CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Braille - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"13f6e313-2fd2-4e30-aa93-b8e021c9a73f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Braille","wgTitle":"Braille","wgCurRevisionId":1275590575,"wgRevisionId":1275590575,"wgArticleId":3933,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2022","Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes","Pages with French IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing French-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011","Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","Braille","1824 introductions","Assistive technology","Augmentative and alternative communication","Character sets","Digital typography","French inventions","Latin-script representations","Writing systems introduced in the 19th century"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Braille","wgRelevantArticleId":3933,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q79894","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Reading_Braille.jpg/1200px-Reading_Braille.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="803"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Reading_Braille.jpg/800px-Reading_Braille.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="536"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Reading_Braille.jpg/640px-Reading_Braille.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="428"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Braille - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Braille rootpage-Braille skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Braille" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Braille" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Braille" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Braille" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Derivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Assignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_braille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_braille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writing braille</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_braille-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing braille subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_braille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eight-dot_braille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eight-dot_braille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eight-dot braille</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eight-dot_braille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Formatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Contractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Page_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Page_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Page dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Page_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braille_writing_machine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braille_writing_machine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Braille writing machine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braille_writing_machine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braille_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braille_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Braille reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braille_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braille_transcription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braille_transcription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Braille transcription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braille_transcription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braille_translation_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braille_translation_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Braille translation software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braille_translation_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braille_reading_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braille_reading_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Braille reading techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braille_reading_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_uniformity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_uniformity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International uniformity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_uniformity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_braille_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_braille_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Other braille conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_braille_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Observation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braille_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braille_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Braille devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braille_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Braille</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بريل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A8" title="Պրայի Այբուբենը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պրայի Այբուբենը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D" title="ব্ৰেইল্ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্ৰেইল্" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayl_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Brayl əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brayl əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ব্রেইল পদ্ধতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রেইল পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B2ng-j%C4%AB" title="Phòng-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phòng-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्रेल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्रेल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Брайлова азбука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брайлова азбука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brailleovo_pismo" title="Brailleovo pismo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brailleovo pismo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%87%C4%95" title="Брайль шрифчĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Брайль шрифчĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillovo_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Braillovo písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Braillovo písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brailleschrift" title="Brailleschrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brailleschrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille_kiri" title="Braille kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Braille kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B3" title="Κώδικας Μπράιγ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κώδικας Μπράιγ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brajlo" title="Brajlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brajlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بریل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بریل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindskrift" title="Blindskrift – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Blindskrift" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clou_Vraille" title="Clou Vraille – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Clou Vraille" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%90%EC%9E%90" title="점자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="점자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բրայլի գրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրայլի գրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="ब्रेल पद्धति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रेल पद्धति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brailleevo_pismo" title="Brailleevo pismo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brailleevo pismo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_Braille" title="Alfabeto Braille – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfabeto Braille" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindraletur" title="Blindraletur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blindraletur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C" title="כתב ברייל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב ברייל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ರೈಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರೈಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბრაილის შრიფტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაილის შრიფტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Брайль жазуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Брайль жазуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptura_Braille" title="Scriptura Braille – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scriptura Braille" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braila_raksts" title="Braila raksts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Braila raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akl%C5%B3j%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Aklųjų raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aklųjų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille-%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Braille-írás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Braille-írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Брајова азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брајова азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="ബ്രെയിൽ ലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രെയിൽ ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="ब्रेल लिपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रेल लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბრაილიშ შრიფტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრაილიშ შრიფტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Брайл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Брайл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90" title="မျက်မမြင် သင်္ကေတ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျက်မမြင် သင်္ကေတ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%AD%97" title="点字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="点字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punktskrift" title="Punktskrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punktskrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punktskrift" title="Punktskrift – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Punktskrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayl_yozuvi" title="Brayl yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brayl yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬਰੇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰੇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بریل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بریل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%84" title="برېل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Braille%E2%80%99a" title="Alfabet Braille’a – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet Braille’a" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_Braille" title="Alfabetul Braille – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul Braille" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Шрифт Брайля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шрифт Брайля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_Braj" title="Alfabeti Braj – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti Braj" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillovo_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Braillovo písmo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Braillovo písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braillova_pisava" title="Braillova pisava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Braillova pisava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifbeetada_indhoolayaasha" title="Alifbeetada indhoolayaasha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alifbeetada indhoolayaasha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Брајева азбука – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брајева азбука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brailleovo_pismo" title="Brailleovo pismo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brailleovo pismo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistekirjoitus" title="Pistekirjoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pistekirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punktskrift" title="Punktskrift – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Punktskrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="பிரெயில் எழுத்து முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரெயில் எழுத்து முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tira_n_Braille" title="Tira n Braille – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tira n Braille" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Брайль шрифты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Брайль шрифты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF" title="బ్రెయిలీ లిపి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రెయిలీ లిపి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="อักษรเบรลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรเบรลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille_alfabesi" title="Braille alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Braille alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Шрифт Брайля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шрифт Брайля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%85" title="بریل سسٹم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بریل سسٹم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Braille" title="Chữ Braille – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Braille" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87" title="盲文 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="盲文" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87" title="盲文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="盲文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidi_Braille" title="Abidi Braille – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Abidi Braille" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%9E%E5%AD%97" title="點字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="點字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87" title="盲文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盲文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" title="Braille – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Braille" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79894#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Braille" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Braille"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Braille"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Braille" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Braille" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&oldid=1275590575" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Braille&id=1275590575&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBraille"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBraille"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Braille&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Braille" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Braille_script" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79894" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tactile writing system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the writing system. For the person who created braille, see <a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Braille_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Braille (disambiguation)">Braille (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;"><b> Braille</b><br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1077953707">.mw-parser-output .brai_cell+.brai_cell{margin-left:2px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1262716500">.mw-parser-output .brai_img img{background:#f8f9fa!important}.mw-parser-output .brai_img_transparent img{background:transparent!important}</style><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_B2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠃ (braille pattern dots-12) U+2803"><img alt="⠃ (braille pattern dots-12)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/20px-Braille_B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/30px-Braille_B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_R.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) U+2817"><img alt="⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/20px-Braille_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/30px-Braille_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/40px-Braille_R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_L.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠇ (braille pattern dots-123) U+2807"><img alt="⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/20px-Braille_L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/30px-Braille_L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/40px-Braille_L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reading_Braille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="finger tip touching page with raised dots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Reading_Braille.jpg/220px-Reading_Braille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Reading_Braille.jpg/330px-Reading_Braille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Reading_Braille.jpg/440px-Reading_Braille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Non-linear_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear writing">nonlinear</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1824–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79894?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">133 languages</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">Early braille</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><b> Braille</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">Category:French-ordered braille alphabets</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Brai</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(570)</span>, Braille</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Braille</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf">U+2800–U+28FF</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="⠝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/29px-Braille_N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/43px-Braille_N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/57px-Braille_N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode Braille characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Braille characters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Braille</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BRAYL</span></i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bʁaj]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4e\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mathieu_Kappler-braille.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mathieu_Kappler-braille.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Mathieu Kappler-braille.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mathieu_Kappler-braille.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mathieu_Kappler-braille.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Mathieu_Kappler-braille.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Mathieu Kappler-braille.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile</a> <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> used by people who are <a href="/wiki/Visually_impaired" class="mw-redirect" title="Visually impaired">visually impaired</a>. It can be read either on <a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">embossed paper</a> or by using <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille displays</a> that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a <a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">slate and stylus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Braille_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille writer">braille writer</a>, an electronic <a href="/wiki/Braille_notetaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille notetaker">braille notetaker</a> or with the use of a computer connected to a <a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">braille embosser</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg/220px-Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg/330px-Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg/440px-Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a> Braille <a href="/wiki/Dashboard" title="Dashboard">dashboard</a> in elevator</figcaption></figure> <p>Braille is named after its creator, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a>, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the <a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French alphabet</a> as an improvement on <a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">night writing</a>. He published his system, which subsequently included <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a>, in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second revision, published in 1837, was the first <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> form of writing developed in the modern era. </p><p>Braille characters are formed using a combination of six raised dots arranged in a 3 × 2 matrix, called the braille cell. The number and arrangement of these dots distinguishes one character from another. Since the various braille alphabets originated as <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> codes for printed writing, the mappings (sets of character designations) vary from language to language, and even within one; in <a href="/wiki/English_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="English braille">English braille</a> there are three levels: <i>uncontracted</i> – a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy; <i>contracted</i> – an addition of abbreviations and contractions used as a space-saving mechanism; and <i>grade 3</i> –  various non-standardized personal stenographies that are less commonly used. </p><p>In addition to braille text (letters, punctuation, contractions), it is also possible to create embossed illustrations and graphs, with the lines either solid or made of series of dots, arrows, and bullets that are larger than braille dots. A full braille cell includes six raised dots arranged in two columns, each column having three dots.<sup id="cite_ref-Raised_Dots_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raised_Dots-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dot positions are identified by numbers from one to six.<sup id="cite_ref-Raised_Dots_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raised_Dots-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 64 possible combinations, including no dots at all for a <a href="/wiki/Word_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Word space">word space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Braille_System_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braille_System-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dot configurations can be used to represent a letter, digit, punctuation mark, or even a word.<sup id="cite_ref-Raised_Dots_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raised_Dots-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early braille education is crucial to literacy, education and employment among the blind. Despite the evolution of new technologies, including <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a> software that reads information aloud, braille provides blind people with access to spelling, punctuation and other aspects of written language less accessible through audio alone. </p><p>While some have suggested that audio-based technologies will decrease the need for braille, technological advancements such as <a href="/wiki/Braille_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille display">braille displays</a> have continued to make braille more accessible and available. Braille users highlight that braille remains as essential as print is to the sighted.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC_4050-MR-Braille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DSC_4050-MR-Braille.jpg/220px-DSC_4050-MR-Braille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DSC_4050-MR-Braille.jpg/330px-DSC_4050-MR-Braille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/DSC_4050-MR-Braille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>The Braille code <div title="French-language text"><div lang="fr-Brai"><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠏ (braille pattern dots-1234) U+280F" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠏</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) U+2817" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠗</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15) U+2811" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠑</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠍ (braille pattern dots-134) U+280D" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠍</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24) U+280A" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠊</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15) U+2811" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠑</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) U+2817" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠗</span></p></div></div> where the word <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/premier#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:premier">premier</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for "first", can be read</figcaption></figure> <p>Braille was based on a tactile <a href="/wiki/Code" title="Code">code</a>, now known as <a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">night writing</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a>. (The name "night writing" was later given to it when it was considered as a means for soldiers to communicate silently at night and without a light source, but Barbier's writings do not use this term and suggest that it was originally designed as a simpler form of writing and for the visually impaired.)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Barbier's system, sets of 12 embossed dots were used to encode 36 different sounds. Braille identified three major defects of the code: first, the symbols represented phonetic sounds and not letters of the alphabet – thus the code was unable to render the orthography of the words. Second, the 12-dot symbols could not easily fit beneath the pad of the reading finger. This required the reading finger to move in order to perceive the whole symbol, which slowed the reading process. (This was because Barbier's system was based only on the number of dots in each of two 6-dot columns, not the pattern of the dots.) Third, the code did not include symbols for numerals or punctuation. Braille's solution was to use 6-dot cells and to assign a specific pattern to each letter of the alphabet. Braille also developed symbols for representing numerals and punctuation.<sup id="cite_ref-Noëlle_Roy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noëlle_Roy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, braille was a one-to-one transliteration of the French alphabet, but soon various abbreviations (contractions) and even <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> were developed, creating a system much more like shorthand.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, there are braille codes for over 133 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBrailleUsage_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBrailleUsage-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English, some variations in the braille codes have traditionally existed among English-speaking countries. In 1991, work to standardize the braille codes used in the English-speaking world began. <a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a> (UEB) has been adopted in all seven member countries of the International Council on English Braille (ICEB) as well as Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For blind readers, braille is an independent writing system, rather than a code of printed orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-D&B_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D&B-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivation">Derivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braille is derived from the Latin alphabet, albeit indirectly. In Braille's original system, the dot patterns were assigned to letters according to their position within the <a href="/wiki/Collating_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Collating sequence">alphabetic order</a> of the French alphabet of the time, with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">accented</a> letters and <i>w</i> sorted at the end.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike print, which consists of mostly arbitrary symbols, the braille alphabet follows a logical sequence. The first ten letters of the alphabet, <i>a</i>–<i>j</i>, use the upper four dot positions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) U+2801" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠁</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠃ (braille pattern dots-12) U+2803" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠃</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14) U+2809" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠉</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145) U+2819" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠙</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15) U+2811" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠑</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠋ (braille pattern dots-124) U+280B" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠋</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245) U+281B" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠛</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠓ (braille pattern dots-125) U+2813" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠓</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24) U+280A" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠊</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠚ (braille pattern dots-245) U+281A" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠚</span> (black dots in the table below). These stand for the ten digits <i>1</i>–<i>9</i> and <i>0</i> in an <a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_numeral_system" title="Alphabetic numeral system">alphabetic numeral system</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a> (as well as derivations of it, including <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew numerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_numerals" title="Cyrillic numerals">Cyrillic numerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad numerals</a>, also Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> and Greek <a href="/wiki/Isopsephy" title="Isopsephy">isopsephy</a>). </p><p>Though the dots are assigned in no obvious order, the cells with the fewest dots are assigned to the first three letters (and lowest digits), <i>abc</i> = <i>123</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) U+2801" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠁</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠃ (braille pattern dots-12) U+2803" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠃</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14) U+2809" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠉</span>), and to the three vowels in this part of the alphabet, <i>aei</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) U+2801" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠁</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15) U+2811" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠑</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24) U+280A" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠊</span>), whereas the even digits <i>4</i>, <i>6</i>, <i>8</i>, <i>0</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145) U+2819" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠙</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠋ (braille pattern dots-124) U+280B" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠋</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠓ (braille pattern dots-125) U+2813" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠓</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠚ (braille pattern dots-245) U+281A" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠚</span>) are right angles. </p><p>The next ten letters, <i>k</i>–<i>t</i>, are identical to <i>a</i>–<i>j</i> respectively, apart from the addition of a dot at position 3 (red dots in the bottom left corners of the cells in the table below): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠅ (braille pattern dots-13) U+2805" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠅</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123) U+2807" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠇</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠍ (braille pattern dots-134) U+280D" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠍</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠝ (braille pattern dots-1345) U+281D" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠝</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135) U+2815" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠕</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠏ (braille pattern dots-1234) U+280F" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠏</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠟ (braille pattern dots-12345) U+281F" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠟</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) U+2817" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠗</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠎ (braille pattern dots-234) U+280E" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠎</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345) U+281E" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠞</span>: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Derivation (colored dots) of the 26 braille letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">basic Latin alphabet</a> from the 10 numeric digits (black dots) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/60px-Braille_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/80px-Braille_A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_B2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/60px-Braille_B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/80px-Braille_B2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_C3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/60px-Braille_C3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/80px-Braille_C3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_D4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/60px-Braille_D4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/80px-Braille_D4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_E5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/60px-Braille_E5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/80px-Braille_E5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_F6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/60px-Braille_F6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/80px-Braille_F6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_G7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/60px-Braille_G7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/80px-Braille_G7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_H8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/60px-Braille_H8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/80px-Braille_H8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_I9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/60px-Braille_I9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/80px-Braille_I9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_J0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/60px-Braille_J0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/80px-Braille_J0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a>/<a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)">1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a>/<a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)">2</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a>/<a href="/wiki/3_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (number)">3</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a>/<a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)">4</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a>/<a href="/wiki/5_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 (number)">5</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a>/<a href="/wiki/6_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 (number)">6</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)">7</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a>/<a href="/wiki/8_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 (number)">8</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a>/<a href="/wiki/9_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 (number)">9</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a>/<a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)">0</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_K_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_K_colored.svg/40px-Braille_K_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_K_colored.svg/60px-Braille_K_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_K_colored.svg/80px-Braille_K_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_L_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Braille_L_colored.svg/40px-Braille_L_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Braille_L_colored.svg/60px-Braille_L_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Braille_L_colored.svg/80px-Braille_L_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_M_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Braille_M_colored.svg/40px-Braille_M_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Braille_M_colored.svg/60px-Braille_M_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Braille_M_colored.svg/80px-Braille_M_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_N_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Braille_N_colored.svg/40px-Braille_N_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Braille_N_colored.svg/60px-Braille_N_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Braille_N_colored.svg/80px-Braille_N_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_O_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Braille_O_colored.svg/40px-Braille_O_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Braille_O_colored.svg/60px-Braille_O_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Braille_O_colored.svg/80px-Braille_O_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_P_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Braille_P_colored.svg/40px-Braille_P_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Braille_P_colored.svg/60px-Braille_P_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Braille_P_colored.svg/80px-Braille_P_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Q_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_Q_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Q_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_Q_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Q_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_Q_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Q_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_R_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille_R_colored.svg/40px-Braille_R_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille_R_colored.svg/60px-Braille_R_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille_R_colored.svg/80px-Braille_R_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_S_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Braille_S_colored.svg/40px-Braille_S_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Braille_S_colored.svg/60px-Braille_S_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Braille_S_colored.svg/80px-Braille_S_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_T_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Braille_T_colored.svg/40px-Braille_T_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Braille_T_colored.svg/60px-Braille_T_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Braille_T_colored.svg/80px-Braille_T_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_U_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_U_colored.svg/40px-Braille_U_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_U_colored.svg/60px-Braille_U_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_U_colored.svg/80px-Braille_U_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_V_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Braille_V_colored.svg/40px-Braille_V_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Braille_V_colored.svg/60px-Braille_V_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Braille_V_colored.svg/80px-Braille_V_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_X_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Braille_X_colored.svg/40px-Braille_X_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Braille_X_colored.svg/60px-Braille_X_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Braille_X_colored.svg/80px-Braille_X_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Y_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Braille_Y_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Y_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Braille_Y_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Y_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Braille_Y_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Y_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Z_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Braille_Z_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Z_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Braille_Z_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Z_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Braille_Z_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Z_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2"></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_W_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Braille_W_colored.svg/40px-Braille_W_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Braille_W_colored.svg/60px-Braille_W_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Braille_W_colored.svg/80px-Braille_W_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The next ten letters (the next "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decade#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:decade">decade</a>") are the same again, but with dots also at both position 3 and position 6 (green dots in the bottom rows of the cells in the table above). Here <i>w</i> was left out as it was not part of the official French alphabet in Braille's time; the French order of the decade was <i>u v x y z ç é à è ù</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠥ (braille pattern dots-136) U+2825" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠥</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236) U+2827" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠧</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠭ (braille pattern dots-1346) U+282D" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠭</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456) U+283D" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠽</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356) U+2835" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠵</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346) U+282F" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠯</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456) U+283F" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠿</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠷ (braille pattern dots-12356) U+2837" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠷</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346) U+282E" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠮</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456) U+283E" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠾</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next ten letters, ending in <i>w</i>, are the same again, except that for this series position 6 (purple dot in the bottom right corner of the cell in the table above) is used without a dot at position 3. In French braille these are the letters <i>â ê î ô û ë ï ü œ w</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠡ (braille pattern dots-16) U+2821" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠡</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠣ (braille pattern dots-126) U+2823" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠣</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠩ (braille pattern dots-146) U+2829" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠩</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456) U+2839" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠹</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠱ (braille pattern dots-156) U+2831" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠱</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246) U+282B" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠫</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456) U+283B" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠻</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256) U+2833" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠳</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠪ (braille pattern dots-246) U+282A" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠪</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456) U+283A" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠺</span>). <i>W</i> had been tacked onto the end of 39 letters of the French alphabet to accommodate English. </p><p>The <i>a</i>–<i>j</i> series shifted down by one dot space (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) U+2802" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠂</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠆ (braille pattern dots-23) U+2806" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠆</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠒ (braille pattern dots-25) U+2812" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠒</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) U+2832" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠲</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠢ (braille pattern dots-26) U+2822" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠢</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠖ (braille pattern dots-235) U+2816" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠖</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠶ (braille pattern dots-2356) U+2836" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠶</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) U+2826" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠦</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠔ (braille pattern dots-35) U+2814" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠔</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356) U+2834" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠴</span>) is used for punctuation. Letters <i>a</i> <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) U+2801" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠁</span> and <i>c</i> <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14) U+2809" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠉</span>, which only use dots in the top row, were shifted two places for the apostrophe and hyphen: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠄ (braille pattern dots-3) U+2804" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠄</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠤ (braille pattern dots-36) U+2824" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠤</span>. (These are also the decade diacritics, on the left in the table below, of the second and third decade.) </p><p>In addition, there are ten patterns that are based on the first two letters (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) U+2801" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠁</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠃ (braille pattern dots-12) U+2803" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠃</span>) with their dots shifted to the right; these were assigned to non-French letters (<i>ì ä ò</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠌ (braille pattern dots-34) U+280C" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠌</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠜ (braille pattern dots-345) U+281C" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠜</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠬ (braille pattern dots-346) U+282C" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠬</span>), or serve non-letter functions: <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠈ (braille pattern dots-4) U+2808" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠈</span> (superscript; in English the accent mark), <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠘ (braille pattern dots-45) U+2818" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠘</span> (currency prefix), <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠨ (braille pattern dots-46) U+2828" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠨</span> (capital, in English the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal point">decimal point</a>), <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456) U+283C" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠼</span> (<a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a>), <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠸ (braille pattern dots-456) U+2838" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠸</span> (emphasis mark), <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) U+2810" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠐</span> (symbol prefix). </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable noresize"> <caption>The 64 modern braille cells<span class="anchor" id="upper-half_cells"></span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">decade</th> <th></th> <th colspan="10">numeric sequence</th> <th></th> <th colspan="2">shift right </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_NULL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/60px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/80px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/60px-Braille_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/80px-Braille_A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_B2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/60px-Braille_B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/80px-Braille_B2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_C3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/60px-Braille_C3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/80px-Braille_C3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_D4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/60px-Braille_D4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/80px-Braille_D4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_E5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/60px-Braille_E5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/80px-Braille_E5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_F6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/60px-Braille_F6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/80px-Braille_F6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_G7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/60px-Braille_G7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/80px-Braille_G7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_H8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/60px-Braille_H8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/80px-Braille_H8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_I9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/60px-Braille_I9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/80px-Braille_I9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_J0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/60px-Braille_J0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/80px-Braille_J0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Currency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/40px-Braille_Currency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/60px-Braille_Currency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/80px-Braille_Currency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Apostrophe_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="' (apostrophe)"><img alt="' (apostrophe)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Braille_Apostrophe_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Braille_Apostrophe_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Braille_Apostrophe_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_K_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_K_colored.svg/40px-Braille_K_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_K_colored.svg/60px-Braille_K_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_K_colored.svg/80px-Braille_K_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_L_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Braille_L_colored.svg/40px-Braille_L_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Braille_L_colored.svg/60px-Braille_L_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Braille_L_colored.svg/80px-Braille_L_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_M_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Braille_M_colored.svg/40px-Braille_M_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Braille_M_colored.svg/60px-Braille_M_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Braille_M_colored.svg/80px-Braille_M_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_N_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Braille_N_colored.svg/40px-Braille_N_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Braille_N_colored.svg/60px-Braille_N_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Braille_N_colored.svg/80px-Braille_N_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_O_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Braille_O_colored.svg/40px-Braille_O_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Braille_O_colored.svg/60px-Braille_O_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Braille_O_colored.svg/80px-Braille_O_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_P_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Braille_P_colored.svg/40px-Braille_P_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Braille_P_colored.svg/60px-Braille_P_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Braille_P_colored.svg/80px-Braille_P_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Q_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_Q_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Q_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_Q_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Q_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_Q_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Q_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_R_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille_R_colored.svg/40px-Braille_R_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille_R_colored.svg/60px-Braille_R_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Braille_R_colored.svg/80px-Braille_R_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_S_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Braille_S_colored.svg/40px-Braille_S_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Braille_S_colored.svg/60px-Braille_S_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Braille_S_colored.svg/80px-Braille_S_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_T_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Braille_T_colored.svg/40px-Braille_T_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Braille_T_colored.svg/60px-Braille_T_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Braille_T_colored.svg/80px-Braille_T_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_ST_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Braille_ST_colored.svg/40px-Braille_ST_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Braille_ST_colored.svg/60px-Braille_ST_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Braille_ST_colored.svg/80px-Braille_ST_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%84_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%84_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%84_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%84_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%84_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%84_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%84_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="- (hyphen)"><img alt="- (hyphen)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Braille_Hyphen_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Braille_Hyphen_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Braille_Hyphen_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_U_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_U_colored.svg/40px-Braille_U_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_U_colored.svg/60px-Braille_U_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Braille_U_colored.svg/80px-Braille_U_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_V_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Braille_V_colored.svg/40px-Braille_V_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Braille_V_colored.svg/60px-Braille_V_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Braille_V_colored.svg/80px-Braille_V_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_X_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Braille_X_colored.svg/40px-Braille_X_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Braille_X_colored.svg/60px-Braille_X_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Braille_X_colored.svg/80px-Braille_X_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Y_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Braille_Y_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Y_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Braille_Y_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Y_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Braille_Y_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Y_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Z_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Braille_Z_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Z_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Braille_Z_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Z_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Braille_Z_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Z_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%87_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Braille_%C3%87_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%87_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Braille_%C3%87_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%87_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Braille_%C3%87_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%87_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%89_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Braille_%C3%89_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%89_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Braille_%C3%89_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%89_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Braille_%C3%89_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%89_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%80_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Braille_%C3%80_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%80_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Braille_%C3%80_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%80_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Braille_%C3%80_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%80_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%88_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Braille_%C3%88_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%88_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Braille_%C3%88_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%88_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Braille_%C3%88_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%88_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%99_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_%C3%99_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%99_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_%C3%99_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%99_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_%C3%99_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%99_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%92_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%92_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%92_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%92_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%92_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%92_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%92_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Number_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="# (number)"><img alt="# (number)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_Number_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Number_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_Number_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Number_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_Number_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Number_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4th </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Capital_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="UPPERCASE (capital)"><img alt="UPPERCASE (capital)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Braille_Capital_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Capital_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Braille_Capital_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Capital_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Braille_Capital_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Capital_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%82_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Braille_%C3%82_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%82_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Braille_%C3%82_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%82_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Braille_%C3%82_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%82_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8A_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Braille_%C3%8A_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8A_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Braille_%C3%8A_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8A_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Braille_%C3%8A_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8A_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8E_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%8E_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8E_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%8E_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8E_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%8E_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8E_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%94_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Braille_%C3%94_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%94_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Braille_%C3%94_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%94_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Braille_%C3%94_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%94_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9B_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Braille_%C3%9B_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9B_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Braille_%C3%9B_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%9B_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Braille_%C3%9B_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%9B_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8B_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_%C3%8B_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8B_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_%C3%8B_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8B_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_%C3%8B_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8B_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8F_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Braille_%C3%8F_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8F_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Braille_%C3%8F_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8F_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Braille_%C3%8F_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8F_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9C_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%9C_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9C_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%9C_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%9C_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%9C_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%9C_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%96_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Braille_%C3%96_colored.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%96_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Braille_%C3%96_colored.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%96_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Braille_%C3%96_colored.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%96_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_W_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Braille_W_colored.svg/40px-Braille_W_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Braille_W_colored.svg/60px-Braille_W_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Braille_W_colored.svg/80px-Braille_W_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Decimal_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=". (decimal point)"><img alt=". (decimal point)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_Decimal_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Decimal_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_Decimal_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Decimal_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_Decimal_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Decimal_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Cursive_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Braille_Cursive_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Cursive_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Braille_Cursive_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Cursive_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Braille_Cursive_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Cursive_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5th </th> <th><span style="color:#006060">shift<br />down</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Comma_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=", (comma)"><img alt=", (comma)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Braille_Comma_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Comma_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Braille_Comma_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Comma_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Braille_Comma_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Comma_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Semicolon_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="; (semicolon)"><img alt="; (semicolon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Braille_Semicolon_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Braille_Semicolon_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Semicolon_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Braille_Semicolon_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Semicolon_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Colon_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=": (colon)"><img alt=": (colon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Braille_Colon_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Colon_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Braille_Colon_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Colon_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Braille_Colon_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Colon_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Period_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=". (period)"><img alt=". (period)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Braille_Period_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Period_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Braille_Period_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Period_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Braille_Period_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Period_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_QuestionMark_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="? (question mark)"><img alt="? (question mark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Braille_QuestionMark_colored.svg/40px-Braille_QuestionMark_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Braille_QuestionMark_colored.svg/60px-Braille_QuestionMark_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Braille_QuestionMark_colored.svg/80px-Braille_QuestionMark_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_ExclamationPoint_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="! (exclamation point)"><img alt="! (exclamation point)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Braille_ExclamationPoint_colored.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Braille_ExclamationPoint_colored.svg/60px-Braille_ExclamationPoint_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Braille_ExclamationPoint_colored.svg/80px-Braille_ExclamationPoint_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Bracket_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Braille_Bracket_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Braille_Bracket_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Bracket_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Braille_Bracket_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Bracket_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteOpen_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="“ (quote open)"><img alt="“ (quote open)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_QuoteOpen_colored.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_QuoteOpen_colored.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteOpen_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_QuoteOpen_colored.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteOpen_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="* (asterisk)"><img alt="* (asterisk)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Braille_Asterisk_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Braille_Asterisk_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Braille_Asterisk_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteClose_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="” (quote close)"><img alt="” (quote close)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_QuoteClose_colored.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteClose_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_QuoteClose_colored.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteClose_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_QuoteClose_colored.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteClose_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_ContractionPrefix_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_ContractionPrefix_colored.svg/40px-Braille_ContractionPrefix_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_ContractionPrefix_colored.svg/60px-Braille_ContractionPrefix_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_ContractionPrefix_colored.svg/80px-Braille_ContractionPrefix_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Correction_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Braille_Correction_colored.svg/40px-Braille_Correction_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Braille_Correction_colored.svg/60px-Braille_Correction_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Braille_Correction_colored.svg/80px-Braille_Correction_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The first four decades are similar in that the numeric sequence is extended by adding the decade dots, whereas in the fifth decade it is extended by shifting it downward. </p><p>Originally there had been nine decades. The fifth through ninth used dashes as well as dots, but they proved to be impractical to distinguish by touch under normal conditions and were soon abandoned. From the beginning, these additional decades could be substituted with what we now know as the number sign (<span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456) U+283C" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠼</span>) applied to the earlier decades, though that only caught on for the digits (the old 5th decade being replaced by <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456) U+283C" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠼</span> applied to the 1st decade). The dash occupying the top row of the original sixth decade was simply omitted, producing the modern fifth decade. (See <a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assignment">Assignment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, there have been three principles in assigning the values of a <a href="/wiki/Linear_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear writing">linear script</a> (print) to Braille: Using Louis Braille's original French letter values; reassigning the braille letters according to the <a href="/wiki/Sort_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Sort order">sort order</a> of the print alphabet being transcribed; and reassigning the letters to improve the efficiency of writing in braille. </p><p>Under international consensus, most braille alphabets follow the French sorting order for the 26 letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">basic Latin alphabet</a>, and there have been attempts at unifying the letters beyond these 26 (see <a href="/wiki/International_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="International braille">international braille</a>), though differences remain, for example, in <a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German Braille</a>. This unification avoids the chaos of each nation reordering the braille code to match the sorting order of its print alphabet, as happened in <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a>, where braille codes were numerically reassigned to match the order of the Arabic alphabet and bear little relation to the values used in other countries (compare modern <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a>, which uses the French sorting order), and as happened in an early American version of English Braille, where the letters <i>w</i>, <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>z</i> were reassigned to match English alphabetical order. A convention sometimes seen for letters beyond the basic 26 is to exploit the physical symmetry of braille patterns iconically, for example, by assigning a reversed <i>n</i> to <i>ñ</i> or an inverted <i>s</i> to <i>sh</i>. (See <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian Braille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a>, which do this to some extent.) </p><p>A third principle was to assign braille codes according to frequency, with the simplest patterns (quickest ones to write with a stylus) assigned to the most frequent letters of the alphabet. Such frequency-based alphabets were used in Germany and the United States in the 19th century (see <a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a>), but with the invention of the braille typewriter their advantage disappeared, and none are attested in modern use –  they had the disadvantage that the resulting small number of dots in a text interfered with following the alignment of the letters, and consequently made texts more difficult to read than Braille's more arbitrary letter assignment. Finally, there are braille scripts that do not order the codes numerically at all, such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean Braille</a>, which are based on more abstract principles of syllable composition. </p><p>Texts are sometimes written in a script of eight dots per cell rather than six, enabling them to encode a greater number of symbols. (See <a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish Braille</a> has adopted eight-dot cells for general use; for example, accented letters take the unaccented versions plus dot 8. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alianca_braille.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alianca_braille.JPG/220px-Alianca_braille.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alianca_braille.JPG/330px-Alianca_braille.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alianca_braille.JPG/440px-Alianca_braille.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Silver wedding bands with names <i>Henri(que)</i> and <i>Tita</i> written in braille</figcaption></figure> <p>Braille was the first writing system with <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">encoding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-digital_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system as devised by Braille consists of two parts:<sup id="cite_ref-D&B_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D&B-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a> that mapped characters of the <a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French alphabet</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuples</a> of six <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> (the dots).</li> <li>The physical representation of those six-bit characters with raised dots in a braille cell.</li></ol> <p>Within an individual cell, the dot positions are arranged in two columns of three positions. A raised dot can appear in any of the six positions, producing 64 (2<sup>6</sup>) possible patterns, including one in which there are no raised dots. For reference purposes, a pattern is commonly described by listing the positions where dots are raised, the positions being universally numbered, from top to bottom, as 1 to 3 on the left and 4 to 6 on the right. For example, dot pattern 1-3-4 describes a cell with three dots raised, at the top and bottom in the left column and at the top of the right column: that is, the letter <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠍ (braille pattern dots-134) U+280D" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠍</span> <i>m</i>. The lines of horizontal braille text are separated by a space, much like visible printed text, so that the dots of one line can be differentiated from the braille text above and below. Different assignments of braille codes (or <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">code pages</a>) are used to map the character sets of different printed scripts to the six-bit cells. Braille assignments have also been created for mathematical and musical notation. However, because the six-dot braille cell allows only 64 (2<sup>6</sup>) patterns, including space, the characters of a braille script commonly have multiple values, depending on their context. That is, character mapping between print and braille is not one-to-one. For example, the character <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145) U+2819" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠙</span> corresponds in print to both the letter <i>d</i> and the digit <i>4</i>. </p><p>In addition to simple encoding, many braille alphabets use contractions to reduce the size of braille texts and to increase reading speed. (See <a href="/wiki/English_Braille#Contractions" title="English Braille">Contracted braille</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_braille">Writing braille</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing braille"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall-Braille_writer_(Martin_Howard_Collection).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the Hall Braille writer, model 1, 1892. It has six black piano like keys." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hall-Braille_writer_%28Martin_Howard_Collection%29.jpg/220px-Hall-Braille_writer_%28Martin_Howard_Collection%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hall-Braille_writer_%28Martin_Howard_Collection%29.jpg/330px-Hall-Braille_writer_%28Martin_Howard_Collection%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hall-Braille_writer_%28Martin_Howard_Collection%29.jpg/440px-Hall-Braille_writer_%28Martin_Howard_Collection%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Hall Braille writer, model 1 (1892)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Writer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Braille_Writer.jpg/220px-Braille_Writer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Braille_Writer.jpg/330px-Braille_Writer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Braille_Writer.jpg/440px-Braille_Writer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Braille typewriter</figcaption></figure> <p>Braille may be produced by hand using a <a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">slate and stylus</a> in which each dot is created from the back of the page, writing in mirror image, or it may be produced on a <a href="/wiki/Braille_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille typewriter">braille typewriter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a>, or an electronic Brailler or braille notetaker. Braille users with access to smartphones may also activate the on-screen braille input keyboard, to type braille symbols on to their device by placing their fingers on to the screen according to the dot configuration of the symbols they wish to form. These symbols are automatically translated into print on the screen. The different tools that exist for writing braille allow the braille user to select the method that is best for a given task. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">slate and stylus</a> is a portable writing tool, much like the pen and paper for the sighted. Errors can be erased using a braille eraser or can be overwritten with all six dots (<span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456) U+283F" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠿</span>). <i>Interpoint</i> refers to braille printing that is offset, so that the paper can be embossed on both sides, with the dots on one side appearing between the divots that form the dots on the other. Using a computer or other electronic device, Braille may be produced with a <a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">braille embosser</a> (printer) or a <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille display</a> (screen). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eight-dot_braille">Eight-dot braille</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eight-dot braille"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Eight-dot_braille"></span>Braille has been extended to an <a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">8-dot code</a>, particularly for use with braille embossers and refreshable braille displays. In 8-dot braille the additional dots are added at the bottom of the cell, giving a matrix 4 dots high by 2 dots wide. The additional dots are given the numbers 7 (for the lower-left dot) and 8 (for the lower-right dot). Eight-dot braille has the advantages that the <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">casing</a> of each letter is coded in the cell and that every printable <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character can be encoded in a single cell. All 256 (2<sup>8</sup>) possible combinations of 8 dots are encoded by the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> standard. Braille with six dots is frequently stored as <a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">Braille ASCII</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first 25 braille letters, up through the first half of the 3rd decade, transcribe <i>a–z</i> (skipping <i>w</i>). In English Braille, the rest of that decade is rounded out with the ligatures <i>and, for, of, the,</i> and <i>with</i>. Omitting dot 3 from these forms the 4th decade, the ligatures <i>ch, gh, sh, th, wh, ed, er, ou, ow</i> and the letter <i>w</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%85.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠡ (braille pattern dots-16) U+2821"><img alt="⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_SH.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠩ (braille pattern dots-146) U+2829"><img alt="⠩ (braille pattern dots-146)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/40px-Braille_SH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/60px-Braille_SH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/80px-Braille_SH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%94.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456) U+2839"><img alt="⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ch </td> <td>sh </td> <td>th </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(See <a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English Braille</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formatting">Formatting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formatting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various formatting marks affect the values of the letters that follow them. They have no direct equivalent in print. The most important in English Braille are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_CapitalSign.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠠ (braille pattern dots-6) U+2820"><img alt="⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/60px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/80px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_NumberSign.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456) U+283C"><img alt="⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/40px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/60px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/80px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Capital_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letter">Capital</a><br />follows </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">Number</a><br />follows </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>That is, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠠ (braille pattern dots-6) U+2820" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠠</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) U+2801" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠁</span> is read as capital 'A', and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠼ (braille pattern dots-3456) U+283C" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠼</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) U+2801" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠁</span> as the digit '1'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basic punctuation marks in English Braille include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Comma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) U+2802"><img alt="⠂ (braille pattern dots-2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/60px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/80px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Semicolon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠆ (braille pattern dots-23) U+2806"><img alt="⠆ (braille pattern dots-23)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/60px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/80px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Apostrophe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠄ (braille pattern dots-3) U+2804"><img alt="⠄ (braille pattern dots-3)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Colon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠒ (braille pattern dots-25) U+2812"><img alt="⠒ (braille pattern dots-25)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/60px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/80px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠤ (braille pattern dots-36) U+2824"><img alt="⠤ (braille pattern dots-36)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_DecimalPoint.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠨ (braille pattern dots-46) U+2828"><img alt="⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/60px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/80px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">Comma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">Semicolon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">Apostrophe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">Colon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decimal_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal point">Decimal point</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Period.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) U+2832"><img alt="⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/60px-Braille_Period.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/80px-Braille_Period.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠖ (braille pattern dots-235) U+2816"><img alt="⠖ (braille pattern dots-235)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/60px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/80px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteOpen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) U+2826"><img alt="⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteClose.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠴ (braille pattern dots-356) U+2834"><img alt="⠴ (braille pattern dots-356)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_Bracket.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠶ (braille pattern dots-2356) U+2836"><img alt="⠶ (braille pattern dots-2356)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/60px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/80px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_ST.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠌ (braille pattern dots-34) U+280C"><img alt="⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/40px-Braille_ST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/60px-Braille_ST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/80px-Braille_ST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">Full stop</a> <br />(period) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclamation point">Exclamation <br />point</a> </td> <td>Open <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quote</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> </td> <td>Close <br /><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quote</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">Bracket</a> <br />(parentheses) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">Slash<br />(fraction)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) U+2826" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠦</span> is both the question mark and the opening quotation mark. Its reading depends on whether it occurs before a word or after. </p><p><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠶ (braille pattern dots-2356) U+2836" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠶</span> is used for both opening and closing parentheses. Its placement relative to spaces and other characters determines its interpretation. </p><p>Punctuation varies from language to language. For example, <a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French Braille</a> uses <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠢ (braille pattern dots-26) U+2822" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠢</span> for its question mark and swaps the quotation marks and parentheses (to <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠶ (braille pattern dots-2356) U+2836" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠶</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236) U+2826" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠦</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356) U+2834" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠴</span>); it uses (<span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) U+2832" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠲</span>) for both the period and the decimal point, and the English decimal point (<span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠨ (braille pattern dots-46) U+2828" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠨</span>) to mark capitalization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contractions">Contractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a full list of abbreviations and contractions in English, see <a href="/wiki/English_Braille#Contractions" title="English Braille">English Braille § Contractions</a>.</div> <p>Braille contractions are words and affixes that are shortened so that they take up fewer cells. In English Braille, for example, the word <i>afternoon</i> is written with just three letters, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) U+2801" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠁</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠋ (braille pattern dots-124) U+280B" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠋</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠝ (braille pattern dots-1345) U+281D" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠝</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨afn⟩</span>, much like <a href="/wiki/Stenoscript" title="Stenoscript">stenoscript</a>. There are also several abbreviation marks that create what are effectively <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D&B_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D&B-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common of these is dot 5, which combines with the first letter of words. With the letter <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠍ (braille pattern dots-134) U+280D" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠍</span> <i>m</i>, the resulting word is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) U+2810" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠐</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠍ (braille pattern dots-134) U+280D" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠍</span> <i>mother</i>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a> ("contracted" letters), which are single letters in braille but correspond to more than one letter in print. The letter <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346) U+282F" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠯</span> <i>and</i>, for example, is used to write words with the sequence <i>a-n-d</i> in them, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245) U+281B" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠛</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) U+2817" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠗</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346) U+282F" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠯</span> <i>grand</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) U+2801"><img alt="⠁ (braille pattern dots-1)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/60px-Braille_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/80px-Braille_A1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_F6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠋ (braille pattern dots-124) U+280B"><img alt="⠋ (braille pattern dots-124)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/60px-Braille_F6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/80px-Braille_F6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_N.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠝ (braille pattern dots-1345) U+281D"><img alt="⠝ (braille pattern dots-1345)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/40px-Braille_N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/60px-Braille_N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/80px-Braille_N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠐ (braille pattern dots-5) U+2810"><img alt="⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/40px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/60px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/80px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_M.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠍ (braille pattern dots-134) U+280D"><img alt="⠍ (braille pattern dots-134)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/40px-Braille_M.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/60px-Braille_M.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/80px-Braille_M.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_G7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245) U+281B"><img alt="⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/60px-Braille_G7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/80px-Braille_G7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_R.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) U+2817"><img alt="⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/40px-Braille_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/60px-Braille_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/80px-Braille_R.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1262716500"><span class="brai_img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_AND.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346) U+282F"><img alt="⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/40px-Braille_AND.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/60px-Braille_AND.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/80px-Braille_AND.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>afternoon<br />(a-f-n)</i></td> <td><i>mother<br />(dot 5–m)</i></td> <td><i>grand<br />(g-r-and)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Page_dimensions">Page dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Page dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">braille embossers</a> support between 34 and 40 cells per line, and 25 lines per page. </p><p>A manually operated Perkins braille typewriter supports a maximum of 42 cells per line (its margins are adjustable), and typical paper allows 25 lines per page. </p><p>A large interlining Stainsby has 36 cells per line and 18 lines per page. </p><p>An A4-sized Marburg braille frame, which allows interpoint braille (dots on both sides of the page, offset so they do not interfere with each other), has 30 cells per line and 27 lines per page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Braille_writing_machine">Braille writing machine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Braille writing machine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv/220px--An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv/An_aesthetic_braille_typewriter_video.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Braille typewriter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A1quina_Stainsby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sliding carriage with keys on a metal plate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/M%C3%A1quina_Stainsby.jpg/220px-M%C3%A1quina_Stainsby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/M%C3%A1quina_Stainsby.jpg/330px-M%C3%A1quina_Stainsby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/M%C3%A1quina_Stainsby.jpg/440px-M%C3%A1quina_Stainsby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>Stainsby Braille writer</figcaption></figure> <p>A Braille writing machine is a typewriter with six keys that allows the user to write braille on a regular hard copy page. </p><p>The first Braille typewriter to gain general acceptance was invented by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Haven_Hall" title="Frank Haven Hall">Frank Haven Hall</a> (Superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_School_for_the_Blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois School for the Blind">Illinois School for the Blind</a>), and was presented to the public in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-Perkins_story_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkins_story-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stainsby Brailler, developed by Henry Stainsby in 1903, is a mechanical writer with a sliding carriage that moves over an aluminium plate as it embosses Braille characters. An improved version was introduced around 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-edman_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951 David Abraham, a woodworking teacher at the <a href="/wiki/Perkins_School_for_the_Blind" title="Perkins School for the Blind">Perkins School for the Blind</a>, produced a more advanced Braille typewriter, the <a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perkins_story_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkins_story-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille printers or embossers</a> were produced in the 1950s. In 1960 Robert Mann, a teacher in MIT, wrote <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System#DOTSYS_and_BRAILLEMBOSS" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">DOTSYS</a>, a software that allowed automatic <a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">braille translation</a>, and another group created an <a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">embossing</a> device called "M.I.T. Braillemboss". The Mitre Corporation team of Robert Gildea, Jonathan Millen, Reid Gerhart and Joseph Sullivan (now president of Duxbury Systems) developed DOTSYS III, the first braille translator written in a portable programming language. DOTSYS III was developed for the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Public_Schools" title="Atlanta Public Schools">Atlanta Public Schools</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991 Ernest Bate developed the <a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a>, an electronic machine used to type braille on braille paper, giving it a number of additional features such as word processing, audio feedback and embossing. This version was improved in 2008 with a quiet writer that had an erase key.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 David S. Morgan produced the first SMART Brailler machine, with added <a href="/wiki/Text_to_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text to speech">text to speech</a> function and allowed digital capture of data entered.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Braille_reading">Braille reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Braille reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braille is traditionally read in hardcopy form, such as with paper books written in braille, documents produced in paper braille (such as restaurant menus), and braille labels or public signage. It can also be read on a <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille display</a> either as a stand-alone electronic device or connected to a computer or smartphone. Refreshable braille displays convert what is visually shown on a computer or smartphone screen into braille through a series of pins that rise and fall to form braille symbols. Currently more than 1% of all printed books have been translated into hardcopy braille.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fastest braille readers apply a light touch and read braille with two hands, although reading braille with one hand is also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the finger can read only one braille character at a time, the brain chunks braille at a higher level, processing words a digraph, root or suffix at a time. The processing largely takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literacy">Literacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_Academy_for_the_Blind,_Orange_Street,_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_22bcda8d19500c348ec1eb0ae8aed5b3.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Georgia_Academy_for_the_Blind%2C_Orange_Street%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_22bcda8d19500c348ec1eb0ae8aed5b3.jpeg/220px-Georgia_Academy_for_the_Blind%2C_Orange_Street%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_22bcda8d19500c348ec1eb0ae8aed5b3.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Georgia_Academy_for_the_Blind%2C_Orange_Street%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_22bcda8d19500c348ec1eb0ae8aed5b3.jpeg/330px-Georgia_Academy_for_the_Blind%2C_Orange_Street%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_22bcda8d19500c348ec1eb0ae8aed5b3.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Georgia_Academy_for_the_Blind%2C_Orange_Street%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_22bcda8d19500c348ec1eb0ae8aed5b3.jpeg/440px-Georgia_Academy_for_the_Blind%2C_Orange_Street%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_22bcda8d19500c348ec1eb0ae8aed5b3.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Georgia Academy for the Blind has been providing braille education and braille literacy since 1876.</figcaption></figure> <p>Children who are blind miss out on fundamental parts of early and advanced education if not provided with the necessary tools, such as access to educational materials in braille. Children who are blind or visually impaired can begin learning foundational braille skills from a very young age to become fluent braille readers as they get older. Sighted children are naturally exposed to written language on signs, on TV and in the books they see. Blind children require the same early exposure to literacy, through access to braille rich environments and opportunities to explore the world around them. Print-braille books, for example, present text in both print and braille and can be read by sighted parents to blind children (and vice versa), allowing blind children to develop an early love for reading even before formal reading instruction begins.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adults who experience sight loss later in life or who did not have the opportunity to learn it when they were younger can also learn braille. In most cases, adults who learn braille were already literate in print before vision loss and so instruction focuses more on developing the tactile and motor skills needed to read braille.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While different countries publish statistics on how many readers in a given organization request braille, these numbers only provide a partial picture of braille literacy statistics. For example, this data does not survey the entire population of braille readers or always include readers who are no longer in the school system (adults) or readers who request electronic braille materials. Therefore, there are currently no reliable statistics on braille literacy rates, as described in a publication in the <i>Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the precise percentage of braille readers, there is consensus that braille should be provided to all those who benefit from it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous factors influence access to braille literacy, including school budget constraints, technology advancements such as screen-reader software, access to qualified instruction, and different philosophical views over how blind children should be educated.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_Riles_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_Riles-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, a key turning point for braille literacy was the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">act of Congress</a> that moved thousands of children from specialized schools for the blind into <a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">mainstream</a> public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranalli2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranalli2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because only a small percentage of public schools could afford to train and hire braille-qualified teachers, braille literacy has declined since the law took effect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ranalli2008_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranalli2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braille literacy rates have improved slightly since the bill was passed,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in part because of pressure from consumers and advocacy groups that has led 27 states to pass legislation mandating that children who are legally blind be given the opportunity to learn braille.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_Riles_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_Riles-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998 there were 57,425 legally blind students registered in the United States, but only 10% (5,461) of them used braille as their primary reading medium.<sup id="cite_ref-Blind1999_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blind1999-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ebnet2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebnet2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Braille education is crucial to literacy for a blind or low-vision child. A study conducted in the state of Washington found that people who learned braille at an early age did just as well as, if not better than, their sighted peers in several areas, including vocabulary and comprehension. In the preliminary adult study, while evaluating the correlation between adult literacy skills and employment, it was found that 44% of the participants who had learned to read in braille were unemployed, compared to the 77% unemployment rate of those who had learned to read using print.<sup id="cite_ref-Ph2004_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ph2004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, among the estimated 85,000 blind adults in the United States, 90% of those who are braille-literate are employed. Among adults who do not know braille, only 33% are employed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranalli2008_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranalli2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistically, history has proven that braille reading proficiency provides an essential skill set that allows blind or low-vision children to compete with their sighted peers in a school environment and later in life as they enter the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruby_Riles_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruby_Riles-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of the specific percentage of braille readers, proponents point out the importance of increasing access to braille for all those who can benefit from it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Braille_transcription">Braille transcription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Braille transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="keyboard"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Braille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rows of standard Mandarin interlaced with rows of Braille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Taiwanese_Braille.jpg/220px-Taiwanese_Braille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Taiwanese_Braille.jpg/330px-Taiwanese_Braille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Taiwanese_Braille.jpg/440px-Taiwanese_Braille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Braille</a> and corresponding Mandarin text. Three Braille cells are needed to transcribe most Mandarin characters.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although it is possible to transcribe print by simply substituting the equivalent braille character for its printed equivalent, in English such a character-by-character transcription (known as <i>uncontracted braille</i>) is typically used by beginners or those who only engage in short reading tasks (such as reading household labels). </p><p>Braille characters are much larger than their printed equivalents, and the standard <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>11 by <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (28 by 29 cm) page has room for only 25 lines of 43 characters. To reduce space and increase reading speed, most braille alphabets and orthographies use ligatures, abbreviations, and contractions. Virtually all English braille books in hardcopy (paper) format are transcribed in contracted braille: The Library of Congress's <i>Instruction Manual for Braille Transcribing</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> runs to over 300 pages, and braille transcribers must pass certification tests. </p><p>Uncontracted braille was previously known as grade 1 braille, and contracted braille was previously known as grade 2 braille. Uncontracted braille is a direct transliteration of print words (one-to-one correspondence); hence, the word "about" would contain all the same letters in uncontracted braille as it does in inkprint. Contracted braille includes short forms to save space; hence, for example, the letters "ab" when standing alone represent the word "about" in English contracted braille. In English, some braille users only learn uncontracted braille, particularly if braille is being used for shorter reading tasks such as reading household labels. However, those who plan to use braille for educational and employment purposes and longer reading texts often go on to contracted braille. </p><p>The system of <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contractions</a> in English Braille begins with a set of 23 words contracted to single characters. Thus the word <i>but</i> is contracted to the single letter <i>b</i>, <i>can</i> to <i>c</i>, <i>do</i> to <i>d</i>, and so on. Even this simple rule creates issues requiring special cases; for example, <i>d</i> is, specifically, an abbreviation of the verb <i>do</i>; the noun <i>do</i> representing the note of the musical scale is a different word and must be spelled out. </p><p>Portions of words may be contracted, and many rules govern this process. For example, the character with dots 2-3-5 (the letter "f" lowered in the Braille cell) stands for "ff" when used in the middle of a word. At the beginning of a word, this same character stands for the word "to"; the character is written in braille with no space following it. (This contraction was removed in the <a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified English Braille Code">Unified English Braille Code</a>.) At the end of a word, the same character represents an exclamation point. </p><p>Some contractions are more similar than their print equivalents. For example, the contraction <span class="nowrap">⟨lr⟩</span>, meaning "letter", differs from <span class="nowrap">⟨ll⟩</span>, meaning "little", only by one dot in the second letter: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123) U+2807" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠇</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123) U+2807" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠇</span> <i>little</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707"><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123) U+2807" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠇</span><span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235) U+2817" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠗</span> <i>letter</i>. This causes greater confusion between the braille spellings of these words and can hinder the learning process of contracted braille.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contraction rules take into account the linguistic structure of the word; thus, contractions are generally not to be used when their use would alter the usual braille form of a base word to which a prefix or suffix has been added. Some portions of the transcription rules are not fully codified and rely on the judgment of the transcriber. Thus, when the contraction rules permit the same word in more than one way, preference is given to "the contraction that more nearly approximates correct pronunciation". </p><p>"Grade 3 braille" is a variety of non-standardized systems that include many additional shorthand-like contractions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are not used for publication, but by individuals for their personal convenience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Braille_translation_software">Braille translation software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Braille translation software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When people produce braille, this is called braille transcription. When computer software produces braille, this is called a <a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">braille translator</a>. Braille translation software exists to handle almost all of the common languages of the world, and many technical areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mathematical_notation" title="Mathematical notation">mathematical notation</a>), for example <a href="/wiki/WIMATS" title="WIMATS">WIMATS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a>), and tactile graphics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Braille_reading_techniques">Braille reading techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Braille reading techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Braille is one of the few writing systems where tactile perception is used, as opposed to visual perception, a braille reader must develop new skills. One skill important for Braille readers is the ability to create smooth and even pressures when running one's fingers along the words. There are many different styles and techniques used for the understanding and development of braille, even though a study by B. F. Holland<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that there is no specific technique that is superior to any other. </p><p>Another study by Lowenfield & Abel<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows that braille can be read "the fastest and best... by students who read using the index fingers of both hands". Another important reading skill emphasized in this study is to finish reading the end of a line with the right hand and to find the beginning of the next line with the left hand simultaneously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_uniformity">International uniformity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International uniformity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="International uniformity of braille">International uniformity of braille</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Grade_1_braille"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapperswil_-_Duftrosengarten_20080222_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rapperswil_-_Duftrosengarten_20080222_005.jpg/220px-Rapperswil_-_Duftrosengarten_20080222_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rapperswil_-_Duftrosengarten_20080222_005.jpg/330px-Rapperswil_-_Duftrosengarten_20080222_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rapperswil_-_Duftrosengarten_20080222_005.jpg/440px-Rapperswil_-_Duftrosengarten_20080222_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1511" /></a><figcaption>Braille plate at <i><a href="/wiki/Duftrosengarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Duftrosengarten">Duftrosengarten</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Rapperswil" title="Rapperswil">Rapperswil</a>, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <p>When Braille was first adapted to languages other than French, many schemes were adopted, including mapping the native alphabet to the alphabetical order of French – e.g. in English W, which was not in the French alphabet at the time, is mapped to braille X, X to Y, Y to Z, and Z to the first French-accented letter – or completely rearranging the alphabet such that common letters are represented by the simplest braille patterns. Consequently, mutual intelligibility was greatly hindered by this state of affairs. In 1878, the International Congress on Work for the Blind, held in Paris, proposed an international braille standard, where braille codes for different languages and scripts would be based, not on the order of a particular alphabet, but on phonetic correspondence and transliteration to Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-IntlBraille_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntlBraille-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This unified braille has been applied to the languages of India and Africa, Arabic, Vietnamese, Hebrew, Russian, and Armenian, as well as nearly all Latin-script languages. In Greek, for example, γ (g) is written as Latin <i>g</i>, despite the fact that it has the alphabetic position of <i>c</i>; Hebrew ב (b), the second letter of the alphabet and <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the Latin letter <i>b</i>, is sometimes pronounced /b/ and sometimes /v/, and is written <i>b</i> or <i>v</i> accordingly; Russian ц (ts) is written as <i>c</i>, which is the usual letter for /ts/ in those <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> that use the Latin alphabet; and Arabic ف (f) is written as <i>f</i>, despite being historically <i>p</i> and occurring in that part of the Arabic alphabet (between historic <i>o</i> and <i>q</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_braille_conventions">Other braille conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other braille conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other systems for assigning values to braille patterns are also followed beside the simple mapping of the alphabetical order onto the original French order. Some braille alphabets start with <a href="/wiki/Unified_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified braille">unified braille</a>, and then diverge significantly based on the phonology of the target languages, while others diverge even further. </p><p>In the various Chinese systems, traditional braille values are used for initial consonants and the simple vowels. In both <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese Braille</a>, however, characters have different readings depending on whether they are placed in syllable-initial (onset) or syllable-final (rime) position. For instance, the cell for Latin <i>k</i>, <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠅ (braille pattern dots-13) U+2805" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠅</span>, represents Cantonese <i>k</i> (<i>g</i> in <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale</a> and other modern romanizations) when initial, but <i>aak</i> when final, while Latin <i>j</i>, <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠚ (braille pattern dots-245) U+281A" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠚</span>, represents Cantonese initial <i>j</i> but final <i>oei</i>. </p><p>Novel systems of braille mapping include Korean, which adopts separate syllable-initial and syllable-final forms for its consonants, explicitly grouping braille cells into syllabic groups in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a>. Japanese, meanwhile, combines independent vowel dot patterns and modifier consonant dot patterns into a single braille cell – an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> representation of each Japanese <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)#Japanese" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_wine_label.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Braille_wine_label.jpg/220px-Braille_wine_label.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Braille_wine_label.jpg/330px-Braille_wine_label.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Braille_wine_label.jpg/440px-Braille_wine_label.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of <a href="/wiki/Chapoutier" title="Chapoutier">Chapoutier</a> wine, with braille on the label</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahnhofsplan_f%C3%BCr_Blinde,_Hannover_Hbf,_Ausschnitt_Eingangsbereich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bahnhofsplan_f%C3%BCr_Blinde%2C_Hannover_Hbf%2C_Ausschnitt_Eingangsbereich.jpg/220px-Bahnhofsplan_f%C3%BCr_Blinde%2C_Hannover_Hbf%2C_Ausschnitt_Eingangsbereich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bahnhofsplan_f%C3%BCr_Blinde%2C_Hannover_Hbf%2C_Ausschnitt_Eingangsbereich.jpg/330px-Bahnhofsplan_f%C3%BCr_Blinde%2C_Hannover_Hbf%2C_Ausschnitt_Eingangsbereich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bahnhofsplan_f%C3%BCr_Blinde%2C_Hannover_Hbf%2C_Ausschnitt_Eingangsbereich.jpg/440px-Bahnhofsplan_f%C3%BCr_Blinde%2C_Hannover_Hbf%2C_Ausschnitt_Eingangsbereich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>An embossed map of a German train station, with braille text</figcaption></figure> <p>Braille is read by people who are blind, deafblind or who have low vision, and by both those born with a visual impairment and those who experience sight loss later in life. Braille may also be used by print impaired people, who although may be fully sighted, due to a physical disability are unable to read print.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even individuals with low vision will find that they benefit from braille, depending on level of vision or context (for example, when lighting or colour contrast is poor). Braille is used for both short and long reading tasks. Examples of short reading tasks include braille labels for identifying household items (or cards in a wallet), reading elevator buttons, accessing phone numbers, recipes, grocery lists and other personal notes. Examples of longer reading tasks include using braille to access educational materials, novels and magazines. People with access to a <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille display</a> can also use braille for reading email and ebooks, browsing the internet and accessing other electronic documents. It is also possible to adapt or purchase playing cards and board games in braille.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> there are instances where the parliament acts have been published in braille, such as <i>The Right to Information Act</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sylheti Braille is used in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, passenger safety information in braille and tactile seat row markers are required aboard planes, trains, large ferries, and interprovincial busses pursuant to the Canadian Transportation Agency's regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a> requires various building signage to be in braille.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, it is required that medicines have the name of the medicine in Braille on the labeling.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current series of <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Canadian_dollar" title="Banknotes of the Canadian dollar">Canadian banknotes</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">tactile feature</a> consisting of raised dots that indicate the denomination, allowing bills to be easily identified by blind or low vision people. It does not use standard braille numbers to identify the value. Instead, the number of full braille cells, which can be simply counted by both braille readers and non-braille readers alike, is an indicator of the value of the bill. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso#Series_D" title="Mexican peso">Mexican bank notes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian bank notes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> notes, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">Israeli new shekel</a> notes<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> notes also have special raised symbols to make them identifiable by persons who are blind or have low vision.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Euro coins</a> were designed in cooperation with organisations representing <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a> people, and as a result they incorporate <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins#Features_for_persons_with_impaired_sight" title="Euro coins">many features</a> allowing them to be distinguished by touch alone. In addition, their visual appearance is designed to make them easy to tell apart for persons who cannot read the inscriptions on the coins. "A good design for the blind and partially sighted is a good design for everybody" was the principle behind the cooperation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Blind_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Blind Union (page does not exist)">European Blind Union</a> during the design phase of the first series <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Euro banknotes</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-ECB_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECB-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the design of the first euro banknotes included <a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes#Features_for_people_with_impaired_sight" title="Euro banknotes">several characteristics</a> which aid both the <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">partially sighted</a> to confidently use the notes.<sup id="cite_ref-ECB_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECB-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia introduced the tactile feature onto their five-dollar banknote in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the front of the £10 polymer note (the side with raised print), has two clusters of raised dots in the top left hand corner, and the £20 note has three. This tactile feature helps blind and partially sighted people identify the value of the note.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003 the US Mint introduced the commemorative Alabama State Quarter, which recognized State Daughter <a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a> on the Obverse, including the name Helen Keller in both English script and Braille inscription. This appears to be the first known use of Braille on US Coin Currency, though not standard on all coins of this type.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_braille_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode braille patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></div> <p>The Braille set was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in version 3.0 (1999). </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">braille embossers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille displays</a> do not use the Unicode <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a>, but instead reuse the <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> code points that are assigned to standard <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> for <a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">braille ASCII</a>. (Thus, for simple material, the same <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a> may be interpreted equally as visual <a href="/wiki/Letter_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter form">letter forms</a> for sighted readers or their exact semantic equivalent in tactile patterns for blind readers. However some codes have quite different tactile versus visual interpretations and most are not even defined in Braille ASCII.) </p><p>Some embossers have proprietary control codes for 8-dot braille or for full graphics mode, where dots may be placed anywhere on the page without leaving any space between braille cells so that continuous lines can be drawn in diagrams, but these are rarely used and are not standard. </p><p>The Unicode standard encodes 6-dot and 8-dot braille glyphs according to their binary appearance, rather than following their assigned numeric order. Dot 1 corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Least_significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Least significant bit">least significant bit</a> of the low byte of the Unicode scalar value, and dot 8 to the high bit of that byte. </p><p>The Unicode block for braille is U+2800 ... U+28FF. The mapping of patterns to characters etc. is language dependent: even for English for example, see <a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English Braille</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode braille" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Braille Patterns</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U2800_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U2800_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+280x </td> <td title="U+2800: BRAILLE PATTERN BLANK"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%80" class="mw-redirect" title="⠀">⠀</a> </td> <td title="U+2801: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="⠁">⠁</a> </td> <td title="U+2802: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="⠂">⠂</a> </td> <td title="U+2803: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="⠃">⠃</a> </td> <td title="U+2804: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="⠄">⠄</a> </td> <td title="U+2805: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%85" class="mw-redirect" title="⠅">⠅</a> </td> <td title="U+2806: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="⠆">⠆</a> </td> <td title="U+2807: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="⠇">⠇</a> </td> <td title="U+2808: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%88" class="mw-redirect" title="⠈">⠈</a> </td> <td title="U+2809: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%89" class="mw-redirect" title="⠉">⠉</a> </td> <td title="U+280A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="⠊">⠊</a> </td> <td title="U+280B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="⠋">⠋</a> </td> <td title="U+280C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="⠌">⠌</a> </td> <td title="U+280D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="⠍">⠍</a> </td> <td title="U+280E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="⠎">⠎</a> </td> <td title="U+280F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="⠏">⠏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+281x </td> <td title="U+2810: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-5"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="⠐">⠐</a> </td> <td title="U+2811: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-15"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="⠑">⠑</a> </td> <td title="U+2812: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-25"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="⠒">⠒</a> </td> <td title="U+2813: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="⠓">⠓</a> </td> <td title="U+2814: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-35"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="⠔">⠔</a> </td> <td title="U+2815: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-135"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="⠕">⠕</a> </td> <td title="U+2816: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-235"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="⠖">⠖</a> </td> <td title="U+2817: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1235"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="⠗">⠗</a> </td> <td title="U+2818: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-45"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="⠘">⠘</a> </td> <td title="U+2819: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-145"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="⠙">⠙</a> </td> <td title="U+281A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-245"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="⠚">⠚</a> </td> <td title="U+281B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1245"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="⠛">⠛</a> </td> <td title="U+281C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-345"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="⠜">⠜</a> </td> <td title="U+281D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1345"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="⠝">⠝</a> </td> <td title="U+281E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2345"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="⠞">⠞</a> </td> <td title="U+281F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12345"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="⠟">⠟</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+282x </td> <td title="U+2820: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-6"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="⠠">⠠</a> </td> <td title="U+2821: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-16"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="⠡">⠡</a> </td> <td title="U+2822: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-26"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="⠢">⠢</a> </td> <td title="U+2823: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-126"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="⠣">⠣</a> </td> <td title="U+2824: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-36"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="⠤">⠤</a> </td> <td title="U+2825: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-136"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="⠥">⠥</a> </td> <td title="U+2826: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-236"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="⠦">⠦</a> </td> <td title="U+2827: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1236"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="⠧">⠧</a> </td> <td title="U+2828: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-46"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="⠨">⠨</a> </td> <td title="U+2829: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-146"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="⠩">⠩</a> </td> <td title="U+282A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-246"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="⠪">⠪</a> </td> <td title="U+282B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1246"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="⠫">⠫</a> </td> <td title="U+282C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-346"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="⠬">⠬</a> </td> <td title="U+282D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1346"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="⠭">⠭</a> </td> <td title="U+282E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2346"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="⠮">⠮</a> </td> <td title="U+282F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12346"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="⠯">⠯</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+283x </td> <td title="U+2830: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-56"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="⠰">⠰</a> </td> <td title="U+2831: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-156"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="⠱">⠱</a> </td> <td title="U+2832: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-256"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="⠲">⠲</a> </td> <td title="U+2833: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1256"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="⠳">⠳</a> </td> <td title="U+2834: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-356"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="⠴">⠴</a> </td> <td title="U+2835: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1356"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="⠵">⠵</a> </td> <td title="U+2836: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2356"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="⠶">⠶</a> </td> <td title="U+2837: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12356"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⠷">⠷</a> </td> <td title="U+2838: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-456"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="⠸">⠸</a> </td> <td title="U+2839: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1456"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="⠹">⠹</a> </td> <td title="U+283A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2456"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="⠺">⠺</a> </td> <td title="U+283B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12456"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="⠻">⠻</a> </td> <td title="U+283C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3456"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="⠼">⠼</a> </td> <td title="U+283D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13456"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="⠽">⠽</a> </td> <td title="U+283E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23456"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="⠾">⠾</a> </td> <td title="U+283F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123456"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A0%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="⠿">⠿</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17"><small><i>(end of 6-dot cell patterns)</i></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+284x </td> <td title="U+2840: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-7"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="⡀">⡀</a> </td> <td title="U+2841: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-17"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="⡁">⡁</a> </td> <td title="U+2842: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-27"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="⡂">⡂</a> </td> <td title="U+2843: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-127"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%83" class="mw-redirect" title="⡃">⡃</a> </td> <td title="U+2844: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-37"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%84" class="mw-redirect" title="⡄">⡄</a> </td> <td title="U+2845: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-137"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="⡅">⡅</a> </td> <td title="U+2846: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-237"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%86" class="mw-redirect" title="⡆">⡆</a> </td> <td title="U+2847: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1237"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%87" class="mw-redirect" title="⡇">⡇</a> </td> <td title="U+2848: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-47"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="⡈">⡈</a> </td> <td title="U+2849: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-147"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%89" class="mw-redirect" title="⡉">⡉</a> </td> <td title="U+284A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-247"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="⡊">⡊</a> </td> <td title="U+284B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1247"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="⡋">⡋</a> </td> <td title="U+284C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-347"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="⡌">⡌</a> </td> <td title="U+284D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1347"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="⡍">⡍</a> </td> <td title="U+284E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2347"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="⡎">⡎</a> </td> <td title="U+284F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12347"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="⡏">⡏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+285x </td> <td title="U+2850: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-57"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%90" class="mw-redirect" title="⡐">⡐</a> </td> <td title="U+2851: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-157"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%91" class="mw-redirect" title="⡑">⡑</a> </td> <td title="U+2852: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-257"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%92" class="mw-redirect" title="⡒">⡒</a> </td> <td title="U+2853: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1257"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="⡓">⡓</a> </td> <td title="U+2854: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-357"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="⡔">⡔</a> </td> <td title="U+2855: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1357"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%95" class="mw-redirect" title="⡕">⡕</a> </td> <td title="U+2856: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2357"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%96" class="mw-redirect" title="⡖">⡖</a> </td> <td title="U+2857: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12357"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%97" class="mw-redirect" title="⡗">⡗</a> </td> <td title="U+2858: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-457"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%98" class="mw-redirect" title="⡘">⡘</a> </td> <td title="U+2859: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1457"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%99" class="mw-redirect" title="⡙">⡙</a> </td> <td title="U+285A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2457"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="⡚">⡚</a> </td> <td title="U+285B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12457"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="⡛">⡛</a> </td> <td title="U+285C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3457"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="⡜">⡜</a> </td> <td title="U+285D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13457"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="⡝">⡝</a> </td> <td title="U+285E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23457"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="⡞">⡞</a> </td> <td title="U+285F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123457"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="⡟">⡟</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+286x </td> <td title="U+2860: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-67"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="⡠">⡠</a> </td> <td title="U+2861: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-167"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="⡡">⡡</a> </td> <td title="U+2862: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-267"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="⡢">⡢</a> </td> <td title="U+2863: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1267"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="⡣">⡣</a> </td> <td title="U+2864: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-367"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="⡤">⡤</a> </td> <td title="U+2865: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1367"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="⡥">⡥</a> </td> <td title="U+2866: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2367"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="⡦">⡦</a> </td> <td title="U+2867: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12367"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="⡧">⡧</a> </td> <td title="U+2868: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-467"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="⡨">⡨</a> </td> <td title="U+2869: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1467"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="⡩">⡩</a> </td> <td title="U+286A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2467"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="⡪">⡪</a> </td> <td title="U+286B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12467"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="⡫">⡫</a> </td> <td title="U+286C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3467"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="⡬">⡬</a> </td> <td title="U+286D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13467"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="⡭">⡭</a> </td> <td title="U+286E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23467"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="⡮">⡮</a> </td> <td title="U+286F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123467"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="⡯">⡯</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+287x </td> <td title="U+2870: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="⡰">⡰</a> </td> <td title="U+2871: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="⡱">⡱</a> </td> <td title="U+2872: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="⡲">⡲</a> </td> <td title="U+2873: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="⡳">⡳</a> </td> <td title="U+2874: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="⡴">⡴</a> </td> <td title="U+2875: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="⡵">⡵</a> </td> <td title="U+2876: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="⡶">⡶</a> </td> <td title="U+2877: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⡷">⡷</a> </td> <td title="U+2878: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="⡸">⡸</a> </td> <td title="U+2879: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="⡹">⡹</a> </td> <td title="U+287A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="⡺">⡺</a> </td> <td title="U+287B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="⡻">⡻</a> </td> <td title="U+287C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="⡼">⡼</a> </td> <td title="U+287D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="⡽">⡽</a> </td> <td title="U+287E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="⡾">⡾</a> </td> <td title="U+287F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234567"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A1%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="⡿">⡿</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+288x </td> <td title="U+2880: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-8"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%80" class="mw-redirect" title="⢀">⢀</a> </td> <td title="U+2881: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-18"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%81" class="mw-redirect" title="⢁">⢁</a> </td> <td title="U+2882: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-28"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%82" class="mw-redirect" title="⢂">⢂</a> </td> <td title="U+2883: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-128"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="⢃">⢃</a> </td> <td title="U+2884: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-38"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%84" class="mw-redirect" title="⢄">⢄</a> </td> <td title="U+2885: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-138"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%85" class="mw-redirect" title="⢅">⢅</a> </td> <td title="U+2886: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-238"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%86" class="mw-redirect" title="⢆">⢆</a> </td> <td title="U+2887: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1238"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%87" class="mw-redirect" title="⢇">⢇</a> </td> <td title="U+2888: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-48"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%88" class="mw-redirect" title="⢈">⢈</a> </td> <td title="U+2889: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-148"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="⢉">⢉</a> </td> <td title="U+288A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-248"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="⢊">⢊</a> </td> <td title="U+288B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1248"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="⢋">⢋</a> </td> <td title="U+288C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-348"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="⢌">⢌</a> </td> <td title="U+288D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1348"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="⢍">⢍</a> </td> <td title="U+288E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2348"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="⢎">⢎</a> </td> <td title="U+288F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12348"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="⢏">⢏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+289x </td> <td title="U+2890: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-58"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%90" class="mw-redirect" title="⢐">⢐</a> </td> <td title="U+2891: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-158"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%91" class="mw-redirect" title="⢑">⢑</a> </td> <td title="U+2892: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-258"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%92" class="mw-redirect" title="⢒">⢒</a> </td> <td title="U+2893: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1258"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%93" class="mw-redirect" title="⢓">⢓</a> </td> <td title="U+2894: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-358"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%94" class="mw-redirect" title="⢔">⢔</a> </td> <td title="U+2895: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1358"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%95" class="mw-redirect" title="⢕">⢕</a> </td> <td title="U+2896: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2358"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%96" class="mw-redirect" title="⢖">⢖</a> </td> <td title="U+2897: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12358"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%97" class="mw-redirect" title="⢗">⢗</a> </td> <td title="U+2898: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-458"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="⢘">⢘</a> </td> <td title="U+2899: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1458"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="⢙">⢙</a> </td> <td title="U+289A: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2458"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="⢚">⢚</a> </td> <td title="U+289B: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12458"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="⢛">⢛</a> </td> <td title="U+289C: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3458"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="⢜">⢜</a> </td> <td title="U+289D: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13458"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="⢝">⢝</a> </td> <td title="U+289E: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23458"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="⢞">⢞</a> </td> <td title="U+289F: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123458"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="⢟">⢟</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+28Ax </td> <td title="U+28A0: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-68"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="⢠">⢠</a> </td> <td title="U+28A1: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-168"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="⢡">⢡</a> </td> <td title="U+28A2: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-268"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="⢢">⢢</a> </td> <td title="U+28A3: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1268"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="⢣">⢣</a> </td> <td title="U+28A4: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-368"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="⢤">⢤</a> </td> <td title="U+28A5: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1368"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="⢥">⢥</a> </td> <td title="U+28A6: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2368"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="⢦">⢦</a> </td> <td title="U+28A7: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12368"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="⢧">⢧</a> </td> <td title="U+28A8: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-468"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="⢨">⢨</a> </td> <td title="U+28A9: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1468"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="⢩">⢩</a> </td> <td title="U+28AA: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2468"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="⢪">⢪</a> </td> <td title="U+28AB: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12468"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="⢫">⢫</a> </td> <td title="U+28AC: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3468"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="⢬">⢬</a> </td> <td title="U+28AD: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13468"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="⢭">⢭</a> </td> <td title="U+28AE: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23468"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="⢮">⢮</a> </td> <td title="U+28AF: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123468"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="⢯">⢯</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+28Bx </td> <td title="U+28B0: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="⢰">⢰</a> </td> <td title="U+28B1: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="⢱">⢱</a> </td> <td title="U+28B2: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="⢲">⢲</a> </td> <td title="U+28B3: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="⢳">⢳</a> </td> <td title="U+28B4: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="⢴">⢴</a> </td> <td title="U+28B5: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="⢵">⢵</a> </td> <td title="U+28B6: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="⢶">⢶</a> </td> <td title="U+28B7: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⢷">⢷</a> </td> <td title="U+28B8: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="⢸">⢸</a> </td> <td title="U+28B9: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="⢹">⢹</a> </td> <td title="U+28BA: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="⢺">⢺</a> </td> <td title="U+28BB: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="⢻">⢻</a> </td> <td title="U+28BC: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="⢼">⢼</a> </td> <td title="U+28BD: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="⢽">⢽</a> </td> <td title="U+28BE: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="⢾">⢾</a> </td> <td title="U+28BF: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234568"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A2%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="⢿">⢿</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+28Cx </td> <td title="U+28C0: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-78"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%80" class="mw-redirect" title="⣀">⣀</a> </td> <td title="U+28C1: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-178"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="⣁">⣁</a> </td> <td title="U+28C2: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-278"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="⣂">⣂</a> </td> <td title="U+28C3: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1278"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%83" class="mw-redirect" title="⣃">⣃</a> </td> <td title="U+28C4: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-378"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="⣄">⣄</a> </td> <td title="U+28C5: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1378"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%85" class="mw-redirect" title="⣅">⣅</a> </td> <td title="U+28C6: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2378"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%86" class="mw-redirect" title="⣆">⣆</a> </td> <td title="U+28C7: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12378"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%87" class="mw-redirect" title="⣇">⣇</a> </td> <td title="U+28C8: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-478"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%88" class="mw-redirect" title="⣈">⣈</a> </td> <td title="U+28C9: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1478"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%89" class="mw-redirect" title="⣉">⣉</a> </td> <td title="U+28CA: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2478"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="⣊">⣊</a> </td> <td title="U+28CB: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12478"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="⣋">⣋</a> </td> <td title="U+28CC: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3478"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="⣌">⣌</a> </td> <td title="U+28CD: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13478"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="⣍">⣍</a> </td> <td title="U+28CE: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23478"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="⣎">⣎</a> </td> <td title="U+28CF: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123478"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="⣏">⣏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+28Dx </td> <td title="U+28D0: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="⣐">⣐</a> </td> <td title="U+28D1: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%91" class="mw-redirect" title="⣑">⣑</a> </td> <td title="U+28D2: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%92" class="mw-redirect" title="⣒">⣒</a> </td> <td title="U+28D3: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="⣓">⣓</a> </td> <td title="U+28D4: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="⣔">⣔</a> </td> <td title="U+28D5: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="⣕">⣕</a> </td> <td title="U+28D6: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="⣖">⣖</a> </td> <td title="U+28D7: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%97" class="mw-redirect" title="⣗">⣗</a> </td> <td title="U+28D8: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%98" class="mw-redirect" title="⣘">⣘</a> </td> <td title="U+28D9: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%99" class="mw-redirect" title="⣙">⣙</a> </td> <td title="U+28DA: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="⣚">⣚</a> </td> <td title="U+28DB: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="⣛">⣛</a> </td> <td title="U+28DC: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="⣜">⣜</a> </td> <td title="U+28DD: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="⣝">⣝</a> </td> <td title="U+28DE: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="⣞">⣞</a> </td> <td title="U+28DF: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234578"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="⣟">⣟</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+28Ex </td> <td title="U+28E0: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="⣠">⣠</a> </td> <td title="U+28E1: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="⣡">⣡</a> </td> <td title="U+28E2: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="⣢">⣢</a> </td> <td title="U+28E3: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="⣣">⣣</a> </td> <td title="U+28E4: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="⣤">⣤</a> </td> <td title="U+28E5: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="⣥">⣥</a> </td> <td title="U+28E6: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="⣦">⣦</a> </td> <td title="U+28E7: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="⣧">⣧</a> </td> <td title="U+28E8: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="⣨">⣨</a> </td> <td title="U+28E9: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="⣩">⣩</a> </td> <td title="U+28EA: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-24678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="⣪">⣪</a> </td> <td title="U+28EB: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-124678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="⣫">⣫</a> </td> <td title="U+28EC: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-34678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="⣬">⣬</a> </td> <td title="U+28ED: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-134678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="⣭">⣭</a> </td> <td title="U+28EE: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-234678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="⣮">⣮</a> </td> <td title="U+28EF: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1234678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="⣯">⣯</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+28Fx </td> <td title="U+28F0: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-5678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="⣰">⣰</a> </td> <td title="U+28F1: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-15678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="⣱">⣱</a> </td> <td title="U+28F2: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-25678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="⣲">⣲</a> </td> <td title="U+28F3: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="⣳">⣳</a> </td> <td title="U+28F4: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-35678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="⣴">⣴</a> </td> <td title="U+28F5: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-135678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="⣵">⣵</a> </td> <td title="U+28F6: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-235678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="⣶">⣶</a> </td> <td title="U+28F7: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1235678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⣷">⣷</a> </td> <td title="U+28F8: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-45678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="⣸">⣸</a> </td> <td title="U+28F9: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-145678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="⣹">⣹</a> </td> <td title="U+28FA: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-245678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="⣺">⣺</a> </td> <td title="U+28FB: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1245678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="⣻">⣻</a> </td> <td title="U+28FC: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-345678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="⣼">⣼</a> </td> <td title="U+28FD: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1345678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="⣽">⣽</a> </td> <td title="U+28FE: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2345678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="⣾">⣾</a> </td> <td title="U+28FF: BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12345678"><a href="/wiki/%E2%A3%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="⣿">⣿</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U2800_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U2800_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Observation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every year on 4 January, <a href="/wiki/World_Braille_Day" title="World Braille Day">World Braille Day</a> is observed internationally to commemorate the birth of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a> and to recognize his efforts. Although the event is not considered a public holiday, it has been recognized by the United Nations as an official day of celebration since 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Braille_devices">Braille devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Braille devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a variety of contemporary electronic devices that serve the needs of blind people that operate in Braille, such as <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille displays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-books</a> that use different technologies for transmitting graphic information of different types (pictures, maps, graphs, texts, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_Books_Consortium" title="Accessible Books Consortium">Accessible Books Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a> – Approach to publishing and book design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a> – Ability to read using Braille</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a> – Braille form of musical notation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a> – Type of assistive technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a> – Software program used to translate text into braille script</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a> – Watch for people with visual impairment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English Braille</a> – Tactile writing system for English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a> – Writing system for the blind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation#Pins_and_needles" title="Perforation">Needle punch</a> – (Making) a small hole in a thin material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth Braille</a> – Braille code for mathematics and science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_Braille_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Refreshable Braille display">Refreshable Braille display</a> – Device for displaying braille characters<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">Tactile alphabet</a> – Alphabet readable by touch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_graphic" title="Tactile graphic">Tactile graphic</a> – Image that can be read by touch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_symbol_systems" title="Tangible symbol systems">Tangible symbol systems</a> – Pictures or objects used as symbols</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a> – Braille standard for the English language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swagat_Thorat" title="Swagat Thorat">Swagat Thorat</a> – Indian wildlife photographer, playwright, painter, editor, and director ("the Braille man of India")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_binary_codes" title="List of binary codes">List of binary codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_common_standards" title="List of international common standards">List of international common standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctography" title="Nyctography">Nyctography</a> – Simple substitution cipher</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The values of the Latin letters after <i>z</i> differ from language to language; these are Braille's assignments for rendering French.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_braille.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Final_braille.png/200px-Final_braille.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Final_braille.png/300px-Final_braille.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Final_braille.png/400px-Final_braille.png 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The final form of Braille's alphabet, according to Henri (1952). "(1)" indicates markers for musical and mathematical notation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The characters here have been arranged by decade, with the decade diacritics listed on the left, and supplementary characters listed on the right according to their diacritic. See <a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a>, where the 12 characters listed in the first line are used for shorthand and are found in this order for the 12 notes of plainsong notation, and <a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French Braille</a>, where the "final" form of Braille's alphabet is laid out in the same way. However, modern tables often organize the supplementary characters differently: those with a dot 3 are listed as a 6th decade of 6 characters, and those with dots only on the right side are listed as a 7th decade of 7 characters, without anything in common with the characters listed above them in those columns. </p> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Braille, Louis</a> (1829). <i>Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plain Songs by Means of Dots, for Use by the Blind and Arranged for Them</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raised_Dots-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raised_Dots_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raised_Dots_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raised_Dots_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afb.org/info/living-with-vision-loss/braille/what-is-braille/123">"The Dot Positions in the braille cell Are Identified by Numbers from One Through Six"</a>. <i>AFB.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308024822/http://www.afb.org/info/living-with-vision-loss/braille/what-is-braille/123">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFB.org&rft.atitle=The+Dot+Positions+in+the+braille+cell+Are+Identified+by+Numbers+from+One+Through+Six&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2Finfo%2Fliving-with-vision-loss%2Fbraille%2Fwhat-is-braille%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braille_System-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braille_System_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duxburysystems.com/braille.asp">"Louis Braille and the Braille System"</a>. <i>duxburysystems.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061848/https://www.duxburysystems.com/braille.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=duxburysystems.com&rft.atitle=Louis+Braille+and+the+Braille+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duxburysystems.com%2Fbraille.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Blind_Union" class="citation web cs1">World Blind Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iapb.org/news/press-release-the-importance-of-braille-literacy/">"Press Release: The importance of Braille Literacy"</a>. <i>The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201005754/https://www.iapb.org/news/press-release-the-importance-of-braille-literacy/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Agency+for+the+Prevention+of+Blindness&rft.atitle=Press+Release%3A+The+importance+of+Braille+Literacy&rft.au=World+Blind+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapb.org%2Fnews%2Fpress-release-the-importance-of-braille-literacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Braille-writing-system#ref281452">"Braille"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20191109125412/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Braille-writing-system#ref281452">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Braille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBraille-writing-system%23ref281452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noëlle_Roy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noëlle_Roy_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy" class="citation cs2">Roy, Noëlle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010054505/http://www.avh.asso.fr/download.php?chemin=rubriques%2Fassociation%2Fdwnld%2F&filename=Bio_Br_Paris_GB_060109.pdf">"Louis Braille 1809–1852, a French genius"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Valentin Haüy Association</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avh.asso.fr/download.php?chemin=rubriques/association/dwnld/&filename=Bio_Br_Paris_GB_060109.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Valentin+Ha%C3%BCy+Association&rft.atitle=Louis+Braille+1809%E2%80%931852%2C+a+French+genius&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABlle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avh.asso.fr%2Fdownload.php%3Fchemin%3Drubriques%2Fassociation%2Fdwnld%2F%26filename%3DBio_Br_Paris_GB_060109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digital-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digital_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). "Analog and Digital Writing". <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 886. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Analog+and+Digital+Writing&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=886&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft.au=Bright%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldBrailleUsage-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldBrailleUsage_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkinsInternational_Council_on_English_BrailleNational_Library_Service_for_the_Blind_and_Physically_Handicapped,_Library_of_CongressUNESCO2013" class="citation cs2">Perkins; International Council on English Braille; National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress; UNESCO (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perkins.org/resource/world-braille-usage/"><i>World Braille Usage</i></a> (3rd ed.), Perkins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130175447/https://www.perkins.org/resource/world-braille-usage/">archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Braille+Usage&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Perkins&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Perkins&rft.au=International+Council+on+English+Braille&rft.au=National+Library+Service+for+the+Blind+and+Physically+Handicapped%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perkins.org%2Fresource%2Fworld-braille-usage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceb.org/ueb.html">"Unified English Braille"</a>. <i>International Council on English Braille</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411005234/http://www.iceb.org/ueb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Council+on+English+Braille&rft.atitle=Unified+English+Braille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iceb.org%2Fueb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D&B-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D&B_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D&B_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D&B_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">817–</span>818. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E817-%3C%2Fspan%3E818&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft.au=Bright%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis1942" class="citation book cs1">Loomis, Madeleine Seymour (1942). <i>The Braille Reference Book for Grades I, I.5, and II</i>. New York and London: Harper & Bros. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13839990">13839990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Braille+Reference+Book+for+Grades+I%2C+I.5%2C+and+II&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13839990&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Madeleine+Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perkins_story-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perkins_story_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perkins_story_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028034532/http://www.perkins.org/assets/downloads/research/history-of-brailler-11-17-09.pdf">"History of the Perkins Brailler"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 17 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perkins.org/assets/downloads/research/history-of-brailler-11-17-09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Perkins+Brailler&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perkins.org%2Fassets%2Fdownloads%2Fresearch%2Fhistory-of-brailler-11-17-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edman-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edman_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdman1992" class="citation book cs1">Edman, Polly (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tactilegraphics15poll/page/154"><i>Tactile Graphics</i></a>. American Foundation for the Blind. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89128-194-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89128-194-8"><bdi>978-0-89128-194-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>Stainsby brailler</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tactile+Graphics&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=American+Foundation+for+the+Blind&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89128-194-8&rft.aulast=Edman&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftactilegraphics15poll%2Fpage%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/58e2df01d0ce3c27d8c75cdb">"Object – Stainsby Braille writer – Victorian Collections"</a>. <i>Victorian Collections</i>. Museums Australia Victoria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023081252/https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/58e2df01d0ce3c27d8c75cdb">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Collections&rft.atitle=Object+%E2%80%93+Stainsby+Braille+writer+%E2%80%93+Victorian+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvictoriancollections.net.au%2Fitems%2F58e2df01d0ce3c27d8c75cdb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duxburysystems.org/downloads/library/history/1961_ibm.pdf">Braille Translation System for the IBM 704 by Ann S. Schack and R.T. Mertz, 1961</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222160853/http://www.duxburysystems.org/downloads/library/history/1961_ibm.pdf">Archived</a> 22 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 30 March 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchackAnd_others1969" class="citation web cs1">Schack, Ann; And others (June 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duxburysystems.org/downloads/library/history/schack_1969.pdf">"Computer Translation: Grade 2 from Print; Report of American Printing House of the Blind"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225170510/http://www.duxburysystems.org/downloads/library/history/schack_1969.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Translation%3A+Grade+2+from+Print%3B+Report+of+American+Printing+House+of+the+Blind&rft.date=1969-06&rft.aulast=Schack&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=And+others&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duxburysystems.org%2Fdownloads%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fschack_1969.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aphmuseum.org/exhibits/online-exhibit/historic-braillewriters/perkins-aph-next-generation-brailler/">"Perkins/APH Next Generation Brailler"</a>. <i>APH Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APH+Museum&rft.atitle=Perkins%2FAPH+Next+Generation+Brailler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faphmuseum.org%2Fexhibits%2Fonline-exhibit%2Fhistoric-braillewriters%2Fperkins-aph-next-generation-brailler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dexigner.com/news/25429">"Perkins SMART Brailler"</a>. <i>Dexigner</i>. 17 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928211901/https://www.dexigner.com/news/25429">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dexigner&rft.atitle=Perkins+SMART+Brailler&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dexigner.com%2Fnews%2F25429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/nls/braille-audio-reading-materials/latest-books-in-braille-and-audio/braille-book-review-bimonthly-magazine/braille-book-review-may-june-2021/">"Braille Book Review May–June 2021"</a>. <i>National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled (NLS) | Library of Congress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212083549/https://www.loc.gov/nls/braille-audio-reading-materials/latest-books-in-braille-and-audio/braille-book-review-bimonthly-magazine/braille-book-review-may-june-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+Service+for+the+Blind+and+Print+Disabled+%28NLS%29+%7C+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Braille+Book+Review+May%E2%80%93June+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fnls%2Fbraille-audio-reading-materials%2Flatest-books-in-braille-and-audio%2Fbraille-book-review-bimonthly-magazine%2Fbraille-book-review-may-june-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon" class="citation web cs1">Dixon, Judy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afb.org/aw/22/7/17623">"Supercharge Your Braille Reading for Pleasure and Productivity"</a>. <i>AFB AccessWorld</i>. American Foundation for the Blind. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201012529/https://www.afb.org/aw/22/7/17623">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFB+AccessWorld&rft.atitle=Supercharge+Your+Braille+Reading+for+Pleasure+and+Productivity&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2Faw%2F22%2F7%2F17623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/shows/houston-matters/2018/03/05/271315/experts-gathering-in-houston-to-discuss-how-braille-is-taught-and-what-it-can-teach-us-about-the-brain/">Experts Gathering In Houston To Discuss How Braille Is Taught – And What It Can Teach Us.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603211021/https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/shows/houston-matters/2018/03/05/271315/experts-gathering-in-houston-to-discuss-how-braille-is-taught-and-what-it-can-teach-us-about-the-brain/">Archived</a> 3 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Public Radio, 5 May 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed-BrownPalmer" class="citation web cs1">Reed-Brown, Cindy; Palmer, Peggy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pathstoliteracy.org/pre-braille">"Pre-Braille"</a>. <i>Paths to Literacy</i>. Perkins School for the Blind/Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130203230/https://www.pathstoliteracy.org/pre-braille">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paths+to+Literacy&rft.atitle=Pre-Braille&rft.aulast=Reed-Brown&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathstoliteracy.org%2Fpre-braille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visionaware.org/everyday-living/essential-skills/reading-writing-and-vision-loss/all-about-braille/">"All About Braille"</a>. <i>VisionAware</i>. American Printing House for the Blind. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013837/https://visionaware.org/everyday-living/essential-skills/reading-writing-and-vision-loss/all-about-braille/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VisionAware&rft.atitle=All+About+Braille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisionaware.org%2Feveryday-living%2Fessential-skills%2Freading-writing-and-vision-loss%2Fall-about-braille%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffieldD'AndreaMorashChatfield2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sheffield, Rebecca; D'Andrea, Frances M.; Morash, Valerie; Chatfield, Sarah (2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0145482X211071125">"How Many Braille Readers? Policy, Politics, and Perception"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness</i>. <b>116</b>: <span class="nowrap">14–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0145482X211071125">10.1177/0145482X211071125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247049239">247049239</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Visual+Impairment+%26+Blindness&rft.atitle=How+Many+Braille+Readers%3F+Policy%2C+Politics%2C+and+Perception&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0145482X211071125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247049239%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=D%27Andrea%2C+Frances+M.&rft.au=Morash%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Chatfield%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1177%2F0145482X211071125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brailleliteracycanada.ca/en/programs/workshops/symposium2021">"June 4, 2021 Workshop: Braille Literacy Canada Symposium: From Braille Literacy to Empowerment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213195051/https://www.brailleliteracycanada.ca/en/programs/workshops/symposium2021">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=June+4%2C+2021+Workshop%3A+Braille+Literacy+Canada+Symposium%3A+From+Braille+Literacy+to+Empowerment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brailleliteracycanada.ca%2Fen%2Fprograms%2Fworkshops%2Fsymposium2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruby_Riles-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_Riles_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_Riles_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruby_Riles_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiles" class="citation cs2">Riles, Ruby, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528035928/http://www.braille.org/papers/jvib0696/vb960311.htm">"The Impact of Braille Reading Skills on Employment, Income, Education, and Reading Habits"</a>, <i>Braille Research Center</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braille.org/papers/jvib0696/vb960311.htm">the original</a> on 28 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Braille+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Braille+Reading+Skills+on+Employment%2C+Income%2C+Education%2C+and+Reading+Habits&rft.aulast=Riles&rft.aufirst=Ruby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braille.org%2Fpapers%2Fjvib0696%2Fvb960311.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiazowski2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wiazowski, Jaroslaw (2014). "Can Braille Be Revived? A Possible Impact of High-End Braille and Mainstream Technology on the Revival of Tactile Literacy Medium". <i>Assistive Technology</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10400435.2014.928389">10.1080/10400435.2014.928389</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25771608">25771608</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27260036">27260036</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Assistive+Technology&rft.atitle=Can+Braille+Be+Revived%3F+A+Possible+Impact+of+High-End+Braille+and+Mainstream+Technology+on+the+Revival+of+Tactile+Literacy+Medium&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27260036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25771608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10400435.2014.928389&rft.aulast=Wiazowski&rft.aufirst=Jaroslaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranalli2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ranalli2008_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ranalli2008_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ranalli2008_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanalli2008" class="citation cs2">Ranalli, Ralph (5 January 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/01/05/a_boost_for_braille/">"A Boost for Braille"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235202/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/01/05/a_boost_for_braille/">archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=A+Boost+for+Braille&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft.aulast=Ranalli&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2008%2F01%2F05%2Fa_boost_for_braille%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blind1999-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blind1999_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Printing_House_for_the_Blind_(APH)1999" class="citation cs2">American Printing House for the Blind (APH) (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020131020657/http://www.aph.org/fedquotpgm/dist99.html"><i>APH maintains an annual register of legally blind students below the college level</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.org/fedquotpgm/dist99.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=APH+maintains+an+annual+register+of+legally+blind+students+below+the+college+level&rft.date=1999&rft.au=American+Printing+House+for+the+Blind+%28APH%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.org%2Ffedquotpgm%2Fdist99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebnet2001-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ebnet2001_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbnet2001" class="citation cs2">Ebnet, Matthew (30 June 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jun-30-me-16960-story.html">"Braille Challenge Gives Young Blind Students a Chance to Shine"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715023145/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jun/30/local/me-16960">archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Braille+Challenge+Gives+Young+Blind+Students+a+Chance+to+Shine&rft.date=2001-06-30&rft.aulast=Ebnet&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2001-jun-30-me-16960-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ph2004-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ph2004_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiles2004" class="citation cs2">Riles, Ruby (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.org/Images/nfb/Publications/fr/fr14/fr04se22.htm">"Research Study: Early Braille Education Vital"</a>, <i>Future Reflections</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829230920/http://www.nfb.org/Images/nfb/Publications/fr/fr14/fr04se22.htm">archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Reflections&rft.atitle=Research+Study%3A+Early+Braille+Education+Vital&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Riles&rft.aufirst=Ruby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.org%2FImages%2Fnfb%2FPublications%2Ffr%2Ffr14%2Ffr04se22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbp.org/ic/nbp/about/aboutbraille/needforbraille.html"><i>About Braille – The Need for Braille</i>.</a> NBP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Risjord, Constance (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nfb.org/images/nfb/documents/pdf/nls-5th-ed-electronicversion.pdf">Instruction Manual for Braille Transcribing</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317195810/https://nfb.org/images/nfb/documents/pdf/nls-5th-ed-electronicversion.pdf">Archived</a> 17 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), Library of Congress, 5th ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-1227-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-1227-9">0-8444-1227-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hampshire, Barry (1981). <i>Working with Braille</i>. Paris: Unesco.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/what-is-braille/">"What is Braille"</a>. <i>Brailleworks</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201214748/https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/what-is-braille/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brailleworks&rft.atitle=What+is+Braille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrailleworks.com%2Fbraille-resources%2Fwhat-is-braille%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, B. F. (1934). "Speed and Pressure Factors in Braille Reading", <i>Teachers Forum</i>, Vol. 7. pp. 13–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowenfield, B.; Abel, G. L. (1977). <i>Methods of Teaching Braille Reading Efficiency of Children in Lower Senior Classes</i>. Birmingham, Research Centre for the Education of the Visually Handicapped.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntlBraille-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IntlBraille_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000711/071103eb.pdf">"International Meeting on Braille Uniformity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101161724/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000711/071103eb.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Meeting+on+Braille+Uniformity&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0007%2F000711%2F071103eb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNaughtAlexanderAtkins2014" class="citation cs2">McNaught, Alistair; Alexander, Huw; Atkins, Madeleine (2014), Woodward, Hazel (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3t5qn1.8">"Ebooks and accessibility"</a>, <i>Ebooks in Education</i>, Realising the Vision, Ubiquity Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>50, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909188-37-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909188-37-2"><bdi>978-1-909188-37-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3t5qn1.8">j.ctv3t5qn1.8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebooks+in+Education&rft.atitle=Ebooks+and+accessibility&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3t5qn1.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-909188-37-2&rft.aulast=McNaught&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Huw&rft.au=Atkins%2C+Madeleine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3t5qn1.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visionaware.org/everyday-living/recreation-and-leisure/playing-cards-and-games/board-games/">"Home | Recreation and Leisure for People Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired | Playing Cards and Games After Vision Loss | Board Games"</a>. <i>visionaware.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201140939/https://visionaware.org/everyday-living/recreation-and-leisure/playing-cards-and-games/board-games/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visionaware.org&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Recreation+and+Leisure+for+People+Who+Are+Blind+or+Visually+Impaired+%7C+Playing+Cards+and+Games+After+Vision+Loss+%7C+Board+Games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisionaware.org%2Feveryday-living%2Frecreation-and-leisure%2Fplaying-cards-and-games%2Fboard-games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708054944/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/04/stories/2006070402351200.htm">"National : Right to Information Act in Braille"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 4 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/04/stories/2006070402351200.htm">the original</a> on 8 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=National+%3A+Right+to+Information+Act+in+Braille&rft.date=2006-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F07%2F04%2Fstories%2F2006070402351200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duxburysystems.com/documentation/dbt$11.2/language_translation_tables/sylheti.htm">"Sylheti"</a>. <i>www.duxburysystems.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608031904/https://www.duxburysystems.com/documentation/dbt$11.2/language_translation_tables/sylheti.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duxburysystems.com&rft.atitle=Sylheti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duxburysystems.com%2Fdocumentation%2Fdbt%2411.2%2Flanguage_translation_tables%2Fsylheti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://otc-cta.gc.ca/eng/accessible-transportation-persons-disabilities-regulations">"Accessible Transportation for Persons with Disabilities Regulations"</a>. <i>Canadian Transportation Agency</i>. 23 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923214134/https://otc-cta.gc.ca/eng/accessible-transportation-persons-disabilities-regulations">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Transportation+Agency&rft.atitle=Accessible+Transportation+for+Persons+with+Disabilities+Regulations&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fotc-cta.gc.ca%2Feng%2Faccessible-transportation-persons-disabilities-regulations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ada.gov/1991standards/1991standards-archive.html#Anchor-10133">"Appendix A to Part 36 –  Standards for Accessible Design: ADA ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES"</a>. 14 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421140042/https://www.ada.gov/1991standards/1991standards-archive.html#Anchor-10133">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>4.30.4* Raised and Brailled Characters and Pictorial Symbol Signs (Pictograms). Letters and numerals shall be raised 1/32 in, upper case, sans serif or simple serif type and shall be accompanied with Grade 2 Braille.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+A+to+Part+36+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Standards+for+Accessible+Design%3A+ADA+ACCESSIBILITY+GUIDELINES+FOR+BUILDINGS+AND+FACILITIES&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ada.gov%2F1991standards%2F1991standards-archive.html%23Anchor-10133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/medicines-packaging-labelling-and-patient-information-leaflets#braille-on-labelling-and-in-pils">"Medicines: packaging, labeling, and patient information leaflets"</a>. <i>gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106014355/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/medicines-packaging-labelling-and-patient-information-leaflets#braille-on-labelling-and-in-pils">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Medicines%3A+packaging%2C+labeling%2C+and+patient+information+leaflets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fmedicines-packaging-labelling-and-patient-information-leaflets%23braille-on-labelling-and-in-pils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boi.org.il/en/Currency/BanknoteSecurityFeatures/Pages/intaglio.aspx">Bank of Israel – Banknote Security Features – Raised print (intaglio)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923193355/http://www.boi.org.il/en/Currency/BanknoteSecurityFeatures/Pages/intaglio.aspx">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. boi.org.il. Retrieved 11 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.ru/eng/Bank-notes_coins/banknotes_itm/?PrtId=banknotes_itm&nominal=5000">"Banknotes | Банк России"</a>. <i>www.cbr.ru</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209211206/http://www.cbr.ru/eng/bank-notes_coins/banknotes_itm/?PrtId=banknotes_itm&nominal=5000">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbr.ru&rft.atitle=Banknotes+%7C+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.ru%2Feng%2FBank-notes_coins%2Fbanknotes_itm%2F%3FPrtId%3Dbanknotes_itm%26nominal%3D5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECB-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECB_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECB_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/euro/visually/html/index.en.html">"ECB: For the visually impaired"</a>. European Central Bank. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107084043/http://www.ecb.int/euro/visually/html/index.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECB%3A+For+the+visually+impaired&rft.pub=European+Central+Bank&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.int%2Feuro%2Fvisually%2Fhtml%2Findex.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2016" class="citation web cs1">Mills, Nicole (30 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-31/new-tactile-$5-note-coming-into-circulation/7797160">"Australia's new $5 notes to be more accessible to blind and vision-impaired people"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News (TV channel)">ABC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132824/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-31/new-tactile-$5-note-coming-into-circulation/7797160">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+new+%245+notes+to+be+more+accessible+to+blind+and+vision-impaired+people&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-08-31%2Fnew-tactile-%245-note-coming-into-circulation%2F7797160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/faq/banknote">"Questions about polymer banknotes and the new £10 note"</a>. <i>Bank of England</i>. 1 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201020101/https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/faq/banknote">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bank+of+England&rft.atitle=Questions+about+polymer+banknotes+and+the+new+%C2%A310+note&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Ffaq%2Fbanknote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmint.gov/coins/coin-medal-programs/50-state-quarters/alabama">"Alabama State Quarter | U.S. Mint"</a>. <i>United States Mint</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Mint&rft.atitle=Alabama+State+Quarter+%26%23124%3B+U.S.+Mint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmint.gov%2Fcoins%2Fcoin-medal-programs%2F50-state-quarters%2Falabama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/braille-day">"World Braille Day: 4th January"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=World+Braille+Day%3A+4th+January&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fobservances%2Fbraille-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABraille" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Braille" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Braille">Braille</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avh.asso.fr/fr/lassociation">L'association Valentin Haüy</a> (in French) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avh.asso.fr/sites/default/files/booklet_avh_final.docx">Acting for the autonomy of blind and partially sighted persons (Corporate brochure)</a> (Microsoft Word file, in English)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENxk8U1nA1g">Braille Part 1 Text To Speech For The Visually Impaired</a> YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sense.org.uk/get-support/information-and-advice/communication/braille/">Braille information and advice</a> – Sense UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/braille.htm">Braille at Omniglot</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79894#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79894#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79894#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4145976-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94008942">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Braille"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb157829042">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Braille"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb157829042">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572882">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Braillovo písmo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph303205&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563517405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10663116">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braille&oldid=1275590575">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braille&oldid=1275590575</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Braille" title="Category:Braille">Braille</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1824_introductions" title="Category:1824 introductions">1824 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assistive_technology" title="Category:Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Category:Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Character_sets" title="Category:Character sets">Character sets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Digital_typography" title="Category:Digital typography">Digital typography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_inventions" title="Category:French inventions">French inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin-script_representations" title="Category:Latin-script representations">Latin-script representations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_introduced_in_the_19th_century" title="Category:Writing systems introduced in the 19th century">Writing systems introduced in the 19th century</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 February 2025, at 22:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braille&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Braille</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>98 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-scsbh","wgBackendResponseTime":161,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.143","walltime":"2.626","ppvisitednodes":{"value":85756,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":568142,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":49255,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":213726,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2166.182 1 -total"," 33.46% 724.714 64 Template:Braille_cell"," 33.09% 716.882 66 Template:Ifsubst"," 29.34% 635.629 143 Template:Braille_cell/main"," 28.51% 617.485 143 Template:Braille_cell/main2"," 18.43% 399.252 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.50% 292.486 143 Template:Braille_cell/core"," 10.07% 218.035 143 Template:Braille_cell/english\u0026amp;cell2dot-id"," 9.32% 201.949 28 Template:Cite_web"," 8.12% 175.935 1 Template:Infobox_writing_system"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.770","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20102778,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-46ch4","timestamp":"20250217022218","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Braille","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Braille","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q79894","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q79894","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-04T09:04:10Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T22:32:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c6\/Reading_Braille.jpg","headline":"writing system for blind and visually impaired people based on a notational convention for the transcription of other scripts"}</script> </body> </html>