1997)" title="Ismael Díaz (footballer, born 1997)">Ismael Diaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Williams_(footballer)" title="Newton Williams (footballer)">Newton Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_West" title="Jesus West">Jesus West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Buitrago" title="Ricardo Buitrago">Ricardo Buitrago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Addles" class="mw-redirect" title="Renan Addles">Renan Addles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_James" title="Ricardo James">Ricardo James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Tejada" title="Luis Tejada">Luis Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Amir_Murillo" title="Michael Amir Murillo">Michael Amir Murillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Hinds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardo Hinds">Ricardo Hinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Miller_(footballer)" title="Roderick Miller (footballer)">Roderick Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Quintero_(footballer)" title="Alberto Quintero (footballer)">Alberto Quintero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Godoy" title="Aníbal Godoy">Aníbal Godoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_G%C3%B3mez_(footballer,_born_1984)" title="Gabriel Gómez (footballer, born 1984)">Gabriel Gomez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloe_Blacc" title="Aloe Blacc">Aloe Blacc</a>, American singer, record producer, philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sech_(singer)" title="Sech (singer)">Sech</a>, Afro-Panamanian <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a> artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Angela_of_Liechtenstein" title="Princess Angela of Liechtenstein">Princess Angela of Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Given_name#Name_at_birth" title="Given name">née</a> Angela Brown, born 1958 in <a href="/wiki/Bocas_Town,_Bocas_del_Toro" title="Bocas Town, Bocas del Toro">Bocas del Toro</a>), first person of known African origin to marry into a reigning European dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melva_Lowe_de_Goodin" title="Melva Lowe de Goodin">Melva Lowe de Goodin</a>, professor and historian at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Panama" title="University of Panama">University of Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University-Panama" title="Florida State University-Panama">Florida State University-Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Pedroza" title="Eusebio Pedroza">Eusebio Pedroza</a>, world boxing champion and member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Boxing Hall of Fame">International Boxing Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Chombo" title="El Chombo">El Chombo</a>, reggaeton artist and producer of Afro-Jamaican descent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_General" title="El General">El General</a>, reggae artist considered by some to be one of the fathers of "Reggae en Español", pioneering Reggaeton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bryce-Laporte" title="Roy Bryce-Laporte">Roy Bryce-Laporte</a>, Panamanian-American scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Ali" title="Tatyana Ali">Tatyana Ali</a>, American actress of partial Panamanian heritage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolando_Blackman" title="Rolando Blackman">Rolando Blackman</a>, former <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan_Mitchell" title="Donovan Mitchell">Donovan Mitchell</a>, NBA All-Star</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_Clue" title="DJ Clue">DJ Clue</a>, American hip-hop DJ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Lashley" title="Bobby Lashley">Bobby Lashley</a>, professional wrestler and mixed martial artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Al_Brown" title="Panama Al Brown">Panama Al Brown</a>, boxing's fist Latin-American champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Wallace" title="Roberto Wallace">Roberto Wallace</a>, professional American football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Daley" title="Kevin Daley">Kevin Daley</a>, professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_Clark_Kent" title="DJ Clark Kent">DJ Clark Kent</a>, American hip-hop DJ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Karama%C3%B1ites" title="Gloria Karamañites">Gloria Karamañites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Panam%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Miss Panamá">Miss Panamá</a> 1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginella_Massa" title="Ginella Massa">Ginella Massa</a>, Canadian News Anchor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Cota" title="Ed Cota">Ed Cota</a>, professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Smoke" title="Pop Smoke">Pop Smoke</a>, American rapper of Afro-Panamanian descent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casanova_(rapper)" title="Casanova (rapper)">Casanova (rapper)</a>, American rapper of Afro-Panamanian descent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Lee" title="Carlos Lee">Carlos Lee</a>, former Major League Baseball All-Star</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kani" title="Karl Kani">Karl Kani</a>, American fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Forbes" title="Gary Forbes">Gary Forbes</a>, professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayano" title="Bayano">Bayano</a>, rebel slave</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Thompson" title="Tessa Thompson">Tessa Thompson</a>, American actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Kelly" title="Roberto Kelly">Roberto Kelly</a>, MLB All-Star and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Carew" title="Rod Carew">Rod Carew</a>, Major League Baseball Hall of Famer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rivera" title="Mariano Rivera">Mariano Rivera</a>, Major League Baseball Hall of Famer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Murda" title="Uncle Murda">Uncle Murda</a>, American rapper of Afro-Panamanian descent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyson_Beckford" title="Tyson Beckford">Tyson Beckford</a>, American model and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Smith_(model)" title="Brenda Smith (model)">Brenda Smith</a>, Afro-Panamanian/Mexican model and beauty queen who was crowned <a href="/wiki/Senorita_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Senorita Panama">Senorita Panama</a> 2021 and placed Top 16 at <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_2021" title="Miss Universe 2021">Miss Universe 2021</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Ifill" title="Gwen Ifill">Gwendolyn Ifill</a>, journalist, television newscaster, and author. Hosted a nationally televised U.S. public affairs program called Washington Week in Review. Co-anchor and co-managing editor of the PBS NewsHour. Moderated the 2004 and 2008 U. S. vice-presidential debates. Authored the best-selling book “The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama”.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Chambers" title="Veronica Chambers">Veronica Chambers</a>, American writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Burns" title="Ursula Burns">Ursula Burns</a>, first Black CEO of a Fortune 500 company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Saladino" title="Irving Saladino">Irving Saladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Davis_(Panamanian_footballer)" title="Eric Davis (Panamanian footballer)">Eric Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Escobar" title="Fidel Escobar">Fidel Escobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Gondola" class="mw-redirect" title="Freddy Gondola">Freddy Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Torres" title="Gabriel Torres">Gabriel Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahiser_Lenis" title="Kahiser Lenis">Kahiser Lenis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr._Gaddiel_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. Gaddiel Israel (page does not exist)">Dr. Gaddiel Israel</a> first black PhD in United States Space Force</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/48px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/64px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Panama" title="Portal:Panama">Panama portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia#Panama" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia § Panama</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro-Panamanians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WDMIP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDMIP_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203020951/http://www.minorityrights.org/4210/panama/afropanamanians.html">"AFRO-PANAMANIANS"</a>. <i>Word Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples</i>. Word Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/4210/panama/afropanamanians.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Word+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.atitle=AFRO-PANAMANIANS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2F4210%2Fpanama%2Fafropanamanians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfro-Panamanians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EveryCulture.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EveryCulture.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMOORE" class="citation web cs1">MOORE, ALEXANDER. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Panama.html">"Panama"</a>. <i>Countries and Their Cultures</i>. EveryCulture.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Countries+and+Their+Cultures&rft.atitle=Panama&rft.aulast=MOORE&rft.aufirst=ALEXANDER&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyculture.com%2FNo-Sa%2FPanama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfro-Panamanians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Muxc9o0PKp4J:www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/lumbalu.pdf+&hl=es&gl=es&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjsFs2TP5ZV88X0ttO2kOYTl6RFCVGPhw6zC0MpIwBAdidsCGLlxfUQ3Zkx0OBE0Zp7em5uD2A-isNQgBp3dqRZMgy-Fi9TbWKP7W5Y-GPj74YzKbOcx_21PFfT_8sol4qGPAg9&sig=AHIEtbQzu5-wPqlsm0Ut_-PbCAQaxHn1gw">El lenguaje de los negros congos de Panamá y el lumbalú ... Abolición de la esclavitud en El Salvador y América Latina</a> (in Spanish: The language of Black Congos in Panama and the lumbalú... Abolition of slavery in El Salvador and Latin America).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laprensa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laprensa_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.laprensa.com.ni/opinion/10808">La expresión musical popular centroamericana y la herencia africana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194459/http://m.laprensa.com.ni/opinion/10808">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Spanish: Centroamerican popular musical expression and African heritage)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001838/183851S.pdf">Del olvido a la memoria, 3: África en tiempos de la esclavitud</a> (In Spanish: From Oblivion to Memory, 3: Africa in times of slavery)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/2014/08/14/aout-1914-les-guadeloupeens-et-martiniquais-oublies-du-canal-de-panama-175726.html">"Août 1914 : les Guadeloupéens et Martiniquais oubliés du Canal de Panama"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228193737/http://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr:80/2014/08/14/aout-1914-les-guadeloupeens-et-martiniquais-oublies-du-canal-de-panama-175726.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ao%C3%BBt+1914+%3A+les+Guadeloup%C3%A9ens+et+Martiniquais+oubli%C3%A9s+du+Canal+de+Panama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla1ere.francetvinfo.fr%2F2014%2F08%2F14%2Faout-1914-les-guadeloupeens-et-martiniquais-oublies-du-canal-de-panama-175726.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfro-Panamanians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Szok, "'La Patria es el Recuerdo', Hispanophile Nationalism in Early Twentieth-Century Panama, 1903-1941." <i>Journal of Caribbean History</i> 31.1 (1997): 149–184.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_diaspora" title="Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_diaspora" title="Template talk:African diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">Americas</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Anguillians" title="Afro-Anguillians">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arubans" title="Afro-Arubans">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bahamians" title="Afro-Bahamians">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadians" title="Afro-Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bermudians" title="Black Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caymanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1" title="Arará">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Cuba" title="Cape Verdeans in Cuba">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga-Longoba" title="Ganga-Longoba">Ganga-Longoba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cura%C3%A7aoans" title="Afro-Curaçaoans">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans_(Dominica)" title="Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans" title="Afro-Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Grenadians" title="Afro-Grenadians">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Haiti" title="Maroons">Marron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Jamaica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Saint_Lucians" title="Afro–Saint Lucians">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Vincentians" title="Afro-Vincentians">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islanders" title="Afro–Turks and Caicos Islanders">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Central<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole_people" title="Belizean Creole people">Belize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Costa_Ricans" title="Afro–Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Salvadorans" title="Afro-Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalans" title="Afro-Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Hondurans" title="Afro-Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguans" title="Afro-Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarrón</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">North<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Black_Canadians" title="Indigenous Black Canadians">Indigenous Black Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_New_Brunswick" title="Black Canadians in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_Ontario" title="Black Canadians in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affrilachia" title="Affrilachia">Affrilachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#Post–Civil_War" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Seminole freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)#Louisiana_Redbone_cultural_group" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Louisiana Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine">Somali Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">South<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalungas" title="Kalungas">Kalungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">Macombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">Quilombola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93French_Guianans" title="Afro–French Guianans">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Paraguayans" title="Afro-Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Surinamese" title="Afro-Surinamese">Suriname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_people" title="Kwinti people">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matawai_people" title="Matawai people">Matawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaccan_people" title="Paramaccan people">Paramaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Uruguayans" title="Afro-Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelans" title="Afro-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">Europe</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans" title="Black Europeans">Blacks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Austrians" title="Afro-Austrians">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belgians" title="Black Belgians">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_people_of_African_descent" title="Category:Danish people of African descent">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_French_people" title="Black French people">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_community_of_Paris" title="Sub-Saharan African community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Greeks" title="Black Greeks">Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dutch_people" title="Afro-Dutch people">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romanians" title="Afro-Romanians">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spaniards" title="Afro-Spaniards">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ukrainians" title="Afro-Ukrainians">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Cambridge" title="Black people in Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Liverpool" title="Black people in Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_presence_in_London" title="History of African presence in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_people" title="Black Welsh people">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jordanians" title="Afro-Jordanians">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Omanis" title="Afro-Omanis">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Palestinians" title="Afro-Palestinians">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Saudis" title="Afro-Saudis">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_of_Yarmouk_Basin" title="Black people of Yarmouk Basin">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Turks" title="Afro-Turks">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Turkey" title="Africans in Turkey">Africans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Emiratis" title="Afro-Emiratis">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Asia</a> and<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians in South Asia</a></li> <li>India and Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddis_of_Karnataka" title="Siddis of Karnataka">in Karnataka</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Africans in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Secondary<br />Afro-American<br />diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ghana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liberia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sierra Leone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haitians</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom#African_Americans" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Asia and<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">African Hebrew Israelites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Anti-Black racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Yoruba people in the Atlantic slave trade">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" title="Category:African diaspora">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:African diaspora">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Panama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Panama" title="Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Panama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Panama" title="Template talk:Ancestry and ethnicity in Panama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Panama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Panama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Panama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Panamanians#Racial_and_ethnic_groups" title="Panamanians">Ancestry and ethnicity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokota_people" title="Bokota people">Bokota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_people" title="Cueva people">Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember%C3%A1_people" title="Emberá people">Embera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embera-Wounaan" title="Embera-Wounaan">Embera-Wounaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guna_people" title="Guna people">Guna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movere" title="Movere">Movere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naso_people" title="Naso people">Naso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A4be_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngäbe people">Ngäbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6be%E2%80%93Bugl%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngöbe–Buglé people">Ngöbe–Buglé</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/32px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/48px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/64px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Panama" title="Portal:Panama">Panama portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Panama" title="Ethnic Chinese in Panama">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Panama" title="Indians in Panama">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Panamanians" title="Italian Panamanians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Panama">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos in Panama">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Panama" title="Mexicans in Panama">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panamanians" 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