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id="toc-Early_proposals_in_Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_proposals_in_Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early proposals in Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_proposals_in_Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_construction_attempts,_1881–1899" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_construction_attempts,_1881–1899"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>French construction attempts, 1881–1899</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_construction_attempts,_1881–1899-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_acquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_acquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>United States acquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_acquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_construction_of_the_Panama_canal,_1904–1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_construction_of_the_Panama_canal,_1904–1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>United States construction of the Panama canal, 1904–1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_construction_of_the_Panama_canal,_1904–1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goethals_replaces_Stevens_as_chief_engineer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goethals_replaces_Stevens_as_chief_engineer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Goethals replaces Stevens as chief engineer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goethals_replaces_Stevens_as_chief_engineer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Canal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gatun_Lake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gatun_Lake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gatun Lake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gatun_Lake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lock_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lock_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lock size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lock_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tolls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_leading_to_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_leading_to_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Issues leading to expansion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_leading_to_expansion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues leading to expansion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_leading_to_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Efficiency_and_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency_and_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Efficiency and maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficiency_and_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Water issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_set_of_locks_project_(expansion)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_set_of_locks_project_(expansion)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Third set of locks project (expansion)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_set_of_locks_project_(expansion)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_ecological_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_ecological_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental and ecological consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_ecological_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routes_competing_with_the_canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routes_competing_with_the_canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Routes competing with the canal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Routes_competing_with_the_canal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Routes competing with the canal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Routes_competing_with_the_canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nicaragua_canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua_canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nicaragua canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua_canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia_rail_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia_rail_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Colombia rail link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia_rail_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwest_Passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_Passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Northwest Passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest_Passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interoceanic_Corridor_of_the_Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interoceanic_Corridor_of_the_Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interoceanic_Corridor_of_the_Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Other projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Master_Key_to_Panama_Canal_and_Honorary_Pilots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Master_Key_to_Panama_Canal_and_Honorary_Pilots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Master Key to Panama Canal and Honorary Pilots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Master_Key_to_Panama_Canal_and_Honorary_Pilots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_and_technical_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_technical_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Construction and technical issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_technical_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_and_political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_and_political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Diplomatic and political history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_and_political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Panama Canal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanaal" title="Panamakanaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Panamakanaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanal" title="Panamakanal – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Panamakanal" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9B_%E1%89%A6%E1%8B%AD" title="ፓናማ ቦይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓናማ ቦይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قناة بنما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قناة بنما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1" title="Canal de Panamá – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Canal de Panamá" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="পানামা খাল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পানামা খাল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1" title="Canal de Panamá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Canal de Panamá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="पनामा नहर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पनामा नहर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrape_Panama" title="Yrape Panama – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yrape Panama" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_kanal%C4%B1" title="Panama kanalı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Panama kanalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پاناما کانالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاناما کانالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terusan_Panama" title="Terusan Panama – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Terusan Panama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="পানামা খাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানামা খাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_%C5%AAn-h%C3%B4" title="Panama Ūn-hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Panama Ūn-hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Панама каналы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Панама каналы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Панамскі канал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панамскі канал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Панамскі канал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Панамскі канал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="पनामा नहर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पनामा नहर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_nin_Panama" title="Kanal nin Panama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kanal nin Panama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Панамски канал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панамски канал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanal" title="Panamakanal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Panamakanal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamski_kanal" title="Panamski kanal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Panamski kanal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanol_Panam%C3%A1" title="Kanol Panamá – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanol Panamá" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Панамын һубаг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Панамын һубаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Panam%C3%A0" title="Canal de Panamà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canal de Panamà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Панама каналĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Панама каналĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_(kanal_nga_nabigasyon)" title="Panama Canal (kanal nga nabigasyon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Panama Canal (kanal nga nabigasyon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamsk%C3%BD_pr%C5%AFplav" title="Panamský průplav – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panamský průplav" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canali_di_Panama" title="Canali di Panama – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Canali di Panama" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camlas_Panam%C3%A2" title="Camlas Panamâ – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Camlas Panamâ" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanalen" title="Panamakanalen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Panamakanalen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanal" title="Panamakanal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panamakanal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A7_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="ޕެނަމާ ކެނަލް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕެނަމާ ކެނަލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_kanal" title="Panama kanal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Panama kanal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC" title="Διώρυγα του Παναμά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διώρυγα του Παναμά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Панамань венчсуза – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Панамань венчсуза" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Panam%C3%A1" title="Canal de Panamá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canal de Panamá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_kanalo" title="Panama kanalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panama kanalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamako_kanala" title="Panamako kanala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Panamako kanala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="کانال پاناما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانال پاناما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Panama Canal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaveitin" title="Panamaveitin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Panamaveitin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Panama" title="Canal de Panama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canal de Panama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanaal" title="Panamakanaal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Panamakanaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A1il_Phanama" title="Canáil Phanama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Canáil Phanama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canle_de_Panam%C3%A1" title="Canle de Panamá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canle de Panamá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="巴拿馬運河 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="巴拿馬運河" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Yun-h%C3%B2" title="Panama Yun-hò – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Panama Yun-hò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%82%98%EB%A7%88_%EC%9A%B4%ED%95%98" title="파나마 운하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파나마 운하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D6%84" title="Պանամայի ջրանցք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանամայի ջրանցք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="पनामा नहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पनामा नहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamski_kanal" title="Panamski kanal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Panamski kanal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalo_di_Panama" title="Kanalo di Panama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kanalo di Panama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_Panama" title="Kanal Panama – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kanal Panama" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terusan_Panama" title="Terusan Panama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terusan Panama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Panama" title="Canal de Panama – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Canal de Panama" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaskur%C3%B0urinn" title="Panamaskurðurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Panamaskurðurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale_di_Panama" title="Canale di Panama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canale di Panama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%94" title="תעלת פנמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעלת פנמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidhatan_Panama" title="Sidhatan Panama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sidhatan Panama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_H%C9%9B%C5%8Ba" title="Panama Hɛŋa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Panama Hɛŋa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಪನಾಮ ಕಾಲುವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪನಾಮ ಕಾಲುವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Панама илипин – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Панама илипин" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="პანამის არხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანამის არხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%8E%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1" title="پَنَما نہر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَنَما نہر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Панама каналы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Панама каналы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeth_Panama" title="Goeth Panama – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Goeth Panama" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfereji_wa_Panama" title="Mfereji wa Panama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mfereji wa Panama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_Panama" title="Kanal Panama – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kanal Panama" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanala_Panamay%C3%AA" title="Kanala Panamayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kanala Panamayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Панама каналы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Панама каналы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalis_Panamensis" title="Canalis Panamensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canalis Panamensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamas_kan%C4%81ls" title="Panamas kanāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Panamas kanāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanal" title="Panamakanal – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Panamakanal" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamos_kanalas" title="Panamos kanalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Panamos kanalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A2le_do_Panam%C3%A1" title="Canâle do Panamá – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Canâle do Panamá" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaknaal" title="Panamaknaal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Panamaknaal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Panama" title="Canal de Panama – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Canal de Panama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama-csatorna" title="Panama-csatorna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Panama-csatorna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Панамски Канал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Панамски Канал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakandranon%27_i_Panama" title="Lakandranon' i Panama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lakandranon' i Panama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="പനാമ കനാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പനാമ കനാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पनामा कालवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पनामा कालवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="قناة باناما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قناة باناما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terusan_Panama" title="Terusan Panama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Terusan Panama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarusan_Panama" title="Tarusan Panama – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tarusan Panama" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_%C3%94ng-%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Panama Ông-ò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Panama Ông-ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Панамын суваг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Панамын суваг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပနားမား တူးမြောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပနားမား တူးမြောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanaal" title="Panamakanaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Panamakanaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="पानामा नहर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पानामा नहर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="पनामा नहर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पनामा नहर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9E%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="パナマ運河 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パナマ運河" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Панаман татол – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Панаман татол" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanaal" title="Panamakanaal – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Panamakanaal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanalen" title="Panamakanalen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Panamakanalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanalen" title="Panamakanalen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panamakanalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Panam%C3%A0" title="Canal de Panamà – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canal de Panamà" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Панама канал – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Панама канал" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_kanali" title="Panama kanali – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panama kanali" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪਨਾਮਾ ਨਹਿਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਨਾਮਾ ਨਹਿਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1" title="پاناما نہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاناما نہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamaa_Kianal" title="Panamaa Kianal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Panamaa Kianal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="ព្រែកជីកប៉ាណាម៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រែកជីកប៉ាណាម៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_%C3%ABd_Panam%C3%A0" title="Canal ëd Panamà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Canal ëd Panamà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanaal" title="Panamakanaal – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Panamakanaal" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82_Panamski" title="Kanał Panamski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanał Panamski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_do_Panam%C3%A1" title="Canal do Panamá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canal do Panamá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_kanal%C4%B1" title="Panama kanalı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Panama kanalı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalul_Panama" title="Canalul Panama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canalul Panama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Панамскый канал – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Панамскый канал" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Панамский канал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панамский канал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Панаама ханаала – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Панаама ханаала" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanoal" title="Panamakanoal – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Panamakanoal" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanali_i_Panamas%C3%AB" title="Kanali i Panamasë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanali i Panamasë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canali_di_Panam%C3%A0" title="Canali di Panamà – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Canali di Panamà" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Panama Canal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamsk%C3%BD_prieplav" title="Panamský prieplav – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Panamský prieplav" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamski_prekop" title="Panamski prekop – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Panamski prekop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaalka_Banama" title="Kanaalka Banama – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kanaalka Banama" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7" title="نۆکەندی پەنەما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆکەندی پەنەما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Панамски канал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панамски канал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamski_kanal" title="Panamski kanal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Panamski kanal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaman_kanava" title="Panaman kanava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Panaman kanava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanalen" title="Panamakanalen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Panamakanalen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_ng_Panama" title="Kanal ng Panama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanal ng Panama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="பனாமா கால்வாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பனாமா கால்வாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targa_n_Panama" title="Targa n Panama – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Targa n Panama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale_de_Panama" title="Canale de Panama – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Canale de Panama" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_kanal%C4%B1" title="Panama kanalı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Panama kanalı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5" title="పనామా కాలువ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పనామా కాలువ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="คลองปานามา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลองปานามา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Kanal%C4%B1" title="Panama Kanalı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Panama Kanalı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_kanaly" title="Panama kanaly – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Panama kanaly" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Панамський канал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Панамський канал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="نہر پاناما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نہر پاناما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana%C5%82e_de_P%C3%A0nama" title="Canałe de Pànama – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canałe de Pànama" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaman_kanal" title="Panaman kanal – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Panaman kanal" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAnh_%C4%91%C3%A0o_Panama" title="Kênh đào Panama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kênh đào Panama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="巴拿馬運河 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴拿馬運河" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_han_Panama" title="Kanal han Panama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanal han Panama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="巴拿马运河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴拿马运河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C" title="פאנאמא קאנאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאנאמא קאנאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Clad%C3%B2_Panam%C3%A1" title="Ìladò Panamá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìladò Panamá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="巴拿馬運河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴拿馬運河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamakanaol" title="Panamakanaol – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Panamakanaol" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamas_kanals" title="Panamas kanals – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Panamas kanals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="巴拿马运河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴拿马运河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9_7_12_N_79_45_0_W_region:PA_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°7′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°45′0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.12000°N 79.75000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.12000; -79.75000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Shipping route across Central America</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size: larger; background-color: #CEDEFF">Panama Canal<br /><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Canal de Panamá</i></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Canal_Map_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Panama_Canal_Map_EN.svg/288px-Panama_Canal_Map_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Panama_Canal_Map_EN.svg/432px-Panama_Canal_Map_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Panama_Canal_Map_EN.svg/576px-Panama_Canal_Map_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="413" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A schematic of the Panama Canal, illustrating the sequence of locks and passages</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-lat="9.12" data-lon="-79.75" data-overlays="["_498692f706d090672ae1e87f16504636b1595b39"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/8/9.12/-79.75/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,9.12,-79.75,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Panama_Canal&revid=1259186619&groups=_498692f706d090672ae1e87f16504636b1595b39" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,9.12,-79.75,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Panama_Canal&revid=1259186619&groups=_498692f706d090672ae1e87f16504636b1595b39 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9_7_12_N_79_45_0_W_region:PA_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°7′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°45′0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.12000°N 79.75000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.12000; -79.75000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">82 km (51 miles)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">boat length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">366 m (1,200 ft 9 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">boat beam</a></th><td class="infobox-data">49 m (160 ft 9 in)<br />(originally 28.5 m or 93 ft 6 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">boat draft</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15.2 m (50 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum <a href="/wiki/Air_draft" title="Air draft">boat air draft</a></th><td class="infobox-data">57.91 m (190.0 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locks</th><td class="infobox-data">3 locks up, 3 down per transit; all three lanes<br />(3 lanes of locks)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Opened in 1914; expansion opened 26 June 2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Navigation authority</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authority" title="Panama Canal Authority">Panama Canal Authority</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Principal engineer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a> (1881-1889), <a href="/wiki/John_Findley_Wallace" title="John Findley Wallace">John Findley Wallace</a> (1904–1905), <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a> (1905–1907), <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Goethals" title="George Washington Goethals">George Washington Goethals</a> (1907–1914)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction began</th><td class="infobox-data">4 May 1904<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1904-May-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date completed</th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1914<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1914-August-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date extended</th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-June-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Start point</th><td class="infobox-data">Atlantic Ocean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">End point</th><td class="infobox-data">Pacific Ocean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connects to</th><td class="infobox-data">Pacific Ocean from Atlantic Ocean and vice versa</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_7126080d2bb594b575ca6b9ebb586a94424bb399"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Panama_Canal&revid=1259186619&groups=_7126080d2bb594b575ca6b9ebb586a94424bb399" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Panama_Canal&revid=1259186619&groups=_7126080d2bb594b575ca6b9ebb586a94424bb399 2x" alt="Map" /></a></th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pm-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pm-map.png/280px-Pm-map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pm-map.png/420px-Pm-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pm-map.png/560px-Pm-map.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Location of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> (bottom) and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> (top), with the canal at top center</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Panama Canal</b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Canal de Panamá</i>) is an artificial 82-kilometer (51-mile) waterway in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> that connects the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, cutting across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, and is a <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">conduit</a> for maritime trade. <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)" title="Lock (water navigation)">Locks</a> at each end lift ships up to <a href="/wiki/Gatun_Lake" title="Gatun Lake">Gatun Lake</a>, an artificial <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> lake 26 meters (85 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>, created by damming up the <a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Alajuela" title="Lake Alajuela">Lake Alajuela</a> to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal. Locks then lower the ships at the other end. An average of 200,000,000 L (52,000,000 US gal) of fresh water is used in a single passing of a ship. The canal is threatened by low water levels during droughts. </p><p>The Panama Canal shortcut greatly reduces the time for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, enabling them to avoid the lengthy, hazardous route around the southernmost tip of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Beagle_Channel" title="Beagle Channel">Beagle Channel</a>. It is one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, France, and later the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> controlled the territory surrounding the canal during construction. France began work on the canal in 1881, but stopped because of lack of investors' confidence due to engineering problems and a high worker <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a>. The US took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal in 1914. The US continued to control the canal and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a> provided for its handover to Panama in 1977. After a period of joint American–Panamanian control, the Panamanian government took control in 1999. It is now managed and operated by the Panamanian government-owned <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authority" title="Panama Canal Authority">Panama Canal Authority</a>. </p><p>The original locks are 33.5 meters (110 ft) wide and allow the passage of <a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a> ships. A <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">third, wider lane of locks</a> was <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">constructed</a> between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded waterway began commercial operation on 26 June 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, <a href="/wiki/New_Panamax" class="mw-redirect" title="New Panamax">Neopanamax</a> ships. </p><p>Annual traffic has risen from about 1,000 ships in 1914, when the canal opened, to 14,702 vessels in 2008, for a total of 333.7 million <a href="/wiki/Measurement_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurement ton">Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) tons</a>. By 2012, more than 815,000 vessels had passed through the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-canalusage_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canalusage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, it took ships an average of 11.38 hours to pass between the canal's two outer locks. The <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> has ranked the Panama Canal one of the <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World#American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Wonders of the World">Seven Wonders of the Modern World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASCE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASCE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Panama_Canal" title="History of the Panama Canal">History of the Panama Canal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_proposals_in_Panama">Early proposals in Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early proposals in Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama.A2003087.1850.250m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Panama.A2003087.1850.250m.jpg/280px-Panama.A2003087.1850.250m.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Panama.A2003087.1850.250m.jpg/420px-Panama.A2003087.1850.250m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Panama.A2003087.1850.250m.jpg/560px-Panama.A2003087.1850.250m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image showing the location of the Panama Canal: dense jungles are visible in green, topped by clouds</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest record regarding a canal across the Isthmus of Panama was in 1534, when <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> and King of Spain, ordered a survey for a route through the Americas in order to ease the voyage for ships traveling between Spain and Peru. The Spanish were seeking to gain a military advantage over the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1668, the English physician and philosopher Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> speculated in his encyclopedic work, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemica" title="Pseudodoxia Epidemica">Pseudodoxia Epidemica</a>,</i> that "some Isthmus have been eaten through by the Sea, and others cut by the spade: And if the policy would permit, that of Panama in America were most worthy the attempt: it being but few miles over, and would open a shorter cut unto the East Indies and China".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the strategic location of Panama, and the potential of its narrow isthmus separating two great oceans, other trade links in the area were attempted over the years. One early example of this was ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a>, launched by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> in 1698 to set up an overland trade route. Generally inhospitable conditions thwarted the effort, and it was abandoned in April 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1788, Americans suggested that the Spanish should build the canal, since they controlled the colonies where it would be built. They said that this would be a less treacherous route for ships than going around the southern tip of South America, and that tropical ocean currents would naturally widen the canal after construction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During an expedition from 1788 to 1793, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Malaspina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Malaspina">Alessandro Malaspina</a> outlined plans for construction of a canal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous canals were built in other countries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The success of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> through central <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in the United States in the 1820s and the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in Latin America resulted in growing American interest in building an inter-oceanic canal. Beginning in 1826, US officials began negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama), hoping to gain a concession to build a canal. Jealous of their newly gained independence and fearing domination by the more powerful United States, president <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">New Granada</a> officials declined American offers. After the collapse of Gran Colombia, New Granada remained unstable under constant government intrigue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Great Britain attempted to develop a canal in 1843. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Daily Tribune</a></i>, 24 August 1843, <a href="/wiki/Barings_Bank" title="Barings Bank">Barings Bank</a> of London and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a> entered into a contract for the construction of a canal across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Darien" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmus of Darien">Isthmus of Darien</a> (Isthmus of Panama). They referred to it as the Atlantic and Pacific Canal, and it was a wholly British endeavor. Projected for completion in five years, the plan was never carried out. At nearly the same time, other ideas were floated, including a canal (and/or a railroad) across Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>. That did not develop, either.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1846, the <a href="/wiki/Mallarino%E2%80%93Bidlack_Treaty" title="Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty">Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty</a>, negotiated between the US and New Granada, granted the United States transit rights and the right to intervene militarily in the isthmus. In 1848, the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">discovery of gold in California</a>, on the West Coast of the United States, generated renewed interest in a canal crossing between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Aspinwall" title="William Henry Aspinwall">William Henry Aspinwall</a>, who had won the federal subsidy to build and operate the Pacific mail steamships at around the same time, benefited from the gold discovery. Aspinwall's route included steamship legs from New York City to Panama, and from Panama to California, with an overland portage through Panama. This route with an overland leg in Panama was soon frequently traveled, as it provided one of the fastest connections between San Francisco, California, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> cities, about 40 days' transit in total. Nearly all the gold that was shipped out of California went by the fast Panama route. Several new and larger paddle steamers were soon plying this new route, including private steamship lines owned by American entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a> that made use of an overland route through Nicaragua, and the unfortunate <a href="/wiki/SS_Central_America" title="SS Central America">SS <i>Central America</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Isthmus_of_Panama_Showing_The_Proposed_Panama_Canal_and_the_Railway_._._._,_Published_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Isthmus_of_Panama_Showing_The_Proposed_Panama_Canal_and_the_Railway_._._._%2C_Published_1885.jpg/240px-Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Isthmus_of_Panama_Showing_The_Proposed_Panama_Canal_and_the_Railway_._._._%2C_Published_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Isthmus_of_Panama_Showing_The_Proposed_Panama_Canal_and_the_Railway_._._._%2C_Published_1885.jpg/360px-Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Isthmus_of_Panama_Showing_The_Proposed_Panama_Canal_and_the_Railway_._._._%2C_Published_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Isthmus_of_Panama_Showing_The_Proposed_Panama_Canal_and_the_Railway_._._._%2C_Published_1885.jpg/480px-Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Isthmus_of_Panama_Showing_The_Proposed_Panama_Canal_and_the_Railway_._._._%2C_Published_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Railway and the proposed Panama Canal route</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1850, the United States began construction of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Railway" title="Panama Canal Railway">Panama Railroad</a> (now called the Panama Railway) to cross the isthmus; it opened in 1855. This overland link became a vital piece of Western Hemisphere infrastructure, greatly facilitating trade. The later canal route was constructed parallel to it, as it had helped clear dense forests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An all-water route between the oceans was still the goal. In 1855, <a href="/wiki/William_Kennish" title="William Kennish">William Kennish</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Manx</a>-born engineer working for the United States government, surveyed the isthmus and issued a report on a route for a proposed Panama Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His report was published as a book entitled <i>The Practicability and Importance of a Ship Canal to Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aktie_Canal_de_Panama_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Aktie_Canal_de_Panama_1880.jpg/260px-Aktie_Canal_de_Panama_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Aktie_Canal_de_Panama_1880.jpg/390px-Aktie_Canal_de_Panama_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Aktie_Canal_de_Panama_1880.jpg/520px-Aktie_Canal_de_Panama_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4180" data-file-height="3112" /></a><figcaption>Share of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama, issued 29. November 1880 – signed by Ferdinand de Lesseps</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte-Wyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucien Napoléon Bonaparte-Wyse">Lucien Napoléon Bonaparte Wyse</a> and his chief assistant Armand Réclus, both officers and engineers of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>, explored several routes in the Darien-Atrato regions and made proposals including the construction of tunnels and locks.<sup id="cite_ref-Reclus_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reclus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A second Isthmian exploratory visit began on 6 December 1877, where two routes were explored in Panama, the San Blas route and a route from Bahía Limón to Panama City, the current Canal route. The French had achieved success in building the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in the Middle East. While it was a lengthy project, they were encouraged to plan for a canal to cross the Panamanian isthmus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough197758–59_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough197758–59-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wyse went to Bogotá and on 20 March 1878, signed a treaty, in the name of the <i>Société civile internationale du Canal interocéanique par l'isthme du Darien</i> headed by general Étienne Türr, with the Colombian government, known as the Wyse concession, to build an interoceanic canal through Panama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_construction_attempts,_1881–1899"><span id="French_construction_attempts.2C_1881.E2.80.931899"></span>French construction attempts, 1881–1899</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French construction attempts, 1881–1899"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_de_Lesseps_by_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps_by_Nadar.jpg/170px-Ferdinand_de_Lesseps_by_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps_by_Nadar.jpg/255px-Ferdinand_de_Lesseps_by_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps_by_Nadar.jpg/340px-Ferdinand_de_Lesseps_by_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a>, the French originator of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and the Panama Canal</figcaption></figure> <p>The first attempt to construct a canal through what was then Colombia's province of Panama began on 1 January 1881. The project was inspired by the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a>, who was able to raise considerable funds in <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> as a result of the huge profits generated by his successful construction of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977125_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977125-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Panama Canal needed to be only 40 percent as long as the Suez Canal, it was much more of an engineering challenge because of the combination of tropical rain forests, debilitating climate, the need for canal locks, and the lack of any ancient route to follow. </p><p>Lesseps wanted a sea-level canal (like the Suez), but he visited the site only a few times, during the dry season which lasts only four months of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977103–123_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977103–123-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His men were unprepared for the rainy season, during which the <a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a>, where the canal started, became a raging torrent, rising up to 10 m (33 ft). The dense jungle was alive with venomous snakes, insects, and spiders, but the worst challenges were <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and other tropical diseases, which killed thousands of workers; by 1884, the death rate was over 200 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadbury2003201–204_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2003201–204-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public health measures were ineffective because the role of the mosquito as a <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">disease vector</a> was then unknown. Conditions were downplayed in France to avoid recruitment problems,<sup id="cite_ref-French_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the high mortality rate made it difficult to maintain an experienced workforce. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1886_bas_obispo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1886_bas_obispo.jpg/240px-1886_bas_obispo.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1886_bas_obispo.jpg/360px-1886_bas_obispo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1886_bas_obispo.jpg/480px-1886_bas_obispo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Excavator at work in Bas Obispo, 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>Workers had to continually widen the main cut through the mountain at Culebra and reduce the angles of the slopes to minimize landslides into the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steam_shovel" title="Steam shovel">Steam shovels</a> were used in the construction of the canal, purchased from Bay City Industrial Works, a business owned by <a href="/wiki/William_L._Clements" title="William L. Clements">William L. Clements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan" title="Bay City, Michigan">Bay City, Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bucket_chain_excavators" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucket chain excavators">Bucket chain excavators</a> manufactured by both <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Couvreux" title="Alphonse Couvreux">Alphonse Couvreux</a> and Wehyer & Richemond and Buette were also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Haddock_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddock-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mechanical and electrical equipment was limited in capabilities, and steel equipment rusted rapidly in the rainy climate.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, Lesseps kept the investment and supply of workers flowing long after it was obvious that the targets were not being met, but eventually the money ran out. The French effort went bankrupt in 1889 after reportedly spending US$287,000,000; an estimated 22,000 men died from disease and accidents, and the savings of 800,000 investors were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-French_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadbury2003262_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2003262-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work was suspended on May 15, and in the ensuing scandal, known as the <a href="/wiki/Panama_scandals" title="Panama scandals">Panama affair</a>, some of those deemed responsible were prosecuted, including <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel" title="Gustave Eiffel">Gustave Eiffel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977224_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977224-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesseps and his son Charles were found guilty of misappropriation of funds and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. This sentence was later overturned, and the father, at age 88, was never imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-French_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894, a second French company, the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama, was created to take over the project. A minimal workforce of a few thousand people was employed primarily to comply with the terms of the Colombian Panama Canal concession, to run the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Railroad">Panama Railroad</a>, and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in salable condition. The company sought a buyer for these assets, with an asking price of US$109,000,000. In the meantime, they continued with enough activity to maintain their franchise. <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Jean_Bunau-Varilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla">Phillipe Bunau-Varilla</a>, the French manager of the New Panama Canal Company, eventually managed to persuade Lesseps that a lock-and-lake canal was more realistic than a sea-level canal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadbury2003261_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2003261-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Comité Technique, a high level technical committee, was formed by the Compagnie Nouvelle to review the studies and work—that already finished and that still ongoing—and come up with the best plan for completing the canal. The committee arrived on the Isthmus in February 1896 and went immediately, quietly and efficiently about their work of devising the best possible canal plan, which they presented on 16 November 1898. Many aspects of the plan were similar in principle to the canal that was finally built by the Americans in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a lock canal with two high level lakes to lift ships up and over the Continental Divide. Double locks would be 738 feet long and about 30 feet deep (225 m × 9 m); one chamber of each pair would be 82 feet (25 m) wide, the other 59 ft (18 m). There would be eight sets of locks, two at Bohio Soldado and two at Obispo on the Atlantic side; one at Paraiso, two at Pedro Miguel, and one at Miraflores on the Pacific. Artificial lakes would be formed by damming the Chagres River at Bohio and Alhajuela, providing both flood control and electric power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_acquisition">United States acquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg/290px-Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg/435px-Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg/580px-Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>The US's intentions to influence the area (especially the Panama Canal construction and control) led to the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">separation of Panama from Colombia</a> in 1903</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:125-French_method_of_excavation_in_Culebra_Cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/125-French_method_of_excavation_in_Culebra_Cut.jpg/290px-125-French_method_of_excavation_in_Culebra_Cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/125-French_method_of_excavation_in_Culebra_Cut.jpg/435px-125-French_method_of_excavation_in_Culebra_Cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/125-French_method_of_excavation_in_Culebra_Cut.jpg/580px-125-French_method_of_excavation_in_Culebra_Cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Culebra_Cut" title="Culebra Cut">Culebra Cut</a> in 1896</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V61_D312_The_culebra_cut.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PSM_V61_D312_The_culebra_cut.png/290px-PSM_V61_D312_The_culebra_cut.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PSM_V61_D312_The_culebra_cut.png/435px-PSM_V61_D312_The_culebra_cut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PSM_V61_D312_The_culebra_cut.png/580px-PSM_V61_D312_The_culebra_cut.png 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption>The Culebra Cut in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>At this time, US President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> were interested in establishing a canal across the isthmus, with some favoring a <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">canal across Nicaragua</a> and others advocating the purchase of the French interests in Panama. <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Jean_Bunau-Varilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla">Bunau-Varilla</a>, who was seeking American involvement, asked for $100 million, but accepted $40 million in the face of the Nicaraguan option. In June 1902, the US Senate voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Spooner_Act" title="Spooner Act">Spooner Act</a>, to pursue the Panamanian option, provided the necessary rights could be obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977305–328_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977305–328-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 January 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Herr%C3%A1n_Treaty" title="Hay–Herrán Treaty">Hay–Herrán Treaty</a> was signed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_M._Hay" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Hay">John M. Hay</a> and Colombian <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Herr%C3%A1n" title="Tomás Herrán">Tomás Herrán</a>. For $10 million and an annual payment, it would have granted the United States a renewable <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">lease</a> in perpetuity from Colombia on the land proposed for the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was ratified by the US Senate on 14 March 1903, but the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Senate of Colombia</a> unanimously rejected the treaty since it had become significantly unpopular in Bogotá due to concerns over insufficient compensation, threat to sovereignty, and perpetuity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt changed tactics, based in part on the <a href="/wiki/Mallarino%E2%80%93Bidlack_Treaty" title="Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty">Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty</a> of 1846, and actively supported the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">separation of Panama from Colombia</a>. Shortly after recognizing Panama, he signed a treaty with the new Panamanian government under terms similar to the Hay–Herrán Treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 November 1903, US warships blocked sea lanes against possible Colombian troop movements en route to put down the Panama rebellion. Panama declared independence on 3 November 1903. The United States quickly recognized the new nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977361–386_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977361–386-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This happened so quickly that by the time the Colombian government in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> launched a response to the Panamanian uprising US troops had already entered the rebelling province. The Colombian troops dispatched to Panama were hastily assembled conscripts with little training. While these conscripts may have been able to defeat the Panamanian rebels, they would not have been able to defeat the US army troops that were supporting the Panamanian rebels. The reason an army of conscripts was sent was that it was the best response the Colombians could muster, as Colombia still was recovering from a civil war between Liberals and Conservatives from October 1899, to November 1902, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Thousand Days War</a>". The US was fully aware of these conditions and even incorporated them into the planning of the Panama intervention as the US acted as an arbitrator between the two sides. The peace treaty that ended the "Thousand Days War" was signed on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-9)" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-9)">USS <i>Wisconsin</i></a> on 21 November 1902. While in port, the US also brought engineering teams to Panama with the peace delegation to begin planning the canal's construction before the US had even gained the rights to build the canal. All these factors would result in the Colombians being unable to put down the Panamanian rebellion and expel the United States troops occupying what today is the independent nation of Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 November 1903, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, as Panama's ambassador to the United States, signed the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a>, granting rights to the United States to build and indefinitely administer the Panama Canal Zone and its defenses. This is sometimes misinterpreted as the "99-year lease" because of misleading wording included in article 22 of the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost immediately, the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country's new national sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would later become a contentious diplomatic issue among Colombia, Panama, and the United States. </p><p>President Roosevelt famously stated, "I took the Isthmus, started the canal and then left Congress not to debate the canal, but to debate me." Several parties in the United States called this an act of war on Colombia: The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> described the support given by the United States to Bunau-Varilla as an "act of sordid conquest".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Evening Post</a></i> called it a "vulgar and mercenary venture".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US maneuvers are often cited as the classic example of US <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> in Latin America, and the best illustration of what Roosevelt meant by the old African adage, "Speak softly and carry a big stick [and] you will go far." After the revolution in 1903, the Republic of Panama became a US <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> until 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, the United States purchased the French equipment and excavations, including the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Railroad">Panama Railroad</a>, for US$40 million, of which $30 million related to excavations completed, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Culebra_Cut" title="Culebra Cut">Culebra Cut</a>, valued at about $1.00 per cubic yard.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States also paid the new country of Panama $10 million and a $250,000 payment each following year. </p><p>In 1921, Colombia and the United States entered into the <a href="/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93Urrutia_Treaty" title="Thomson–Urrutia Treaty">Thomson–Urrutia Treaty</a>, in which the United States agreed to pay Colombia $25 million: $5 million upon ratification, and four $5 million annual payments, and grant Colombia special privileges in the Canal Zone. In return, Colombia recognized Panama as an independent nation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_construction_of_the_Panama_canal,_1904–1914"><span id="United_States_construction_of_the_Panama_canal.2C_1904.E2.80.931914"></span>United States construction of the Panama canal, 1904–1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States construction of the Panama canal, 1904–1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Frank_Stevens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Frank_Stevens.jpg/170px-John_Frank_Stevens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Frank_Stevens.jpg/255px-John_Frank_Stevens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John_Frank_Stevens.jpg/340px-John_Frank_Stevens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Chief engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Crawford_Gorgas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/William_Crawford_Gorgas.jpg/170px-William_Crawford_Gorgas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/William_Crawford_Gorgas.jpg/255px-William_Crawford_Gorgas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/William_Crawford_Gorgas.jpg/340px-William_Crawford_Gorgas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption>Sanitation officer <a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The US formally took control of the canal property on 4 May 1904, inheriting from the French a depleted workforce and a vast jumble of buildings, infrastructure, and equipment, much of it in poor condition. A US government commission, the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Canal_Commission" title="Isthmian Canal Commission">Isthmian Canal Commission</a> (ICC), was established to oversee construction; it was given control of the Panama Canal Zone, over which the United States exercised sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977273–274_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977273–274-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission reported directly to <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and was directed to avoid the inefficiency and corruption that had plagued the French 15 years earlier. </p><p>On 6 May 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Findley_Wallace" title="John Findley Wallace">John Findley Wallace</a>, formerly chief engineer and finally general manager of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a>, as chief engineer of the Panama Canal Project. Overwhelmed by the disease-plagued country and forced to use often dilapidated French infrastructure and equipment,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977440_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977440-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as being frustrated by the overly bureaucratic ICC, Wallace resigned abruptly in June 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977457_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977457-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICC brought on a new chairman, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_P._Shonts" title="Theodore P. Shonts">Theodore P. Shonts</a>, and a new chief engineer was appointed, <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a>, a self-educated engineer who had built the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977459–462_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977459–462-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stevens was not a member of the ICC; he increasingly viewed its bureaucracy as a serious hindrance, bypassing the commission and sending requests and demands directly to the Roosevelt administration in Washington, DC. </p><p>One of Stevens' first achievements in Panama was in building and rebuilding the housing, cafeterias, hotels, water systems, repair shops, warehouses, and other infrastructure needed by the thousands of incoming workers. Stevens began the recruitment effort to entice thousands of workers from the United States and other areas to come to the Canal Zone to work. Workers from the Caribbean—called "<a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Afro-Panamanians</a>"—came in large numbers and many settled permanently. Stevens tried to provide accommodation in which the workers could work and live in reasonable safety and comfort. He also re-established and enlarged the railway, which was to prove crucial in transporting millions of tons of soil from the cut through the mountains to the dam across the Chagres River. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG/170px-Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG/255px-Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG/340px-Roosevelt_and_the_Canal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> sitting on a Bucyrus steam shovel at Culebra Cut, 1906</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Canal_under_construction,_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/170px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/255px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg/340px-Panama_Canal_under_construction%2C_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Construction work on the <a href="/wiki/Gaillard_Cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaillard Cut">Gaillard Cut</a> is shown in this photograph from 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a> had been appointed chief sanitation officer of the canal construction project in 1904. Gorgas implemented a range of measures to minimize the spread of deadly diseases, particularly <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, which had recently been shown to be mosquito-borne following the work of Cuban epidemiologist, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Finlay" title="Carlos Finlay">Carlos Finlay</a> and American pathologist, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977405–426_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977405–426-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investment was made in extensive sanitation projects, including city water systems, fumigation of buildings, spraying of insect-breeding areas with oil and larvicide, installation of mosquito netting and window screens, and elimination of stagnant water. Despite opposition from the commission (one member said his ideas were barmy), Gorgas persisted, and when Stevens arrived, he threw his weight behind the project. After two years of extensive work, <a href="/wiki/Health_measures_during_the_construction_of_the_Panama_Canal" title="Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal">the mosquito-spread diseases were nearly eliminated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977466–468_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977466–468-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the monumental effort, about 5,600 workers died from disease and accidents during the US construction phase of the canal. </p><p>Besides healthier and far better living conditions for the workers, another benefit given to American citizens working on the Canal was a medal for two years of service. Additional bars were added for each two-year period after that. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_D._Brenner" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor D. Brenner">Victor D. Brenner</a> and featuring the then-current president they were popularly known as The Roosevelt Medal. A total of 7189 were ultimately issued, with a few people receiving as many as four bars.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certificates are available today.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, a US engineering panel was commissioned to review the canal design, which had not been finalized. In January 1906 the panel, in a majority of eight to five, recommended to President Roosevelt a sea-level canal,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as had been attempted by the French and temporarily abandoned by them in 1887 for a ten locks system designed by Philippe Bunau-Varilla, and definitively in 1898 for a lock-and-lake canal designed by the Comité Technique of the Compagnie Nouvelle de Canal de Panama as conceptualized by Adolphe Godin de Lépinay in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 1906 Stevens, who had seen the Chagres in full flood, was summoned to Washington; he declared a sea-level approach to be "an entirely untenable proposition". He argued in favor of a canal using a lock system to raise and lower ships from a large reservoir 85 ft (26 m) above sea level. This would create both the largest dam (Gatun Dam) and the largest human-made lake (Gatun Lake) in the world at that time. The water to refill the locks would be taken from Gatun Lake by opening and closing enormous gates and valves and letting gravity propel the water from the lake. Gatun Lake would connect to the Pacific through the mountains at the <a href="/wiki/Gaillard_Cut" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaillard Cut">Gaillard</a> (Culebra) Cut. Unlike Godin de Lépinay with the Congrès International d'Etudes du Canal Interocéanique, Stevens successfully convinced Roosevelt of the necessity and feasibility of this alternative scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977485–489_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977485–489-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of a canal with locks required the excavation of more than 17 million cu yd (13 million m<sup>3</sup>) of material over and above the 30 million cu yd (23 million m<sup>3</sup>) excavated by the French. As quickly as possible, the Americans replaced or upgraded the old, unusable French equipment with new construction equipment that was designed for a much larger and faster scale of work. 102 large, railroad-mounted <a href="/wiki/Steam_shovel" title="Steam shovel">steam shovels</a> were purchased, 77 from <a href="/wiki/Bucyrus-Erie" title="Bucyrus-Erie">Bucyrus-Erie</a>, and 25 from the <a href="/wiki/Marion_Power_Shovel_Company" title="Marion Power Shovel Company">Marion Power Shovel Company</a>. These were joined by enormous steam-powered cranes, giant hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Rock_crusher" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock crusher">rock crushers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete_mixer" title="Concrete mixer">concrete mixers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dredge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredge">dredges</a>, and pneumatic power drills, nearly all of which were manufactured by new, extensive machine-building technology developed and built in the United States. The railroad also had to be comprehensively upgraded with heavy-duty, double-tracked rails over most of the line to accommodate new <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a>. In many places, the new Gatun Lake flooded over the original rail line, and a new line had to be constructed above Gatun Lake's waterline. </p><p>Between 1912 and 1914 there was <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Pauncefote_Treaty#Tolls_controversy" title="Hay–Pauncefote Treaty">a controversy about the tolls for the canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:785px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PanamaCanal1913a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Construction of locks on the Panama Canal, 1913"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PanamaCanal1913a.jpg/777px-PanamaCanal1913a.jpg" decoding="async" width="777" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PanamaCanal1913a.jpg/1166px-PanamaCanal1913a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/PanamaCanal1913a.jpg/1554px-PanamaCanal1913a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3453" data-file-height="733" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PanamaCanal1913a.jpg" title="File:PanamaCanal1913a.jpg"> </a></div>Construction of locks on the Panama Canal, 1913</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goethals_replaces_Stevens_as_chief_engineer">Goethals replaces Stevens as chief engineer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Goethals replaces Stevens as chief engineer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Goethals_cph.3a02121.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/George_W._Goethals_cph.3a02121.jpg/170px-George_W._Goethals_cph.3a02121.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/George_W._Goethals_cph.3a02121.jpg/255px-George_W._Goethals_cph.3a02121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/George_W._Goethals_cph.3a02121.jpg/340px-George_W._Goethals_cph.3a02121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Goethals" title="George Washington Goethals">George Washington Goethals</a>, who completed the canal</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1907, Stevens resigned as chief engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977503–508_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977503–508-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His replacement, appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt, was US Army Major <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Goethals" title="George Washington Goethals">George Washington Goethals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">US Army Corps of Engineers</a>. Soon to be promoted to lieutenant colonel and later to general, he was a strong, <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a>-trained leader and civil engineer with experience in canals (unlike Stevens). Goethals directed the work in Panama to a successful conclusion in 1914, two years ahead of the target date of 10 June 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goethals divided the engineering and excavation work into three divisions: Atlantic, Central, and Pacific. The Atlantic Division, under Major <a href="/wiki/William_L._Sibert" title="William L. Sibert">William L. Sibert</a>, was responsible for construction of the massive <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Lim%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahía Limón">Bahía Limón</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Locks" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Canal Locks">Gatun locks</a>, and their <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-mile (5.6 km) approach channel, and the immense Gatun Dam. The Pacific Division, under Sydney B. Williamson (the only civilian member of this high-level team), was similarly responsible for the Pacific 3-mile (4.8 km) breakwater in <a href="/wiki/Panama_Bay" title="Panama Bay">Panama Bay</a>, the approach channel to the locks, and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Locks" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Canal Locks">Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks</a> and their associated dams and reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977540–542_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977540–542-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Central Division, under Major <a href="/wiki/David_du_Bose_Gaillard" title="David du Bose Gaillard">David du Bose Gaillard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>, was assigned one of the most difficult parts: excavating the Culebra Cut through the continental divide to connect Gatun Lake to the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_locks" title="Panama Canal locks">Panama Canal locks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Panama_Canal_and_Approaches,_Published_1914,_New_Edition_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Panama_Canal_and_Approaches%2C_Published_1914%2C_New_Edition_1915.jpg/220px-Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Panama_Canal_and_Approaches%2C_Published_1914%2C_New_Edition_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Panama_Canal_and_Approaches%2C_Published_1914%2C_New_Edition_1915.jpg/330px-Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Panama_Canal_and_Approaches%2C_Published_1914%2C_New_Edition_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Panama_Canal_and_Approaches%2C_Published_1914%2C_New_Edition_1915.jpg/440px-Admiralty_Chart_No_657_Panama_Canal_and_Approaches%2C_Published_1914%2C_New_Edition_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11330" data-file-height="18230" /></a><figcaption>Nautical chart of 1915 showing the canal shortly after completion</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 October 1913, President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> sent a signal from the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegraph</a> which triggered the explosion that destroyed the Gamboa Dike. This flooded the Culebra Cut, thereby joining the Atlantic and Pacific oceans via the Panama Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Alexandre La Valley</i> (a floating crane built by <a href="/wiki/Lobnitz" title="Lobnitz">Lobnitz & Company</a> and launched in 1887) was the first self-propelled vessel to transit the canal from ocean to ocean. This vessel crossed the canal from the Atlantic in stages during construction, finally reaching the Pacific on 7 January 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977607_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977607-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SS <i>Cristobal</i> (a cargo and passenger ship built by <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Sparrows_Point_Shipyard" title="Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard">Maryland Steel</a>, and launched in 1902 as SS <i>Tremont</i>) on 3 August 1914, was the first ship to transit the canal from ocean to ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977609_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977609-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of the canal was completed in 1914, 401 years after Panama was first crossed overland by the Europeans in <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>'s party of <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadores</a>. The United States spent almost $500 million (roughly equivalent to $15.2 billion in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to finish the project. This was by far the largest American engineering project to date. The canal was formally opened on 15 August 1914, with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Ancon" title="SS Ancon">SS <i>Ancon</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 caused a <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">severe drop in traffic</a> along <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> ports due to shifts in maritime trade routes,<sup id="cite_ref-millan_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millan-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martinicfabril_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martinicfabril-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Figueroa_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figueroa-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the closure of the canal for nearly seven months after a landslide in the Culebra Cut on 18 September 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_sheep_farming_boom" title="Patagonian sheep farming boom">burgeoning sheep farming business in southern Patagonia</a> suffered a significant setback by the change in trade routes,<sup id="cite_ref-Economiaovejera_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economiaovejera-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the economy of the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout this time, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_%22Red%22_Hallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest "Red" Hallen">Ernest "Red" Hallen</a> was hired by the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Canal_Commission" title="Isthmian Canal Commission">Isthmian Canal Commission</a> to document the progress of the work. </p><p>In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Steam_shovel" title="Steam shovel">steam shovels</a> from the Panama Canal were purchased and put to use in <a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a> copper mine of northern Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MarioModel90_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Marion steam shovel excavating the Panama Canal in 1908"><img alt="A Marion steam shovel excavating the Panama Canal in 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MarioModel90_1908.jpg/338px-MarioModel90_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/MarioModel90_1908.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Marion <a href="/wiki/Steam_shovel" title="Steam shovel">steam shovel</a> excavating the Panama Canal in 1908</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Canal_Lock_Forms.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Panama Canal locks under construction in 1910"><img alt="The Panama Canal locks under construction in 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Panama_Canal_Lock_Forms.jpeg/282px-Panama_Canal_Lock_Forms.jpeg" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Panama_Canal_Lock_Forms.jpeg/424px-Panama_Canal_Lock_Forms.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Panama_Canal_Lock_Forms.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Panama Canal locks under construction in 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Ancon_entering_west_chamber_cph.3b17471u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first ship to transit the canal at the formal opening, SS Ancon, passes through on 15 August 1914"><img alt="The first ship to transit the canal at the formal opening, SS Ancon, passes through on 15 August 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SS_Ancon_entering_west_chamber_cph.3b17471u.jpg/259px-SS_Ancon_entering_west_chamber_cph.3b17471u.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SS_Ancon_entering_west_chamber_cph.3b17471u.jpg/390px-SS_Ancon_entering_west_chamber_cph.3b17471u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SS_Ancon_entering_west_chamber_cph.3b17471u.jpg/519px-SS_Ancon_entering_west_chamber_cph.3b17471u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first ship to transit the canal at the formal opening, SS <i>Ancon</i>, passes through on 15 August 1914</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_laborers_on_Panama_Canal_in_early_1900s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish laborers working on the Panama Canal in early 1900s"><img alt="Spanish laborers working on the Panama Canal in early 1900s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Spanish_laborers_on_Panama_Canal_in_early_1900s.jpg/166px-Spanish_laborers_on_Panama_Canal_in_early_1900s.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Spanish_laborers_on_Panama_Canal_in_early_1900s.jpg/249px-Spanish_laborers_on_Panama_Canal_in_early_1900s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Spanish_laborers_on_Panama_Canal_in_early_1900s.jpg/332px-Spanish_laborers_on_Panama_Canal_in_early_1900s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spanish laborers working on the Panama Canal in early 1900s</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Third_set_of_locks_project_(expansion)">§ Third set of locks project (expansion)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_panama_canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Missouri_panama_canal.jpg/170px-Missouri_panama_canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Missouri_panama_canal.jpg/255px-Missouri_panama_canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Missouri_panama_canal.jpg/340px-Missouri_panama_canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="5592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS <i>Missouri</i></a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship" title="Iowa-class battleship"><i>Iowa</i>-class</a> battleship, passes through the canal in 1945. The 108 ft 2 in (32.97 m) beams of the <i>Iowas</i> and preceding <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota-class_battleship_(1939)" title="South Dakota-class battleship (1939)"><i>South Dakota</i> class</a> were the largest ever to transit the Canal.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1930s, water supply became an issue for the canal, prompting construction of the <a href="/wiki/Madden_Dam" title="Madden Dam">Madden Dam</a> across the Chagres River above Gatun Lake. Completed in 1935, the dam created Madden Lake (later Alajuela Lake), which provides additional water storage for the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, construction began on a further major improvement: a new set of locks large enough to carry the larger warships that the United States was building at the time and planned to continue building. The work proceeded for several years, and significant excavation was carried out on the new approach channels, but the project was canceled after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, US control of the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it became contentious; relations between Panama and the United States became increasingly tense. Many Panamanians felt that the Zone rightfully belonged to Panama; student protests were met by the fencing-in of the zone and an increased military presence there.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demands for the United States to hand over the canal to Panama increased after the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> in 1956, when the United States used financial and diplomatic pressure to force France and the UK to abandon their attempt to retake control of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, previously nationalized by the <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a> regime in Egypt. Panamanian unrest culminated in riots on <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(Panama)" title="Martyrs' Day (Panama)">Martyr's Day</a>, 9 January 1964, when about 20 Panamanians and 3–5 US soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg" title="File:Carter Panama Canal speech.ogg">Statement on the Panama Canal Treaty Signing</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="407" data-mwtitle="Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg/Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACarter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">President Jimmy Carter's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty, 7 September 1977</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>A decade later, in 1974, negotiations toward a settlement began and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a>. On 7 September 1977, the treaty was signed by President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a>, <i>de facto</i> leader of Panama. This mobilized the process of granting the Panamanians free control of the canal so long as Panama signed a treaty guaranteeing the permanent neutrality of the canal. The treaty led to full Panamanian control effective at noon on 31 December 1999, and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authority" title="Panama Canal Authority">Panama Canal Authority (ACP)</a> assumed command of the waterway. The Panama Canal remains one of the chief revenue sources for Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before this handover, the government of Panama held an international bid to negotiate a 25-year contract for operation of the <a href="/wiki/Container_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Container terminal">container shipping ports</a> located at the canal's Atlantic and Pacific outlets. The contract was not affiliated with the ACP or Panama Canal operations and was won by the firm <a href="/wiki/Hutchison_Whampoa" title="Hutchison Whampoa">Hutchison Whampoa</a>, a Hong Kong–based shipping interest owned by <a href="/wiki/Li_Ka-shing" title="Li Ka-shing">Li Ka-shing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canal">Canal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout">Layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 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style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">mi</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir" style="background:#003399"><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></b> <div class="RMsi">(<a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uWWSEL; HUBrg-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uWWSEL; HUBrg-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_uWWSEL.svg/20px-BSicon_uWWSEL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_uWWSEL.svg/30px-BSicon_uWWSEL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_uWWSEL.svg/40px-BSicon_uWWSEL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUBa@f-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi">0</div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Atlantic Entrance, <div class="RMsi">Manzanillo Bay Breakwater</div> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:1"> <td colspan="7" style="padding:0 !important;background:#eeeeee"> <table class="RMcollapse mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl4"> </td> <td class="RMl"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLT"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/20px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/30px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/40px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/20px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/30px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/40px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="lDST; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="lDST; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/20px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/30px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/40px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">8.7</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">5.4</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1;width:100%;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left"><b><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Port of Colón</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal, Colón">Cristóbal (city)</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px 0 3px;text-align:right"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="padding-left:3px;font-size:90%;min-width:45px;"> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:1"> <td colspan="7" style="padding:0 45px 0 0"><div style="position:relative"> <table class="RMreplace" style="background:#eeeeee"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl4"> </td> <td class="RMl"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLT"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/20px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/30px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/40px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/20px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/30px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_KDSTa.svg/40px-BSicon_KDSTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="lDST; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="lDST; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/20px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/30px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/40px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">8.7</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">5.4</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1;width:100%;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left"><b><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Port of Colón</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal, Colón">Cristóbal (city)</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px 0 3px;text-align:right"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="RMr4"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; lDST~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BSicon_lDST~L.svg/20px-BSicon_lDST~L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BSicon_lDST~L.svg/30px-BSicon_lDST~L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BSicon_lDST~L.svg/40px-BSicon_lDST~L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; lDST~L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKg; lDST~R"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BSicon_lDST~R.svg/20px-BSicon_lDST~R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BSicon_lDST~R.svg/30px-BSicon_lDST~R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BSicon_lDST~R.svg/40px-BSicon_lDST~R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKg; lDST~R"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/BSicon_uDOCKg.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/BSicon_uDOCKg.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/BSicon_uDOCKg.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLT"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/20px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/30px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/40px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Cruise terminal, <a href="/wiki/Manzanillo_International_Terminal" title="Manzanillo International Terminal">Manzanillo (MIT)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Free_Trade_Zone" title="Colón Free Trade Zone">Free Trade Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Adolfo_Jim%C3%A9nez_Airport" title="Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport">E.A. Jiménez Airport</a>,</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uFABZgl+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BSicon_uFABZgl%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_uFABZgl%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BSicon_uFABZgl%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_uFABZgl%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BSicon_uFABZgl%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_uFABZgl%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BSicon_uDOCKr.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BSicon_uDOCKr.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BSicon_uDOCKr.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KBHFaq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BSicon_KBHFaq.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BSicon_KBHFaq.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BSicon_KBHFaq.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ABZg+r"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZg%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i>Atlantic</i> railway station; freight terminal</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUBlf-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; HUBlf-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUBe@g-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAoWq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_RAoWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAoWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_RAoWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAoWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_RAoWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAoWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSKRZ-Au"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg/20px-BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg/30px-BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg/40px-BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="SKRZ-Au"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg/20px-BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg/30px-BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg/40px-BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bridge,_Panama" title="Atlantic Bridge, Panama">Atlantic Bridge</a> <div class="RMsi">(2019)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; uSTRl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BSicon_uSTRl.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BSicon_uSTRl.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BSicon_uSTRl.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; uSTRl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR+r"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSPLa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BSicon_uSPLa.svg/20px-BSicon_uSPLa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BSicon_uSPLa.svg/30px-BSicon_uSPLa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BSicon_uSPLa.svg/40px-BSicon_uSPLa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uFGATEd"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/20px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/30px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/40px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uvLock3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BSicon_uvLock3.svg/20px-BSicon_uvLock3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BSicon_uvLock3.svg/30px-BSicon_uvLock3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BSicon_uvLock3.svg/40px-BSicon_uvLock3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg/20px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg/30px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg/40px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqrg; uFGATEd"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/20px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/30px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/40px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqrg; uFGATEd"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg/20px-BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg/30px-BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg/40px-BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">1.9</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">1.2</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Gatun_Locks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatun Locks">Gatún Locks</a></b> <div class="RMsi">3 chambers, +26 m (85 ft)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uvLock3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BSicon_uvLock3.svg/20px-BSicon_uvLock3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BSicon_uvLock3.svg/30px-BSicon_uvLock3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BSicon_uvLock3.svg/40px-BSicon_uvLock3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg/20px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg/30px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg/40px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqrg; uFGATEd"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/20px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/30px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/40px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqrg; uFGATEd"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg/20px-BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg/30px-BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg/40px-BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project#The_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">Agua Clara Locks</a></b> <div class="RMsi">(2016) 3 chambers, 3 water saving basins each</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSPLe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_uSPLe.svg/20px-BSicon_uSPLe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_uSPLe.svg/30px-BSicon_uSPLe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_uSPLe.svg/40px-BSicon_uSPLe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg/20px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg/30px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg/40px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqrg; uFGATEd"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/20px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/30px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_uFGATEd.svg/40px-BSicon_uFGATEd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqrg; uFGATEd"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg/20px-BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg/30px-BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg/40px-BSicon_WFEEDERqrg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; uSTR+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; uSTR+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_uSTRr.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_uSTRr.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_uSTRr.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; lvNULg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_lvNULg.svg/20px-BSicon_lvNULg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_lvNULg.svg/30px-BSicon_lvNULg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_lvNULg.svg/40px-BSicon_lvNULg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; lvNULg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="vDSTR-c2; uexlDST; lELC"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BSicon_uexlDST.svg/20px-BSicon_uexlDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BSicon_uexlDST.svg/30px-BSicon_uexlDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BSicon_uexlDST.svg/40px-BSicon_uexlDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="vDSTR-c2; uexlDST; lELC"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BSicon_lELC.svg/20px-BSicon_lELC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BSicon_lELC.svg/30px-BSicon_lELC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BSicon_lELC.svg/40px-BSicon_lELC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="vDSTR-c2; uexlDST; lELC"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BSicon_vDSTR-c2.svg/20px-BSicon_vDSTR-c2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BSicon_vDSTR-c2.svg/30px-BSicon_vDSTR-c2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BSicon_vDSTR-c2.svg/40px-BSicon_vDSTR-c2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="vDKSTRe~RRq; lvNULg; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_lvNULg.svg/20px-BSicon_lvNULg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_lvNULg.svg/30px-BSicon_lvNULg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BSicon_lvNULg.svg/40px-BSicon_lvNULg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="vDKSTRe~RRq; lvNULg; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="vDKSTRe~RRq; lvNULg; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_vDKSTRe~RRq.svg/20px-BSicon_vDKSTRe~RRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_vDKSTRe~RRq.svg/30px-BSicon_vDKSTRe~RRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_vDKSTRe~RRq.svg/40px-BSicon_vDKSTRe~RRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BSicon_WASSERl.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BSicon_WASSERl.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BSicon_WASSERl.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PORTALl; exWWSELq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BSicon_exWWSELq.svg/20px-BSicon_exWWSELq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BSicon_exWWSELq.svg/30px-BSicon_exWWSELq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/BSicon_exWWSELq.svg/40px-BSicon_exWWSELq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PORTALl; exWWSELq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BSicon_PORTALl.svg/20px-BSicon_PORTALl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BSicon_PORTALl.svg/30px-BSicon_PORTALl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BSicon_PORTALl.svg/40px-BSicon_PORTALl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSa; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSa; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BSicon_uexDOCKSa.svg/20px-BSicon_uexDOCKSa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BSicon_uexDOCKSa.svg/30px-BSicon_uexDOCKSa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BSicon_uexDOCKSa.svg/40px-BSicon_uexDOCKSa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gat%C3%BAn_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatún Dam">Gatún Dam</a>, <div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Panama#Hydroelectric" title="List of power stations in Panama"> hydroelectric power</a> (22.5 MW),<sup id="cite_ref-industcards.com_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-industcards.com-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spillway</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="vDSTR~LL"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_vDSTR~LL.svg/20px-BSicon_vDSTR~LL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_vDSTR~LL.svg/30px-BSicon_vDSTR~LL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_vDSTR~LL.svg/40px-BSicon_vDSTR~LL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSm; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSm; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="DSTRa@g"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BSicon_DSTRa%40g.svg/20px-BSicon_DSTRa%40g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BSicon_DSTRa%40g.svg/30px-BSicon_DSTRa%40g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BSicon_DSTRa%40g.svg/40px-BSicon_DSTRa%40g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">24.2</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">15.0</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Gat%C3%BAn_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatún Lake">Gatún Lake</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSm; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSm; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexWWSELq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg/20px-BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg/30px-BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg/40px-BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; lvNULgq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/BSicon_lvNULgq.svg/20px-BSicon_lvNULgq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/BSicon_lvNULgq.svg/30px-BSicon_lvNULgq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/BSicon_lvNULgq.svg/40px-BSicon_lvNULgq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; lvNULgq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZW"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_hKRZW.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_hKRZW.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_hKRZW.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Gat%C3%BAn_River" title="Gatún River">Gatún River</a>, causeway, Monte Lirio railway bridge</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSm; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSm; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uexDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="DSTRe@f"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BSicon_DSTRe%40f.svg/20px-BSicon_DSTRe%40f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BSicon_DSTRe%40f.svg/30px-BSicon_DSTRe%40f.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BSicon_DSTRe%40f.svg/40px-BSicon_DSTRe%40f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSe; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexDOCKSe; uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BSicon_uexDOCKSe.svg/20px-BSicon_uexDOCKSe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BSicon_uexDOCKSe.svg/30px-BSicon_uexDOCKSe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BSicon_uexDOCKSe.svg/40px-BSicon_uexDOCKSe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; lv-DST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_lv-DST.svg/20px-BSicon_lv-DST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_lv-DST.svg/30px-BSicon_lv-DST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_lv-DST.svg/40px-BSicon_lv-DST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; lv-DST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">8.5</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">5.3</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gamboa,_Panama" title="Gamboa, Panama">Gamboa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ueFABZgl+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_ueFABZgl%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_ueFABZgl%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_ueFABZgl%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_ueFABZgl%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_ueFABZgl%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_ueFABZgl%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexWWSELq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg/20px-BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg/30px-BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg/40px-BSicon_uexWWSELq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; lvNULgq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/BSicon_lvNULgq.svg/20px-BSicon_lvNULgq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/BSicon_lvNULgq.svg/30px-BSicon_lvNULgq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/BSicon_lvNULgq.svg/40px-BSicon_lvNULgq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; lvNULgq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BSicon_hKRZWae.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BSicon_hKRZWae.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BSicon_hKRZWae.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexRESVl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BSicon_uexRESVl.svg/20px-BSicon_uexRESVl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BSicon_uexRESVl.svg/30px-BSicon_uexRESVl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BSicon_uexRESVl.svg/40px-BSicon_uexRESVl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a>, <div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Madden_Dam" title="Madden Dam">Madden Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alajuela_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Alajuela Lake">Alajuela Lake</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; lvNULf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_lvNULf.svg/20px-BSicon_lvNULf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_lvNULf.svg/30px-BSicon_lvNULf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_lvNULf.svg/40px-BSicon_lvNULf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; lvNULf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexlDST; lELC"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BSicon_lELC.svg/20px-BSicon_lELC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BSicon_lELC.svg/30px-BSicon_lELC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/BSicon_lELC.svg/40px-BSicon_lELC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexlDST; lELC"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BSicon_uexlDST.svg/20px-BSicon_uexlDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BSicon_uexlDST.svg/30px-BSicon_uexlDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BSicon_uexlDST.svg/40px-BSicon_uexlDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Panama#Hydroelectric" title="List of power stations in Panama">hydroelectric power</a> (36 MW)<sup id="cite_ref-industcards.com_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-industcards.com-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uCSTRa@g"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_uCSTRa%40g.svg/20px-BSicon_uCSTRa%40g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_uCSTRa%40g.svg/30px-BSicon_uCSTRa%40g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_uCSTRa%40g.svg/40px-BSicon_uCSTRa%40g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">12.6</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">7.8</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Culebra_Cut" title="Culebra Cut">Culebra Cut</a></b> <div class="RMsi">(Gaillard Cut)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq; uCSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BSicon_uCSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uCSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BSicon_uCSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uCSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/BSicon_uCSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uCSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq; uCSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq; lGIPl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_lGIPl.svg/20px-BSicon_lGIPl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_lGIPl.svg/30px-BSicon_lGIPl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_lGIPl.svg/40px-BSicon_lGIPl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq; lGIPl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq; STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq; STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_WGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental watershed</a>, summit</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uCSTRe@f; uSKRZ-Au"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg/20px-BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg/30px-BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg/40px-BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uCSTRe@f; uSKRZ-Au"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_uCSTRe%40f.svg/20px-BSicon_uCSTRe%40f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_uCSTRe%40f.svg/30px-BSicon_uCSTRe%40f.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_uCSTRe%40f.svg/40px-BSicon_uCSTRe%40f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="SKRZ-Au"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg/20px-BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg/30px-BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg/40px-BSicon_SKRZ-Au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RA+r"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_RA%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_RA%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_RA%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_RA%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_RA%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_RA%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Bridge,_Panama" title="Centennial Bridge, Panama">Centennial Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>, via Panama City)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR+l"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRr; uSPLa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BSicon_uSPLa.svg/20px-BSicon_uSPLa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BSicon_uSPLa.svg/30px-BSicon_uSPLa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BSicon_uSPLa.svg/40px-BSicon_uSPLa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRr; uSPLa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_uSTRr.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_uSTRr.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_uSTRr.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uFGATEu"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/20px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/30px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/40px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uvLock5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BSicon_uvLock5.svg/20px-BSicon_uvLock5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BSicon_uvLock5.svg/30px-BSicon_uvLock5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BSicon_uvLock5.svg/40px-BSicon_uvLock5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">1.4</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">0.9</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Miguel_Locks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Miguel Locks">Pedro Miguel Locks</a></b> <div class="RMsi">1 chamber, +9.5 m (31 ft)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqlg; uFGATEu"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/20px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/30px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/40px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqlg; uFGATEu"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg/20px-BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg/30px-BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg/40px-BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg/20px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg/30px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg/40px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSPLe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_uSPLe.svg/20px-BSicon_uSPLe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_uSPLe.svg/30px-BSicon_uSPLe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_uSPLe.svg/40px-BSicon_uSPLe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project#The_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">Cocolí Locks</a></b> <div class="RMsi">(2016) 3 chambers, 3 water saving basins each</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqlg; uFGATEu"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/20px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/30px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/40px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqlg; uFGATEu"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg/20px-BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg/30px-BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg/40px-BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg/20px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg/30px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg/40px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uBHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_uBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_uBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_uBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_uBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_uBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_uBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="TUNNEL1"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg/20px-BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg/30px-BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg/40px-BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">1.7</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">1.1</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraflores Lake">Miraflores Lake</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqlg; uFGATEu"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/20px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/30px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_uFGATEu.svg/40px-BSicon_uFGATEu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFEEDERqlg; uFGATEu"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg/20px-BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg/30px-BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg/40px-BSicon_WFEEDERqlg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg/20px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg/30px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg/40px-BSicon_uPANAMACANAL-BASINSl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexSTRl; uSPLa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BSicon_uSPLa.svg/20px-BSicon_uSPLa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BSicon_uSPLa.svg/30px-BSicon_uSPLa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BSicon_uSPLa.svg/40px-BSicon_uSPLa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexSTRl; uSPLa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_uexSTRl.svg/20px-BSicon_uexSTRl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_uexSTRl.svg/30px-BSicon_uexSTRl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_uexSTRl.svg/40px-BSicon_uexSTRl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexSTR+r"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BSicon_uexSTR%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_uexSTR%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BSicon_uexSTR%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_uexSTR%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/BSicon_uexSTR%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_uexSTR%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uvSTAIRg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BSicon_uvSTAIRg.svg/20px-BSicon_uvSTAIRg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BSicon_uvSTAIRg.svg/30px-BSicon_uvSTAIRg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BSicon_uvSTAIRg.svg/40px-BSicon_uvSTAIRg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uxWEIRg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BSicon_uxWEIRg.svg/20px-BSicon_uxWEIRg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BSicon_uxWEIRg.svg/30px-BSicon_uxWEIRg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BSicon_uxWEIRg.svg/40px-BSicon_uxWEIRg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">1.7</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">1.1</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Locks" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraflores Locks">Miraflores Locks</a></b> <div class="RMsi">2 chambers, +16.5 m (54 ft); spillway</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRl; HUBrg-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUBrg-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRl; HUBrg-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BSicon_uSTRl.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BSicon_uSTRl.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/BSicon_uSTRl.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRq; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR+r; HUB-Rq; uexSTR+l; uSPLe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR+r; HUB-Rq; uexSTR+l; uSPLe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BSicon_uexSTR%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_uexSTR%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BSicon_uexSTR%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_uexSTR%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BSicon_uexSTR%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_uexSTR%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR+r; HUB-Rq; uexSTR+l; uSPLe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_uSPLe.svg/20px-BSicon_uSPLe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_uSPLe.svg/30px-BSicon_uSPLe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BSicon_uSPLe.svg/40px-BSicon_uSPLe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR+r; HUB-Rq; uexSTR+l; uSPLe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexSTRr; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uexSTRr; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BSicon_uexSTRr.svg/20px-BSicon_uexSTRr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BSicon_uexSTRr.svg/30px-BSicon_uexSTRr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BSicon_uexSTRr.svg/40px-BSicon_uexSTRr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Rq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STR; HUB-Rq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUBa@f-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUBa%40f-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:1"> <td colspan="7" style="padding:0 !important;background:#eeeeee"> <table class="RMcollapse mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl4"> </td> <td class="RMl"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLTl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/BSicon_PLTl.svg/20px-BSicon_PLTl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/BSicon_PLTl.svg/30px-BSicon_PLTl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/BSicon_PLTl.svg/40px-BSicon_PLTl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLT"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/20px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/30px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/40px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BSicon_KDSTe.svg/20px-BSicon_KDSTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BSicon_KDSTe.svg/30px-BSicon_KDSTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BSicon_KDSTe.svg/40px-BSicon_KDSTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">13.2</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">8.2</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1;width:100%;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama#Port_of_Balboa" title="Balboa, Panama"><b>Port of Balboa</b></a>, <a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama" title="Balboa, Panama">Balboa (city)</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px 0 3px;text-align:right"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="padding-left:3px;font-size:90%;min-width:45px;"> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:1"> <td colspan="7" style="padding:0 45px 0 0"><div style="position:relative"> <table class="RMreplace" style="background:#eeeeee"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl4"> </td> <td class="RMl"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="lvDST@F-"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/BSicon_lvDST%40F-.svg/20px-BSicon_lvDST%40F-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/BSicon_lvDST%40F-.svg/30px-BSicon_lvDST%40F-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/BSicon_lvDST%40F-.svg/40px-BSicon_lvDST%40F-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FLUG; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FLUG; HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/30px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/40px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">13.2</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">8.2</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1;width:100%;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama#Port_of_Balboa" title="Balboa, Panama"><b>Port of Balboa</b></a>, <a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama" title="Balboa, Panama">Balboa (city)</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px 0 3px;text-align:right"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="RMr4"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLTl"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/BSicon_PLTl.svg/20px-BSicon_PLTl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/BSicon_PLTl.svg/30px-BSicon_PLTl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/BSicon_PLTl.svg/40px-BSicon_PLTl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKSm"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKSm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLT"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/20px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/30px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/40px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BSicon_KDSTe.svg/20px-BSicon_KDSTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BSicon_KDSTe.svg/30px-BSicon_KDSTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BSicon_KDSTe.svg/40px-BSicon_KDSTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Diablo,_Panama" title="Diablo, Panama">Diablo (hamlet)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albrook_%22Marcos_A._Gelabert%22_International_Airport" title="Albrook "Marcos A. Gelabert" International Airport">M.A. Gelabert Airport</a>,</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLTa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_PLTa.svg/20px-BSicon_PLTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_PLTa.svg/30px-BSicon_PLTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_PLTa.svg/40px-BSicon_PLTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLTa; lv-DST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_lv-DST.svg/20px-BSicon_lv-DST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_lv-DST.svg/30px-BSicon_lv-DST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_lv-DST.svg/40px-BSicon_lv-DST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLTa; lv-DST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_PLTa.svg/20px-BSicon_PLTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_PLTa.svg/30px-BSicon_PLTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_PLTa.svg/40px-BSicon_PLTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HUB-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_HUB-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i>Corozal</i> railway station; freight terminal</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUBlf-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUBlf-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUBlf-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSKRZ-Au; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSKRZ-Au; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg/20px-BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg/30px-BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg/40px-BSicon_uSKRZ-Au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/20px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/30px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg/40px-BSicon_HUB-Lq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RAq; HUB-Lq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/20px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/30px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_RAq.svg/40px-BSicon_RAq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="lDST; HUBe@g-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg/20px-BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg/30px-BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg/40px-BSicon_HUBe%40g-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="lDST; HUBe@g-L"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/20px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/30px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/40px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"> </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">total</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Americas" title="Bridge of the Americas">Bridge of the Americas</a> (Arraiján–<a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; GRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTR; GRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_uSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/BSicon_GRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit">77.1</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">47.9</td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Pacific Entrance </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir" style="background:#003399"><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></b> <div class="RMsi">(<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;min-width:45px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border-top: 5px solid var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border-bottom: 5px solid var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);padding:3px 5px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:#252525;background:#EEEEEE"><div style="margin:0;font-size:113.63636363636%">Legend</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uSTRq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/20px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/30px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BSicon_uSTRq.svg/40px-BSicon_uSTRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Navigable canal <div class="RMsi">(maximum draft: 39.5 feet (12.0 m))</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Non-navigable water </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="uDOCKr"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BSicon_uDOCKr.svg/20px-BSicon_uDOCKr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BSicon_uDOCKr.svg/30px-BSicon_uDOCKr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BSicon_uDOCKr.svg/40px-BSicon_uDOCKr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PLT"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/20px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/30px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_PLT.svg/40px-BSicon_PLT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Dock, industrial or logistical area </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="lvNULf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_lvNULf.svg/20px-BSicon_lvNULf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_lvNULf.svg/30px-BSicon_lvNULf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_lvNULf.svg/40px-BSicon_lvNULf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Water flow direction </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHFq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/20px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/30px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/40px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KDSTeq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_KDSTeq.svg/20px-BSicon_KDSTeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_KDSTeq.svg/30px-BSicon_KDSTeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_KDSTeq.svg/40px-BSicon_KDSTeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Railway#2001_reconstruction" title="Panama Canal Railway">Panama Canal Railway</a> (passenger station, freight station) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="lDST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/20px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/30px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BSicon_lDST.svg/40px-BSicon_lDST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">City, village or town </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;width:3.375em;min-width:3.375em;min-width:45px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Canal_-_Pacific_Side_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Panama_Canal_-_Pacific_Side_Entrance.jpg/220px-Panama_Canal_-_Pacific_Side_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Panama_Canal_-_Pacific_Side_Entrance.jpg/330px-Panama_Canal_-_Pacific_Side_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Panama_Canal_-_Pacific_Side_Entrance.jpg/440px-Panama_Canal_-_Pacific_Side_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Pacific Side entrance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administration_Building,_Panama_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Administration_Building%2C_Panama_Canal.jpg/220px-Administration_Building%2C_Panama_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Administration_Building%2C_Panama_Canal.jpg/330px-Administration_Building%2C_Panama_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Administration_Building%2C_Panama_Canal.jpg/440px-Administration_Building%2C_Panama_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Administration Building</figcaption></figure> <p>While globally the Atlantic Ocean is east of the isthmus and the Pacific is west, the general direction of the canal passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific is from northwest to southeast, because of the shape of the isthmus at the point the canal occupies. The <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Americas" title="Bridge of the Americas">Bridge of the Americas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Puente de las Américas</i>) at the Pacific side is about a third of a degree east of the <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón</a> end on the Atlantic side.<sup id="cite_ref-acptraffic_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acptraffic-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, in formal nautical communications, the simplified directions "southbound" and "northbound" are used. </p><p>The canal consists of <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">artificial lakes</a>, several improved and artificial channels, and three sets of <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">locks</a>. An additional artificial lake, Alajuela Lake (known during the American era as Madden Lake), acts as a reservoir for the canal. The layout of the canal as seen by a ship passing from the Atlantic to the Pacific is:<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>From the formal marking line of the Atlantic Entrance, one enters Limón Bay (Bahía Limón), a large natural harbor. The entrance runs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">8.9 km (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mi). It provides a deepwater port (<a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal, Colón">Cristóbal</a>), with facilities like multimodal cargo exchange (to and from train) and the <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_Free_Trade_Zone" title="Colón Free Trade Zone">Colón Free Trade Zone</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port">free port</a>).</li> <li>A 3.2 km (2 mi) channel forms the approach to the locks from the Atlantic side.</li> <li>The Gatun Locks, a three-stage flight of locks <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.0 km (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi) long, lifts ships to the Gatun Lake level, some 27 m (87 ft) above sea level.</li> <li>Gatun Lake, an artificial lake formed by the building of the Gatun Dam, carries vessels 24 km (15 mi) across the isthmus. It is the summit canal stretch, fed by the Gatun River and emptied by basic lock operations.</li> <li>From the lake, the Chagres River, a natural waterway enhanced by the damming of Gatun Lake, runs about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">8.4 km (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi). Here the upper Chagres River feeds the high-level-canal stretch.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Culebra_Cut" title="Culebra Cut">Culebra Cut</a> slices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">12.5 km (<span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi) through the mountain ridge, crosses the <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</a> and passes under the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Bridge,_Panama" title="Centennial Bridge, Panama">Centennial Bridge</a>.</li> <li>The single-stage Pedro Miguel Lock, which is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.4 km (<span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> mi) long, is the first part of the descent with a lift of 9.4 m (31 ft).</li> <li>The artificial <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraflores Lake">Miraflores Lake</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.8 km (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> mi) long, and 16 m (54 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>.</li> <li>The two-stage <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_(Panama)" title="Miraflores (Panama)">Miraflores</a> Locks is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.8 km (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> mi) long, with a total descent of 16 m (54 ft) at mid-tide.</li> <li>From the Miraflores Locks one reaches <a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama" title="Balboa, Panama">Balboa</a> harbor, again with multimodal exchange provision (here the railway meets the shipping route again). Nearby is <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>.</li> <li>From this harbor an entrance/exit channel leads to the Pacific Ocean (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">13.3 km (<span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi) from the Miraflores Locks, passing under the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Americas" title="Bridge of the Americas">Bridge of the Americas</a>.</li></ul> <p>Thus, the total length of the canal is 80 km (50 mi). In 2017 it took ships an average of 11.38 hours to pass between the canal's two outer locks.<sup id="cite_ref-ACP_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACP-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Point </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a><br />(links to map & photo sources)<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map this section's coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Panama_Canal&section=Layout">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Panama_Canal&section=Layout">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Panama_Canal&section=Layout">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Panama_Canal&section=Layout">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Panama_Canal&section=Layout">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Atlantic Entrance </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.38743_N_79.91863_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Atlantic+Entrance"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°23′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′07″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.38743°N 79.91863°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.38743; -79.91863</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Atlantic Entrance</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gatún Locks </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.27215_N_79.92266_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Gat%C3%BAn+Locks"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°16′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′22″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.27215°N 79.92266°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.27215; -79.92266</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Gatún Locks</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad Turn </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.20996_N_79.92408_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Trinidad+Turn"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°12′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.20996°N 79.92408°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.20996; -79.92408</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Trinidad Turn</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>In "The Cut" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bohío Turn </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.17831_N_79.86667_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Boh%C3%ADo+Turn"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°10′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°52′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.17831°N 79.86667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.17831; -79.86667</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bohío Turn</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>In "The Cut" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orchid Turn </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.18406_N_79.84513_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Orchid+Turn"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°11′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°50′42″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.18406°N 79.84513°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.18406; -79.84513</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Orchid Turn</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>In "The Cut" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frijoles Turn </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.15904_N_79.81362_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Frijoles+Turn"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°09′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°48′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.15904°N 79.81362°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.15904; -79.81362</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Frijoles Turn</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>In "The Cut" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barbacoa Turn </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.12053_N_79.80395_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Barbacoa+Turn"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°07′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°48′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.12053°N 79.80395°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.12053; -79.80395</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Barbacoa Turn</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>In "The Cut" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mamei Turn </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.11161_N_79.76856_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Mamei+Turn"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°06′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°46′07″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.11161°N 79.76856°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.11161; -79.76856</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mamei Turn</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>In "The Cut" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gamboa Reach </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.11774_N_79.72257_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Gamboa+Reach"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°07′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°43′21″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.11774°N 79.72257°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.11774; -79.72257</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Gamboa Reach</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bas Obispo Reach </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.09621_N_79.68446_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Bas+Obispo+Reach"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°05′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°41′04″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.09621°N 79.68446°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.09621; -79.68446</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Bas Obispo Reach</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Las Cascadas Reach </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.07675_N_79.67492_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Las+Cascadas+Reach"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°04′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°40′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.07675°N 79.67492°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.07675; -79.67492</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Las Cascadas Reach</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Empire Reach </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.06104_N_79.66309_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Empire+Reach"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°03′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°39′47″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.06104°N 79.66309°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.06104; -79.66309</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Empire Reach</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Culebra Reach </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.04745_N_79.65017_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Culebra+Reach"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°02′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°39′01″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.04745°N 79.65017°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.04745; -79.65017</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Culebra Reach</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cucaracha Reach </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.03371_N_79.63736_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Cucaracha+Reach"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°02′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°38′14″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.03371°N 79.63736°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.03371; -79.63736</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Cucaracha Reach</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraiso Reach </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.02573_N_79.62492_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Paraiso+Reach"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°01′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°37′30″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.02573°N 79.62492°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.02573; -79.62492</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Paraiso Reach</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pedro Miguel Locks </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.01698_N_79.61281_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Pedro+Miguel+Locks"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°01′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°36′46″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.01698°N 79.61281°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.01698; -79.61281</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Pedro Miguel Locks</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Miraflores Lake </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=9.00741_N_79.60254_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Miraflores+Lake"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°00′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°36′09″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.00741°N 79.60254°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.00741; -79.60254</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Miraflores Lake</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Miraflores Locks </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=8.99679_N_79.59182_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Miraflores+Locks"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°59′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°35′31″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.99679°N 79.59182°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.99679; -79.59182</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Miraflores Locks</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Balboa Reach </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=8.97281_N_79.57771_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Balboa+Reach"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°58′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°34′40″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.97281°N 79.57771°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.97281; -79.57771</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Balboa Reach</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacific Entrance </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Panama_Canal&params=8.88846_N_79.52145_W_region:PA_type:landmark&title=Pacific+Entrance"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°53′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°31′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.88846°N 79.52145°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.88846; -79.52145</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Pacific Entrance</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gatun_Lake">Gatun Lake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gatun Lake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatun_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gatun_Lake.jpg/220px-Gatun_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gatun_Lake.jpg/330px-Gatun_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gatun_Lake.jpg/440px-Gatun_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gatun_Lake" title="Gatun Lake">Gatun Lake</a> provides the water used to raise and lower vessels in the Canal, gravity fed into each set of locks</figcaption></figure> <p>Created in 1913 by damming the <a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gatun_Lake" title="Gatun Lake">Gatun Lake</a> is a key part of the Panama Canal, providing the millions of liters of water necessary to operate its locks each time a ship passes through. At time of formation, Gatun Lake was the largest human-made lake in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lock_size">Lock size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lock size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_locks" title="Panama Canal locks">Panama Canal locks</a></div> <p>Because of the importance of the canal to international trade, many ships are built to the maximum size allowed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatun_lock_gate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gatun_lock_gate.JPG/170px-Gatun_lock_gate.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gatun_lock_gate.JPG/255px-Gatun_lock_gate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gatun_lock_gate.JPG/340px-Gatun_lock_gate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Miter <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">lock</a> gate at Gatún</figcaption></figure> <p>For its first century, the width and length of ships that may transit the canal was limited by the Pedro Miguel Locks; their <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a> by the canal's minimum 12.6 m (41.2 ft) depth; and their height by the main span of the Bridge of the Americas at Balboa. Ships built to those limits are known as <a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a> vessels. A Panamax cargo ship typically has a <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">deadweight tonnage</a> (DWT) of 65,000–80,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tons</a>, but its actual cargo is restricted to about 52,500 tons because of the canal's <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a> restrictions within the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest ship ever to transit the canal was the <i>San Juan Prospector</i> (now <i>Marcona Prospector</i>), an <a href="/wiki/Ore-bulk-oil_carrier" title="Ore-bulk-oil carrier">ore-bulk-oil carrier</a> that is 296.57 m (973 ft) long with a <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a> of 32.31 m (106 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially the locks at Gatun were designed to be 28.5 m (94 ft) wide. In 1908, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> requested that the width be increased to at least 36 m (118 ft) to allow the passage of large warships. A compromise was made and the locks were built 33.53 m (110.0 ft) wide. Each lock is 320 m (1,050 ft) long, with the walls ranging in thickness from 15 m (49 ft) at the base to 3 m (9.8 ft) at the top. The central wall between the parallel locks at Gatun is 18 m (59 ft) thick and over 24 m (79 ft) high. The steel lock gates measure an average of 2 m (6.6 ft) thick, 19.5 m (64 ft) wide, and 20 m (66 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panama Canal pilots were initially unprepared to handle the flight decks of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>, which protrude beyond the hull on either side of the ship. When <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">USS <i>Saratoga</i></a> made her first trip through the Gatun Locks in 1928, the ship knocked over all the concrete lamp posts along the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">decade-long expansion project</a> created larger locks, allowing bigger ships to transit through deeper and wider channels.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_2016_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_2016-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allowed dimensions of ships using these locks increased by 25 percent in length, 51 percent in beam, and 26 percent in draft, as defined by <a href="/wiki/Panamax#New_Panamax" title="Panamax">Neopanamax</a> metrics.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tolls">Tolls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tolls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ship_passing_through_Panama_Canal_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ship_passing_through_Panama_Canal_01.jpg/220px-Ship_passing_through_Panama_Canal_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ship_passing_through_Panama_Canal_01.jpg/330px-Ship_passing_through_Panama_Canal_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ship_passing_through_Panama_Canal_01.jpg/440px-Ship_passing_through_Panama_Canal_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off</a> ships, such as this one at <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_(Panama)" title="Miraflores (Panama)">Miraflores locks</a>, are among the largest ships to pass through the canal</figcaption></figure> <p>As with a <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll road</a>, vessels transiting the canal must pay tolls. Tolls for the canal are set by the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authority" title="Panama Canal Authority">Panama Canal Authority</a> and are based on vessel type, size, and the type of cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a>, the toll is assessed on the ship's capacity expressed in <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">twenty-foot equivalent units</a> (TEUs), one TEU being the size of a standard <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_shipping_container" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermodal shipping container">intermodal shipping container</a>. Effective 1 April 2016, this toll went from US$74 per loaded container to $60 per TEU capacity plus $30 per loaded container for a potential $90 per TEU when the ship is full. A Panamax container ship may carry up to 4,400 <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEU</a>. The toll is calculated differently for passenger ships and for container ships carrying no cargo ("in ballast"). As of April 1, 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the ballast rate is US$60, down from US$65.60 per TEU. </p><p>Passenger vessels in excess of 30,000 tons (PC/UMS) pay a rate based on the number of berths, that is, the number of passengers that can be accommodated in permanent beds. Since 1 April 2016, the per-berth charge is $111 for unoccupied berths and $138 for occupied berths in the Panamax locks. Starting in 2007, this fee has greatly increased the tolls for such ships.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passenger vessels of less than 30,000 tons or less than 33 tons per passenger are charged according to the same per-ton schedule as are freighters. Almost all major cruise ships have more than 33 tons per passenger; the rule of thumb for cruise line comfort is generally given as a minimum of 40 tons per passenger. </p><p>Most other types of vessels pay a toll per <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">PC/UMS net ton</a>, in which one "ton" is actually a volume of 100 cubic feet (2.83 m<sup>3</sup>). (The calculation of <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">tonnage</a> for commercial vessels is quite complex.) As of fiscal year 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, this toll is US$5.25 per ton for the first 10,000 tons, US$5.14 per ton for the next 10,000 tons, and US$5.06 per ton thereafter. As with container ships, reduced tolls are charged for freight ships "in ballast", $4.19, $4.12, $4.05 respectively. </p><p>On 1 April 2016, a more complicated toll system was introduced, having the neopanamax locks at a higher rate in some cases, natural gas transport as a new separate category and other changes.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1 October 2017, there are modified tolls and categories of tolls in effect.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small (less than 125 ft) vessels up to 583 PC/UMS net tons when carrying passengers or cargo, or up to 735 PC/UMS net tons when in ballast, or up to 1,048 fully loaded displacement tons, are assessed minimum tolls based upon their <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">length overall</a>, according to the following table (as of 29 April 2015): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Length of vessel </th> <th>Toll </th></tr> <tr> <td>Up to 15.240 m (50 ft)</td> <td>US$800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>From 15.240 to 24.384 m (50 to 80 ft)</td> <td>US$1,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>From 24.384 to 30.480 m (80 to 100 ft)</td> <td>US$2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>More than 30.480 m (100 ft)</td> <td>US$3,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>INTRA MARITIME CLUSTER – Local Tourism<br />More than 24.384 m (80 ft)</td> <td>US$2,000<br />plus $72/TEU </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Morgan Adams of Los Angeles, California, holds the distinction of paying the first toll received by the U.S. government for the use of the Panama Canal by a pleasure boat. His boat <i>Lasata</i> passed through the Zone on 14 August 1914. The crossing occurred during a 10,000-kilometer (6,000-mile) sea voyage from Jacksonville, Florida, to Los Angeles in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most expensive regular toll for canal passage to date was charged on 14 April 2010, to the cruise ship <i><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Pearl" title="Norwegian Pearl">Norwegian Pearl</a>,</i> which paid US$375,600.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average toll is around US$54,000. The highest fee for priority passage charged through the <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing#Panama_Canal_booking_system_and_auction" title="Congestion pricing">Transit Slot Auction System</a> was US$220,300, paid on 24 August 2006, by the Panamax <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tanker</a> <i>Erikoussa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bypassing a 90-ship queue waiting for the end of maintenance work on the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Locks" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Canal Locks">Gatun Locks</a>, and thus avoiding a seven-day delay. The normal fee would have been just US$13,430.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lowest toll ever paid was 36 cents (equivalent to $6.39 in 2023), by American <a href="/wiki/Richard_Halliburton" title="Richard Halliburton">Richard Halliburton</a> who swam the Panama Canal in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_leading_to_expansion">Issues leading to expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Issues leading to expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1235px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_canal_panoramic_view_from_the_top_of_Ancon_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Pacific entrance of the canal. Left: Pacific Ocean and Puente de las Americas (Bridge of Pan-American Highway); far right: Miraflores locks."><img alt="Panorama of Pacific entrance of the canal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Panama_canal_panoramic_view_from_the_top_of_Ancon_hill.jpg/1227px-Panama_canal_panoramic_view_from_the_top_of_Ancon_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="1227" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Panama_canal_panoramic_view_from_the_top_of_Ancon_hill.jpg/1841px-Panama_canal_panoramic_view_from_the_top_of_Ancon_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Panama_canal_panoramic_view_from_the_top_of_Ancon_hill.jpg/2454px-Panama_canal_panoramic_view_from_the_top_of_Ancon_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10557" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_canal_panoramic_view_from_the_top_of_Ancon_hill.jpg" title="File:Panama canal panoramic view from the top of Ancon hill.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Pacific entrance of the canal. Left: Pacific Ocean and Puente de las Americas (Bridge of Pan-American Highway); far right: Miraflores locks.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficiency_and_maintenance">Efficiency and maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Efficiency and maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opponents to the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Torrijos-Carter_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrijos-Carter Treaties">Torrijos-Carter Treaties</a> feared that efficiency and maintenance would suffer following the U.S. withdrawal from the Panama Canal Zone; however, this has been proven not to be the case. In 2004, it was reported that canal operations, capitalizing on practices developed during the American administration, were improving under Panamanian control.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canal Waters Time (CWT), the average time it takes a vessel to navigate the canal, including waiting time, is a key measure of efficiency; in the first decade of the 2000s, it ranged between 20 and 30 hours, according to the ACP. The accident rate has also not changed appreciably in the past decade, varying between 10 and 30 accidents each year from about 14,000 total annual transits.<sup id="cite_ref-annualreport2005_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualreport2005-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-metrics2008_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metrics2008-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-metrics2009_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metrics2009-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An official accident is one in which a formal investigation is requested and conducted. </p><p>Increasing volumes of imports from Asia, which previously landed on US West Coast ports, are now passing through the canal to the American East Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of ocean-going transits increased from 11,725 in 2003 to 13,233 in 2007, falling to 12,855 in 2009. (The canal's fiscal year runs from October through September.)<sup id="cite_ref-annualreport2009_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualreport2009-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been coupled with a steady rise in average ship size and in the numbers of Panamax vessels passing through the canal, so that the total tonnage carried rose from 227.9 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">PC/UMS tons</a> in fiscal year 1999 to a then record high of 312.9 million tons in 2007, and falling to 299.1 million tons in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-acptraffic_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acptraffic-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-annualreport2009_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annualreport2009-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tonnage for fiscal 2013, 2014 and 2015 was 320.6, 326.8 and 340.8 million PC/UMS tons carried on 13,660, 13,481 and 13,874 transits respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatun_locks_showing_the_%22mule%22_locomotives_at_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gatun_locks_showing_the_%22mule%22_locomotives_at_work.jpg/220px-Gatun_locks_showing_the_%22mule%22_locomotives_at_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gatun_locks_showing_the_%22mule%22_locomotives_at_work.jpg/330px-Gatun_locks_showing_the_%22mule%22_locomotives_at_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gatun_locks_showing_the_%22mule%22_locomotives_at_work.jpg/440px-Gatun_locks_showing_the_%22mule%22_locomotives_at_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3410" /></a><figcaption>Gatun locks showing the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_locks#Mules" title="Panama Canal locks">"mule" locomotives</a> at work</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mule_in_the_Miraflores_Locks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mule_in_the_Miraflores_Locks.JPG/220px-Mule_in_the_Miraflores_Locks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mule_in_the_Miraflores_Locks.JPG/330px-Mule_in_the_Miraflores_Locks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mule_in_the_Miraflores_Locks.JPG/440px-Mule_in_the_Miraflores_Locks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Mule</i> in the Miraflores Locks</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first decade after the transfer to Panamanian control, the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authority" title="Panama Canal Authority">Panama Canal Authority</a> (ACP) invested nearly US$1 billion in widening and modernizing the canal, with the aim of increasing capacity by 20 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ACP cites a number of major improvements, including the widening and straightening of the Culebra Cut to reduce restrictions on passing vessels, the deepening of the navigational channel in Gatun Lake to reduce draft restrictions and improve water supply, and the deepening of the Atlantic and Pacific entrances to the canal. This is supported by new equipment, such as a new drill barge and suction dredger, and an increase of the <a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">tug boat</a> fleet by 20 percent. In addition, improvements have been made to the canal's operating machinery, including an increased and improved tug locomotive fleet, the replacement of more than 16 km (10 mi) of locomotive track, and new lock machinery controls. Improvements have been made to the traffic management system to allow more efficient control over ships in the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2010, record-breaking rains caused a 17-hour closure of the canal; this was the first closure since the <a href="/wiki/U.S._invasion_of_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. invasion of Panama">U.S. invasion of Panama</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rains also caused an access road to the Centenario Bridge to collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity">Capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The canal handles more vessel traffic than had ever been envisioned by its builders. In 1934 it was estimated that the maximum capacity of the canal would be around 80 million tons per year;<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as noted above, canal traffic in 2015 reached 340.8 million tons of shipping. </p><p>To improve capacity, a number of improvements have been made to maximize the use of the locking system:<sup id="cite_ref-3rdLockProposal_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3rdLockProposal-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Implementation of an enhanced locks lighting system;</li> <li>Construction of two tie-up stations in Culebra Cut;</li> <li>Widening Culebra Cut from 192 to 218 m (630 to 715 ft);</li> <li>Improvements to the tugboat fleet;</li> <li>Implementation of the carousel lockage system in Gatun locks;</li> <li>Development of an improved vessel scheduling system;</li> <li>Deepening of Gatun Lake navigational channels from 10.4 to 11.3 m (34 to 37 ft) PLD;</li> <li>Modification of all locks structures to allow an additional draft of about 0.30 m (1 ft);</li> <li>Deepening of the Pacific and Atlantic entrances;</li> <li>Construction of a new spillway in Gatun, for flood control.</li></ul> <p>These improvements enlarged the capacity from 300 million PCUMS (2008) to 340 PCUMS (2012). These improvements were started before the new locks project, and are complementary to it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition">Competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_canal_lock_sizes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Panama_canal_lock_sizes.png/330px-Panama_canal_lock_sizes.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Panama_canal_lock_sizes.png/495px-Panama_canal_lock_sizes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Panama_canal_lock_sizes.png/660px-Panama_canal_lock_sizes.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Maximum ship sizes for the Panama and Suez canals<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The canal faces increasing competition from other quarters. Because canal tolls have risen as ships have become larger, some critics<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have suggested that the Suez Canal is now a viable alternative for cargo between Asia and the US East Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panama Canal, however, continues to serve more than 144 of the world's trade routes and the majority of canal traffic comes from the "all-water route" from Asia to the US East and Gulf Coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative route through <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a> has been proposed. On 15 June 2013, Nicaragua awarded the Hong Kong-based <a href="/wiki/HKND_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="HKND Group">HKND Group</a> a 50-year concession to develop a <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">canal through the country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2018, analysts widely viewed the project as defunct,<sup id="cite_ref-cancellation_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancellation-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Interest_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interest-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the head of the project insisted work was on-going. In April 2018 HKND Group closed its offices, leaving no forwarding address or telephone numbers to be reached.<sup id="cite_ref-closing_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-closing-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increasing rate of melting of ice in the Arctic Ocean has led to speculation that the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a> may become viable for commercial shipping. This route would save 9,300 km (5,800 mi) on the route from Asia to Europe compared with the Panama Canal, possibly leading to a diversion of some traffic to that route. However, such a route is beset by unresolved territorial issues and would still hold significant problems owing to ice.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_issues">Water issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_level_at_Gat%C3%BAn_Lake_from_January_1965_through_August_2024_(53819777901).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Water_level_at_Gat%C3%BAn_Lake_from_January_1965_through_August_2024_%2853819777901%29.png/330px-Water_level_at_Gat%C3%BAn_Lake_from_January_1965_through_August_2024_%2853819777901%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Water_level_at_Gat%C3%BAn_Lake_from_January_1965_through_August_2024_%2853819777901%29.png/495px-Water_level_at_Gat%C3%BAn_Lake_from_January_1965_through_August_2024_%2853819777901%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Water_level_at_Gat%C3%BAn_Lake_from_January_1965_through_August_2024_%2853819777901%29.png/660px-Water_level_at_Gat%C3%BAn_Lake_from_January_1965_through_August_2024_%2853819777901%29.png 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Water level at Gatún Lake from January 1965 through August 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>Gatun Lake is filled with rainwater, and the lake accumulates excess water during wet months. For the old locks, water is lost to the oceans at a rate of 101,000 m<sup>3</sup> (26.7 million US gal; 81.9 acre⋅ft) per downward lock movement.<sup id="cite_ref-PCA14_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCA14-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship's submerged volume is not relevant to this amount of water. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>, when there is less rainfall, there is also a shortage of water in Gatun Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a signatory to the 2000 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">United Nations Global Compact</a> and member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, the ACP developed an environmentally and socially sustainable program for expansion, which protects the aquatic and terrestrial resources of the canal watershed. The expansion uses three water-saving basins at each new lock, diminishing water loss. It also preserves freshwater resources along the waterway by reusing 60 percent of water from the basins in the locks in each transit.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mean sea level at the Pacific side is about 20 cm (8 in) higher than that of the Atlantic side due to differences in ocean conditions such as water density and weather.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2015-16 fiscal year was one of the driest periods on record, restricting ships passage;<sup id="cite_ref-wp20230824_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp20230824-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2019 was the fifth driest year for 70 years. Temperature rise has also caused an increase in evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In normal times, 36 ships can transit the canal each day, but in early December 2023, ships were backing up because only 22 ships per day could transit due to low water levels.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2024, 24 ships per day were allowed to transit.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_set_of_locks_project_(expansion)"><span id="Third_set_of_locks_project_.28expansion.29"></span>Third set of locks project (expansion)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Third set of locks project (expansion)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">Panama Canal expansion project</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:833px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Panama_Canal_expansion_project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Panama Canal expansion project. July 2015"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/New_Panama_Canal_expansion_project.jpg/825px-New_Panama_Canal_expansion_project.jpg" decoding="async" width="825" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/New_Panama_Canal_expansion_project.jpg/1238px-New_Panama_Canal_expansion_project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/New_Panama_Canal_expansion_project.jpg/1650px-New_Panama_Canal_expansion_project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Panama_Canal_expansion_project.jpg" title="File:New Panama Canal expansion project.jpg"> </a></div>New Panama Canal expansion project. July 2015</div></div></div> <p>As demand is rising for efficient global shipping of goods, the canal is positioned to be a significant feature of world shipping for the foreseeable future. However, changes in shipping patterns—particularly the increasing numbers of larger-than-Panamax ships—necessitated changes to the canal for it to retain a significant <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a>. In 2006 it was anticipated that by 2011, 37 percent of the world's container ships would be too large for the present canal, and hence a failure to expand would result in a significant loss of market share. The maximum sustainable capacity of the original canal, given some relatively minor improvement work, was estimated at 340 million PC/UMS tons per year; it was anticipated that this capacity would be reached between 2009 and 2012. Close to 50 percent of transiting vessels were already using the full width of the locks.<sup id="cite_ref-acpthird_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acpthird-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An enlargement scheme to allow for a greater number of transits and the ability to handle larger ships, similar to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Panama_Canal#Third-lane_plan" title="History of the Panama Canal">Third Lock Scheme</a> of 1939, had been under consideration for some time,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2006 Panama's government canal authority was recommending such a plan.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion proposal, with a cost estimate of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$5.25 billion</span>, was expected to double the canal's shipping capacity by allowing both the passage of longer and wider <a href="/wiki/Post-Panamax" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Panamax">Post-Panamax</a> ships and an increase in overall traffic. This proposal was approved in a <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_referendum,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Panama Canal expansion referendum, 2006">national referendum</a> by about 80 percent on 22 October 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canal expansion was built between 2007 and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_2016_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_2016-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Panama_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/New_Panama_Canal.jpg/280px-New_Panama_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/New_Panama_Canal.jpg/420px-New_Panama_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/New_Panama_Canal.jpg/560px-New_Panama_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>New <i>Agua Clara</i> locks (Atlantic side) in operation</figcaption></figure> <p>The expansion plan had two new flights of locks built parallel to, and operated in addition to, the old locks: one east of the existing Gatun locks, and one southwest of the Miraflores locks, each supported by approach channels. Each flight ascends from sea level directly to the level of Gatun Lake; the existing two-stage ascent at Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks was not replicated. The new lock chambers feature sliding gates, doubled for safety, and are 427 m (1,400 ft) long, 55 m (180 ft) wide, and 18.3 m (60 ft) deep. This allows the transit of vessels with a beam of up to 49 m (160 ft), an overall length of up to 366 m (1,200 ft) and a draft of up to 15 m (49 ft), equivalent to a container ship carrying around 12,000 containers, each 6.1 m (20 ft) in length (TEU). </p><p>The new locks are supported by new approach channels, including a 6.2 km (3.9 mi) channel at Miraflores from the locks to the Gaillard Cut, skirting Miraflores Lake. Each of these channels are 218 m (720 ft) wide, which will require post-Panamax vessels to navigate the channels in one direction at a time. The Gaillard Cut and the channel through Gatun Lake were widened to at least 280 m (920 ft) on the straight portions and at least 366 m (1,200 ft) on the bends. The maximum level of Gatun Lake was raised from 26.7 to 27.1 m (88 to 89 ft). </p><p>Each flight of locks is accompanied by nine water reuse basins (three per lock chamber), each basin being about 70 m (230 ft) wide, 430 m (1,400 ft) long and 5.50 m (18 ft) deep. These gravity-fed basins allow 60 percent of the water used in each transit to be reused; the new locks consequently use 7 percent less water per transit than each of the existing lock lanes. The deepening of Gatun Lake and the raising of its maximum water level also provide capacity for significantly more water storage. These measures are intended to allow the expanded canal to operate without constructing new reservoirs. </p><p>The estimated cost of the project is <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$5.25 billion</span>. The project was designed to allow for an anticipated growth in traffic from 280 million PC/UMS tons in 2005 to nearly 510 million PC/UMS tons in 2025. The expanded canal will have a maximum sustainable capacity of about 600 million PC/UMS tons per year. Tolls will continue to be calculated based on vessel tonnage, and in some cases depend on the locks used. </p><p>An article in the February 2007 issue of <i>Popular Mechanics</i> magazine described the engineering aspects of the expansion project.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a follow-up article in the February 2010 issue of <i>Popular Mechanics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 September 2007, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Panamanians" title="Panamanians">Panamanians</a> stood across from <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADso,_Panam%C3%A1_Province" title="Paraíso, Panamá Province">Paraíso</a> Hill in Panama to witness a huge initial <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a> and launch of the Expansion Program. The first phase of the project was the dry <a href="/wiki/Excavations" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavations">excavations</a> of the 218 meters (715 feet) wide <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trench</a> connecting the Gaillard Cut with the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a>, removing 47 million cubic meters of earth and rock.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 2012, a 30 m <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> monolith had been completed, the first of 46 such monoliths which will line the new Pacific-side lock walls.<sup id="cite_ref-pca2012jun19_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pca2012jun19-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early July 2012, however, it was announced that the canal expansion project had fallen six months behind schedule, leading expectations for the expansion to open in April 2015 rather than October 2014, as originally planned.<sup id="cite_ref-sb20120702_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb20120702-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 2014, the new gates were projected to be open for transit at the "beginning of 2016".<sup id="cite_ref-maersk20140829_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maersk20140829-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maersk20140901_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maersk20140901-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pca2014aug20_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pca2014aug20-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charlotte_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlotte-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agua_Clara_Locks_09_2019_0822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Agua_Clara_Locks_09_2019_0822.jpg/260px-Agua_Clara_Locks_09_2019_0822.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Agua_Clara_Locks_09_2019_0822.jpg/390px-Agua_Clara_Locks_09_2019_0822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Agua_Clara_Locks_09_2019_0822.jpg/520px-Agua_Clara_Locks_09_2019_0822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neopanamax" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopanamax">Neopanamax</a> ship passing through the <i>Agua Clara</i> locks</figcaption></figure> <p>It was announced in July 2009 that the Belgian dredging company <a href="/wiki/Jan_De_Nul" title="Jan De Nul">Jan De Nul</a>, together with a consortium of contractors consisting of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Sacyr" title="Sacyr">Sacyr Vallehermoso</a>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Impregilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Impregilo">Impregilo</a>, and the Panamanian company Grupo Cusa, had been awarded the contract to build the six new locks for US$3.1 billion, which was one billion less than the next highest competing bid due to having a concrete budget 71 percent smaller than that of the next bidder and allotted roughly 25 percent less for steel to reinforce that concrete. The contract resulted in $100 million in dredging works over the next few years for the Belgian company and a great deal of work for its construction division. The design of the locks is a carbon copy of the <a href="/wiki/Berendrecht_Lock" title="Berendrecht Lock">Berendrecht Lock</a>, which is 68 m wide and 500 m long, making it the second largest lock in the world after the Kieldrecht lock in the port of Antwerp, Belgium. Completed in 1989 by the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a>, which De Nul helped build, the company still has engineers and specialists who were part of that project.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2014, a contract dispute threatened the progress of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a delay of less than two months however, with work by the consortium members reaching goals by June 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2015, flooding of the new locks began: first on the Atlantic side, then on the Pacific; by then, the canal's re-inauguration was slated for April 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-pca2015jun11_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pca2015jun11-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pca2015jun22_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pca2015jun22-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 March 2016, the expansion inauguration was set for 26 June 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-pca2016mar23_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pca2016mar23-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new locks opened for commercial traffic on 26 June 2016, and the first ship to cross the canal using the third set of locks was a modern <a href="/wiki/Neopanamax" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopanamax">Neopanamax</a> vessel, the Chinese-owned container ship <i>Cosco Shipping Panama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_2016_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_2016-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original locks, now over 100 years old, allow engineers greater access for maintenance, and are projected to continue operating indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-acpthird_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acpthird-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the construction of the new locks, in addition to the already existing ones, to date the ship with the largest dimensions transiting the "Panama Canal new sideway", had the following dimensions: 366.47 meters in length, 48.23 meters in width and 15 meters draft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The total cost is unknown since the expansion's contractors are seeking at least an additional <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$3.4 billion</span> from the canal authority due to excess expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_and_ecological_consequences">Environmental and ecological consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environmental and ecological consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, it was published that "clearing the forest in the watershed might kill the canal".<sup id="cite_ref-bio_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, the forested portion had dropped to 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-guard2007_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard2007-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2000, deforestation through growth of human population, land degradation, erosion, and overhunting continued to be threats to the ecosystem of the Panama canal watershed.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deforestation causes erosion, raising the bottom of the Gatun and Alajuala lakes lowering their water holding capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-guard2007_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard2007-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ship traffic routinely contaminates the water; in 1986, a crude <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a> east of the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal killed plants and invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Especially with the 2016 expansion, invasive species can travel faster, either on the hulls of ships or in <a href="/wiki/Ballast_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballast water">ballast water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ng_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lake water has become salty over time.<sup id="cite_ref-guard2007_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard2007-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Routes_competing_with_the_canal">Routes competing with the canal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Routes competing with the canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaragua_canal">Nicaragua canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nicaragua canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Nicaragua Canal</a></div> <p>On 7 July 2014, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jing_(businessman)" title="Wang Jing (businessman)">Wang Jing</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/HK_Nicaragua_Canal_Development_Investment" title="HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment">HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co. Ltd. (HKND Group)</a> advised that a route for Nicaragua's proposed canal had been approved. The construction work was projected by HKND to begin in 2014 and take 5 years,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there had been little progress before the project's abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersPerry2017_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersPerry2017-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nicaraguan parliament approved plans for the 280 km (174 mi) canal through Nicaragua and according to the deal, the company would have been responsible for operating and maintaining the canal for a 50-year period. By May 2017, no concrete action had been reportedly taken constructing the canal and further doubts were expressed about its financing.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2018, analysts widely viewed the project as defunct, though the head of the project insisted work was on-going and HKND retained the legal rights to the concession for the canal as well as side projects. Despite HKND vanishing in April 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Nicaraguan government indicates that it will continue with the 908 km<sup>2</sup> (351 sq mi) dry land expropriations within Nicaragua, under land expropriation Canal Law 840. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia_rail_link">Colombia rail link</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Colombia rail link"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, Colombia's then-president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a> announced a proposal for a 220 km (137 mi) railway between Colombia's Pacific and Caribbean coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ch-co-rail_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch-co-rail-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2015 the director of the Colombia-China Chamber of Commerce said the proposal "was mentioned in 2011 and subsequently had minimal relevance".<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northwest_Passage">Northwest Passage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Northwest Passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></div> <p>Climate change has thinned much of the ice that in the past made this route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans impassable. Satellite navigation can help monitor location of the ice which remains, further easing transit. A few ships have successfully crossed the previously impossible route since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interoceanic_Corridor_of_the_Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec">Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interoceanic_Corridor_of_the_Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a></div> <p>Since 2019, Mexico has been building a corridor of its own, known as the Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (CIIT, by its initials in Spanish), which will use primarily a railway, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tren_Interoce%C3%A1nico" title="Tren Interoceánico">Tren Interoceánico</a></i>, to transport cargo and passengers from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is planned to open on 22 December 2023, and for all the works related to it to have begun operation by July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is older than the Panama Canal itself, with the original <a href="/wiki/Tren_Interoce%C3%A1nico" title="Tren Interoceánico">Tehuantepec Railway</a>, which is being rehabilitated for the CIIT, being inaugurated in 1907 to initial success, but falling out of use due to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. The current Corridor is expected to have certain advantages over the Panama Canal, such as its speed, being able to transport cargo from one ocean to the other in about six hours,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its location, being closer to the United States than Panama, in addition to the creation of ten <a href="/wiki/Industrial_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial parks">industrial parks</a> in the Isthmus with various tax benefits to encourage private investment.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite being often described as a potential alternative/competitor to the Panama Canal, the ambassador of Panama in Mexico, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Oranges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Oranges (page does not exist)">Alfredo Oranges</a>, and the former director of the CIIT, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Mar%C3%ADn_Mollinedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Marín Mollinedo (page does not exist)">Rafael Marín Mollinedo</a>, have stated that they do not see the CIIT in this way, and that they prefer to see it as a "complement" to the Panama Canal, which could relieve the intense traffic the Canal has to cope with. The ambassador even proposed collaborating with the Mexican government to make the Corridor more efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_projects">Other projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mining_and_Scientific_Press_-_March_28_1885_-_Interoceanic_Ship_Railway_(206).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mining_and_Scientific_Press_-_March_28_1885_-_Interoceanic_Ship_Railway_%28206%29.png/170px-Mining_and_Scientific_Press_-_March_28_1885_-_Interoceanic_Ship_Railway_%28206%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mining_and_Scientific_Press_-_March_28_1885_-_Interoceanic_Ship_Railway_%28206%29.png/255px-Mining_and_Scientific_Press_-_March_28_1885_-_Interoceanic_Ship_Railway_%28206%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mining_and_Scientific_Press_-_March_28_1885_-_Interoceanic_Ship_Railway_%28206%29.png/340px-Mining_and_Scientific_Press_-_March_28_1885_-_Interoceanic_Ship_Railway_%28206%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2459" data-file-height="3123" /></a><figcaption>Wood engraving illustrating the plan for an "Interoceanic Ship Railway" in Central America between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, proposed by <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James B. Eads</a> in the late 19th century. It was never built, and the Panama Canal was built instead.</figcaption></figure> <p>Individuals, companies, and governments have explored the possibility of constructing deep water ports and rail links connecting coasts as a "dry canal" in Guatemala, Costa Rica, and El Salvador/Honduras. However, plans to construct these sea-rail-sea links have yet to materialize.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Master_Key_to_Panama_Canal_and_Honorary_Pilots">Master Key to Panama Canal and Honorary Pilots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Master Key to Panama Canal and Honorary Pilots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the last one hundred years, the Panama Canal Authority has granted membership in the "Esteemed Order of Bearers of the Master Key of the Panama Canal" and appointed a few "Honorary Lead Pilots" to employees, captains and dignitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most recent was U.S. Federal Maritime Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Sola" title="Louis E. Sola">Louis Sola</a>, who was awarded for his work for supporting seafarers during the COVID-19 pandemic and previously transiting the canal more than 100 times.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the date of 25 April 2006, was awarded the title of Panama Canal Honorary Pilot the Senior Captain Raffaele Minotauro, an Unlimited Oceangoing Shipmaster Senior Grade, of the former Italian governmental navigation company known as the "<a href="/wiki/Italian_Line" title="Italian Line">Italian Line</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of the said important award was given to the Commodore Ronald Warwick in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a former <a href="/wiki/Captain_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (nautical)">Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Liners</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_2" title="Queen Elizabeth 2">Queen Elizabeth 2</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary_2" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Queen Mary 2">RMS <i>Queen Mary 2</i></a>, who has traversed the Canal more than 50 times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(crane_barge)" title="Ajax (crane barge)">Ajax (crane barge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_des_Deux_Mers" title="Canal des Deux Mers">Canal des Deux Mers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Zone_Police" title="Canal Zone Police">Canal Zone Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterways" title="List of waterways">List of waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-canalusage-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canalusage_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pancanal.com/eng/maritime/routes.html">"Panama Canal Traffic—Years 1914–2010"</a>. <i>Panama Canal Authority</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230042623/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/maritime/routes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panama+Canal+Authority&rft.atitle=Panama+Canal+Traffic%E2%80%94Years+1914%E2%80%932010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pancanal.com%2Feng%2Fmaritime%2Froutes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASCE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASCE_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100802060056/http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=2147487305">"Seven Wonders"</a>. <i>American Society of Civil Engineers</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asce.org/content.aspx?id=2147487305">the original</a> on 2 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.atitle=Seven+Wonders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asce.org%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fid%3D2147487305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215060157/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/index.html">"A History of the Panama Canal: French and American Construction Efforts"</a>. Panama Canal Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/index.html">the original</a> on 15 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Panama+Canal%3A+French+and+American+Construction+Efforts&rft.pub=Panama+Canal+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pancanal.com%2Feng%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span>; Chapter 3, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/early.html">Some Early Canal Plans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102032703/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/early.html">Archived</a> 2 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1668" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Browne, Sir Thomas</a> (1668). "Book 6, chapter 8". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOI_AQAAMAAJ"><i>On the River Nile</i></a> (4th ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119062425/https://books.google.com/books?id=aOI_AQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+6%2C+chapter+8&rft.btitle=On+the+River+Nile&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=1668&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Sir+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaOI_AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinnaird.net/darien.htm">"Darien Expedition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719173435/http://www.kinnaird.net/darien.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darien+Expedition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinnaird.net%2Fdarien.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Rodger_Fleming1990" class="citation book cs1">James Rodger Fleming (1990). <i>Meteorology in America, 1800–1870</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801839580" title="Special:BookSources/0801839580"><bdi>0801839580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorology+in+America%2C+1800%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0801839580&rft.au=James+Rodger+Fleming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaso1978" class="citation book cs1">Caso, Adolph (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/theytoomadeameri00caso"><i>They too made America great</i></a>. Internet Archive. Boston : Branden Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8283-1714-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8283-1714-6"><bdi>978-0-8283-1714-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+too+made+America+great&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Branden+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8283-1714-6&rft.aulast=Caso&rft.aufirst=Adolph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheytoomadeameri00caso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/1843-08-24/ed-1/seq-/#date1=1836&index=1&rows=20&words=Lexington+Ship+ship&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=New+York&date2=1850&proxtext=lexington+ship&y=10&x=16&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1)">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiles2009" class="citation book cs1">Stiles, T.J. (2009). <i>The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt</i>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375415425" title="Special:BookSources/9780375415425"><bdi>9780375415425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Tycoon%3A+The+Epic+Life+of+Cornelius+Vanderbilt&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780375415425&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~dj114/SS_Central_America.pdf">"COLUMBUS-AMERICA DISCOVERY GROUP and the SS CENTRAL AMERICA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columbia.edu&rft.atitle=COLUMBUS-AMERICA+DISCOVERY+GROUP+and+the+SS+CENTRAL+AMERICA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~dj114%2FSS_Central_America.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mw_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.W._Moore1901" class="citation book cs1">A.W. Moore (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628225110/http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/worthies/p118.htm">"William Kennish (b. 1799, d. 1862)"</a>. <i>Manx Worthies or Biographies of Notable Manx Men and Women</i>. Douglas, Isle of Man: S. K. Broadbent. p. 118. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/worthies/p118.htm">the original</a> on 28 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2010</span> – via isle-of-man.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Kennish+%28b.+1799%2C+d.+1862%29&rft.btitle=Manx+Worthies+or+Biographies+of+Notable+Manx+Men+and+Women&rft.place=Douglas%2C+Isle+of+Man&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=S.+K.+Broadbent&rft.date=1901&rft.au=A.W.+Moore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isle-of-man.com%2Fmanxnotebook%2Ffulltext%2Fworthies%2Fp118.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyKennishSerrell1855" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Frederick M.; Kennish, William; Serrell, Edward Wellman (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAwsAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Practicability and Importance of a Ship Canal to Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728094150/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAwsAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practicability+and+Importance+of+a+Ship+Canal+to+Connect+the+Atlantic+and+Pacific+Oceans&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft.au=Kennish%2C+William&rft.au=Serrell%2C+Edward+Wellman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAwsAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reclus-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reclus_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauconnier2004" class="citation book cs1">Fauconnier, Gérard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmwYAAAAYAAJ"><i>Panama: Armand Reclus et le canal océans</i></a>. University of Virginia reprint in French Panama Atlantica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782843946684" title="Special:BookSources/9782843946684"><bdi>9782843946684</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025161009/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmwYAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panama%3A+Armand+Reclus+et+le+canal+oc%C3%A9ans&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+reprint+in+French+Panama+Atlantica&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782843946684&rft.aulast=Fauconnier&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmwYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough197758–59-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough197758–59_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977125-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977125_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977103–123-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977103–123_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, pp. 103–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2003201–204-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadbury2003201–204_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCadbury2003">Cadbury 2003</a>, pp. 201–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-French_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-French_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery1913" class="citation book cs1">Avery, Ralph E. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czbrats.com/Builders/FRCanal/failure.htm">"The French Failure"</a>. <i>America's Triumph in Panama</i>. Chicago, IL: L.W. Walter Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728050134/http://www.czbrats.com/Builders/FRCanal/failure.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+French+Failure&rft.btitle=America%27s+Triumph+in+Panama&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=L.W.+Walter+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czbrats.com%2FBuilders%2FFRCanal%2Ffailure.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocco2003" class="citation book cs1">Rocco, Fiammetta (2003). <i>The Miraculous Fever-Tree</i>. HarperCollins. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-653235-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-653235-7"><bdi>0-00-653235-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miraculous+Fever-Tree&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-00-653235-7&rft.aulast=Rocco&rft.aufirst=Fiammetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/3000">"The Panama Canal: Explorers, pirates, scientists and engineers – University of Michigan News"</a>. <i>umich.edu</i>. 18 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701003956/http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/3000">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=umich.edu&rft.atitle=The+Panama+Canal%3A+Explorers%2C+pirates%2C+scientists+and+engineers+%E2%80%93+University+of+Michigan+News&rft.date=2007-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fns.umich.edu%2Fnew%2Freleases%2F3000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haddock-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haddock_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Haddock" class="citation book cs1">Keith Haddock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyX4X1B_hLsC&pg=PA174"><i>Giant Earthmovers : An Illustrated History</i></a>. MotorBooks International. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61060-586-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61060-586-1"><bdi>978-1-61060-586-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giant+Earthmovers+%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=MotorBooks+International&rft.isbn=978-1-61060-586-1&rft.au=Keith+Haddock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyX4X1B_hLsC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/index.html">"Read our history: The French Canal Construction"</a>. Panama Canal Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215060157/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Read+our+history%3A+The+French+Canal+Construction&rft.pub=Panama+Canal+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pancanal.com%2Feng%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2003262-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadbury2003262_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCadbury2003">Cadbury 2003</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977224-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977224_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECadbury2003261-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadbury2003261_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCadbury2003">Cadbury 2003</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panama Canal Official Site – History – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/">https://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910235443/https://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/">Archived</a> 10 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> select chapter The French Canal Construction – Retrieved 9 November 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977305–328-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977305–328_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, pp. 305–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h930.html">"Hay-Herrán Treaty"</a>. U-S-history.com. 18 November 1903. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090737/http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h930.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hay-Herr%C3%A1n+Treaty&rft.pub=U-S-history.com&rft.date=1903-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-s-history.com%2Fpages%2Fh930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hay-herran-treaty-1903">"Hay-Herran Treaty (1903)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hay-Herran+Treaty+%281903%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fhay-herran-treaty-1903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2009" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, Grace (2009). <i>America's Backyard : The United States and Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror</i>. London: Zed. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848132146" title="Special:BookSources/9781848132146"><bdi>9781848132146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Backyard+%3A+The+United+States+and+Latin+America+from+the+Monroe+Doctrine+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Zed&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781848132146&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=Grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977361–386-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977361–386_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, pp. 361–386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Meade" title="Teresa Meade">Meade, Teresa A.</a> (2016). <i>History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present</i>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 128–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77248-5"><bdi>978-1-118-77248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Latin+America%3A+1800+to+the+Present&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=128-130&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-77248-5&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=Teresa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/pan001.asp">"Avalon Project—Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty), 18 November 1903"</a>. Avalon.law.yale.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104144736/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/pan001.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avalon+Project%E2%80%94Convention+for+the+Construction+of+a+Ship+Canal+%28Hay-Bunau-Varilla+Treaty%29%2C+18+November+1903&rft.pub=Avalon.law.yale.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fpan001.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410075709/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/panama-to-control-canal/print">"07 September 1977 : Panama to control canal"</a>. History.com. 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=07+September+1977+%3A+Panama+to+control+canal&rft.pub=History.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fpanama-to-control-canal%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Vaughan (28 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ylwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR92"><i>International Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191509070" title="Special:BookSources/9780191509070"><bdi>9780191509070</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323192553/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ylwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR92">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft.isbn=9780191509070&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Vaughan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ylwAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelano2016" class="citation web cs1">Delano, Anthony (9 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/membership/americas-devious-dream-roosevelt-and-the-panama-canal/">"America's devious dream: Roosevelt and the Panama Canal"</a>. <i>HistoryExtra</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426064237/https://www.historyextra.com/membership/americas-devious-dream-roosevelt-and-the-panama-canal/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryExtra&rft.atitle=America%27s+devious+dream%3A+Roosevelt+and+the+Panama+Canal&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft.aulast=Delano&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fmembership%2Famericas-devious-dream-roosevelt-and-the-panama-canal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColby2020" class="citation journal cs1">Colby, Gerard (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1256">"William S. Culbertson and The Search for The Geopolitical Imperium"</a>. <i>Graduate College Dissertations and Theses</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Graduate+College+Dissertations+and+Theses&rft.atitle=William+S.+Culbertson+and+The+Search+for+The+Geopolitical+Imperium&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Colby&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.uvm.edu%2Fgraddis%2F1256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman2014" class="citation web cs1">Huffman, Alan (15 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.com/panama-canal-anniversary-2014-100-years-ago-today-navigation-project-launched-1644698">"Panama Canal's 48 Miles To An 'American Century'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817092714/https://www.ibtimes.com/panama-canal-anniversary-2014-100-years-ago-today-navigation-project-launched-1644698">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Panama+Canal%27s+48+Miles+To+An+%27American+Century%27&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fpanama-canal-anniversary-2014-100-years-ago-today-navigation-project-launched-1644698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson" class="citation web cs1">Hanson, David C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201211319/http://www.upa.pdx.edu/IMS/currentprojects/TAHv3/Content/PDFs/Roosevelt_Panama_Canal.pdf">"Theodore Roosevelt and the Panama Canal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Virginia Western Community College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upa.pdx.edu/IMS/currentprojects/TAHv3/Content/PDFs/Roosevelt_Panama_Canal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+the+Panama+Canal&rft.pub=Virginia+Western+Community+College&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upa.pdx.edu%2FIMS%2Fcurrentprojects%2FTAHv3%2FContent%2FPDFs%2FRoosevelt_Panama_Canal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_On_Appropriations1913" class="citation book cs1">Committee On Appropriations, United States. Congress. House (1913). "Col. Goethals testimony". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmM-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11"><i>The Panama Canal Congressional Hearings 1909</i></a>. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133352/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmM-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Col.+Goethals+testimony&rft.btitle=The+Panama+Canal+Congressional+Hearings+1909&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Committee+On+Appropriations&rft.aufirst=United+States.+Congress.+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmM-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/panama-to-control-canal">"U.S. agrees to transfer Panama Canal to Panama"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014923/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/panama-to-control-canal">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+agrees+to+transfer+Panama+Canal+to+Panama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fpanama-to-control-canal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977273–274-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977273–274_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, pp. 273–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977440-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977440_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977457-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977457_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, p. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977459–462-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977459–462_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, pp. 459–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977405–426-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977405–426_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, pp. 405–426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977466–468-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977466–468_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, pp. 466–468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czbrats.com/Builders/roosemedals.htm">The Panama Canal Service Medal - The "Junk" Medal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pcmc.uflib.ufl.edu/roosevelt-medal-holders/">"Roosevelt Medal Holders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208122142/https://pcmc.uflib.ufl.edu/roosevelt-medal-holders/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+Medal+Holders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpcmc.uflib.ufl.edu%2Froosevelt-medal-holders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Panama Canal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Panama_Canal">"Panama Canal" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Panama+Canal%3A+Writings+of+the+U.+S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+Officers+Who+Conceived+and+Built+It&rft.pages=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandle.dtic.mil%2F100.2%2FADA564251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977540–542-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1977540–542_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1977">McCullough 1977</a>, pp. 540–542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czbrats.com/Builders/gaillard.htm">"Col. David D.B. Gaillard"</a>. <i>www.czbrats.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182904/http://www.czbrats.com/Builders/gaillard.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? 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Panama Canal Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802022239/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/op/tariff/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=News%E2%80%94PanCanal.com%3B+Panama+Canal+Authority+Announces+Fiscal+Year+2008+Metrics&rft.date=2008-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pancanal.com%2Feng%2Fpr%2Fpress-releases%2F2008%2F10%2F24%2Fpr300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metrics2009-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metrics2009_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pancanal.com/eng/pr/press-releases/2009/10/30/pr366.html">"News—PanCanal.com; Panama Canal Authority Announces Fiscal Year 2009 Metrics"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACP+2009+Annual+Report&rft.pub=Panama+Canal+Authority&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pancanal.com%2Feng%2Fgeneral%2Freporte-anual%2F2009%2Fpdf%2FInformePDFingles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160719152021/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/op/transit-stats/2015/Table01.pdf">"Panama Canal Traffic—Fiscal Years 2013 through 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Panama Canal Authority. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9+Facts+about+the+Panama+Canal+Expansion+%E2%80%93+Infographic&rft.pub=Mercatrade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercatrade.com%2Fblog%2F9-facts-about-the-panama-canal-expansion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11953800">"Panama Canal reopens after temporary closure"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017113304/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11953800">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Panama+Canal+reopens+after+temporary+closure&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-11953800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5izSSaRRPlqlKrEgImAAMgZtqhsdw?docId=N0087151292030740345A">"The Press Association: Panama flooding displaces thousands"</a>. 12 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Press+Association%3A+Panama+flooding+displaces+thousands&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fukpress%2Farticle%2FALeqM5izSSaRRPlqlKrEgImAAMgZtqhsdw%3FdocId%3DN0087151292030740345A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216063033/http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2010/12/12/contenido/18225705.asp">"NOTICIAS PANAMÁ—PERIÓDICO LA ESTRELLA ONLINE: Gobierno abrirá parcialmente Puente Centenario; Corredores serán gratis [Al Minuto]"</a>. 13 December 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOTICIAS+PANAM%C3%81%E2%80%94PERI%C3%93DICO+LA+ESTRELLA+ONLINE%3A+Gobierno+abrir%C3%A1+parcialmente+Puente+Centenario%3B+Corredores+ser%C3%A1n+gratis+%5BAl+Minuto%5D&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaestrella.com.pa%2Fmensual%2F2010%2F12%2F12%2Fcontenido%2F18225705.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501024710/http://www.digtriad.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=151684">"Rain Causes Panama Canal Bridge To Collapse"</a>. digtriad.com. 12 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digtriad.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=151684">the original</a> on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rain+Causes+Panama+Canal+Bridge+To+Collapse&rft.pub=digtriad.com&rft.date=2010-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digtriad.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fstory.aspx%3Fstoryid%3D151684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215200209/http://english.cri.cn/6966/2010/12/11/2021s609648.htm">"Entrance to Panama Canal Bridge Closed due to Rain Damage"</a>. 13 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.cri.cn/6966/2010/12/11/2021s609648.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entrance+to+Panama+Canal+Bridge+Closed+due+to+Rain+Damage&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cri.cn%2F6966%2F2010%2F12%2F11%2F2021s609648.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216060538/http://www.newsroompanama.com/panama/2073-aftermath-of-panama-flooding-hits-transport-and-finances-rain-continues.html">"Aftermath of Panama flooding hits transport and finances—rain continues"</a>. 13 December 2010. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today+in+Energy&rft.atitle=Panama+Canal+expansion+will+allow+transit+of+larger+ships+with+greater+volumes&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Ftodayinenergy%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D18011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2007" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Eric (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418214654/http://www.thepanamanews.com/pn/v_13/issue_06/business_03.html"><i>Shipping industry complains about PanCanal toll hikes</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Nicaragua+Revives+Its+Canal+Dream&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.aulast=De+Cordoba&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887323734304578543432234604100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancellation-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cancellation_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elfinancierocr.com/economia-y-politica/incertidumbres-financieras-desvanecen-sueno-de/7HFF44CY3RBVVE7BR3YRKJ3XZY/story/">"Incertidumbres financieras desvanecen sueño de canal en Nicaragua"</a>. <i>El Financiero</i> (in Spanish). AFP. 21 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221193924/https://www.elfinancierocr.com/economia-y-politica/incertidumbres-financieras-desvanecen-sueno-de/7HFF44CY3RBVVE7BR3YRKJ3XZY/story/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Financiero&rft.atitle=Incertidumbres+financieras+desvanecen+sue%C3%B1o+de+canal+en+Nicaragua&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfinancierocr.com%2Feconomia-y-politica%2Fincertidumbres-financieras-desvanecen-sueno-de%2F7HFF44CY3RBVVE7BR3YRKJ3XZY%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interest-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Interest_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCropsey2018" class="citation news cs1">Cropsey, Seth (9 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-american-interest.com/2018/04/09/china-sets-sights-south-america/">"China sets its sights on South America"</a>. <i>The American Interest</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072046/https://www.the-american-interest.com/2018/04/09/china-sets-sights-south-america/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>China has abandoned its attempts to construct a Nicaraguan Canal to compete with its Panamanian counterpart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Interest&rft.atitle=China+sets+its+sights+on+South+America&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.aulast=Cropsey&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-american-interest.com%2F2018%2F04%2F09%2Fchina-sets-sights-south-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2018" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Beverly (27 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071540/https://www.opendemocracy.net/democraciaabierta/beverly-goldberg/is-nicaraguan-mega-canal-failure-good-news-for-indigenous-communi">"Is the Nicaraguan mega-canal failure good news for indigenous communities?"</a>. <i>Open Democracy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/democraciaabierta/beverly-goldberg/is-nicaraguan-mega-canal-failure-good-news-for-indigenous-communi">the original</a> on 28 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Democracy&rft.atitle=Is+the+Nicaraguan+mega-canal+failure+good+news+for+indigenous+communities%3F&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fdemocraciaabierta%2Fbeverly-goldberg%2Fis-nicaraguan-mega-canal-failure-good-news-for-indigenous-communi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-closing-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-closing_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-26/nicaragua-canal-builder-abandons-office-in-prime-hong-kong-tower">"Ex-Billionaire Abandons Office in Prime Hong Kong Tower"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 26 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240413002243/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-26/nicaragua-canal-builder-abandons-office-in-prime-hong-kong-tower">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Ex-Billionaire+Abandons+Office+in+Prime+Hong+Kong+Tower&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-04-26%2Fnicaragua-canal-builder-abandons-office-in-prime-hong-kong-tower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevunts2005" class="citation web cs1">Sevunts, Levon (12 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/jun/12/20050612-123835-3711r/">"Northwest Passage redux"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226220945/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/jun/12/20050612-123835-3711r/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Northwest+Passage+redux&rft.date=2005-06-12&rft.aulast=Sevunts&rft.aufirst=Levon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fjun%2F12%2F20050612-123835-3711r%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComte2005" class="citation web cs1">Comte, Michel (22 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=1429085&C=america">"Conservative Leader Harper Asserts Canada's Arctic Claims"</a>. DefenceNews.com (Agence France-Presse)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Up next: Arctic shipping"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907040356/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/09/09/first-came-an-arctic-luxury-cruise-next-comes-arctic-shipping/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=That+pricey+Arctic+luxury+cruise+was+just+the+beginning.+Up+next%3A+Arctic+shipping&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fenergy-environment%2Fwp%2F2016%2F09%2F09%2Ffirst-came-an-arctic-luxury-cruise-next-comes-arctic-shipping%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opportimes.com/what-is-the-interoceanic-corridor-of-the-isthmus-of-tehuantepec-ciit/">"What is the Interoceanic Corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (CIIT)?"</a>. <i>Opportimes</i>. 19 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719172517/https://www.opportimes.com/what-is-the-interoceanic-corridor-of-the-isthmus-of-tehuantepec-ciit/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opportimes&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Interoceanic+Corridor+of+the+Isthmus+of+Tehuantepec+%28CIIT%29%3F&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opportimes.com%2Fwhat-is-the-interoceanic-corridor-of-the-isthmus-of-tehuantepec-ciit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2023/10/14/el-22-de-diciembre-se-inaugura-el-tren-del-istmo-amlo-316776.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"El 22 de diciembre se inaugura el Tren del Istmo": AMLO"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceso_(magazine)" title="Proceso (magazine)">Proceso</a></i> (in Spanish). 14 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015055731/https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2023/10/14/el-22-de-diciembre-se-inaugura-el-tren-del-istmo-amlo-316776.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceso&rft.atitle=%22El+22+de+diciembre+se+inaugura+el+Tren+del+Istmo%22%3A+AMLO&rft.date=2023-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proceso.com.mx%2Fnacional%2F2023%2F10%2F14%2Fel-22-de-diciembre-se-inaugura-el-tren-del-istmo-amlo-316776.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla_Román2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villa Román, Elisa (1 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-10-01/tren-interoceanico-del-istmo-de-tehuantepec-ruta-completa-estaciones-y-fechas-de-inauguracion.html">"Tren Interoceánico del Istmo de Tehuantepec: ruta completa, estaciones y fechas de inauguración"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817093758/https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-12-22/tren-interoceanico-ruta-estaciones-precios-y-donde-comprar-boletos-en-mexico.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Tren+Interoce%C3%A1nico+del+Istmo+de+Tehuantepec%3A+ruta+completa%2C+estaciones+y+fechas+de+inauguraci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2023-10-01&rft.aulast=Villa+Rom%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fmexico%2F2023-10-01%2Ftren-interoceanico-del-istmo-de-tehuantepec-ruta-completa-estaciones-y-fechas-de-inauguracion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mexicodailypost.com/2022/11/10/interoceanic-corridor-in-mexico-will-move-1-4-million-containers-a-year/">"Interoceanic Corridor in Mexico will move 1.4 million containers a year"</a>. <i>Mexico Daily Post</i>. 10 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719173721/https://mexicodailypost.com/2022/11/10/interoceanic-corridor-in-mexico-will-move-1-4-million-containers-a-year/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mexico+Daily+Post&rft.atitle=Interoceanic+Corridor+in+Mexico+will+move+1.4+million+containers+a+year&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmexicodailypost.com%2F2022%2F11%2F10%2Finteroceanic-corridor-in-mexico-will-move-1-4-million-containers-a-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToletino_Morales2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Toletino Morales, Juan (30 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://expansion.mx/empresas/2023/05/30/proyecto-ferrocarril-del-istmo">"Ferrocarril del Istmo: a un siglo, ¿qué puede (volver a) salir mal?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3n_(Mexico)" title="Expansión (Mexico)">Expansión</a></i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817093707/https://expansion.mx/empresas/2023/05/30/proyecto-ferrocarril-del-istmo">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expansi%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Ferrocarril+del+Istmo%3A+a+un+siglo%2C+%C2%BFqu%C3%A9+puede+%28volver+a%29+salir+mal%3F&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft.aulast=Toletino+Morales&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexpansion.mx%2Fempresas%2F2023%2F05%2F30%2Fproyecto-ferrocarril-del-istmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdelamar2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valdelamar, Jassiel (31 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2023/05/31/corredor-interoceanico-y-canal-de-panama-pueden-ser-compitas-destaca-embajador/">"Corredor Interoceánico de AMLO y Canal de Panamá pueden ser 'compitas', destaca embajador"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Financiero" title="El Financiero">El Financiero</a></i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817093802/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2023/05/31/corredor-interoceanico-y-canal-de-panama-pueden-ser-compitas-destaca-embajador/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Financiero&rft.atitle=Corredor+Interoce%C3%A1nico+de+AMLO+y+Canal+de+Panam%C3%A1+pueden+ser+%27compitas%27%2C+destaca+embajador&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft.aulast=Valdelamar&rft.aufirst=Jassiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elfinanciero.com.mx%2Feconomia%2F2023%2F05%2F31%2Fcorredor-interoceanico-y-canal-de-panama-pueden-ser-compitas-destaca-embajador%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmán2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guzmán, Nicolás (23 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/es/el-hist%C3%B3rico-corredor-interoce%C3%A1nico-que-revivi%C3%B3-amlo-en-m%C3%A9xico/a-63865946">"El histórico corredor interoceánico que revivió AMLO"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DW_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="DW Español">DW Español</a></i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716042400/https://www.dw.com/es/el-hist%C3%B3rico-corredor-interoce%C3%A1nico-que-revivi%C3%B3-amlo-en-m%C3%A9xico/a-63865946">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DW+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.atitle=El+hist%C3%B3rico+corredor+interoce%C3%A1nico+que+revivi%C3%B3+AMLO&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft.aulast=Guzm%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Nicol%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fes%2Fel-hist%25C3%25B3rico-corredor-interoce%25C3%25A1nico-que-revivi%25C3%25B3-amlo-en-m%25C3%25A9xico%2Fa-63865946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Marle2013" class="citation web cs1">Van Marle, Gavin (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theloadstar.co.uk/canal-mania-hits-central-america-with-three-more-atlantic-pacific-projects/">"Canal mania hits central America with three more Atlantic-Pacific projects"</a>. <i>The Load Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116063316/http://theloadstar.co.uk/canal-mania-hits-central-america-with-three-more-atlantic-pacific-projects/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Load+Star&rft.atitle=Canal+mania+hits+central+America+with+three+more+Atlantic-Pacific+projects&rft.date=2013-07&rft.aulast=Van+Marle&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheloadstar.co.uk%2Fcanal-mania-hits-central-america-with-three-more-atlantic-pacific-projects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/manuscripts/b/certificate-from-the-esteemed-order-of-bearers-of-the-master-key-to-the-panama-canal-making-admiral-arleigh-burke-an-honorary-lead-pilot.html">"Certificate from the Esteemed Order of Bearers of the Master Key to the Panama Canal Making Admiral Arleigh Burke an Honorary Lead Pilot"</a>. <i>NHHC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817093759/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/manuscripts/b/certificate-from-the-esteemed-order-of-bearers-of-the-master-key-to-the-panama-canal-making-admiral-arleigh-burke-an-honorary-lead-pilot.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHHC&rft.atitle=Certificate+from+the+Esteemed+Order+of+Bearers+of+the+Master+Key+to+the+Panama+Canal+Making+Admiral+Arleigh+Burke+an+Honorary+Lead+Pilot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fnhhc%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fmanuscripts%2Fb%2Fcertificate-from-the-esteemed-order-of-bearers-of-the-master-key-to-the-panama-canal-making-admiral-arleigh-burke-an-honorary-lead-pilot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131152403/https://www.fmc.gov/commissioner-louis-e-sola-honored-with-master-key-and-honorary-lead-pilot/">"Commissioner Louis E. Sola Honored with Master Key and Honorary Lead Pilot"</a>. <i>Federal Maritime Commission</i>. 28 January 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmc.gov/commissioner-louis-e-sola-honored-with-master-key-and-honorary-lead-pilot/">the original</a> on 31 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Maritime+Commission&rft.atitle=Commissioner+Louis+E.+Sola+Honored+with+Master+Key+and+Honorary+Lead+Pilot&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmc.gov%2Fcommissioner-louis-e-sola-honored-with-master-key-and-honorary-lead-pilot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFweb2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">web, redazione (3 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farodiroma.it/toc-conference-2018-panama-cenni-storici-del-canale-di-panama-di-a-martinengo/">"TOC Conference 2018 Panama. Cenni storici del Canale di Panama (di A. Martinengo)"</a>. <i>FarodiRoma</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817093808/https://www.farodiroma.it/toc-conference-2018-panama-cenni-storici-del-canale-di-panama-di-a-martinengo/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FarodiRoma&rft.atitle=TOC+Conference+2018+Panama.+Cenni+storici+del+Canale+di+Panama+%28di+A.+Martinengo%29&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft.aulast=web&rft.aufirst=redazione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farodiroma.it%2Ftoc-conference-2018-panama-cenni-storici-del-canale-di-panama-di-a-martinengo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buckinghamcovers.com/shop/signer.php?signer_id=458">"Buckingham First Day Covers"</a>. Internet Stamps Group Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171611/https://www.buckinghamcovers.com/shop/signer.php?signer_id=458">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buckingham+First+Day+Covers&rft.pub=Internet+Stamps+Group+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buckinghamcovers.com%2Fshop%2Fsigner.php%3Fsigner_id%3D458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadbury2003" class="citation book cs1">Cadbury, Deborah (2003). <i>Seven Wonders of the Industrial World</i>. London and New York: Fourth Estate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Wonders+of+the+Industrial+World&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cadbury&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathbetweenseas00mccu"><i>The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-24409-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-24409-4"><bdi>0-671-24409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+Between+the+Seas%3A+The+Creation+of+the+Panama+Canal%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-671-24409-4&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathbetweenseas00mccu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_and_technical_issues">Construction and technical issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Construction and technical issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brodhead, Michael J. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131511/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA564251">"The Panama Canal: Writings of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Officers Who Conceived and Built It"</a>. US Army Corps of Engineers History Office, Alexandria, VA.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanBrodheadByerlyWilliams2009" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Jon T.; Brodhead, Michael J; Byerly, Carol R.; Williams, Glenn F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403023219/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/panama/panamacanal/index.html"><i>The Panama Canal: An Army's Enterprise</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. 70–115–1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/panama/panamacanal/index.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panama+Canal%3A+An+Army%27s+Enterprise&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Jon+T.&rft.au=Brodhead%2C+Michael+J&rft.au=Byerly%2C+Carol+R.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Glenn+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2Fpanama%2Fpanamacanal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jaen, Omar (2005). <i>Las Negociaciones de los Tratados Torrijos-Carter, 1970–1979 (Tomos 1 y 2)</i>. Panama: Autoridad del Canal de Panama. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9962-607-32-9" title="Special:BookSources/9962-607-32-9">9962-607-32-9</a> (Obra completa).</li> <li>Jorden, William J. (1984). <i>Panama Odyssey</i>. 746 pages, illustrated. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-76469-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-76469-3">0-292-76469-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1913" class="citation book cs1">Mills, J. Saxon (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34124"><i>The Panama Canal—A history and description of the enterprise</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panama+Canal%E2%80%94A+history+and+description+of+the+enterprise&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=J.+Saxon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F34124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanama+Canal" class="Z3988"></span> A Project Gutenberg free ebook.</li> <li>Parker, Matthew. (2007). <i>Panama Fever: The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time—The Building of the Panama Canal</i>. New York: Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51534-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51534-4">978-0-385-51534-4</a>.</li> <li>Sherman, Gary. "Conquering the Landscape (Gary Sherman explores the life of the great American trailblazer, John Frank Stevens)", <i>History Magazine</i>. July 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_and_political_history">Diplomatic and political history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Diplomatic and political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gilboa, Eytan. "The Panama Invasion Revisited: Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold War Era." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1995): 539–562. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2151883">2151883</a>.</li> <li>Greene, Julie, <i>The Canal Builders: Making America's Empire at the Panama Canal</i> (New York: Penguin Press, 2009)</li> <li>Hogan, J. Michael. "Theodore Roosevelt and the Heroes of Panama". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly 19</i> (1989): 79–94. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40574566">40574566</a>.</li> <li>LaFeber, Walter. <i>The Panama Canal: the crisis in historical perspective</i> (Oxford University Press, 1978)</li> <li>Long, Tom. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dh.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/2/431">Putting the canal on the map: Panamanian Agenda-setting and the 1973 Security Council Meetings</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>," <i>Diplomatic History</i>, 38, No. 2 (2014): pp. 431–455.</li> <li>Major, John. <i>Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal, 1903–1979</i> (1993)</li> <li>Maurer, Noel, and Carlos Yu. <i>The Big Ditch: How America Took, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal</i> (Princeton University Press, 2010); 420 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14738-3">978-0-691-14738-3</a>. Econometric analysis of costs ($9 billion in 2009 dollars) and benefits to US and Panama</li> <li>Mellander, Gustavo A., Mellander, Nelly, Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390. (1999)</li> <li>Mellander, Gustavo A., The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years." Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. (1971)</li> <li>Sánchez, Peter M. <i>Panama Lost? U.S. Hegemony, Democracy and the Canal</i> (University Press of Florida, 2007), 251 pp,</li> <li>Sánchez, Peter M. "The end of hegemony? Panama and the United States." <i>International Journal on World Peace</i> (2002): 57–89. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20753364">20753364</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal" class="extiw" title="commons:Panama Canal"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Panama Canal</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Panama_Canal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Panama Canal">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map all coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Panama_Canal">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Panama_Canal">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Panama_Canal">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Panama_Canal">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Panama_Canal">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pancanal.com/eng/index.html">Panama Canal Authority website</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812072652/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/index.html">Archived</a> 12 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)—Has a simulation showing how the canal works</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/Exhibitions/Make-the-Dirt-Fly/">Making the Dirt Fly, Building the Panama Canal</a></i> Smithsonian Institution Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canalmuseum.com/">Canalmuseum</a>—History, Documents, Photographs and Stories</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/browse/azBrowse/Panama+Canal">Early stereographic images of the construction</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120821/http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/browse/azBrowse/Panama+Canal">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) University of California</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/panama">A. B. Nichols Panama Canal Collection at the Linda Hall Library</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114608/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/panama">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) Archival collection of maps, blueprints, photographs, letters, and other documents, collected by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/panama,5315">Aurin B. Nichols</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113020712/http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/panama,5315">Archived</a> 13 January 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, an engineer who worked on the canal project through from 1899 until its completion.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/topics/american-imperialism/panama-canal/">Newspaper articles and clippings about the Panama Canal at Newspapers.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pcmc.domains.uflib.ufl.edu/faq/">Panama Canal Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Engineering_Record" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER) No. CZ-1, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/cz0039/">Panama Canal, Panama City, Former Panama Canal Zone, CZ</a>", 66 photos, 5 photo caption pages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_Panama_Canal.htm">Panama Canal</a> at nationsonline.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Panama_Canal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Panama_Canal" title="Template:Panama Canal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Panama_Canal" title="Template talk:Panama Canal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Panama_Canal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Panama Canal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Panama_Canal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panama Canal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Authority" title="Panama Canal Authority">Panama Canal Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_locks" title="Panama Canal locks">Locks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatun_Dam" title="Gatun Dam">Gatun Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatun_Lake" title="Gatun Lake">Gatun Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagres_River" title="Chagres River">Chagres River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culebra_Cut" title="Culebra Cut">Culebra Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Bridge,_Panama" title="Centennial Bridge, Panama">Centennial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Americas" title="Bridge of the Americas">Bridge of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Railway" title="Panama Canal Railway">Panama Canal Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bridge,_Panama" title="Atlantic Bridge, Panama">Atlantic Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal;">Atlantic side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arco_Iris,_Panama" title="Arco Iris, Panama">Arco Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal, Colón">Cristóbal port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Adolfo_Jim%C3%A9nez_Airport" title="Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport">Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limon_Bay" title="Limon Bay">Limon Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat%C3%BAn" title="Gatún">Gatún</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal;">Passage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gatun_Lake" title="Gatun Lake">Gatun Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culebra_Cut" title="Culebra Cut">Culebra Cut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal;">Pacific side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama" title="Balboa, Panama">Balboa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albrook_%22Marcos_A._Gelabert%22_International_Airport" title="Albrook "Marcos A. Gelabert" International Airport">Albrook Airport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboa,_Panama" title="Gamboa, Panama">Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">Expansion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Panama_Canal_expansion_referendum" title="2006 Panama Canal expansion referendum">2006 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bridge,_Panama" title="Atlantic Bridge, Panama">Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">New Panamax / Post-Panamax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Panama_Canal" title="History of the Panama Canal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Bunau-Varilla" title="Philippe Bunau-Varilla">Philippe Bunau-Varilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_S._Claybourn" title="Ephraim S. Claybourn">Ephraim S. Claybourn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Claybourn" title="John G. Claybourn">John G. Claybourn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nelson_Cromwell" title="William Nelson Cromwell">William Nelson Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_du_Bose_Gaillard" title="David du Bose Gaillard">David du Bose Gaillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Goethals" title="George Washington Goethals">George Washington Goethals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William Crawford Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal;">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">1903 Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93Urrutia_Treaty" title="Thomson–Urrutia Treaty">1921 Thomson–Urrutia Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Canal_Commission" title="Isthmian Canal Commission">Isthmian Canal Commission</a> (1904–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_measures_during_the_construction_of_the_Panama_Canal" title="Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal">Health measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Museum" title="Panama Canal Museum">Panama Canal Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Box_25" title="Box 25">Box 25</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">US Canal Zone</a><br />(1904–1979/99)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone" title="List of governors of the Panama Canal Zone">List of governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Zone_Police" title="Canal Zone Police">Canal Zone Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Canal_Zone" title="United States District Court for the Canal Zone">United States District Court for the Canal Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_military_installations_in_Panama" title="List of former United States military installations in Panama">Former<br /> US military<br />installations</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Airfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albrook_Air_Force_Station" title="Albrook Air Force Station">Albrook AFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Adolfo_Jim%C3%A9nez_Airport" title="Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport">France Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Air_Force_Base" title="Howard Air Force Base">Howard AFB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Amador" title="Fort Amador">Amador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Clayton" title="Fort Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Davis,_Panama" title="Fort Davis, Panama">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_De_Lesseps" title="Fort De Lesseps">De Lesseps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gulick" title="Fort Gulick">Gulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kobbe" title="Fort Kobbe">Kobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Randolph_(Panama)" title="Fort Randolph (Panama)">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sherman" title="Fort Sherman">Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Solo" title="Coco Solo">Coco Solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSA_Panama_International_Terminal" title="PSA Panama International Terminal">PSA Panama International Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galeta_Island_(Panama)" title="Galeta Island (Panama)">Galeta Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama#Balboa_Naval_Transmitting_Station" title="Balboa, Panama">Balboa Naval Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balboa_High_School_(Panama)" title="Balboa High School (Panama)">Balboa High School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Panama_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Panama_topics" title="Template:Panama topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Panama_topics" title="Template talk:Panama topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Panama_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Panama topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Panama_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Panama-related_articles" title="Index of Panama-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(to_1821)" title="History of Panama (to 1821)">to 1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1821%E2%80%931903)" title="History of Panama (1821–1903)">1821–1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1904%E2%80%931964)" title="History of Panama (1904–1964)">1904–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1964%E2%80%931977)" title="History of Panama (1964–1977)">1964–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama_(1977%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Panama (1977–present)">1977–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation from Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Reunification of Gran Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Panama" title="Geography of Panama">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_Panama" title="Category:Biota of Panama">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Panama" title="List of cities in Panama">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Panama" title="List of earthquakes in Panama">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Panama" title="List of islands of Panama">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Panama" title="List of national parks of Panama">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Panama" title="List of rivers of Panama">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Panama" title="List of volcanoes in Panama">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Panama" title="Politics of Panama">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Panama" title="Provinces of Panama">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Panama" title="Constitution of Panama">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Panama" title="Elections in Panama">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Panama" title="Foreign relations of Panama">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Panama" title="Law of Panama">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Panama" title="Law enforcement in Panama">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Panama)" title="National Assembly (Panama)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Panama" title="Penal system of Panama">Penal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Panama" title="List of political parties in Panama">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces" title="Panamanian Public Forces">Public Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_National_Police" title="Panamanian National Police">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronaval_Service" title="National Aeronaval Service">SENAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Border_Service" title="National Border Service">SENAFRONT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Protection_Service" title="Institutional Protection Service">SPI</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Panama" title="Agriculture in Panama">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Panama" title="Banking in Panama">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_balboa" title="Panamanian balboa">Balboa <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Panama" title="Mineral industry of Panama">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panama Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Panama" title="Tourism in Panama">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Panama" title="Transport in Panama">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Panama" title="Category:Society of Panama">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Panama" title="Crime in Panama">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama" title="Demographics of Panama">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Panama">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Panama">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Panama" title="Water supply and sanitation in Panama">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Panama" title="Culture of Panama">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panamanian_films" title="List of Panamanian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Panama" title="Flag of Panama">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_literature" title="Panamanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Panama" title="Mass media in Panama">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanians" title="Panamanians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Panama" title="Public holidays in Panama">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Panama" title="Outline of Panama">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Panama-related_articles" title="Index of Panama-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Panama" title="Category:Panama">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Panama" title="Portal:Panama">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ship_measurements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ship_measurements" title="Template:Ship measurements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ship_measurements" title="Template talk:Ship measurements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ship_measurements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ship measurements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ship_measurements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ship_measurements" title="Ship measurements">Ship measurements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">Length overall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars" title="Length between perpendiculars">Length between perpendiculars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterline_length" title="Waterline length">Length at the waterline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breadth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">Beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)#Metrics" title="Hull (watercraft)">Moulded depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeboard_(nautical)" title="Freeboard (nautical)">Freeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_line_(watercraft)" title="Load line (watercraft)">Load line (Plimsoll Line)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_keel_clearance" title="Under keel clearance">Under keel clearance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Height</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_draft" title="Air draft">Air draft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">Tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">Gross tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_gross_tonnage" title="Compensated gross tonnage">Compensated gross tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_tonnage" title="Net tonnage">Net tonnage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Measurement" title="Thames Measurement">Thames measurement tonnage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Archaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">Gross register tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_register_tonnage" title="Net register tonnage">Net register tonnage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capacity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">Deadweight tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">Twenty-foot equivalent unit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">Intermodal containers</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Archaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement" title="Builder's Old Measurement">Builder's Old Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorsom_System" title="Moorsom System">Moorsom System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)#Loaded_displacement" title="Displacement (ship)">Loaded displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)#Standard_displacement" title="Displacement (ship)">Standard displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)#Light_displacement" title="Displacement (ship)">Light displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)#Normal_displacement" title="Displacement (ship)">Normal displacement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclining_test" title="Inclining test">Inclining test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_list" title="Angle of list">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_loll" title="Angle of loll">Angle of loll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacentric_height" title="Metacentric height">Metacentric height (GM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship#Size_categories" title="Cargo ship">Limits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aframax" title="Aframax">Aframax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimax" title="Baltimax">Baltimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capesize" title="Capesize">Capesize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinamax" title="Chinamax">Chinamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handymax" title="Handymax">Handymax/Supramax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handysize" title="Handysize">Handysize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccamax" title="Malaccamax">Malaccamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panamax#Neopanamax" title="Panamax">§ Neopanamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9niche_(barge)" title="Péniche (barge)">Péniche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Max" title="Q-Max">Q-Max</a> (Qatar-max)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawaymax" title="Seawaymax">Seawaymax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suezmax" title="Suezmax">Suezmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker#Size_categories" title="Oil tanker">VLCC and ULCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamalmax" title="Yamalmax">Yamalmax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theodore_Roosevelt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Template:Theodore Roosevelt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Template talk:Theodore Roosevelt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theodore Roosevelt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theodore_Roosevelt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">26th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1901–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">25th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1899–1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> (1897–1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner" title="New York City Police Commissioner">New York City Police Commissioner</a> (1895–1897)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">First inauguration</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Inaugural_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site">historic site</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">Second inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_dinner_at_the_White_House" title="Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House">Booker T. Washington dinner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt#Conservation" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Conservation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act" title="Newlands Reclamation Act">Newlands Reclamation Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Act_of_1905" title="Transfer Act of 1905">Transfer Act of 1905</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower National Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muir_Woods_National_Monument" title="Muir Woods National Monument">Muir Woods National Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>, </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">United States Reclamation Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Wildlife_Refuge_System" title="History of the National Wildlife Refuge System">National Wildlife Refuge System</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Arch" title="Roosevelt Arch">Roosevelt Arch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Governors" title="Conference of Governors">Conference of Governors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Company" title="Northern Securities Company">Northern Securities Company breakup</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Co._v._United_States" title="Northern Securities Co. v. United States">court case</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coal_strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal strike of 1902">Coal strike of 1902</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#History" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Meat_Inspection_Act" title="Federal Meat Inspection Act">Meat Inspection Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expediting_Act" title="Expediting Act">Expediting Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkins_Act" title="Elkins Act">Elkins Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_Act" title="Hepburn Act">Hepburn Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tillman_Act_of_1907" title="Tillman Act of 1907">Tillman Act of 1907</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Employers_Liability_Act" title="Federal Employers Liability Act">Federal Employers Liability Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kinkaid_Act" title="Kinkaid Act">Kinkaid Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">Big stick ideology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#United_States_acquisition">Panama Canal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuelan crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">Occupation of Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War#Peace_and_aftermath" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">1906 Nobel Peace Prize</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a> </span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Hall_(National_War_College)" title="Roosevelt Hall (National War College)">Roosevelt Hall</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association#History" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">College football meetings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation#History" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Bureau of Investigation</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">Department of Commerce and Labor</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Corporations" title="Bureau of Corporations">Bureau of Corporations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Department_Methods" title="Committee on Department Methods">Keep Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inland_Waterways_Commission" title="Inland Waterways Commission">Inland Waterways Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Bureau of the Census</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perdicaris_affair" title="Perdicaris affair">Perdicaris affair</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt#Cabinet" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Wing" title="West Wing">White House West Wing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1901 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1901</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1906_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1906 State of the Union Address">1906</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1908_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1908 State of the Union Address">1908</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_desk" title="Theodore Roosevelt desk">White House desk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt">Federal judiciary appointments</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Battle of Las Guasimas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">"Bull Moose" Progressive Party</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt">Assassination attempt</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian%E2%80%93Roosevelt_African_expedition" title="Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition">Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%E2%80%93Rondon_Scientific_Expedition" title="Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition">"River of Doubt" Amazonian expedition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site">Birthplace, boyhood home replica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sagamore_Hill" title="Sagamore Hill">Sagamore Hill Home and Museum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Maltese_Cross_Cabin" title="Theodore Roosevelt's Maltese Cross Cabin">Maltese Cross Cabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_Ranch" title="Elkhorn Ranch">Elkhorn Ranch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pine_Knot_(cabin)" title="Pine Knot (cabin)">Pine Knot cabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Youngs_Memorial_Cemetery" title="Youngs Memorial Cemetery">Gravesite</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings<br />and speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_bibliography" title="Theodore Roosevelt bibliography">Theodore Roosevelt bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Naval_War_of_1812" title="The Naval War of 1812"><i>The Naval War of 1812</i> (1882 book)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Strenuous_Life" title="The Strenuous Life">"The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_a_Republic" title="Citizenship in a Republic">"Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Progressive_Cause_Greater_Than_Any_Individual" class="extiw" title="s:Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual">"Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt:_An_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography"><i>Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography</i> (1913 book)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(American_magazine)#Contributions_from_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="The Forum (American magazine)"><i>The Forum</i> magazine articles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Cyclopedia" title="Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia">Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association#Theodore_Roosevelt_Collection" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Archival collections</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1898_New_York_state_election" title="1898 New York state election">1898 New York state election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Republican National Convention: <a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United States presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Theodore Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Digital_Library" title="Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library">Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness">Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_National_Forest" title="Roosevelt National Forest">Roosevelt National Forest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Park_(San_Antonio)" title="Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)">Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Study Center</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Theodore Roosevelt Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Statues</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt (New York City)">New York City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt,_Rough_Rider" title="Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider">Portland, Oregon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument_Assemblage" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage">Monument Assemblage</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument">Theodore Roosevelt Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Roosevelt Memorial, Portland, Oregon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Presidential_Library" title="Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library">Proposed presidential library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_United_States_Courthouse" title="Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse">Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_River" title="Roosevelt River">Roosevelt River</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Bridge" title="Theodore Roosevelt Bridge">Theodore Roosevelt Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_Bridge" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Theodore Roosevelt Award">Theodore Roosevelt Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(ID-1478)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (ID-1478)">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(SSBN-600)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600)">1961</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(CVN-71)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)">1984</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Road" title="Roosevelt Road">Roosevelt Road</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">"Speak softly, and carry a big stick"</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Books about Theodore Roosevelt">Books</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Films about Theodore Roosevelt">Films</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terrible_Teddy,_the_Grizzly_King" title="Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King"><i>Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King</i>, 1901 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_in_Africa" title="Roosevelt in Africa"><i>Roosevelt in Africa</i>, 1910 documentary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Rough_Riders_(film)" title="The Rough Riders (film)"><i>The Rough Riders</i>, 1927 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teddy,_the_Rough_Rider" title="Teddy, the Rough Rider"><i>Teddy, the Rough Rider</i>, 1940 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(miniseries)" title="Rough Riders (miniseries)"><i>Rough Riders</i>, 1997 miniseries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i>, 2014 documentary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(miniseries)" title="Theodore Roosevelt (miniseries)"><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i>, 2022 miniseries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_(TV_series)" title="Elkhorn (TV series)"><i>Elkhorn</i>, 2024 series</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt">Political positions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">Bully pulpit</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ananias_Club" title="Ananias Club">Ananias Club</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Nature_fakers_controversy#Roosevelt's_involvement" title="Nature fakers controversy">Nature fakers</a>"</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guest_of_Honor_(opera)" title="A Guest of Honor (opera)">A Guest of Honor</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Muckraker#Origin_of_the_term,_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Muckraker">Muckraker</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republican" title="Roosevelt Republican">Roosevelt Republican</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barnes_vs._Roosevelt_libel_trial" title="Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial">Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt" title="Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt">Alice Hathaway Lee</a> (first wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Kermit Carow</a> (second wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Lee Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Theodore Roosevelt III</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Kermit Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Roosevelt_Derby" title="Ethel Roosevelt Derby">Ethel Carow Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Roosevelt" title="Archibald Roosevelt">Archibald Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt" title="Quentin Roosevelt">Quentin Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_III" title="Theodore Roosevelt III">Theodore Roosevelt IV</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_V._S._Roosevelt" title="Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt">Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt_II" title="Quentin Roosevelt II">Quentin Roosevelt II</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Kermit Roosevelt Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt Jr.</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Willard_Roosevelt" title="Joseph Willard Roosevelt">Joseph Willard Roosevelt</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Derby_Williams" title="Edith Derby Williams">Edith Roosevelt Derby</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Keogh" title="Theodora Keogh">Theodora Roosevelt</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt" title="Martha Bulloch Roosevelt">Martha Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bamie_Roosevelt" title="Bamie Roosevelt">Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(socialite)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (socialite)">Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corinne_Roosevelt_Robinson" title="Corinne Roosevelt Robinson">Corinne Roosevelt</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Roosevelt" title="Cornelius Roosevelt">Cornelius Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_Bulloch" title="James Stephens Bulloch">James Stephens Bulloch</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Roosevelt" title="James A. Roosevelt">James Alfred Roosevelt</a> (uncle)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roosevelt" title="Robert Roosevelt">Robert Barnhill Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Anna Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (niece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hall_Roosevelt" title="Hall Roosevelt">Gracie Hall Roosevelt</a> (nephew)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_(Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_dog)" title="Pete (Theodore Roosevelt's dog)">Pete</a> (dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">← William McKinley</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">← Garret Hobart</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Theodore Roosevelt">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7350#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315127596">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044446-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097339">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935250s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935250s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Panamský průplav (Panama)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134395&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=219666">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnmkbs3zls8r9">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/1795">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560651205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/10000033">Structurae</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02727490X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046555">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&oldid=1259186619">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panama_Canal&oldid=1259186619</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Panama_Canal" title="Category:Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880s_in_Panama" title="Category:1880s in Panama">1880s in Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_in_Panama" title="Category:1890s in Panama">1890s in Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_establishments_in_Panama" title="Category:1914 establishments in Panama">1914 establishments in Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1914 establishments in the United States">1914 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1914_in_Central_America" title="Category:1914 in Central America">1914 in Central America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_Panama" title="Category:Canals in Panama">Canals in Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_opened_in_1914" title="Category:Canals opened in 1914">Canals opened in 1914</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Panama" title="Category:Coasts of Panama">Coasts of Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Panama" title="Category:Economy of Panama">Economy of Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Panama" title="Category:Geography of Panama">Geography of Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_American_Engineering_Record_in_the_former_Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Category:Historic American Engineering Record in the former Panama Canal Zone">Historic American Engineering Record in the former Panama Canal Zone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmarks" 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= 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 86,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 12,\n [\"Coord\"] = 20,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 66,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"GeoGroup\"] = 2,\n [\"HAER\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox canal\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox mapframe\"] = 1,\n [\"Jstor\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Panama Canal\"] = 1,\n [\"Panama Canal map\"] = 1,\n [\"Panama topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Panorama\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SS\"] = 1,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Ship measurements\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 3,\n [\"TEU\"] = 1,\n [\"Theodore Roosevelt\"] = 1,\n [\"USD\"] = 3,\n [\"USS\"] = 2,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"WikidataCoord\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikidatacoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","11.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","11.9"],["?","160","11.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","4.5"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","60","4.5"],["type","60","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","4.5"],["chunk \u003CModule:Convert\u003E","60","4.5"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","40","3.0"],["[others]","440","32.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fs4hk","timestamp":"20241124160843","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Panama Canal","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panama_Canal","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7350","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7350","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-10T07:20:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T21:11:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/68\/Panama_Canal_Map_EN.svg","headline":"large canal in Panama"}</script> </body> </html>