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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. Naval Reserve (1941–1945) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Naval_Reserve_(1941–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commanding_PT-109_and_PT-59" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanding_PT-109_and_PT-59"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Commanding PT-109 and PT-59 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanding_PT-109_and_PT-59-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism_(1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism_(1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Journalism (1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism_(1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 U.S. House of Representatives (1947–1953) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senate_(1953–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senate_(1953–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 U.S. Senate (1953–1960) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senate_(1953–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 1960 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1961–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1961–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Presidency (1961–1963) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1961–1963)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1961–1963) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1961–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_War_and_flexible_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_and_flexible_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Cold War and flexible response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_and_flexible_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decolonization_and_the_Congo_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization_and_the_Congo_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Decolonization and the Congo Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization_and_the_Congo_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Peace Corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vienna_Summit_and_the_Berlin_Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vienna_Summit_and_the_Berlin_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Vienna Summit and the Berlin Wall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vienna_Summit_and_the_Berlin_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.5 Bay of Pigs Invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Mongoose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Mongoose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.6 Operation Mongoose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Mongoose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Missile_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.7 Cuban Missile Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_and_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_and_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.8 Latin America and communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_and_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.9 Laos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.10 Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Berlin_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Berlin_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.11 West Berlin speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Berlin_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.12 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.13 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_University_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_University_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.14 American University speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_University_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.15 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 New Frontier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Frontier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Taxes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Civil rights movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.5 Status of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.6 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.7 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.8 Native American relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.9 Space policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Judicial appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Assassination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assassination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life,_family,_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life,_family,_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Personal life, family, and reputation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life,_family,_and_reputation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life, family, and reputation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life,_family,_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wife_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wife_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Wife and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wife_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Popular image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affairs_and_friendships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affairs_and_friendships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Affairs and friendships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affairs_and_friendships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_evaluations_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_evaluations_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Historical evaluations and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_evaluations_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical evaluations and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_evaluations_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camelot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camelot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Camelot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camelot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials_and_eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_and_eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Memorials and eponyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_and_eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Select_speeches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Select_speeches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Select speeches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Select_speeches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">John F. Kennedy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 172 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" > 172 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8D%8D_%E1%8A%AC%E1%8A%94%E1%8B%B2" title="ጆን ኤፍ ኬኔዲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆን ኤፍ ኬኔዲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_F._Kennedy" title="Iohannes F. Kennedy – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iohannes F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%8F%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Кеннеди, Џьон Фицџьералд – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Кеннеди, Џьон Фицџьералд" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="جون كينيدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون كينيدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Ճոն Քենետի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճոն Քենետի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Kennedi" title="Con Kennedi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Kennedi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81._%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جان اف. کندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان اف. کندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB._%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="জন এফ. কেনেডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন এফ. কেনেডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Кеннеди Джон Фицджералд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кеннеди Джон Фицджералд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Джон Кенэдзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Кенэдзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Джон Фіцджэралд Кенэдзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джон Фіцджэралд Кенэдзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джон Кенеди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Кенеди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Кеннеди Джон Фицджеральд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кеннеди Джон Фицджеральд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="دجون كينيدي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="دجون كينيدي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%B0%DE%92%DE%AC%DE%8E%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%91%DE%A9" title="ޖޯން ފިޓްޒެގެރަލްޑް ކެނެޑީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޯން ފިޓްޒެގެރަލްޑް ކެނެޑީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kennedy" title="John Kennedy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Τζον Φιτζέραλντ Κένεντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Φιτζέραλντ Κένεντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81._%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جان اف. کندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان اف. کندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AB_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80" title="જ્હોન એફ કેનેડી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્હોન એફ કેનેડી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_F._%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EB%94%94" title="존 F. 케네디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 F. 케네디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%96._%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Ջոն Ֆ. Քենեդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Ֆ. Քենեդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="जॉन एफ॰ केनेडी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन एफ॰ केनेडी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="প্রেসিডেন্টে কেন্নেড্য – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="প্রেসিডেন্টে কেন্নেড্য" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Кеннеди, Джон Фицджералд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кеннеди, Джон Фицджералд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="ג'ון פיצג'רלד קנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון פיצג'רלד קנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D.%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜಾನ್ ಎಫ್.ಕೆನೆಡಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನ್ ಎಫ್.ಕೆನೆಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ფიცჯერალდ კენედი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ ფიცჯერალდ კენედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джон Фицджеральд Кеннеди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Фицджеральд Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Жон Фицжералд Кеннеди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жон Фицжералд Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Кеннеди, Джон Фицджеральд – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кеннеди, Джон Фицджеральд" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_F._Kennedy" title="Ioannes F. Kennedy – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Kenedijs" title="Džons Kenedijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Kenedijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kennedy" title="John Kennedy – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="John Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4._%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Џон Ф. Кенеди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џон Ф. Кенеди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF" title="ജോൺ എഫ്. കെന്നഡി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ എഫ്. കെന്നഡി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB._%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="जॉन एफ. केनेडी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन एफ. केनेडी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ფიცჯერალდ კენედი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ ფიცჯერალდ კენედი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%89" title="جون كينيدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون كينيدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81._%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جان اف. کندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جان اف. کندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Жон Фицжеральд Кеннеди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жон Фицжеральд Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE" title="ဂျွန် အက်ဖ် ကနေဒီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျွန် အက်ဖ် ကနေဒီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB._%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="जोन एफ. केनेडी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जोन एफ. केनेडी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BBF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ジョン・F・ケネディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・F・ケネディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D._%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF" title="ଜନ୍ ଏଫ୍. କେନେଡ଼ି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜନ୍ ଏଫ୍. କେନେଡ଼ି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kennedy" title="John Kennedy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AB._%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਜੌਨ ਐੱਫ. ਕੈਨੇਡੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੌਨ ਐੱਫ. ਕੈਨੇਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C" title="جان ایف کینیڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان ایف کینیڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%93_%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C_%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8" title="ចន អេហ្វ កេណេឌី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចន អេហ្វ កេណេឌី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedi,_Jon_Ficjerald" title="Kennedi, Jon Ficjerald – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kennedi, Jon Ficjerald" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Kennedi" title="Con Kennedi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Con Kennedi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kennedy" title="John Kennedy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="John Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Кеннеди, Джон Фицджералд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кеннеди, Джон Фицджералд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джон Кеннеди – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Джон Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye-han.Kan-nay-di" title="Ye-han.Kan-nay-di – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ye-han.Kan-nay-di" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhon_F._Kenedi" title="Xhon F. Kenedi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhon F. Kenedi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92" title="ජෝන් එෆ්. කෙනඩි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝන් එෆ්. කෙනඩි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A" title="جان ايف ڪينيڊي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جان ايف ڪينيڊي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%81._%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جان ئێف. کێنیدی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جان ئێف. کێنیدی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Џон Кенеди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Кенеди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜான் எஃப். கென்னடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜான் எஃப். கென்னடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джон Кеннеди – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джон Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="జాన్ ఎఫ్ కెనడి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాన్ ఎఫ్ కెనడి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="จอห์น เอฟ. เคนเนดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น เอฟ. เคนเนดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Ҷон Кенеддӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷон Кенеддӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%82_%E1%8F%AB._%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%97" title="ᏣᏂ Ꮻ. ᎨᏁᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏂ Ꮻ. ᎨᏁᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_F._Kennedi" title="Jon F. Kennedi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jon F. Kennedi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Джон Фіцджеральд Кеннеді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Фіцджеральд Кеннеді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C" title="جان ایف کینیڈی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان ایف کینیڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%90%D9%86%D9%86%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%89" title="كېننېدى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كېننېدى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA" title="约翰·肯尼迪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰·肯尼迪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A3._%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99" title="דזשאן עף. קענעדי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשאן עף. קענעדי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E7%94%98%E8%BF%BA%E8%BF%AA" title="約翰甘迺迪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約翰甘迺迪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA" title="约翰·肯尼迪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·肯尼迪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Con_Kennedi" title="Čon Kennedi – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Čon Kennedi" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9696#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_F._Kennedy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_F._Kennedy&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1961 to 1963</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Kennedy (disambiguation)">John Kennedy (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kennedy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jack Kennedy (disambiguation)">Jack Kennedy (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/JFK_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="JFK (disambiguation)">JFK (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John F. Kennedy (disambiguation)">John F. Kennedy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John F. Kennedy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President Kennedy smiling and sitting in the Oval Office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/220px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/330px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/440px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1840" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> portrait, 1963</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">35th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lyndon B. Johnson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1953 – December 22, 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_A._Smith_II" title="Benjamin A. Smith II">Benjamin A. Smith II</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from Massachusetts's <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">11th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">James Michael Curley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Fitzgerald Kennedy</div> (1917-05-29)May 29, 1917 <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 22, 1963(1963-11-22) (aged 46) <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1953)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a> <a href="/wiki/Bouvier_family" title="Bouvier family">Bouvier family</a> (by marriage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John F. Kennedy's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg/128px-John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg/192px-John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg/256px-John_F_Kennedy_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="91" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Motor Torpedo Squadron 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_Torpedo_Boat_109" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol Torpedo Boat 109">Patrol Torpedo Boat 109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_Torpedo_Boat_59" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol Torpedo Boat 59">Patrol Torpedo Boat 59</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Medal" title="Navy and Marine Corps Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic%E2%80%93Pacific_Campaign_Medal" title="Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal</a> (with 3 <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star">service stars</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_misc-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_Establishment_of_the_Peace_Corps.ogg" title="File:JFK Establishment of the Peace Corps.ogg">John F. Kennedy's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="83" data-mwtitle="JFK_Establishment_of_the_Peace_Corps.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/JFK_Establishment_of_the_Peace_Corps.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/JFK_Establishment_of_the_Peace_Corps.ogg/JFK_Establishment_of_the_Peace_Corps.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJFK_Establishment_of_the_Peace_Corps.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Kennedy speaking on the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> Recorded March 1, 1961</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as JFK, was the 35th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1961 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">his assassination</a> in 1963. He was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">youngest</a> person <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">elected</a> president.<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> Kennedy served at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, Kennedy represented <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> prior to his presidency. Born into the prominent <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, Kennedy graduated from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1940, joining the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Reserve">U.S. Naval Reserve</a> the following year. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he commanded <a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific theater</a>. Kennedy's survival following the sinking of <a href="/wiki/PT-109" class="mw-redirect" title="PT-109">PT-109</a> and his rescue of his fellow sailors made him a war hero and earned the <a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Medal" title="Navy and Marine Corps Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Medal</a>, but left him with serious injuries. After a brief stint in journalism, Kennedy represented <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">a working-class Boston district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, serving as the junior <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">senator for Massachusetts</a> from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, Kennedy published his book, <a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a>, which won a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography">Pulitzer Prize</a>. Kennedy ran in the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential election</a>. His campaign gained momentum after <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">the first televised presidential debates</a> in American history, and he was elected president, narrowly defeating <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> opponent <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, the incumbent vice president. Kennedy's presidency saw high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of <a href="/wiki/Military_advisor#US_advisors_in_Vietnam" title="Military advisor">American military advisers</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a> began during his presidency. In 1961, he authorized attempts to overthrow the Cuban government of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> in the failed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a>. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba. The resulting period of tensions, termed the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, nearly resulted in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a>. In August 1961, after <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> troops erected the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, Kennedy sent an army convoy to reassure West Berliners of U.S. support, and delivered <a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">one of his most famous speeches</a> in West Berlin in June 1963. In 1963, Kennedy signed the first <a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">nuclear weapons treaty</a>. He presided over the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a> with Latin America, and the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> with the goal of <a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">landing a man on the Moon</a> before 1970. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> but was only somewhat successful in passing his <a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a> domestic policies. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>. His vice president, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">assumed the presidency</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> was arrested for the assassination, but he was shot and killed by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a> two days later. The <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> both concluded Oswald had acted alone, but <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories about the assassination</a> persist. After Kennedy's death, Congress enacted many of his proposals, including the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964" title="Revenue Act of 1964">Revenue Act of 1964</a>. Kennedy ranks highly in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">polls of U.S. presidents</a> with historians and the general public. His personal life has been the focus of considerable sustained interest following public revelations in the 1970s of his chronic health ailments and <a href="/wiki/Extramarital_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Extramarital affair">extramarital affairs</a>. Kennedy is the most recent <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States who died in office">U.S. president to have died in office</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_home,_Brookline,_Massachusetts_LCCN2011630152.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/John_F._Kennedy_home%2C_Brookline%2C_Massachusetts_LCCN2011630152.tif/lossy-page1-240px-John_F._Kennedy_home%2C_Brookline%2C_Massachusetts_LCCN2011630152.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/John_F._Kennedy_home%2C_Brookline%2C_Massachusetts_LCCN2011630152.tif/lossy-page1-360px-John_F._Kennedy_home%2C_Brookline%2C_Massachusetts_LCCN2011630152.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/John_F._Kennedy_home%2C_Brookline%2C_Massachusetts_LCCN2011630152.tif/lossy-page1-480px-John_F._Kennedy_home%2C_Brookline%2C_Massachusetts_LCCN2011630152.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="3370" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born outside <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, on May 29, 1917,<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a>, a businessman and politician, and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Fitzgerald), a philanthropist and socialite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200320-5">[4]</a> His paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a>, was an East Boston <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">ward boss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">Massachusetts state legislator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Kennedy's maternal grandfather and namesake, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a>, was a U.S. congressman and two-term <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston" title="Mayor of Boston">mayor of Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek20038−13-7">[6]</a> All four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_misc-1">[1]</a> Kennedy had an older brother, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph Jr.</a>, and seven younger siblings: <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Cavendish" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish">Kathleen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Kennedy's father amassed a private fortune and established <a href="/wiki/Trust_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust funds">trust funds</a> for his nine children that guaranteed lifelong financial independence.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> His business kept him away from home for long stretches, but Joe Sr. was a formidable presence in his children's lives. He encouraged them to be ambitious, emphasized political discussions at the dinner table, and demanded a high level of academic achievement. John's first exposure to politics was touring the <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Boston" title="Neighborhoods in Boston">Boston wards</a> with his grandfather Fitzgerald during his <a href="/wiki/1922_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1922 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1922</a> failed gubernatorial campaign.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> With Joe Sr.'s business ventures concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> and an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, the family decided to move from Boston to the <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale</a> neighborhood of New York City in September 1927.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_F._Kennedy:_Early_Years-13">[12]</a> Several years later, his brother Robert told <a href="/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">Look</a> magazine that his father left Boston because of job signs that read: "<a href="/wiki/No_Irish_Need_Apply" class="mw-redirect" title="No Irish Need Apply">No Irish Need Apply</a>."<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The Kennedys spent summers and early autumns at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">their home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a>, a village on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy37-15">[14]</a> where they swam, sailed, and played touch football.<a href="#cite_note-jfklibrary.org-16">[15]</a> Christmas and Easter holidays were spent at their <a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">winter retreat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200531-17">[16]</a> In September 1930, Kennedy, 13 years old, was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_School_(Connecticut)" title="Canterbury School (Connecticut)">Canterbury School</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Milford,_Connecticut" title="New Milford, Connecticut">New Milford, Connecticut</a>, for 8th grade. In April 1931, he had an <a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">appendectomy</a>, after which he withdrew from Canterbury and recuperated at home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200334-18">[17]</a> In September 1931, Kennedy started attending <a href="/wiki/Choate_Rosemary_Hall" title="Choate Rosemary Hall">Choate</a>, a preparatory boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Wallingford,_Connecticut" title="Wallingford, Connecticut">Wallingford, Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200333-19">[18]</a> Rose had wanted John and Joe Jr. to attend a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a>, but Joe Sr. thought that if they were to compete in the political world, they needed to be with boys from prominent <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> families.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> John spent his first years at Choate in his older brother's shadow and compensated with rebellious behavior that attracted a clique. Their most notorious stunt was exploding a toilet seat with a firecracker. In the next chapel assembly, the headmaster, George St. John, brandished the toilet seat and spoke of "muckers" who would "spit in our sea," leading Kennedy to name his group "The Muckers Club," which included roommate and lifelong friend <a href="/wiki/Lem_Billings" title="Lem Billings">Lem Billings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney200011-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Kennedy graduated from Choate in June 1935, finishing 64th of 112 students.<a href="#cite_note-John_F._Kennedy:_Early_Years-13">[12]</a> He had been the business manager of the school yearbook and was voted the "most likely to succeed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney200011-21">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheKennedyFamily1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TheKennedyFamily1.jpg/240px-TheKennedyFamily1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TheKennedyFamily1.jpg/360px-TheKennedyFamily1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TheKennedyFamily1.jpg/480px-TheKennedyFamily1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>The Kennedy family in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a>, with JFK at top left in the white shirt, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1931</figcaption></figure> Kennedy intended to study under <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, as his older brother had done. Ill health forced his return to the U.S. in October 1935, when he enrolled late at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, but had to leave after two months due to gastrointestinal illness.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In September 1936, Kennedy enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> He wrote occasionally for <a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a>, the campus newspaper, but had little involvement with campus politics, preferring to concentrate on athletics and his social life. Kennedy played football and was on the JV squad during his sophomore year, but an injury forced him off the team, and left him with back problems that plagued him for the rest of his life. He won membership in the <a href="/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_Club" title="Hasty Pudding Club">Hasty Pudding Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spee_Club_(Harvard)" title="Spee Club (Harvard)">Spee Club</a>, one of Harvard's elite "<a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_social_clubs#Origins" title="Harvard College social clubs">final clubs</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201214-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> In July 1938, Kennedy sailed overseas with his older brother to work at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Embassy,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Embassy, London">American embassy in London</a>, where his father was serving as President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St._James%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of St. James's">Court of St. James's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200354-27">[26]</a> The following year, Kennedy traveled throughout Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and the Middle East in preparation for his Harvard senior honors thesis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien200593-28">[27]</a> He then went to Berlin, where a U.S. diplomatic representative gave him a secret message about war breaking out soon to pass on to his father, and to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> before returning to London on September 1, 1939, the day that <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Germany invaded Poland</a>; the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Two days later, the family was in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> for speeches endorsing the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany. Kennedy was sent as his father's representative to help with arrangements for American survivors of the torpedoing of <a href="/wiki/SS_Athenia_(1922)" title="SS Athenia (1922)">SS Athenia</a> before flying back to the U.S. on his first transatlantic flight.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200358-31">[30]</a> While Kennedy was an upperclassman at Harvard, he began to take his studies more seriously and developed an interest in <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>. He made the <a href="/wiki/Dean%27s_list" title="Dean's list">dean's list</a> in his junior year.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Presidents-32">[31]</a> In 1940, Kennedy completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich", about British negotiations during the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>. The thesis was released on July 24, under the title <a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept">Why England Slept</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200361–66-33">[32]</a> The book was one of the first to offer information about the war and its origins, and quickly became a bestseller.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> In addition to addressing Britain's unwillingness to strengthen its military in the lead-up to the war, the book called for an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-American alliance">Anglo-American alliance</a> against the rising totalitarian powers. Kennedy became increasingly supportive of U.S. intervention in World War II, and his father's isolationist beliefs resulted in the latter's dismissal as ambassador.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201215–17-35">[34]</a> In 1940, Kennedy graduated <a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a> from Harvard with a Bachelor of Arts in government, concentrating on <a href="/wiki/International_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="International affairs">international affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2012183-36">[35]</a> That fall, he enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business" title="Stanford Graduate School of Business">Stanford Graduate School of Business</a> and audited classes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney200018-37">[36]</a> but he left after a semester to help his father complete his memoirs as an American ambassador. In early 1941, Kennedy toured South America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200368-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney200021-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Naval_Reserve_(1941–1945)">U.S. Naval Reserve (1941–1945)</h2></div> Kennedy planned to attend <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, but canceled when American entry into World War II seemed imminent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005114,_117–118-40">[39]</a> In 1940, Kennedy attempted to enter the army's <a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">Officer Candidate School</a>. Despite months of training, he was medically disqualified due to his chronic back problems. On September 24, 1941, Kennedy, with the help of the director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a> (ONI) and the former naval <a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">attaché</a> to Joe Sr., Alan Kirk, joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Reserve">United States Naval Reserve</a>. He was commissioned an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> on October 26, 1941,<a href="#cite_note-VT-41">[40]</a> and joined the ONI staff in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-maritimequest.com-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallard200212,_36-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PT-109_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PT-109_crew.jpg/250px-PT-109_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PT-109_crew.jpg/375px-PT-109_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PT-109_crew.jpg/500px-PT-109_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">Lieutenant (junior grade)</a> Kennedy (standing at right) with his PT-109 crew, 1943</figcaption></figure> In January 1942, Kennedy was assigned to the ONI field office at Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Naval_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Naval District">Sixth Naval District</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-43">[42]</a> His hope was to be the commander of a <a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT (patrol torpedo) boat</a>, but his health problems seemed almost certain to prevent active duty. Kennedy's father intervened by providing misleading medical records and convincing PT officers that his presence would bring publicity to the fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201218-45">[44]</a> Kennedy completed six months of training at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officer_Training_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Reserve Officer Training School">Naval Reserve Officer Training School</a> in Chicago and at the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_Squadrons_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center">Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melville,_Rhode_Island" title="Melville, Rhode Island">Melville, Rhode Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maritimequest.com-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan200119,_20-46">[45]</a> His first command was PT-101 from December 7, 1942, until February 23, 1943.<a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-43">[42]</a> Unhappy to be assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, far from the fighting, Kennedy appealed to Massachusetts senator <a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">David Walsh</a>, who arranged for him to be assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Theater (World War II)">South Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201218-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commanding_PT-109_and_PT-59">Commanding PT-109 and PT-59</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109">Patrol torpedo boat PT-109</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_(restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg/170px-Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg/255px-Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg/340px-Lt._John_F._Kennedy_aboard_the_PT-109_-_JFKPOF-132-012-p0113_%28restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3969" data-file-height="5557" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">PT-109</a>, 1943</figcaption></figure> In April 1943, Kennedy was assigned to Motor Torpedo Squadron TWO,<a href="#cite_note-maritimequest.com-42">[41]</a> and on April 24 he took command of <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109">PT-109</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> then based on <a href="/wiki/Tulagi" title="Tulagi">Tulagi</a> Island in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-43">[42]</a> On the night of August 1–2, in support of the <a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_campaign" title="New Georgia campaign">New Georgia campaign</a>, PT-109 and fourteen other PTs were ordered to block or repel four Japanese destroyers and floatplanes carrying food, supplies, and 900 Japanese soldiers to the Vila Plantation garrison on the southern tip of the Solomon's <a href="/wiki/Kolombangara" title="Kolombangara">Kolombangara</a> Island. Intelligence had been sent to Kennedy's Commander Thomas G. Warfield expecting the arrival of the large Japanese naval force that would pass on the evening of August 1. Of the 24 torpedoes fired that night by eight of the American PTs, not one hit the Japanese convoy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan200199,_100-48">[47]</a> On that moonless night, Kennedy spotted a Japanese destroyer heading north on its return from the base of Kolombangara around 2:00 a.m., and attempted to turn to attack, when PT-109 was rammed suddenly at an angle and cut in half by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Amagiri_(1930)" title="Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)">destroyer Amagiri</a>, killing <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Kirksey_and_Harold_William_Marney" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Jackson Kirksey and Harold William Marney">two PT-109 crew</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan2001106-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[b]</a> Avoiding surrender, the remaining crew swam towards <a href="/wiki/Plum_Pudding_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum Pudding Island">Plum Pudding Island</a>, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of the remains of PT-109, on August 2.<a href="#cite_note-history.navy.mil-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan2001106–107,_119-53">[51]</a> Despite re-injuring his back in the collision, Kennedy towed a badly burned crewman to the island with a life jacket strap clenched between his teeth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan2001106–107,_124-54">[52]</a> From there, Kennedy and his subordinate, Ensign George Ross, made forays through the coral islands, searching for help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle201566–106,_134–139-55">[53]</a> When they encountered an English-speaking native with a canoe, Kennedy carved his location on a <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> shell and requested a boat rescue. Seven days after the collision, with the coconut message delivered, the PT-109 crew were rescued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015143–148-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201219-57">[55]</a> Almost immediately, the PT-109 rescue became a highly publicized event. The story was chronicled by John Hersey in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> in 1944 (decades later it was the basis of a successful <a href="/wiki/PT_109_(film)" title="PT 109 (film)">film</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201219-57">[55]</a> It followed Kennedy into politics and provided a strong foundation for his appeal as a leader.<a href="#cite_note-John_F._Kennedy_and_PT_109-58">[56]</a> Hersey portrayed Kennedy as a modest, self-deprecating hero.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> For his courage and leadership, Kennedy was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Medal" title="Navy and Marine Corps Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Medal</a>, and the injuries he suffered during the incident qualified him for a <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_F._Kennedy_and_PT_109-58">[56]</a> After a month's recovery Kennedy returned to duty, commanding the <a href="/wiki/PT-59" class="mw-redirect" title="PT-59">PT-59</a>. On November 2, Kennedy's PT-59 took part with two other PTs in the rescue of 40–50 marines. The 59 acted as a shield from shore fire as they escaped on two rescue landing craft at the base of the Warrior River at <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Choiseul" title="Raid on Choiseul">Choiseul Island</a>, taking ten marines aboard and delivering them to safety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan2001172–184,_189-60">[58]</a> Under doctor's orders, Kennedy was relieved of his command on November 18, and sent to the hospital on Tulagi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2015193-61">[59]</a> By December 1943, with his health deteriorating, Kennedy left the Pacific front and arrived in San Francisco in early January 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201220-62">[60]</a> After receiving treatment for his back injury at the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Naval_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea Naval Hospital">Chelsea Naval Hospital</a> in Massachusetts from May to December 1944, he was released from active duty.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-maritimequest.com-42">[41]</a> Beginning in January 1945, Kennedy spent three months recovering from his back injury at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a>, a resort and temporary military hospital in Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005179,_180-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-peoriaaz.gov-65">[63]</a> On March 1, 1945, Kennedy retired from the Navy Reserve on physical disability and was honorably discharged with the full rank of lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-sptimes.com-66">[64]</a> When later asked how he became a war hero, Kennedy joked: "It was easy. They cut my PT boat in half."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200398-67">[65]</a> On August 12, 1944, Kennedy's older brother, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.">Joe Jr.</a>, a navy pilot, was killed on an air mission. His body was never recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003106–107-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The news reached the family's home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, a day later. Kennedy felt that Joe Jr.'s reckless flight was partly an effort to outdo him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005175-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201221-71">[69]</a> To console himself, Kennedy set out to assemble a privately published book of remembrances of his brother, As We Remember Joe.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalism_(1945)">Journalism (1945)</h2></div> In April 1945, Kennedy's father, who was a friend of <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, arranged a position for his son as a special correspondent for <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Communications" title="Hearst Communications">Hearst Newspapers</a>; the assignment kept Kennedy's name in the public eye and "expose[d] him to journalism as a possible career."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005180-73">[71]</a> That May he went to Berlin as a correspondent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaum2008127-74">[72]</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> and other events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003104-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1953)">U.S. House of Representatives (1947–1953)</h2></div> Kennedy's elder brother Joe Jr. had been the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">family's political standard-bearer</a> and had been tapped by their father to seek the presidency. After Joe's death, the assignment fell to JFK as the second eldest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003118-76">[74]</a> Boston mayor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Maurice J. Tobin</a> discussed the possibility of John becoming his running mate in <a href="/wiki/1946_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1946</a> as a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Massachusetts lieutenant governor</a>, but Joe Sr. preferred a congressional campaign that could send John to Washington, where he could have national visibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003122-77">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_congressional_freshman_class_of_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portrait_of_congressional_freshman_class_of_1947.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_congressional_freshman_class_of_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portrait_of_congressional_freshman_class_of_1947.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_congressional_freshman_class_of_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Portrait_of_congressional_freshman_class_of_1947.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_congressional_freshman_class_of_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy (back row, second from right) and Richard Nixon (far right) participate in a radio broadcast as 1947 freshmen House members.</figcaption></figure> At the urging of Kennedy's father, U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">James Michael Curley</a> vacated his seat in the strongly Democratic <a href="/wiki/11th_congressional_district_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="11th congressional district of Massachusetts">11th congressional district of Massachusetts</a> to become mayor of Boston in 1946. Kennedy established legal residency at 122 Bowdoin Street across from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Kennedy won the Democratic primary with 42 percent of the vote, defeating nine other candidates.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> According to Fredrik Logevall, Joe Sr. <blockquote>spent hours on the phone with reporters and editors, seeking information, trading confidences, and cajoling them into publishing puff pieces on John, ones that invariably played up his war record in the Pacific. He oversaw a professional advertising campaign that ensured ads went up in just the right places the campaign had a virtual monopoly on <a href="/wiki/MBTA_subway" title="MBTA subway">[Boston] subway</a> space, and on window stickers ("Kennedy for Congress") for cars and homes and was the force behind the mass mailing of Hersey's PT-109 article.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></blockquote> Though Republicans took control of the House in the <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946 elections</a>, Kennedy defeated his Republican opponent in the general election, taking 73 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201224–26-81">[79]</a> As a congressman, Kennedy had a reputation for not taking much interest in the running of his office or his constituents' concerns, with one of the highest absenteeism rates in the House, although much was explained by illness.<a href="#cite_note-CaroPassage2-82">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a>, one of his few political friends at the time, claimed that he was more interested in being a writer than a politician, and at that time he suffered from extreme shyness.<a href="#cite_note-CaroPassage2-82">[80]</a> Kennedy found "most of his fellow congressmen boring, preoccupied as they all seemed to be with their narrow political concerns." The arcane House rules and customs, which slowed legislation, exasperated him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003136–137-83">[81]</a> Kennedy served in the House for six years, joining the influential <a href="/wiki/Education_and_Labor_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Education and Labor Committee">Education and Labor Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans' Affairs Committee">Veterans' Affairs Committee</a>. He concentrated his attention on international affairs, supporting the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> as the appropriate response to the emerging <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. He also supported <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public housing</a> and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Management_Relations_Act_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Management Relations Act of 1947">Labor Management Relations Act of 1947</a>, which restricted the power of labor unions. Though not as vocally anti-communist as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, Kennedy supported the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a>, which required communists to register with the government, and he deplored the "<a href="/wiki/Loss_of_China" title="Loss of China">loss of China</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201226–29-84">[82]</a> During a speech in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a> on January 30, 1949, Kennedy denounced Truman and the State Department for contributing to the "tragic story of China whose freedom we once fought to preserve. What our young men had saved [in World War II], our diplomats and our President have frittered away."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003160-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Having served as a <a href="/wiki/Scouts_BSA" title="Scouts BSA">boy scout</a> during his childhood, Kennedy was active in the <a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Massachusetts" title="Scouting in Massachusetts">Boston Council</a> from 1946 to 1955 as district vice chairman, member of the executive board, vice-president, and National Council Representative.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> To appeal to the large <a href="/wiki/Italian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American">Italian-American</a> voting bloc in Massachusetts, Kennedy delivered a speech in November 1947 supporting a $227 million aid package to Italy. He maintained that Italy was in danger from an "onslaught of the communist minority" and that the country was the "initial battleground in the communist drive to capture Western Europe."<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> To combat Soviet efforts to take control in Middle Eastern and Asian countries like <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a>, Kennedy wanted the United States to develop nonmilitary techniques of resistance that would not create suspicions of <a href="/wiki/Neoimperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoimperialism">neoimperialism</a> or add to the country's financial burden. The problem, as he saw it, was not simply to be anti-communist but to stand for something that these emerging nations would find appealing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003159–165-90">[88]</a> Almost every weekend that Congress was in session, Kennedy would fly back to Massachusetts to give speeches to veteran, fraternal, and civic groups, while maintaining an index card file on individuals who might be helpful for a campaign for statewide office.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Contemplating whether to run for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Massachusetts governor</a> or the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, Kennedy abandoned interest in the former, believing that the governor "sat in an office, handing out sewer contracts."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003168-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senate_(1953–1960)">U.S. Senate (1953–1960)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_52MA_Senate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JFK_52MA_Senate.png/400px-JFK_52MA_Senate.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JFK_52MA_Senate.png/600px-JFK_52MA_Senate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/JFK_52MA_Senate.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>Campaign slogan for Kennedy's <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a> U.S. Senate campaign in Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> As early as 1949, Kennedy began preparing to run for the Senate in <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a> against Republican three-term incumbent <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> with the campaign slogan "KENNEDY WILL DO MORE FOR MASSACHUSETTS".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005254-93">[91]</a> Joe Sr. again financed his son's candidacy (persuading the <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Post" title="The Boston Post">Boston Post</a> to switch its support to Kennedy by promising the publisher a $500,000 loan),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio20069-94">[92]</a> while John's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert</a> emerged as campaign manager.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201229–31-95">[93]</a> Kennedy's mother and sisters contributed as highly effective canvassers by hosting a series of "<a href="/wiki/Tea_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea parties">teas</a>" at hotels and parlors across Massachusetts to reach out to women voters.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In the presidential election, Republican <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> carried Massachusetts by 208,000 votes, but Kennedy narrowly defeated Lodge by 70,000 votes for the Senate seat.<a href="#cite_note-John_F._Kennedy-98">[96]</a> The following year, he married <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Bouvier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Bouvier">Jacqueline Bouvier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney200029-99">[97]</a> Kennedy underwent several spinal operations over the next two years. Often absent from the Senate, he was at times critically ill and received Catholic <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>. During his convalescence in 1956, he published <a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a>, a book about U.S. senators who risked their careers for their personal beliefs, for which he won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography" title="Pulitzer Prize for Biography">Pulitzer Prize for Biography</a> in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Jean3-100">[98]</a> Rumors that this work was <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwritten</a> by his close adviser and <a href="/wiki/Speechwriter" title="Speechwriter">speechwriter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a>, were confirmed in Sorensen's 2008 autobiography.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> At the start of his first term, Kennedy focused on fulfilling the promise of his campaign to do "more for Massachusetts" than his predecessor. Although Kennedy's and Lodge's legislative records were similarly liberal, Lodge voted for the <a href="/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Act_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Taft-Hartley Act of 1947">Taft-Hartley Act of 1947</a> and Kennedy voted against it. On <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a>, Kennedy excoriated Lodge for not doing enough to prevent the increasing migration of manufacturing jobs from Massachusetts to the South, and blamed the <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work</a> provision for giving the South an unfair advantage over Massachusetts in labor costs.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In May 1953, Kennedy introduced "The Economic Problems of New England",<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> a 36-point program<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2006b45-104">[102]</a> to help Massachusetts industries such as <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watchmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchmaking">watchmaking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, as well as the Boston seaport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003181–182-105">[103]</a> Kennedy's policy agenda included <a href="/wiki/Protective_tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective tariffs">protective tariffs</a>, preventing excessive <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculation</a> in raw wool, stronger efforts to research and market American fish products, an increase in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Fish and Wildlife Service</a> budget, modernizing <a href="/wiki/Reserve_fleet" title="Reserve fleet">reserve-fleet vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_incentives" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax incentives">tax incentives</a> to prevent further business relocations, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_the_United_States" title="Hydroelectric power in the United States">hydroelectric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">nuclear power</a> in Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Kennedy's suggestions for stimulating the region's economy appealed to both parties by offering benefits to business and labor, and promising to serve national defense. Congress would eventually enact most of the program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003181–182-105">[103]</a> Kennedy, a <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Audubon_Society" title="Massachusetts Audubon Society">Massachusetts Audubon Society</a> supporter, wanted to make sure that the shorelines of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> remained unsullied by industrialization. On September 3, 1959, Kennedy co-sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod_National_Seashore" title="Cape Cod National Seashore">Cape Cod National Seashore</a> bill with his Republican colleague Senator <a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_nominates_Adlai_Stevenson_1956.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_F._Kennedy_nominates_Adlai_Stevenson_1956.JPG/220px-John_F._Kennedy_nominates_Adlai_Stevenson_1956.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_F._Kennedy_nominates_Adlai_Stevenson_1956.JPG/330px-John_F._Kennedy_nominates_Adlai_Stevenson_1956.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_F._Kennedy_nominates_Adlai_Stevenson_1956.JPG/440px-John_F._Kennedy_nominates_Adlai_Stevenson_1956.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy endorsing <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> for the presidential nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 Democratic National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> As a senator, Kennedy quickly won a reputation for responsiveness to requests from constituents (i.e., co-sponsoring legislation to provide federal loans to help rebuild communities damaged by the <a href="/wiki/1953_Worcester_tornado" title="1953 Worcester tornado">1953 Worcester tornado</a>), except on certain occasions when the national interest was at stake.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> In 1954, Kennedy voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a> which would connect the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, despite opposition from Massachusetts politicians who argued that the project would hurt the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">Port of Boston</a> economically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003182–183-113">[111]</a> In 1954, when the Senate voted to condemn <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> for breaking Senate rules and abusing an Army general, Kennedy was the only Democrat not to cast a vote against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003189-114">[112]</a> Kennedy drafted a speech supporting the censure. However, it was not delivered because Kennedy was hospitalized for back surgery in Boston.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Although Kennedy never indicated how he would have voted, the episode damaged his support among members of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> community in the 1956 and 1960 elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005274–279,_394–399-116">[114]</a> In 1956, Kennedy gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts Democratic Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003201-117">[115]</a> and delivered the state delegation to the party's presidential nominee, <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201234–35-118">[116]</a> Stevenson let the convention <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1956 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">select the vice presidential nominee</a>. Kennedy finished second in the balloting, losing to Senator <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> of Tennessee, but receiving national exposure.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> In 1957, Kennedy joined the Senate's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Improper_Activities_in_Labor_and_Management" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management">Select Committee on Labor Rackets</a> (also known as the McClellan Committee) with his brother Robert, who was chief counsel, to investigate <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a> in labor-management relations.<a href="#cite_note-pophistorydig.com-120">[118]</a> The hearings attracted extensive radio and television coverage where the Kennedy brothers engaged in dramatic arguments with controversial labor leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa" title="Jimmy Hoffa">Jimmy Hoffa</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Teamsters_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters Union">Teamsters Union</a>. The following year, Kennedy introduced a bill to prevent the expenditure of union dues for improper purposes or private gain; to forbid loans from union funds for illicit transactions; and to compel audits of unions, which would ensure against false financial reports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003219-121">[119]</a> It was the first major labor relations bill to pass either house since the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947 and dealt largely with the control of union abuses exposed by the McClellan Committee but did not incorporate tough Taft–Hartley amendments requested by President Eisenhower. It survived Senate floor attempts to include Taft-Hartley amendments and passed but was rejected by the House.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> "Honest union members and the general public can only regard it as a tragedy that politics has prevented the recommendations of the McClellan committee from being carried out this year," Kennedy announced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003220-123">[121]</a> That same year, Kennedy joined the Senate's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations Committee">Foreign Relations Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> There he supported <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algeria's effort to gain independence</a> from France and sponsored an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Assistance_Act" title="Mutual Defense Assistance Act">Mutual Defense Assistance Act</a> that would provide aid to Soviet satellite nations. Kennedy also introduced an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Education_Act" title="National Defense Education Act">National Defense Education Act</a> in 1959 to eliminate the requirement that aid recipients sign a loyalty oath and provide supporting affidavits.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Kennedy cast a procedural vote against President Eisenhower's bill for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> and this was considered by some to be an appeasement of Southern Democratic opponents of the bill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005370-126">[124]</a> Kennedy did vote for Title III of the act, which would have given the Attorney General powers to enjoin, but Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> agreed to let the provision die as a compromise measure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005370,_371-127">[125]</a> Kennedy also voted for the "Jury Trial Amendment." Many civil rights advocates criticized that vote as one which would weaken the act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005372-128">[126]</a> A final compromise bill, which Kennedy supported, was passed in September 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2005374-129">[127]</a> As a senator from Massachusetts, which lacked a sizable Black population, Kennedy was not particularly sensitive to the problems of African Americans. Robert Kennedy later reflected, "We weren't thinking of the Negroes of Mississippi or Alabama—what should be done for them. We were thinking of what needed to be done in Massachusetts."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2006b23–24-130">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts_results_map_by_municipality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts_results_map_by_municipality.svg/260px-1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts_results_map_by_municipality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts_results_map_by_municipality.svg/390px-1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts_results_map_by_municipality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts_results_map_by_municipality.svg/520px-1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts_results_map_by_municipality.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Results of the <a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a> U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts by <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">municipality</a>. Kennedy's margin of victory of 874,608 votes was the largest in Massachusetts political history.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201237-132">[130]</a></figcaption></figure> Most historians and political scientists who have written about Kennedy refer to his U.S. Senate years as an interlude.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Robert Dallek</a>, Kennedy called being a senator "the most corrupting job in the world." He complained that they were all too quick to cut deals and please campaign contributors to ensure their political futures. Kennedy, with the luxury of a rich father who could finance his campaigns, could remain independent of any special interest, except for those in his home state of Massachusetts that could align against his reelection.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a>, Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson viewed Kennedy as a "<a href="/wiki/Playboy_lifestyle" title="Playboy lifestyle">playboy</a>", describing his performance in the Senate and the House as "pathetic" on another occasion, saying that he was "smart enough, but he doesn't like the grunt work".<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Author John T. Shaw acknowledges that while his Senate career is not associated with acts of "historic statesmanship" or "novel political thought," Kennedy made modest contributions as a legislator, drafting more than 300 bills to assist Massachusetts and the New England region (some of which became law).<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a>, Kennedy was re-elected to the Senate, defeating his Republican opponent, Boston lawyer Vincent J. Celeste, with 73.6 percent of the vote, the largest winning margin in the history of Massachusetts politics.<a href="#cite_note-John_F._Kennedy-98">[96]</a> In the aftermath of his re-election, Kennedy began preparing to run for president by traveling throughout the U.S. with the aim of building his candidacy for 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201235–36-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-pophistorydig.com-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960_presidential_election">1960 presidential election</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leadership_for_the_60s_-_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leadership_for_the_60s_-_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy.jpg/170px-Leadership_for_the_60s_-_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leadership_for_the_60s_-_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy.jpg/255px-Leadership_for_the_60s_-_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Leadership_for_the_60s_-_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy.jpg/340px-Leadership_for_the_60s_-_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>1960 presidential campaign poster</figcaption></figure> On January 2, 1960, Kennedy announced his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic presidential nomination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Though some questioned Kennedy's age and experience, his charisma and eloquence earned him numerous supporters. Kennedy faced several potential challengers, including Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a>, and Senator <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201238–45-139">[137]</a> Kennedy traveled extensively to build his support. His campaign strategy was to win several primaries to demonstrate his electability to the <a href="/wiki/Party_boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Party boss">party bosses</a>, who controlled most of the delegates, and to prove to his detractors that a Catholic could win popular support.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Victories over Senator Humphrey in the Wisconsin and West Virginia primaries gave Kennedy momentum as he moved on to the <a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 Democratic National Convention</a> in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201238–45-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> When Kennedy entered the convention, he had the most delegates, but not enough to ensure that he would win the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Stevenson—the 1952 and 1956 presidential nominee—remained very popular, while Johnson also hoped to win the nomination with support from party leaders. Kennedy's candidacy also faced opposition from former President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who was concerned about Kennedy's lack of experience. Kennedy knew that a second ballot could give the nomination to Johnson or someone else, and his well-organized campaign was able to earn the support of just enough delegates to win the presidential nomination on the first ballot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201245–47-143">[141]</a> Kennedy ignored the opposition of his brother Robert, who wanted him to choose labor leader <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> and other liberal supporters when he <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection,_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1960">chose Johnson</a> as his vice-presidential nominee. He believed that the Texas senator could help him win support from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201247-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> In accepting the presidential nomination, Kennedy gave his well-known "<a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a>" speech: <blockquote>For the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won—and we stand today on the edge of a New Frontier. ... But the New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises—it is a set of challenges. It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them.<a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_Accepting_Dem_Nom_Pres-147">[145]</a></blockquote> At the start of the fall general election campaign, the Republican nominee and incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon held a six-point lead in the polls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201249-148">[146]</a> Major issues included how to get the economy moving again, Kennedy's Catholicism, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, and whether the space and missile programs of the Soviet Union had <a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">surpassed</a> those of the U.S. To address fears that his being Catholic would impact his decision-making, he told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12: "I am not the Catholic candidate for president. I am the Democratic Party candidate for president who also happens to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters—and the Church does not speak for me."<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> He promised to respect the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, and not to allow Catholic officials to dictate public policy.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_Nixon_Debate_(1960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kennedy_Nixon_Debate_%281960%29.jpg/220px-Kennedy_Nixon_Debate_%281960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kennedy_Nixon_Debate_%281960%29.jpg/330px-Kennedy_Nixon_Debate_%281960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kennedy_Nixon_Debate_%281960%29.jpg/440px-Kennedy_Nixon_Debate_%281960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy and Richard Nixon participate in the nation's second televised <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates#1960_Kennedy–Nixon_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates">presidential debate</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> October 7, 1960.</figcaption></figure> The Kennedy and Nixon campaigns agreed to a series of <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">televised debates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-152">[150]</a> An estimated 70 million Americans, about two-thirds of the electorate, watched the first debate on September 26.<a href="#cite_note-museum.tv-153">[151]</a> Kennedy had met the day before with the producer to discuss the set design and camera placement. Nixon, just out of the hospital after a painful knee injury, did not take advantage of this opportunity and during the debate looked at the reporters asking questions and not at the camera. Kennedy wore a blue suit and shirt to cut down on glare and appeared sharply focused against the gray studio background. Nixon wore a light-colored suit that blended into the gray background; in combination with the harsh studio lighting that left Nixon perspiring, he offered a less-than-commanding presence. By contrast, Kennedy appeared relaxed, tanned, and telegenic, looking into the camera whilst answering questions.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-152">[150]</a> It is often claimed that television viewers overwhelmingly believed Kennedy, appearing to be the more attractive of the two, had won, while radio listeners (a smaller audience) thought Nixon had defeated him.<a href="#cite_note-museum.tv-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> However, only one poll split TV and radio voters like this and the methodology was poor.<a href="#cite_note-dbk1-157">[155]</a> Pollster <a href="/wiki/Elmo_Roper" title="Elmo Roper">Elmo Roper</a> concluded that the debates raised interest, boosted turnout, and gave Kennedy an extra two million votes, mostly as a result of the first debate.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> The debates are now considered a milestone in American political history—the point at which the medium of television began to play a dominant role.<a href="#cite_note-Jean3-100">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1960.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ElectoralCollege1960.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1960.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ElectoralCollege1960.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1960.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ElectoralCollege1960.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1960.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1960 presidential election results</figcaption></figure> Kennedy's campaign gained momentum after the first debate, and he pulled slightly ahead of Nixon in most polls. On Election Day, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections of the 20th century. In the national popular vote, <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote#1960_Alabama_results_ambiguity" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">by most accounts</a>, Kennedy led Nixon by just two-tenths of one percent (49.7% to 49.5%), while in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, he won 303 votes to Nixon's 219 (269 were needed to win).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyShiraev200883-159">[157]</a> Fourteen electors from Mississippi and Alabama refused to support Kennedy because of his support for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>; they voted for Senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a> of Virginia, as did an elector from Oklahoma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudleyShiraev200883-159">[157]</a> Forty-three years old, Kennedy was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">youngest person</a> ever elected to the presidency (though <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> was a year younger when he succeeded to the presidency after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassination of William McKinley</a> in 1901).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199321-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1961–1963)">Presidency (1961–1963)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jfk_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jfk_inauguration.jpg/220px-Jfk_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jfk_inauguration.jpg/330px-Jfk_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jfk_inauguration.jpg/440px-Jfk_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> administers the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">presidential oath of office</a> to Kennedy at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">the Capitol</a>, January 20, 1961.</figcaption></figure> Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th president at noon on January 20, 1961. In <a href="/wiki/Inaugural_address_of_John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy">his inaugural address</a>, he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens: "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country." He asked the nations of the world to join to fight what he called the "common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself."<a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_Inaugural_Address-161">[159]</a> He added: <blockquote>All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin." In closing, he expanded on his desire for greater internationalism: "Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.<a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_Inaugural_Address-161">[159]</a></blockquote> The address reflected Kennedy's confidence that his administration would chart a historically significant course in both domestic policy and foreign affairs. The contrast between this optimistic vision and the pressures of managing daily political realities would be one of the main tensions of the early years of his administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempe201152-162">[160]</a> Kennedy scrapped the decision-making structure of Eisenhower,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199322-163">[161]</a> preferring an organizational structure of a wheel with all the spokes leading to the president; he was willing to make the increased number of quick decisions required in such an environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199323,_25-164">[162]</a> Though the cabinet remained important, Kennedy generally relied more on his staffers within the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio200631–32,_35-165">[163]</a> In spite of concerns over <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>, Kennedy's father insisted that Robert Kennedy become <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a>, and the younger Kennedy became the "assistant president" who advised on all major issues.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_John_Kennedy_Presidential_Trips.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_President_John_Kennedy_Presidential_Trips.PNG/330px-US_President_John_Kennedy_Presidential_Trips.PNG" decoding="async" width="330" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_President_John_Kennedy_Presidential_Trips.PNG/495px-US_President_John_Kennedy_Presidential_Trips.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_President_John_Kennedy_Presidential_Trips.PNG/660px-US_President_John_Kennedy_Presidential_Trips.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Foreign trips of Kennedy during his presidency</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cold_War_and_flexible_response">Cold War and flexible response</h4></div> Kennedy's foreign policy was dominated by American confrontations with the Soviet Union, manifested by proxy contests in the global state of tension known as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Like his predecessors, Kennedy adopted the policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> to stop the spread of communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008704–705-167">[165]</a> Fearful of the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a>, Kennedy implemented a defense strategy known as <a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">flexible response</a>. This strategy relied on multiple options for responding to the Soviet Union, discouraged <a href="/wiki/Massive_retaliation" title="Massive retaliation">massive retaliation</a>, and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Mutual_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual deterrence">mutual deterrence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201276–77-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> In contrast to Eisenhower's warning about the perils of the <a href="/wiki/Military-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Military-industrial complex">military-industrial complex</a>, Kennedy focused on rearmament. From 1961 to 1964 the number of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> increased by 50 percent, as did the number of <a href="/wiki/B-52" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52">B-52</a> bombers to deliver them.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> In January 1961, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Soviet Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> declared his support for <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">wars of national liberation</a>. Kennedy interpreted this step as a direct threat to the "free world."<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decolonization_and_the_Congo_Crisis">Decolonization and the Congo Crisis</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_Prime_Minister_Cyrille_Adoula_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_(Leopoldville)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_Prime_Minister_Cyrille_Adoula_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28Leopoldville%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_Prime_Minister_Cyrille_Adoula_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28Leopoldville%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_Prime_Minister_Cyrille_Adoula_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28Leopoldville%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_Prime_Minister_Cyrille_Adoula_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28Leopoldville%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_Prime_Minister_Cyrille_Adoula_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28Leopoldville%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_Prime_Minister_Cyrille_Adoula_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28Leopoldville%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>President Kennedy with Congolese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Adoula" title="Cyrille Adoula">Cyrille Adoula</a> in 1962</figcaption></figure> Between 1960 and 1963, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">twenty-four countries</a> gained independence as the process of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> continued. Kennedy set out to woo the leaders and people of the "<a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>," expanding economic aid and appointing knowledgeable ambassadors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008711–712-173">[171]</a> His administration established the <a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a> program and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> to provide aid to <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. The Food for Peace program became a central element in American foreign policy, and eventually helped many countries to develop their economies and become commercial import customers.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> During the election campaign, Kennedy attacked the Eisenhower administration for losing ground on the African continent,<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> and stressed that the U.S. should be on the side of anti-colonialism and self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-176">[174]</a> Kennedy considered the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> to be among the most important foreign policy issues facing his presidency, and he supported a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN operation</a> that prevented the secession of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006239–242-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a>, leader of Katanga, declared its independence from the Congo and the Soviet Union responded by sending weapons and technicians to underwrite their struggle.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-176">[174]</a> On October 2, 1962, Kennedy signed United Nations bond issue bill to ensure U.S. assistance in financing UN peacekeeping operations in the Congo and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peace_Corps">Peace Corps</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_greeting_Peace_Corps_volunteers,_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kennedy_greeting_Peace_Corps_volunteers%2C_1961.jpg/220px-Kennedy_greeting_Peace_Corps_volunteers%2C_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kennedy_greeting_Peace_Corps_volunteers%2C_1961.jpg/330px-Kennedy_greeting_Peace_Corps_volunteers%2C_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kennedy_greeting_Peace_Corps_volunteers%2C_1961.jpg/440px-Kennedy_greeting_Peace_Corps_volunteers%2C_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption> Kennedy greets <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> volunteers on August 28, 1961</figcaption></figure> In one of his first presidential acts, Kennedy signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order">Executive Order</a> 10924 that officially started the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a>. He named his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a>, as its first director.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003338–339-179">[177]</a> Through this program, Americans volunteered to help developing countries in fields like education, farming, health care, and construction.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Kennedy believed that countries that received Peace Corps volunteers were less likely to succumb to a communist revolution.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> were the first countries to participate.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The organization grew to 5,000 members by March 1963 and 10,000 the year after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger2002606–607-183">[181]</a> Since 1961, over 200,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps, representing 139 countries.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vienna_Summit_and_the_Berlin_Wall">Vienna Summit and the Berlin Wall</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></div> Kennedy anxiously anticipated a summit with Nikita Khrushchev. The proceedings for the summit got off to a problematic start when Kennedy reacted aggressively to a routine Khrushchev speech on Cold War confrontation in early 1961. The speech was intended for domestic audiences in the Soviet Union, but Kennedy interpreted it as a personal challenge. His mistake helped raise tensions going into the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempe201176–78-186">[184]</a> The summit would cover several topics, but both leaders knew that the most contentious issue would be <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, which had been divided in two with the start of the Cold War. The enclave of <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> lay within Soviet-allied <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, but was supported by the U.S. and other Western powers. The Soviets wanted to reunify Berlin under the control of East Germany, partly due to the large number of East Germans who had fled to West Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201274,_77–78-187">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Kennedy,_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg/220px-John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg/330px-John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg/440px-John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy meeting with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Premier">Soviet Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in June 1961</figcaption></figure> On June 4, 1961, Kennedy met with Khrushchev in Vienna and left the meeting angry and disappointed that he had allowed the premier to bully him, despite the warnings he had received. Khrushchev, for his part, was impressed with the president's intelligence but thought him weak. Kennedy did succeed in conveying the bottom line to Khrushchev on the most sensitive issue before them, a proposed treaty between Moscow and <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>. He made it clear that any treaty interfering with U.S. access rights in West Berlin would be regarded as an act of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993161–171-188">[186]</a> Shortly after Kennedy returned home, the Soviet Union announced its plan to sign a treaty with East Berlin, abrogating any third-party occupation rights in either sector of the city. Kennedy assumed that his only option was to prepare the country for nuclear war, which he thought had a one-in-five chance of occurring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993175-189">[187]</a> In the weeks immediately following the summit, more than 20,000 people <a href="/wiki/Republikflucht" title="Republikflucht">fled from East Berlin</a> to the western sector, reacting to statements from the Soviet Union. Kennedy began intensive meetings on the Berlin issue, where <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> took the lead in recommending a military buildup alongside NATO allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993185-190">[188]</a> In a July 1961 speech, Kennedy announced his decision to add $3.25 billion (equivalent to $33.14 billion in 2023) to the defense budget, along with over 200,000 additional troops, stating that an attack on West Berlin would be taken as an attack on the U.S. The speech received an 85% approval rating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993201-191">[189]</a> A month later, both the Soviet Union and East Berlin began blocking any further passage of East Germans into West Berlin and erected <a href="/wiki/Barbed-wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed-wire">barbed-wire</a> fences, which were quickly upgraded to the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. Kennedy acquiesced to the wall, though he sent Vice President Johnson to West Berlin to reaffirm U.S. commitment to the enclave's defense. In the following months, in a sign of rising Cold War tensions, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended a moratorium on nuclear weapon testing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio200685–86-192">[190]</a> A brief stand-off between U.S. and Soviet tanks occurred at <a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_Charlie" title="Checkpoint Charlie">Checkpoint Charlie</a> in October following a dispute over free movement of Allied personnel. The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">crisis</a> was defused largely through a backchannel communication the Kennedy administration had set up with Soviet spy <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Bolshakov" title="Georgi Bolshakov">Georgi Bolshakov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempe2011[httpsarchiveorgdetailsberlin1961kenned0000kemppage478_478–479]-193">[191]</a> In remarks to his aides on the Berlin Wall, Kennedy noted that "it's not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war."<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kennedy%27s_betrayal" title="Kennedy's betrayal">Kennedy's betrayal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_Brigade_2506_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JFK_Brigade_2506_meeting.jpg/220px-JFK_Brigade_2506_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JFK_Brigade_2506_meeting.jpg/330px-JFK_Brigade_2506_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JFK_Brigade_2506_meeting.jpg/440px-JFK_Brigade_2506_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>President Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy greet members of the <a href="/wiki/Brigade_2506" title="Brigade 2506">2506 Cuban Invasion Brigade</a> at Miami's <a href="/wiki/Miami_Orange_Bowl" title="Miami Orange Bowl">Orange Bowl</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> December 29, 1962.</figcaption></figure> The Eisenhower administration had created a plan to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s regime though an invasion of Cuba by a counter-revolutionary insurgency composed of U.S.-trained, anti-Castro <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exiles</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger2002233,_238-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1995-196">[194]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> paramilitary officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199369–73-197">[195]</a> Kennedy had campaigned on a hardline stance against Castro, and when presented with the plan that had been developed under the Eisenhower administration, he enthusiastically adopted it regardless of the risk of inflaming tensions with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-fiftyyearslater-198">[196]</a> Kennedy approved the final invasion plan on April 4, 1961.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> On April 15, 1961, eight CIA-supplied <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">B-26</a> bombers left Nicaragua to bomb Cuban airfields. The bombers missed many of their targets, leaving most of Castro's air force intact.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> On April 17, the 1,500 U.S.-trained Cuban exile invasion force, known as <a href="/wiki/Brigade_2506" title="Brigade 2506">Brigade 2506</a>, landed at beaches along the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs" title="Bay of Pigs">Bay of Pigs</a> and immediately came under heavy fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199371,_673-201">[199]</a> The goal was to spark a widespread popular uprising against Castro, but no such uprising occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201268–69-202">[200]</a> No U.S. air support was provided.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> The invading force was defeated within two days by the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces</a>;<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> 114 were killed and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> After twenty months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for a ransom of $53 million worth of food and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger2002268–294,_838–839-206">[204]</a> The incident made Castro wary of the U.S. and led him to believe that another invasion would take place.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reeves_(American_writer)" title="Richard Reeves (American writer)">Richard Reeves</a> said that Kennedy focused primarily on the political repercussions of the plan rather than military considerations. When it proved unsuccessful, he was convinced that the plan was a setup to make him look bad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199395–97-208">[206]</a> He took responsibility for the failure, saying, "We got a big kick in the leg and we deserved it. But maybe we'll learn something from it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger2002290,_295-209">[207]</a> Kennedy's approval ratings climbed afterwards, helped in part by the vocal support given to him by Nixon and Eisenhower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003370–371-210">[208]</a> He appointed Robert Kennedy to help lead a committee to examine the causes of the failure.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> The Kennedy administration <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">banned all Cuban imports</a> and convinced the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) to expel Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008707–708-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</h4></div> In late 1961, the White House formed the Special Group (Augmented), headed by Robert Kennedy and including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lansdale" title="Edward Lansdale">Edward Lansdale</a>, Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, and others. The group's objective—to overthrow Castro via espionage, sabotage, and other covert tactics—was never pursued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993264-213">[211]</a> In November 1961, he authorized <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eu.usatoday.com-214">[212]</a> In March 1962, Kennedy rejected <a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwoods" title="Operation Northwoods">Operation Northwoods</a>, proposals for <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> attacks against American military and civilian targets,<a href="#cite_note-1962USJCOS-215">[213]</a> and blaming them on the Cuban government to gain approval for a war against Cuba. However, the administration continued to plan for an invasion of Cuba in the summer of 1962.<a href="#cite_note-eu.usatoday.com-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Kennedy_-_signing_Cuba_Quarantine_Proclamation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/President_Kennedy_-_signing_Cuba_Quarantine_Proclamation.jpg/190px-President_Kennedy_-_signing_Cuba_Quarantine_Proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/President_Kennedy_-_signing_Cuba_Quarantine_Proclamation.jpg/285px-President_Kennedy_-_signing_Cuba_Quarantine_Proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/President_Kennedy_-_signing_Cuba_Quarantine_Proclamation.jpg/380px-President_Kennedy_-_signing_Cuba_Quarantine_Proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy signs the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba</a> in the Oval Office; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> October 23, 1962.</figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Khrushchev increased economic and military assistance to Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006203–205-216">[214]</a> The Soviet Union planned to allocate in Cuba 49 <a href="/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile" title="Medium-range ballistic missile">medium-range ballistic missiles</a>, 32 <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">intermediate-range ballistic missiles</a>, 49 light <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">Il-28</a> bombers and about 100 <a href="/wiki/Tactical_nuclear_weapon" title="Tactical nuclear weapon">tactical nuclear weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The Kennedy administration viewed the growing <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Cuba–Soviet Union relations">Cuba-Soviet alliance</a> with alarm, fearing that it could eventually pose a threat to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2012113–114-218">[216]</a> On October 14, 1962, CIA <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a> spy planes <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance#Cold_War" title="Aerial reconnaissance">took photographs</a> of the Soviets' construction of intermediate-range ballistic missile sites in Cuba. The photos were shown to Kennedy on October 16; a consensus was reached that the missiles were offensive in nature and posed an immediate nuclear threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993345-219">[217]</a> Kennedy faced a dilemma: if the U.S. attacked the sites, it might lead to nuclear war with the Soviet Union, but if the U.S. did nothing, it would be faced with the increased threat from close-range nuclear weapons (positioned approximately 90 mi (140 km) away from the Florida coast).<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> The U.S. would also appear to the world as less committed to the defense of the Western Hemisphere. On a personal level, Kennedy needed to show resolve in reaction to Khrushchev, especially after the Vienna summit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993245-221">[219]</a> To deal with the crisis, he formed an ad-hoc body of key advisers, later known as <a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">EXCOMM</a>, that met secretly between October 16 and 28.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006207–208-222">[220]</a> More than a third of <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Security Council">U.S. National Security Council</a> (NSC) members favored an unannounced air assault on the missile sites, but some saw this as "<a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> in reverse."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993387-223">[221]</a> There was some concern from the international community (asked in confidence) that the assault plan was an overreaction given that Eisenhower had placed <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">PGM-19 Jupiter</a> missiles in Italy and Turkey in 1958. It also could not be assured that the assault would be 100% effective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993388-224">[222]</a> In concurrence with a majority vote of the NSC, Kennedy decided on a <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">naval blockade</a> (or "quarantine"). On October 22, after privately informing the cabinet and leading members of Congress about the situation, Kennedy announced the naval blockade on national television and warned that U.S. forces would seize "offensive weapons and associated materiel" that Soviet vessels might attempt to deliver to Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993389-225">[223]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_confers_with_Attorney_General._Attorney_General_Kennedy,_President_Kennedy._White_House,_West_Wing_Collonade._-_NARA_-_194239.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/President_confers_with_Attorney_General._Attorney_General_Kennedy%2C_President_Kennedy._White_House%2C_West_Wing_Collonade._-_NARA_-_194239.jpg/220px-President_confers_with_Attorney_General._Attorney_General_Kennedy%2C_President_Kennedy._White_House%2C_West_Wing_Collonade._-_NARA_-_194239.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/President_confers_with_Attorney_General._Attorney_General_Kennedy%2C_President_Kennedy._White_House%2C_West_Wing_Collonade._-_NARA_-_194239.jpg/330px-President_confers_with_Attorney_General._Attorney_General_Kennedy%2C_President_Kennedy._White_House%2C_West_Wing_Collonade._-_NARA_-_194239.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/President_confers_with_Attorney_General._Attorney_General_Kennedy%2C_President_Kennedy._White_House%2C_West_Wing_Collonade._-_NARA_-_194239.jpg/440px-President_confers_with_Attorney_General._Attorney_General_Kennedy%2C_President_Kennedy._White_House%2C_West_Wing_Collonade._-_NARA_-_194239.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2363" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy confers with Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kennedy">Robert Kennedy</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> October 1962.</figcaption></figure> The U.S. Navy would stop and inspect all Soviet ships arriving off Cuba, beginning October 24. Several Soviet ships approached the blockade line, but they stopped or reversed course.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006220-226">[224]</a> The OAS gave unanimous support to the removal of the missiles. Kennedy exchanged two sets of letters with Khrushchev, to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993390-227">[225]</a> UN Secretary General <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a> requested both parties to reverse their decisions and enter a cooling-off period. Khrushchev agreed, but Kennedy did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993403-228">[226]</a> Kennedy managed to preserve restraint when a Soviet missile unauthorizedly downed a U.S. Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft over Cuba, killing pilot <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Anderson" title="Rudolf Anderson">Rudolf Anderson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> At the president's direction, Robert Kennedy privately informed Soviet Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Anatoly Dobrynin</a> that the U.S. would remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey "within a short time after this crisis was over."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006225–226-230">[228]</a> On October 28, Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile sites, subject to UN inspections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993426-231">[229]</a> The U.S. publicly promised never to invade Cuba and privately agreed to remove its Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey, which were by then obsolete and had been supplanted by submarines equipped with <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">UGM-27 Polaris</a> missiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney2000184–186-232">[230]</a> In the aftermath, a <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a> was established to ensure clear communications between the leaders of the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008723-233">[231]</a> This crisis brought the world closer to nuclear war than at any point before or after, but "the humanity" of Khrushchev and Kennedy prevailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenney2000189-234">[232]</a> The crisis improved the image of American willpower and the president's credibility. Kennedy's approval rating increased from 66% to 77% immediately thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993425-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America_and_communism">Latin America and communism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Latin_America" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy § Latin America</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alliance_for_Progress_in_Venezuela_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alliance_for_Progress_in_Venezuela_1961.jpg/220px-Alliance_for_Progress_in_Venezuela_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alliance_for_Progress_in_Venezuela_1961.jpg/330px-Alliance_for_Progress_in_Venezuela_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alliance_for_Progress_in_Venezuela_1961.jpg/440px-Alliance_for_Progress_in_Venezuela_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy in December 1961 promoting the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a> with Venezuelan President <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Rómulo Betancourt</a></figcaption></figure> Believing that "those who make peaceful revolution impossible, will make violent revolution inevitable,"<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> Kennedy sought to contain the perceived threat of communism in Latin America by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a>, which sent aid to some countries and sought greater <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> standards in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger2002788–789-238">[236]</a> In response to Kennedy's plea, Congress voted for an initial grant of $500 million in May 1961.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> The Alliance for Progress supported the construction of housing, schools, airports, hospitals, clinics and water-purification projects as well as the distribution of free textbooks to students.<a href="#cite_note-auto-240">[238]</a> However, the program did not meet many of its goals. Massive land reform was not achieved; populations more than kept pace with gains in health and welfare; and according to one study, only 2 percent of economic growth in 1960s Latin America directly benefited the poor.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> U.S. presidents after Kennedy were less supportive of the program and by 1973, the permanent committee established to implement the Alliance was disbanded by the OAS.<a href="#cite_note-auto-240">[238]</a> The Eisenhower administration, through the CIA, had begun formulating plans to assassinate Castro in Cuba and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>. When Kennedy took office, he privately instructed the CIA that any plan must include <a href="/wiki/Plausible_deniability" title="Plausible deniability">plausible deniability</a> by the U.S. His public position was in opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993140–142-243">[241]</a> In June 1961, the Dominican Republic's leader was assassinated; in the days following, Undersecretary of State <a href="/wiki/Chester_Bowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Bowles">Chester Bowles</a> led a cautious reaction by the nation. Robert Kennedy, who saw an opportunity for the U.S., called Bowles "a gutless bastard" to his face.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993152-244">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laos">Laos</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></div> After the election, Eisenhower emphasized to Kennedy that the communist threat in Southeast Asia required priority; Eisenhower considered <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> to be "the cork in the bottle" in regards to the regional threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199375-245">[243]</a> In March 1961, Kennedy voiced a change in policy from supporting a "free" Laos to a "neutral" Laos, indicating privately that <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> should be deemed America's tripwire for communism's spread in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199375-245">[243]</a> Though he was unwilling to commit U.S. forces to a major military intervention in Laos, Kennedy did approve <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Laos" title="CIA activities in Laos">CIA activities</a> designed to defeat Communist insurgents through bombing raids and the recruitment of the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1996498-246">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Vietnam" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy § Vietnam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_Conference,_State_Department_Auditorium,_JFKWHP-ST-C100-1-61.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Press_Conference%2C_State_Department_Auditorium%2C_JFKWHP-ST-C100-1-61.jpg/220px-Press_Conference%2C_State_Department_Auditorium%2C_JFKWHP-ST-C100-1-61.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Press_Conference%2C_State_Department_Auditorium%2C_JFKWHP-ST-C100-1-61.jpg/330px-Press_Conference%2C_State_Department_Auditorium%2C_JFKWHP-ST-C100-1-61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Press_Conference%2C_State_Department_Auditorium%2C_JFKWHP-ST-C100-1-61.jpg/440px-Press_Conference%2C_State_Department_Auditorium%2C_JFKWHP-ST-C100-1-61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy speaking in a televised press conference on the situation in Southeast Asia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> March 23, 1961</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_News_Anchor,_Walter_Cronkite,_Interviews_President_John_F._Kennedy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CBS_News_Anchor%2C_Walter_Cronkite%2C_Interviews_President_John_F._Kennedy.jpg/220px-CBS_News_Anchor%2C_Walter_Cronkite%2C_Interviews_President_John_F._Kennedy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CBS_News_Anchor%2C_Walter_Cronkite%2C_Interviews_President_John_F._Kennedy.jpg/330px-CBS_News_Anchor%2C_Walter_Cronkite%2C_Interviews_President_John_F._Kennedy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/CBS_News_Anchor%2C_Walter_Cronkite%2C_Interviews_President_John_F._Kennedy.jpg/440px-CBS_News_Anchor%2C_Walter_Cronkite%2C_Interviews_President_John_F._Kennedy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> of <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> interviewing Kennedy on September 2, 1963, about U.S. involvement in Vietnam</figcaption></figure> During his presidency, Kennedy continued policies that provided political, economic, and military support to the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunniganNofi1999257-247">[245]</a> Vietnam had been divided into a communist North Vietnam and a non-communist South Vietnam after the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a>, but Kennedy escalated American involvement in Vietnam in 1961 by financing the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">South Vietnam army</a>, increasing the number of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Military_advisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Military advisors">military advisors</a> above the levels of the Eisenhower administration, and authorizing U.S. helicopter units to provide support to South Vietnamese forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006256–261-248">[246]</a> On January 18, 1962, Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) – "Subversive Insurgency (War of Liberation)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993281-249">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand" title="Operation Ranch Hand">Operation Ranch Hand</a>, a large-scale aerial defoliation effort using the herbicide <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>, began on the roadsides of South Vietnam to combat <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla defendants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993259-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Though Kennedy provided support for South Vietnam throughout his tenure, Vietnam remained a secondary issue for the Kennedy administration until 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006256–257-252">[250]</a> On September 2, Kennedy declared in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> of <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS</a>: <blockquote>In the final analysis, it is their war. They are the ones who have to win it or lose it. We can help them, we can give them equipment, we can send our men out there as advisers, but they have to win it, the people of Vietnam, against the Communists... But I don't agree with those who say we should withdraw. That would be a great mistake... [The United States] made this effort to defend Europe. Now Europe is quite secure. We also have to participate—we may not like it—in the defense of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a></blockquote> Kennedy increasingly soured on the president of South Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>, whose violent <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">crackdown on Buddhist practices</a> galvanized opposition to his leadership. In August 1963, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nolting" title="Frederick Nolting">Frederick Nolting</a> as the U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam. Days after his arrival in South Vietnam, Lodge reported that several South Vietnamese generals sought the assent of the U.S. government to their plan of removing Diem from power. The Kennedy administration was split regarding not just the removal of Diem, but also their assessment of the military situation and the proper U.S. role in the country. After the State Department sent a <a href="/wiki/Cable_243" title="Cable 243">diplomatic cable</a> to Lodge that ordered him to pressure Diem to remove military authority from his brother, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu</a>, or face potential withdrawal of U.S. support and removal from power,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993562–563-255">[253]</a> Kennedy instructed Lodge to offer covert assistance to a coup d'état, excluding assassination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993617-256">[254]</a> On November 1, 1963, a junta of senior military officers executed the <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">coup</a> which led to the <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm">arrest and assassinations of Diem and Nhu</a> on November 2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006262–268-257">[255]</a> By November 1963, there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam, up from Eisenhower's 900 advisors;<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> more than one hundred Americans had been killed in action and no final policy decision was made.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2011393–394-261">[259]</a> In the aftermath of the aborted coup in September 1963, the Kennedy administration reevaluated its policies in South Vietnam. Kennedy rejected the full-scale deployment of ground soldiers but also the total withdrawal of U.S. forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006265–266-262">[260]</a> Historians disagree on whether the U.S. military presence in Vietnam would have escalated had Kennedy survived and been re-elected in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> Fueling the debate are statements made by Secretary of Defense McNamara in the 2003 documentary film <a href="/wiki/The_Fog_of_War" title="The Fog of War">The Fog of War</a> that Kennedy was strongly considering pulling out of Vietnam after the 1964 election,<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> and comments made by Kennedy administration <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> and speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Ted Sorensen</a> in a 2008 memoir suggesting that Kennedy was undecided about what policy direction to take.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews2011393–394-261">[259]</a> On October 11, 1963, Kennedy signed <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Action_Memorandum_263" title="National Security Action Memorandum 263">NSAM 263</a> ordering the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year following the third recommendation of the <a href="/wiki/McNamara%E2%80%93Taylor_mission" title="McNamara–Taylor mission">McNamara–Taylor mission</a> report, which concluded that the training program for the South Vietnamese military had sufficiently progressed to justify the withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-NSAM_263-266">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003680-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-Taylor-268">[266]</a> However, NSAM 263 also approved the first recommendation of the report to continue providing support to South Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism and until the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> was suppressed, while the third recommendation suggested that even if the majority of the U.S. military objective was completed by the end of 1965 that continued presence of U.S. training personnel in more limited numbers could be necessary if the insurgency was not suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-Taylor-268">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Berlin_speech">West Berlin speech</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKBerlinSpeech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JFKBerlinSpeech.jpg/220px-JFKBerlinSpeech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/JFKBerlinSpeech.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy delivering his speech in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> In 1963, Germany was enduring a time of particular vulnerability due to Soviet aggression to the east as well as the impending retirement of West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Adenauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenauer">Adenauer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993534-271">[269]</a> At the same time, French President Charles de Gaulle was trying to build a Franco-West German counterweight to the American and Soviet spheres of influence.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> To Kennedy's eyes, this Franco-German cooperation seemed directed against <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s influence in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> To reinforce the U.S. alliance with West Germany, Kennedy travelled to West Germany and West Berlin in June 1963. On June 26, Kennedy toured West Berlin, culminating in a public speech at the city hall in front of hundreds of thousands of enthusiastic Berliners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaum2008125–163-276">[274]</a> He reiterated the American commitment to Germany and criticized communism and was met with an ecstatic response from the massive audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003624-277">[275]</a> Kennedy used the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of communism: "Freedom has many difficulties, and democracy is not perfect. But we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us." The speech is known for its famous phrase "<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>" ("I am a Berliner").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaum2008147–156-278">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Middle_East" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy § Middle East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_with_Shah_of_Iran,_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kennedy_with_Shah_of_Iran%2C_1961.jpg/220px-Kennedy_with_Shah_of_Iran%2C_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kennedy_with_Shah_of_Iran%2C_1961.jpg/330px-Kennedy_with_Shah_of_Iran%2C_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kennedy_with_Shah_of_Iran%2C_1961.jpg/440px-Kennedy_with_Shah_of_Iran%2C_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> of Iran, Kennedy, and U.S. Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Room_(White_House)" title="Cabinet Room (White House)">White House Cabinet Room</a> on April 13, 1962</figcaption></figure> Kennedy ended the arms embargo that the Truman and Eisenhower administrations had enforced on <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in favor of increased security ties, becoming the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">U.S.-Israeli military alliance</a>. Describing the protection of Israel as a moral and national commitment, he was the first to introduce the concept of a 'special relationship' between the U.S. and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> In 1962, the Kennedy administration sold Israel a major weapon system, the <a href="/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk" title="MIM-23 Hawk">Hawk antiaircraft missile</a>. Historians differ as to whether Kennedy pursued security ties with Israel primarily to shore up support with Jewish-American voters, or because of his admiration of the Jewish state.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> In December 1961, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a>'s Iraqi government passed Public Law 80, which restricted the partially American-controlled <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a> (IPC)'s <a href="/wiki/Concessionary_holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Concessionary holding">concessionary holding</a> to those areas in which oil was actually being produced (namely, the fields at <a href="/wiki/Az_Zubair" class="mw-redirect" title="Az Zubair">Az Zubair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>), effectively expropriating 99.5% of the IPC concession. British and U.S. officials demanded that the Kennedy administration place pressure on the Qasim regime.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> In April 1962, the State Department issued new guidelines on Iraq that were intended to increase American influence. Meanwhile, Kennedy instructed the CIA—under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Bulloch_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr.">Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr.</a>—to begin making preparations for a military coup against Qasim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson201543–45-282">[280]</a> The anti-imperialist and anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Ba%27ath_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Ba'ath Party">Iraqi Ba'ath Party</a> overthrew and executed Qasim in <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">a violent coup</a> on February 8, 1963. Despite persistent rumors that the CIA orchestrated the coup, declassified documents and the testimony of former CIA officers indicate that there was no direct American involvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson201545,_57–58-283">[281]</a> The Kennedy administration was pleased with the outcome and ultimately approved a $55-million arms deal for Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson201560–61,_80-284">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President%27s_Trip_to_Europe-_Motorcade_in_Cork._President_Kennedy,_motorcade,_spectators._Cork,_Ireland_-_NARA_-_194227.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/President%27s_Trip_to_Europe-_Motorcade_in_Cork._President_Kennedy%2C_motorcade%2C_spectators._Cork%2C_Ireland_-_NARA_-_194227.jpg/220px-President%27s_Trip_to_Europe-_Motorcade_in_Cork._President_Kennedy%2C_motorcade%2C_spectators._Cork%2C_Ireland_-_NARA_-_194227.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/President%27s_Trip_to_Europe-_Motorcade_in_Cork._President_Kennedy%2C_motorcade%2C_spectators._Cork%2C_Ireland_-_NARA_-_194227.jpg/330px-President%27s_Trip_to_Europe-_Motorcade_in_Cork._President_Kennedy%2C_motorcade%2C_spectators._Cork%2C_Ireland_-_NARA_-_194227.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/President%27s_Trip_to_Europe-_Motorcade_in_Cork._President_Kennedy%2C_motorcade%2C_spectators._Cork%2C_Ireland_-_NARA_-_194227.jpg/440px-President%27s_Trip_to_Europe-_Motorcade_in_Cork._President_Kennedy%2C_motorcade%2C_spectators._Cork%2C_Ireland_-_NARA_-_194227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy's motorcade through <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, Ireland on June 28, 1963</figcaption></figure> During his four-day visit to his ancestral home of Ireland beginning on June 26, 1963,<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> Kennedy accepted a grant of <a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">armorial bearings</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Herald_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Herald of Ireland">Chief Herald of Ireland</a>, received honorary degrees from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, attended a State Dinner in Dublin, and was conferred with the freedom of the towns and cities of Wexford, Cork, Dublin, Galway, and Limerick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorensen1966656-286">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-homecoming-287">[285]</a> He visited the cottage at Dunganstown, near <a href="/wiki/New_Ross" title="New Ross">New Ross</a>, County Wexford, where his ancestors had lived before emigrating to America.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_1963-288">[286]</a> Kennedy was the first foreign leader to address the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Houses of the Oireachtas</a>, the Irish parliament.<a href="#cite_note-homecoming-287">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> Kennedy later told aides that the trip was the best four days of his life.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_University_speech">American University speech</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Jfk_American_University_4654_06-10-63.ogg" title="File:Jfk American University 4654 06-10-63.ogg">World Peace Speech</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1607" data-mwtitle="Jfk_American_University_4654_06-10-63.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Jfk_American_University_4654_06-10-63.ogg/Jfk_American_University_4654_06-10-63.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Jfk_American_University_4654_06-10-63.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Speech from <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a> by John F. Kennedy, June 10, 1963 (duration 26:47)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> On June 10, 1963, Kennedy, at the high point of his rhetorical powers,<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> delivered the <a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">commencement address at American University</a>. Also known as "A Strategy of Peace", not only did Kennedy outline a plan to curb nuclear arms, but he also "laid out a hopeful, yet realistic route for world peace at a time when the U.S. and Soviet Union faced the potential for an escalating <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a>."<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> Kennedy also announced that the Soviets had expressed a desire to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty, and that the U.S. had postponed planned atmospheric tests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993514-294">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty">Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Kennedy_signs_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty,_07_October_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/President_Kennedy_signs_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty%2C_07_October_1963.jpg/220px-President_Kennedy_signs_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty%2C_07_October_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/President_Kennedy_signs_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty%2C_07_October_1963.jpg/330px-President_Kennedy_signs_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty%2C_07_October_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/President_Kennedy_signs_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty%2C_07_October_1963.jpg/440px-President_Kennedy_signs_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty%2C_07_October_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy signs the <a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a>, a major milestone in early <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>, on October 7, 1963.</figcaption></figure> Troubled by the long-term dangers of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>, Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty, originally conceived in Adlai Stevenson's 1956 presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993552-295">[293]</a> In their Vienna summit meeting in June 1961, Khrushchev and Kennedy reached an informal understanding against nuclear testing, but the Soviet Union began testing nuclear weapons that September. In response, the United States conducted tests five days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993227-296">[294]</a> Shortly afterwards, new U.S. satellites began delivering images that made it clear that the Soviets were substantially behind the U.S. in the arms race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993229-297">[295]</a> Nevertheless, the greater nuclear strength of the U.S. was of little value as long as the Soviet Union perceived itself to be at parity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993243-298">[296]</a> In July 1963, Kennedy sent <a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> to Moscow to negotiate a treaty with the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993542-299">[297]</a> The introductory sessions included Khrushchev, who later delegated Soviet representation to <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a>. It quickly became clear that a comprehensive test ban would not be implemented, due largely to the reluctance of the Soviets to allow inspections to verify compliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993548-300">[298]</a> Ultimately, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union were the initial signatories to a limited treaty, which prohibited atomic testing on the ground, in the atmosphere, or underwater, but not underground. The U.S. Senate approved the treaty on September 23, 1963, and Kennedy signed it on October 7, 1963.<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> France was quick to declare that it was free to continue developing and testing its nuclear defenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993550-302">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Frontier">New Frontier</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Signing-_Manpower_Development_and_Training_Act_of_1962._President_Kennedy,_Secretary_of_Labor_Arthur_Goldberg..._-_NARA_-_194205.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bill_Signing-_Manpower_Development_and_Training_Act_of_1962._President_Kennedy%2C_Secretary_of_Labor_Arthur_Goldberg..._-_NARA_-_194205.jpg/200px-Bill_Signing-_Manpower_Development_and_Training_Act_of_1962._President_Kennedy%2C_Secretary_of_Labor_Arthur_Goldberg..._-_NARA_-_194205.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bill_Signing-_Manpower_Development_and_Training_Act_of_1962._President_Kennedy%2C_Secretary_of_Labor_Arthur_Goldberg..._-_NARA_-_194205.jpg/300px-Bill_Signing-_Manpower_Development_and_Training_Act_of_1962._President_Kennedy%2C_Secretary_of_Labor_Arthur_Goldberg..._-_NARA_-_194205.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bill_Signing-_Manpower_Development_and_Training_Act_of_1962._President_Kennedy%2C_Secretary_of_Labor_Arthur_Goldberg..._-_NARA_-_194205.jpg/400px-Bill_Signing-_Manpower_Development_and_Training_Act_of_1962._President_Kennedy%2C_Secretary_of_Labor_Arthur_Goldberg..._-_NARA_-_194205.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy signing the <a href="/wiki/New_Frontier#Unemployment" title="New Frontier">Manpower Development and Training Act</a>, March 15, 1962</figcaption></figure> Kennedy called his domestic proposals the "<a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201263–65-303">[301]</a> However, Kennedy's small margin of victory in the 1960 election, his lack of deep connections to influential members of Congress, and his administration's focus on foreign policy hindered the passage of New Frontier policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio200640–41,_100-304">[302]</a> In 1961, Kennedy prioritized passing five bills: federal assistance for education, medical insurance for the elderly, housing legislation, federal aid to struggling areas, and an increase in the federal minimum wage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio200699-305">[303]</a> Kennedy's bill to increase the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">federal minimum wage</a> to $1.25 an hour passed in early 1961, but an amendment inserted by conservative leader from Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Carl Vinson</a>, exempted laundry workers from the law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006102–103-306">[304]</a> Kennedy also won passage of the <a href="/wiki/Area_Redevelopment_Administration" title="Area Redevelopment Administration">Area Redevelopment Act</a> and the Housing Act of 1961. The Area Redevelopment Act, a $394 million program, provided federal funding to economically struggling regions (primarily in <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>), while the Housing Act of 1961 provided funds for <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public housing</a> and authorized federal <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loans">mortgage loans</a> to those who did not qualify for public housing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006105–106-307">[305]</a> Kennedy proposed a bill providing for $2.3 billion in federal educational aid to the states, with more money going to states with lower <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a>. Though the Senate passed the education bill, it was defeated in the House by a coalition of Republicans, Southern Democrats, and Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006103–104-308">[306]</a> Kennedy's health insurance bill, which would have paid for hospitalization and nursing costs for the elderly, failed to pass either house of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006104–105-309">[307]</a> A bill that would have established the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Urban Affairs and Housing</a> was also defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006106–107-310">[308]</a> In 1962, Kennedy won approval of the <a href="/wiki/Manpower_Development_and_Training_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Manpower Development and Training Act">Manpower Development and Training Act</a>, a three-year program aimed at retraining workers displaced by new technology. Its impact on <a href="/wiki/Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">structural unemployment</a>, however, was minimal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006105–106-307">[305]</a> At the urging of his sister <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice</a>, Kennedy made <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual disabilities">intellectual disabilities</a> a priority for his administration. In 1963, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a>, which provided funding to local mental health community centers and research facilities.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> Trade policy included both domestic and foreign policy. The 1962 <a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a> passed Congress by wide majorities. It authorized the president to negotiate tariff reductions on a reciprocal basis of up to 50 percent with the <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Common Market">European Common Market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006107–109-312">[310]</a> The legislation paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a> of <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> negotiations, concluding on June 30, 1967, the last day before expiration of the Act.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxes">Taxes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Taxes_and_the_Treasury" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy § Taxes and the Treasury</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter Heller</a>, who served as the chairman of the CEA, advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a>-style tax cut designed to help spur economic growth, and Kennedy adopted this policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1996464–465-314">[312]</a> The idea was that a tax cut would stimulate consumer demand, which in turn would lead to higher economic growth, lower unemployment, and increased federal revenues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006125-315">[313]</a> To the disappointment of liberals like <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a>, Kennedy's embrace of the tax cut shifted his administration's focus away from the proposed old-age health insurance program and other domestic expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006136–137-316">[314]</a> In January 1963, Kennedy proposed a tax cut that would reduce the top marginal tax rate from 91 to 65 percent, and lower the corporate tax rate from 52 to 47 percent. The predictions according to the Keynesian model indicated the cuts would decrease income taxes by about $10 billion and corporate taxes by about $3.5 billion. The plan included reforms designed to reduce the impact of <a href="/wiki/Itemized_deduction" title="Itemized deduction">itemized deductions</a>, as well as provisions to help the elderly and handicapped. Republicans and many Southern Democrats opposed the bill, calling for simultaneous reductions in expenditures, but debate continued throughout 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006139–141-317">[315]</a> Three months after Kennedy died, Johnson pushed the plan through Congress. The <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964" title="Revenue Act of 1964">Revenue Act of 1964</a> lowered the top individual rate to 70 percent, and the top corporate rate to 48 percent.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1960%E2%80%931961" title="Recession of 1960–1961">Recession of 1960–1961</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Slide_of_1962" title="Kennedy Slide of 1962">Kennedy Slide of 1962</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_delivers_State_of_the_Union_Address,_14_January_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JFK_delivers_State_of_the_Union_Address%2C_14_January_1963.jpg/220px-JFK_delivers_State_of_the_Union_Address%2C_14_January_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JFK_delivers_State_of_the_Union_Address%2C_14_January_1963.jpg/330px-JFK_delivers_State_of_the_Union_Address%2C_14_January_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/JFK_delivers_State_of_the_Union_Address%2C_14_January_1963.jpg/440px-JFK_delivers_State_of_the_Union_Address%2C_14_January_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>President Kennedy delivers his State of the Union Address; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> January 14, 1963.</figcaption></figure> Kennedy ended a period of tight fiscal policies, loosening monetary policy to keep <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a> down and to encourage growth of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrum2000293-319">[317]</a> He presided over the first government budget to top the $100 billion mark, in 1962, and his first budget in 1961 resulted in the nation's first non-war, non-recession <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrum2000324-320">[318]</a> The economy, which had been through two recessions in three years and was in one when Kennedy took office, accelerated notably throughout his administration. Despite low <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and interest rates, the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> had grown by an average of only 2.2% per annum during the Eisenhower administration (scarcely more than population growth at the time), and it had declined by 1% during Eisenhower's last twelve months in office.<a href="#cite_note-Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis-321">[319]</a> The economy turned around and prospered during Kennedy's presidency. The GDP expanded by an average of 5.5% from early 1961 to late 1963,<a href="#cite_note-Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis-321">[319]</a> while inflation remained steady at around 1% and unemployment eased.<a href="#cite_note-GDP_1913_to_2002-322">[320]</a> Industrial production rose by 15% and motor vehicle sales increased by 40%.<a href="#cite_note-Statistical_Abstract_1964-323">[321]</a> This sustained rate of growth in GDP and industry continued until around 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis-321">[319]</a> Kennedy was proud that his Labor Department helped keep wages steady in the steel industry, but was outraged in April 1962 when <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blough" title="Roger Blough">Roger Blough</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>, quietly informed Kennedy that his company would raise prices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet1983238-324">[322]</a> In response, Attorney General Robert Kennedy began a <a href="/wiki/Price-fixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Price-fixing">price-fixing</a> investigation against U.S. Steel, and President Kennedy convinced other steel companies to rescind their price increases until finally even U.S. Steel, isolated and in danger of being undersold, agreed to rescind its own price increase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006130–134-325">[323]</a> An editorial in The New York Times praised Kennedy's actions and stated that the steel industry's price increase "imperil[ed] the economic welfare of the country by inviting a tidal wave of inflation."<a href="#cite_note-NY_Times_1962-326">[324]</a> Nevertheless, the administration's Bureau of Budget reported the price increase would have caused a net gain for the GDP as well as a net budget surplus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993300-327">[325]</a> The stock market, which had steadily declined since Kennedy's election in 1960, dropped 10% shortly after the administration's action on the steel industry took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993318–320-328">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_rights_movement">Civil rights movement</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Civil_rights" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy § Civil rights</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thurgood_Marshall_1957-09-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Thurgood_Marshall_1957-09-17.jpg/170px-Thurgood_Marshall_1957-09-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Thurgood_Marshall_1957-09-17.jpg/255px-Thurgood_Marshall_1957-09-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Thurgood_Marshall_1957-09-17.jpg/340px-Thurgood_Marshall_1957-09-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="5040" /></a><figcaption>In May 1961, Kennedy appointed <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals</a>.</figcaption></figure> Kennedy verbally supported <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> during his 1960 presidential campaign; he telephoned <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, who had been jailed while trying to integrate a department store lunch counter. Robert Kennedy called Georgia Governor <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Vandiver" title="Ernest Vandiver">Ernest Vandiver</a> and obtained King's release from prison, which drew additional Black support to his brother's candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003292–293-329">[327]</a> Recognizing that conservative Southern Democrats could block legislation, Kennedy did not introduce civil rights legislation on taking office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002487-330">[328]</a> He needed their support to pass his economic and foreign policy agendas, and to support his reelection in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> Kennedy did appoint many Blacks to office, including civil rights attorney <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002490-332">[330]</a> Kennedy believed the grassroots movement for civil rights would anger many Southern Whites and make it more difficult to pass civil rights laws in Congress, and he distanced himself from it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2006a60,_66-333">[331]</a> As articulated by Robert Kennedy, the administration's early priority was to "keep the president out of this civil rights mess."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993126-334">[332]</a> Civil rights movement participants, mainly those on the front line in the South, viewed Kennedy as lukewarm,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002490-332">[330]</a> especially concerning the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a>. In May 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a>, organized integrated Freedom Rides to test a Supreme Court case ruling that declared segregation on interstate transportation illegal.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> The Riders were repeatedly met with mob violence, including by federal and state law enforcement officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002490-332">[330]</a> Kennedy assigned <a href="/wiki/Federal_marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal marshal">federal marshals</a> to protect the Riders rather than using federal troops or uncooperative FBI agents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002490-332">[330]</a> Kennedy feared sending federal troops would stir up "hated memories of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>" among conservative Southern whites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002490-332">[330]</a> The Justice Department then petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> (ICC) to adhere to federal law. By September 1961, the ICC ruled in favor of the petition.<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> On March 6, 1961, Kennedy signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Executive Order 10925</a>, which required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> It established the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission#Background" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson1996473–475-338">[336]</a> In September 1962, <a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a> enrolled at the all-White <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a> but was prevented from entering. In response, Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent 400 federal marshals.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Ole Miss riot of 1962</a> left two dead and dozens injured, prompting Kennedy to send in 3,000 troops to quell the riot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2006a71-340">[338]</a> Meredith did finally enroll in class. Kennedy regretted not sending in troops earlier and he began to doubt whether the "evils of Reconstruction" he had been taught or believed were true.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002490-332">[330]</a> On November 20, 1962, Kennedy signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Executive Order 11063</a>, which prohibited racial discrimination in federally supported housing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003580-341">[339]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights,_11_June_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg/220px-President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg/330px-President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg/440px-President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights%2C_11_June_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="2923" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy's <a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> June 11, 1963</figcaption></figure> On June 11, 1963, Kennedy intervened when Alabama Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> blocked the <a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">doorway</a> to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a> to stop two Black students, <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivian Malone">Vivian Malone</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a>, from attending. Wallace moved aside only after being confronted by Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Nicholas Katzenbach</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_National_Guard" title="Alabama National Guard">Alabama National Guard</a>, which had just been federalized by order of the president. That evening Kennedy gave his famous <a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a> speech on national television and radio, launching his initiative for civil rights legislation—to provide equal access to public schools and other facilities, and greater protection of voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993521–523-342">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> His proposals became part of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>. The day ended with the murder of an NAACP leader, <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a>, in Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger2002966-344">[342]</a> As Kennedy had predicted, the day after his TV speech, and in reaction to it, House Majority leader <a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Carl Albert</a> called to advise him that his two-year signature effort in Congress to combat poverty in Appalachia had been defeated, primarily by the votes of Southern Democrats and Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993524-345">[343]</a> When Arthur Schlesinger Jr. complimented Kennedy on his remarks, Kennedy bitterly replied, "Yes, and look at what happened to area development the very next day in the House." He then added, "But of course, I had to give that speech, and I'm glad that I did."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2016357-346">[344]</a> On June 16, The New York Times published an editorial which argued that while Kennedy had initially "moved too slowly and with little evidence of deep moral commitment" in regards to civil rights he "now demonstrate[d] a genuine sense of urgency about eradicating racial discrimination from our national life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoduti2012206-347">[345]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg/220px-John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg/330px-John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg/440px-John_F._Kennedy_and_Lyndon_B._Johnson_Meet_with_Organizers_of_%22March_on_Washington%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy meetings with leaders of the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a> in the Oval Office, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> August 28, 1963</figcaption></figure> A crowd of over 250,000, predominantly African Americans, gathered in Washington for the civil rights <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> on August 28, 1963. Kennedy initially opposed the march, fearing it would have a negative effect on the prospects for the civil rights bills pending in Congress. These fears were heightened just prior to the march when FBI Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> presented Kennedy with reports that some of King's close advisers, specifically <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a>, were communists.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> When King ignored the administration's warning, Robert Kennedy authorized the FBI to <a href="/wiki/Wiretap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretap">wiretap</a> King and other leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372-350">[348]</a> Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerst2007372–374-351">[349]</a> The Department of Justice was assigned to coordinate the federal government's involvement in the March on Washington on August 28; several hundred thousand dollars to were channeled to the six sponsors of the March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993580–584-352">[350]</a> To ensure a peaceful demonstration, the organizers and the president personally edited speeches that were inflammatory and collaborated on all aspects related to times and venues. Thousands of troops were placed on standby. Kennedy watched King's speech on TV and was very impressed. The March was considered a "triumph of managed protest," and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred. Afterwards, the March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with Kennedy and photos were taken. Kennedy felt that the March was a victory for him as well and bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993580–584-352">[350]</a> Three weeks later on Sunday, September 15, <a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">a bomb exploded</a> at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham; by the end of the day, four Black children had died in the explosion, and two others were shot to death in the aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993599–600-353">[351]</a> Due to this resurgent violence, the civil rights legislation underwent some drastic amendments that critically endangered any prospects for passage of the bill, to the outrage of Kennedy. He called the congressional leaders to the White House and by the following day the original bill, without the additions, had enough votes to get it out of the House committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993628–631-354">[352]</a> Gaining Republican support, Senator <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> promised the legislation would be brought to a vote preventing a <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Senate filibuster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002492-355">[353]</a> On July 2, 1964, the guarantees Kennedy proposed in his June 1963 speech became federal law, when President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002492-355">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Status_of_women">Status of women</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg/220px-American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg/330px-American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg/440px-American_Association_of_University_Women_members_with_President_John_F._Kennedy_as_he_signs_the_Equal_Pay_Act_into_law.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy signing the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act of 1963</a> into law</figcaption></figure> During the 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy endorsed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">equal pay for equal work</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006142-356">[354]</a> In December 1961, Kennedy signed an executive order creating the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Presidential Commission on the Status of Women</a> to advise him on issues concerning the status of women.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt led the commission. The commission's final report was issued in October 1963; it documented the legal and cultural discrimination women in America faced and made several policy recommendations to bring about change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993433-358">[356]</a> On June 10, 1963, Kennedy signed the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act of 1963</a>, which amended the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a> and abolished wage disparity based on sex.<a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crime">Crime</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Crime" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy § Crime</a></div> Under the leadership of the attorney general, the Kennedy administration shifted the focus of the Justice Department, the FBI, and the IRS to <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>. Kennedy won congressional approval for five bills (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Federal_Wire_Act" title="Federal Wire Act">Federal Wire Act</a> of 1961) designed to crack down on interstate <a href="/wiki/Racket_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racket (crime)">racketeering</a>, gambling, and the transportation of firearms.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a> On March 22, 1962, Kennedy signed into law a bill abolishing the mandatory death penalty for <a href="/wiki/First_degree_murder_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First degree murder in the United States">first degree murder</a> in the District of Columbia, the only remaining jurisdiction in the United States with such a penalty.<a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_leg-362">[360]</a> The death penalty has not been applied in D.C. since 1957 and has now been abolished.<a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4></div> Kennedy had relatively little interest in agricultural issues, but he sought to remedy the issue of overproduction, boost the income of farmers, and lower federal expenditures on agriculture. Under the direction of Secretary of Agriculture <a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a>, the administration sought to limit the production of farmers, but these proposals were generally defeated in Congress. To increase demand for domestic agricultural products and help the impoverished, Kennedy launched a pilot <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Food Stamp program</a> and expanded the <a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act" title="National School Lunch Act">federal school lunch program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006109–118-364">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_American_relations">Native American relations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kinzua_Dam#Native_Americans" title="Kinzua Dam">Kinzua Dam § Native Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_nation#Kinzua_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca nation">Seneca nation § Kinzua Dam</a></div> Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Kinzua_Dam" title="Kinzua Dam">Kinzua Dam</a> flooded 10,000 acres (4,000 hectares) of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca nation">Seneca nation</a> land that they had occupied under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canandaigua" title="Treaty of Canandaigua">Treaty of 1794</a>, and forced 600 Seneca to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(town),_New_York" title="Salamanca (town), New York">Salamanca, New York</a>. Kennedy was asked by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> to halt the project, but he declined, citing a critical need for flood control. He expressed concern about the plight of the Seneca and directed government agencies to assist in obtaining more land, damages, and assistance to mitigate their displacement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilharz200255-365">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_letter_1961-366">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_policy">Space policy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Space_policy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy § Space policy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Werner_Von_Braun_and_President_John_F._Kennedy_at_Cape_Canaveral_Missile_Test_Annex_-_1963_-_63PC-0095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Werner_Von_Braun_and_President_John_F._Kennedy_at_Cape_Canaveral_Missile_Test_Annex_-_1963_-_63PC-0095.jpg/220px-Werner_Von_Braun_and_President_John_F._Kennedy_at_Cape_Canaveral_Missile_Test_Annex_-_1963_-_63PC-0095.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Werner_Von_Braun_and_President_John_F._Kennedy_at_Cape_Canaveral_Missile_Test_Annex_-_1963_-_63PC-0095.jpg/330px-Werner_Von_Braun_and_President_John_F._Kennedy_at_Cape_Canaveral_Missile_Test_Annex_-_1963_-_63PC-0095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Werner_Von_Braun_and_President_John_F._Kennedy_at_Cape_Canaveral_Missile_Test_Annex_-_1963_-_63PC-0095.jpg/440px-Werner_Von_Braun_and_President_John_F._Kennedy_at_Cape_Canaveral_Missile_Test_Annex_-_1963_-_63PC-0095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> explains the Saturn system to President Kennedy during his tour at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex</a> on November 16, 1963</figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of the Soviet launch of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, the first artificial Earth satellite, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> proposed a crewed <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">lunar landing</a> by the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006150–151-367">[365]</a> Funding for the program, known as the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, was far from certain as Eisenhower held an ambivalent attitude.<a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a> Early in his presidency, Kennedy was poised to dismantle the crewed space program, but he postponed any decision out of deference to Vice President Johnson, who had been a strong supporter of the program in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993138-369">[367]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a>, Johnson was given a major role in overseeing the administration's space policy, and at Johnson's recommendation Kennedy appointed <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> to head NASA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006151–152-370">[368]</a> In Kennedy's <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address in 1961, he suggested international cooperation in space. Khrushchev declined, as the Soviets did not wish to reveal the status of their rocketry and space capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003502-371">[369]</a> In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003393-372">[370]</a> Less than a month later, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> became the first American to travel into space, strengthening Kennedy's confidence in NASA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006152–153-373">[371]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, aboard the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a> craft <a href="/wiki/Friendship_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship 7">Friendship 7</a>, became the first American to orbit the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a> In the aftermath of Gagarin's flight, as well as the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy felt pressured to respond to the perceived erosion of American prestige. He asked Johnson to explore the feasibility of beating the Soviets to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Though he was concerned about the program's costs, Kennedy agreed to Johnson's recommendation that the U.S. commit to a crewed lunar landing as the major objective of the space program. In a May 25 speech to Congress, Kennedy declared,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006152–153-373">[371]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_at_Congress_1961-375">[373]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special_Message_to_the_Congress_on_Urgent_National_Needs" class="extiw" title="s:Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs">Full text</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource has information on "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs""><img alt="Wikisource has information on "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg/170px-John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg/255px-John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg/340px-John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy speaks at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> on September 12, 1962</figcaption></figure> Though Gallup polling showed that many in the public were skeptical of the necessity of the Apollo program,<a href="#cite_note-376">[374]</a> members of Congress were strongly supportive in 1961 and approved a major increase in NASA's funding. Webb began reorganizing NASA, increasing its staffing level, and building two new centers: a <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Launch Operations Center</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">large Moon rocket</a> northwest of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> in Houston. Kennedy took the latter occasion as an opportunity to deliver another <a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">speech</a> promoting the space effort on September 12, 1962, in which he said: <blockquote> No nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space. ... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_at_Rice_1961-377">[375]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_moon" class="extiw" title="s:We choose to go to the moon">Full text</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource has information on "We choose to go to the moon""><img alt="Wikisource has information on "We choose to go to the moon"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/17px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/22px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></blockquote> On November 21, 1962, in a cabinet meeting with Webb and other officials, Kennedy explained that the Moon shot was important for reasons of international prestige, and that the expense was justified.<a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> On July 20, 1969, almost six years after Kennedy's death, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> landed the first crewed spacecraft on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006153–155-379">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy</a></div> In 1962, Kennedy appointed justices <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a> Additionally, Kennedy appointed 21 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Courts of Appeals">United States Courts of Appeals</a>, and 102 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination</a>.</div> Kennedy was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> at 12:30 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Central_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Standard Time">Central Standard Time</a> on November 22, 1963.<a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a> He was in Texas on a political trip to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Ralph Yarborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Yarborough" title="Don Yarborough">Don Yarborough</a> (no relation) and conservative <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[381]</a> Traveling in a presidential <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcade</a> through <a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a>, he was shot once in the back, the bullet exiting via his throat, and once in the head.<a href="#cite_note-384">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003694-385">[383]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_limousine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JFK_limousine.png/220px-JFK_limousine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JFK_limousine.png/330px-JFK_limousine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JFK_limousine.png/440px-JFK_limousine.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Kennedys and the Connallys in the presidential limousine moments before the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination</a> in Dallas</figcaption></figure> Kennedy was taken to <a href="/wiki/Parkland_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkland Hospital">Parkland Hospital</a>, where he was pronounced dead 30 minutes later, at 1:00 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-386">[384]</a> He was 46 years old. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> was arrested for the murder of police officer <a href="/wiki/J._D._Tippit" title="J. D. Tippit">J. D. Tippit</a> and was subsequently charged with Kennedy's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-387">[385]</a> He denied shooting anyone, claiming he was a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patsy" class="extiw" title="wikt:patsy">patsy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a> and was shot dead by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a> on November 24, before he could be prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-386">[384]</a> Ruby was arrested and convicted for the murder of Oswald. Ruby successfully appealed his conviction but died of cancer on January 3, 1967, while the date for his new trial was being set.<a href="#cite_note-390">[388]</a> President Johnson quickly issued an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>—chaired by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>—to investigate the assassination. The commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in killing Kennedy and that Oswald was not part of any conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002497-391">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003698-392">[390]</a> These conclusions are disputed by many.<a href="#cite_note-Russo-393">[391]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a> in November 2013 showed 61% believed in a conspiracy, and only 30% thought that Oswald did it alone.<a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a> In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations">U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations</a> concluded, with one third of the committee dissenting, "that Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of a <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">conspiracy</a>." The committee was unable to identify the other gunmen or the extent of the conspiracy. This conclusion was based largely on audio recordings of the shooting.<a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a> Subsequently, investigative reports from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> and a specially appointed <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> Committee determined that "reliable acoustic data do not support a conclusion that there was a second gunman."<a href="#cite_note-396">[394]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> concluded "that no persuasive evidence can be identified to support the theory of a conspiracy".<a href="#cite_note-397">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral of John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg/220px-JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg/330px-JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg/440px-JFK%27s_family_leaves_Capitol_after_his_funeral%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2954" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy's family leaving his <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a> at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol Building">U.S. Capitol Building</a></figcaption></figure> Kennedy's body was brought back to Washington. On November 23, six military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin into the <a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room of the White House</a>, where he lay in repose for 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-398">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a> Then, the coffin was carried on a horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">caisson</a> to the Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket,<a href="#cite_note-WhitePage16-400">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[399]</a> with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state.<a href="#cite_note-WhitePage16-400">[398]</a> Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25, at <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Matthew_the_Apostle_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle (Washington, D.C.)">St. Matthew's Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-WhitePage17-402">[400]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem Mass</a> was led by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cushing" title="Richard Cushing">Richard Cushing</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston">Archbishop of Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WhitePage17-402">[400]</a> It was attended by approximately 1,200 guests, including representatives from over 90 countries.<a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[402]</a> After the service, Kennedy was buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life,_family,_and_reputation">Personal life, family, and reputation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward.jpg/220px-ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward.jpg/330px-ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward.jpg/440px-ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="2673" /></a><figcaption>The Kennedy brothers: Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, and President John F. Kennedy in 1963</figcaption></figure> The Kennedy family is one of the most established political families in the United States, having produced a president, three senators, three ambassadors, and multiple other representatives and politicians. While a congressman, Kennedy embarked on a seven-week trip to India, Japan, Vietnam, and Israel in 1951, at which point he became close with his then 25-year-old brother Robert, as well as his 27-year-old sister Patricia. Because they were several years apart in age, the brothers had previously seen little of each other. This 25,000-mile (40,000 km) trip was the first extended time they had spent together and resulted in their becoming best friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199329-406">[404]</a> Robert would eventually serve as his brother's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">attorney general</a> and closest presidential advisor;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199329-406">[404]</a> he would later run for president in <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a> before his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">assassination</a>, while another Kennedy brother, Ted, ran for president in <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>.<a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wife_and_children">Wife and children</h3></div> Kennedy met his wife, <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Bouvier</a>, when he was a congressman. <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bartlett_(journalist)" title="Charles L. Bartlett (journalist)">Charles L. Bartlett</a>, a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party.<a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a> They were married on September 12, 1953, at <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church_Complex_(Newport,_Rhode_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Church Complex (Newport, Rhode Island)">St. Mary's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a> The newlyweds honeymooned in Mexico, before settling in their new home, <a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/McLean,_Virginia" title="McLean, Virginia">McLean, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[409]</a> In 1956, they sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother Robert, and bought a townhouse in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)">Georgetown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201236-413">[411]</a> The Kennedys also resided at an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, their legal residence during John's congressional career,<a href="#cite_note-414">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a> and a summer home in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cod, Massachusetts">Cape Cod, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[414]</a> After a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956 (their daughter Arabella), their daughter <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline</a> was born in 1957. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John Jr.</a>, nicknamed "John-John" by the press as a child, was born in late November 1960, 17 days after his father was elected. John Jr. died in 1999 when the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy,_Jr._plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy, Jr. plane crash">small plane he was piloting crashed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[415]</a> In August 1963, Jackie gave birth to a son, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick</a>. However, he died after two days due to complications from birth.<a href="#cite_note-418">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_image">Popular image</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_and_family_in_Hyannis_Port,_04_August_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/JFK_and_family_in_Hyannis_Port%2C_04_August_1962.jpg/220px-JFK_and_family_in_Hyannis_Port%2C_04_August_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/JFK_and_family_in_Hyannis_Port%2C_04_August_1962.jpg/330px-JFK_and_family_in_Hyannis_Port%2C_04_August_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/JFK_and_family_in_Hyannis_Port%2C_04_August_1962.jpg/440px-JFK_and_family_in_Hyannis_Port%2C_04_August_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>The First Family in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a>, 1962</figcaption></figure> Kennedy and his wife were younger than the presidents and first ladies who preceded them, and both were popular in the <a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">media culture</a> in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of photo spreads in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower had allowed presidential press conferences to be filmed for television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for them to be broadcast <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live</a> and made good use of the medium.<a href="#cite_note-american_chronicle-419">[417]</a> In 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_Digital_News_Association" title="Radio Television Digital News Association">Radio-Television News Directors Association</a> presented Kennedy with its highest honor, the <a href="/wiki/Paul_White_(journalist)" title="Paul White (journalist)">Paul White</a> Award, in recognition of his open relationship with the media.<a href="#cite_note-420">[418]</a> The Kennedys invited a range of artists, writers and intellectuals to White House dinners, raising the profile of the arts in America. On the White House lawn, they established a swimming pool and tree house, while Caroline attended a preschool with 10 other children inside the home.<a href="#cite_note-421">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[420]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Meader" title="Vaughn Meader">Vaughn Meader</a>'s First Family comedy album, which parodied the president, the first lady, their family, and the administration, sold about four million copies.<a href="#cite_note-423">[421]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> Despite a privileged youth, Kennedy was plagued by childhood diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_pox" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken pox">chicken pox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, and ear infections. These ailments compelled him to spend a considerable amount of time <a href="/wiki/Convalescing" class="mw-redirect" title="Convalescing">convalescing</a>. Three months prior to his third birthday, in 1920, Kennedy came down with <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, a highly contagious and life-threatening disease, and was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Hospital" title="Boston City Hospital">Boston City Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200332-424">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-jfklibrary.org-16">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_after_spinal_surgery_cph.3c33052.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_F._Kennedy_after_spinal_surgery_cph.3c33052.jpg/170px-John_F._Kennedy_after_spinal_surgery_cph.3c33052.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_F._Kennedy_after_spinal_surgery_cph.3c33052.jpg/255px-John_F._Kennedy_after_spinal_surgery_cph.3c33052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_F._Kennedy_after_spinal_surgery_cph.3c33052.jpg/340px-John_F._Kennedy_after_spinal_surgery_cph.3c33052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="3528" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy and Jackie leaving the hospital following his spinal surgery, December 1954</figcaption></figure> During his years at Choate, Kennedy was beset by health problems that culminated with his emergency hospitalization in 1934 at <a href="/wiki/Yale_New_Haven_Hospital" title="Yale New Haven Hospital">Yale New Haven Hospital</a>, where doctors suspected leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-Dallek-425">[423]</a> While sick, he became a passionate reader and also a <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews201115-426">[424]</a> In June 1934, he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in Minnesota; the ultimate diagnosis was <a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">colitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dallek-425">[423]</a> After withdrawing from Princeton University, Kennedy was hospitalized for observation at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Brigham and Women's Hospital">Peter Bent Brigham Hospital</a> in Boston. He then spent the spring of 1936 working as a ranch hand outside <a href="/wiki/Benson,_Arizona" title="Benson, Arizona">Benson, Arizona</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jack_Speiden" title="Jack Speiden">Jack Speiden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200342-427">[425]</a> Years after Kennedy's death, it was revealed that in September 1947, when he was 30 and in his first term in Congress, he was diagnosed by Sir Daniel Davis at <a href="/wiki/The_London_Clinic" title="The London Clinic">The London Clinic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_disease" title="Addison's disease">Addison's disease</a>. Davis estimated that Kennedy would not live for another year, while Kennedy hoped he could live for ten.<a href="#cite_note-428">[426]</a> In 1966, White House physician <a href="/wiki/Janet_Travell" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet Travell">Janet Travell</a> revealed that Kennedy also had <a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypothyroidism</a>. The presence of two <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">endocrine diseases</a> raises the possibility that Kennedy had <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_2" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2">autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mandel,_Lee_R._2009_350–354-429">[427]</a> Kennedy suffered from chronic severe back pain, for which he had surgery. His condition may have had diplomatic repercussions, as he appears to have been taking a combination of drugs to treat back pain during the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Summit">Vienna Summit</a>. The combination included hormones, animal organ cells, steroids, vitamins, enzymes, and amphetamines, and possible side effects included hyperactivity, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, impaired judgment, nervousness, and mood swings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKempe2011213-430">[428]</a> Kennedy at one time was regularly seen by three doctors, one of whom, <a href="/wiki/Max_Jacobson" title="Max Jacobson">Max Jacobson</a>, at first was unknown to the other two, as his mode of treatment was controversial<a href="#cite_note-431">[429]</a> and used for the most severe bouts of back pain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199342,_158–159-432">[430]</a> Into late 1961, disagreements existed among Kennedy's doctors concerning the balance of medication and exercise. Kennedy preferred the former because he was short on time and desired immediate relief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993243-298">[296]</a> The president's primary White House physician, <a href="/wiki/George_G._Burkley" title="George G. Burkley">George G. Burkley</a>, set up gym equipment in the White House basement, where Kennedy did stretching exercises thrice weekly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993244-433">[431]</a> Details of these and other medical problems were not publicly disclosed during Kennedy's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-434">[432]</a> Burkley realized that treatments by Jacobson and Travell, including excessive use of steroids and amphetamines, were medically inappropriate, and took action to remove Kennedy from their care.<a href="#cite_note-jfkwhmd-435">[433]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?176034-1/an-unfinished-life-john-f-kennedy-1917-1963">Presentation by Robert Dallek on An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963, May 20, 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Robert Dallek</a> wrote an extensive history of Kennedy's health based on a collection of Kennedy-associated papers from 1955 to 1963, including X-rays and prescription records from Travell. According to Travell's records, during his presidential years Kennedy suffered from high fevers; stomach, colon, and prostate issues; abscesses; high cholesterol; and adrenal problems. Travell kept a "Medicine Administration Record", cataloging Kennedy's medications: <blockquote>injected and ingested corticosteroids for his adrenal insufficiency; procaine shots and ultrasound treatments and hot packs for his back; Lomotil, Metamucil, paregoric, phenobarbital, testosterone, and trasentine to control his diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and weight loss; penicillin and other antibiotics for his urinary-tract infections and an abscess; and <a href="/wiki/Tuinal" title="Tuinal">Tuinal</a> to help him sleep.<a href="#cite_note-Dallek-425">[423]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affairs_and_friendships">Affairs and friendships</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_and_Marilyn_Monroe_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/JFK_and_Marilyn_Monroe_1962.jpg/220px-JFK_and_Marilyn_Monroe_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/JFK_and_Marilyn_Monroe_1962.jpg/330px-JFK_and_Marilyn_Monroe_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/JFK_and_Marilyn_Monroe_1962.jpg/440px-JFK_and_Marilyn_Monroe_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>, and John F. Kennedy talk during the president's May 19, 1962, early birthday party, where Monroe publicly serenaded Kennedy with "<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</figcaption></figure> Kennedy was single in the 1940s while having relationships with Danish journalist <a href="/wiki/Inga_Arvad" title="Inga Arvad">Inga Arvad</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200383–85-436">[434]</a> and actress <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tierney" title="Gene Tierney">Gene Tierney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne2006195-437">[435]</a> During his time as a senator, he had an affair with <a href="/wiki/Gunilla_von_Post" title="Gunilla von Post">Gunilla von Post</a>, who later wrote that the future president tried to end his marriage to be with her before having any children with his wife.<a href="#cite_note-438">[436]</a> Kennedy was also reported to have had affairs with <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993315–316-439">[437]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Exner" title="Judith Exner">Judith Campbell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993289-440">[438]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pinchot_Meyer" title="Mary Pinchot Meyer">Mary Pinchot Meyer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003475-441">[439]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200358-31">[30]</a> White House intern <a href="/wiki/Mimi_Alford" title="Mimi Alford">Mimi Alford</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_garrow-442">[440]</a> and his wife's <a href="/wiki/Press_secretary" title="Press secretary">press secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Turnure" title="Pamela Turnure">Pamela Turnure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003475,_476-443">[441]</a> There have been several conspiracy theories surrounding the death of Monroe, alleging that Kennedy may have had a part in her death.<a href="#cite_note-444">[442]</a> The full extent of Kennedy's relationship with Monroe (who in 1962 famously sang "<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>" at Kennedy's birthday celebration at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)" title="Madison Square Garden (1925)">Madison Square Garden</a>) is not known, though it has been reported that they spent a weekend together in March 1962 while he was staying at <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>'s house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaming2006379–380-445">[443]</a> Furthermore, people at the White House switchboard noted that Monroe had called Kennedy during 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003581-446">[444]</a> J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI director, received reports about Kennedy's indiscretions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003376-447">[445]</a> These included an alleged tryst with an <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> spy, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Rometsch" title="Ellen Rometsch">Ellen Rometsch</a>. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a>, in July 1963, Hoover reportedly informed Robert Kennedy about the affair with a woman "suspected as a Soviet intelligence agent, someone linked to East German intelligence." Robert reportedly took the matter sufficiently seriously to raise it with leading Democratic and Republican figures in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-448">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[447]</a> Former Secret Service agent Larry Newman recalled "morale problems" that the president's indiscretions engendered within the Secret Service.<a href="#cite_note-450">[448]</a> Kennedy inspired affection and loyalty from the members of his team and his supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2007116-451">[449]</a> According to Reeves, this included "the logistics of Kennedy's liaisons ... [which] required secrecy and devotion rare in the annals of the energetic service demanded by successful politicians."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1993291-452">[450]</a> Kennedy believed that his friendly relationship with members of the press would help protect him from public revelations about his sex life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003478-453">[451]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_with_the_Boston_Celtics_(01)_(A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/President_John_F._Kennedy_with_the_Boston_Celtics_%2801%29_%28A%29.jpg/220px-President_John_F._Kennedy_with_the_Boston_Celtics_%2801%29_%28A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/President_John_F._Kennedy_with_the_Boston_Celtics_%2801%29_%28A%29.jpg/330px-President_John_F._Kennedy_with_the_Boston_Celtics_%2801%29_%28A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/President_John_F._Kennedy_with_the_Boston_Celtics_%2801%29_%28A%29.jpg/440px-President_John_F._Kennedy_with_the_Boston_Celtics_%2801%29_%28A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>President John F. Kennedy with the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a>, January 1963</figcaption></figure> Kennedy was a fan of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shaping_Up_America:_JFK,_Sports_and-454">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[453]</a> Growing up on Cape Cod, Kennedy and his siblings developed a lifelong passion for <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[454]</a> He also took up <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>; playing regularly at the <a href="/wiki/Hyannisport_Club" title="Hyannisport Club">Hyannisport Club</a> in Massachusetts and the Palm Beach Country Club in Florida.<a href="#cite_note-Shaping_Up_America:_JFK,_Sports_and-454">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[455]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign#Religion" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign § Religion</a></div> Kennedy was the first <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> elected to the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-458">[456]</a> During his childhood, he attended <a href="/wiki/St._Aidan%27s_Church_(Brookline,_Massachusetts)" title="St. Aidan's Church (Brookline, Massachusetts)">St. Aidan's Church</a> in Brookline, Massachusetts, where he was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> on June 19, 1917.<a href="#cite_note-459">[457]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_evaluations_and_legacy">Historical evaluations and legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_library_Stitch_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/JFK_library_Stitch_Crop.jpg/260px-JFK_library_Stitch_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/JFK_library_Stitch_Crop.jpg/390px-JFK_library_Stitch_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/JFK_library_Stitch_Crop.jpg/520px-JFK_library_Stitch_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidency">Presidency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy#Historical_reputation" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy § Historical reputation</a></div> Historians and political scientists tend to <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Scholar_survey_summary" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank</a> Kennedy as an above-average president, and he is usually the highest-ranking president who served less than one full term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2006308–309-460">[458]</a> A 2014 survey from <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> of 162 members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Kennedy 14th highest overall among the 43 persons who have been president, including then-president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. The survey found Kennedy to be the most overrated U.S. president.<a href="#cite_note-461">[459]</a> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> survey has Kennedy ranked among the top ten presidents.<a href="#cite_note-462">[460]</a> A 2023 <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup, Inc.</a> survey showed Kennedy with a retrospective approval rating of 90 percent, the highest of all U.S. presidents in recent history.<a href="#cite_note-463">[461]</a> Assessments of his policies are mixed.<a href="#cite_note-JFK-IL-464">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-abrinkley1-465">[463]</a> Many of Kennedy's legislative proposals were passed after his death, during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson administration</a>, and Kennedy's death gave those proposals a powerful moral component.<a href="#cite_note-tgillman-466">[464]</a> Kennedy came in third (behind Martin Luther King Jr. and <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Gallup%27s_List_of_Widely_Admired_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup's List of Widely Admired People">Gallup's List of Widely Admired People</a> of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-467">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[466]</a> In 1961, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Laetare_Medal" title="Laetare Medal">Laetare Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, considered the most prestigious award for <a href="/wiki/American_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="American Catholics">American Catholics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-469">[467]</a> He was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_Terris_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacem in Terris Award">Pacem in Terris Award</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Peace on Earth) and the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[468]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Camelot">Camelot</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg/180px-John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg/270px-John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg/360px-John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Official White House portrait of Kennedy, by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Shikler" title="Aaron Shikler">Aaron Shikler</a></figcaption></figure> The term "Camelot" is often used to describe his presidency, reflecting both the mythic grandeur accorded Kennedy in death and powerful nostalgia for that era of American history.<a href="#cite_note-471">[469]</a> According to Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, the most popular theme surrounding Kennedy's legacy is its replay of the legend of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian Literature">Arthurian Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-472">[470]</a> In an interview following Kennedy's death, his widow Jacqueline mentioned his affection for the Broadway musical <a href="/wiki/Camelot_(musical)" title="Camelot (musical)">Camelot</a> and quoted its closing lines: "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot."<a href="#cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_White._Series_11._Camelot_Documents-473">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[472]</a> Critics, especially historians, have mocked the Camelot myth as a distortion of Kennedy's actions, beliefs, and policies. However, in the public memory, the years of Kennedy's presidency are still seen as a brief, brilliant, and shining moment.<a href="#cite_note-475">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-476">[474]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials_and_eponyms">Memorials and eponyms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">List of things named after John F. Kennedy</a></div> Examples of the extensive list include: <ul><li>Idlewild Airport in <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, New York City, renamed <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> on December 24, 1963</li> <li>NASA Launch Operations Center in <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Island,_Florida" title="Merritt Island, Florida">Merritt Island, Florida</a> named the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Space Center">John F. Kennedy Space Center</a> on November 29, 1963.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)</a>, U.S. Navy aircraft carrier ordered in April 1964, launched May 1967, decommissioned August 2007; nicknamed "Big John"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a>, first minted in 1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">John F. Kennedy School of Government</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, renamed in 1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Government_Center,_Boston" title="Government Center, Boston">Government Center</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, opened in 1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial</a>, opened in 1970 in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li>National cultural center was named <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a> in 1964, opened in 1971 in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> on <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Point,_Boston" title="Columbia Point, Boston">Columbia Point</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>; opened in 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Statue of John F. Kennedy</a> by Isabel McIlvain on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a> in Boston; dedicated on May 29, 1990.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, John F. (1940). <a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept">Why England Slept</a>. W. Funk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-084990-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-084990-9"><bdi>978-1-44-084990-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+England+Slept&rft.pub=W.+Funk&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-1-44-084990-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, John F. (1956). <a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a>. Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095544-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095544-1"><bdi>978-0-06-095544-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Courage&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-06-095544-1&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, John F. (1958). <a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants">A Nation of Immigrants</a>. Anti-Defamation League. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-144754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-144754-9"><bdi>978-0-06-144754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+of+Immigrants&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-06-144754-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Select_speeches">Select speeches</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_ColdWarsOrigin.ogg" title="File:JFK ColdWarsOrigin.ogg">Kennedy comments on the possible prevention of the Cold War</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="JFK_ColdWarsOrigin.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/JFK_ColdWarsOrigin.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/JFK_ColdWarsOrigin.ogg/JFK_ColdWarsOrigin.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">President Kennedy comments on the possible prevention of the Cold War</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKennedy_November1963.ogg" title="File:JFKennedy November1963.ogg">Kennedy's message to Turkey</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="JFKennedy_November1963.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/JFKennedy_November1963.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/JFKennedy_November1963.ogg/JFKennedy_November1963.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJFKennedy_November1963.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Kennedy's message to Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Cemal_Gursel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemal Gursel">Cemal Gursel</a> and The Turkish People on the Anniversary of the Death of <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a>, November 10, 1963 (<a href="/wiki/File:JFKennedy_on_Ataturk_1963.pdf" title="File:JFKennedy on Ataturk 1963.pdf">accompanying text</a>)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Discurso_de_Kennedy.ogg" title="File:Discurso de Kennedy.ogg">Announcement to go to the Moon</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Discurso_de_Kennedy.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Discurso_de_Kennedy.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Discurso_de_Kennedy.ogg/Discurso_de_Kennedy.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Announcement by John F. Kennedy to go to the Moon (duration 00:11)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Secret_Societies_speech.flac" title="File:Secret Societies speech.flac">Secret Societies speech</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1152" data-mwtitle="Secret_Societies_speech.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Secret_Societies_speech.flac/Secret_Societies_speech.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Secret_Societies_speech.flac/Secret_Societies_speech.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Secret_Societies_speech.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">JFK Secret Societies speech</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Electoral history of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">History of the United States (1945–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Senator,_you%27re_no_Jack_Kennedy" title="Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy">Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy</a>" VP debate retort by Senator Lloyd Bentsen, 1988</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> was nine months younger when he first rose to the office from the vice presidency on September 14, 1901, in the wake of his predecessor's <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassination</a>, but he was not elected to the office until 1904, when he was 46.<a href="#cite_note-companionJFK-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> After the war, Kennedy contacted the captain of the Amagiri, Kohei Hanami, and formed a friendship with him. Hanami later supported Kennedy's election campaign.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_misc-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JFKlibrary.org_misc_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFKlibrary.org_misc_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831043852/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/John%2BF.%2BKennedy%2BMiscellaneous%2BInformation.htm">"John F. Kennedy Miscellaneous Information"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/John+F.+Kennedy+Miscellaneous+Information.htm">the original</a> on August 31, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy+Miscellaneous+Information&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FHistorical%2BResources%2FArchives%2FReference%2BDesk%2FJohn%2BF.%2BKennedy%2BMiscellaneous%2BInformation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-companionJFK-2"><a href="#cite_ref-companionJFK_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoberek2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoberek, Andrew, ed. (2015). The Cambridge Companion to John F. Kennedy. Cambridge Companions to American Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66316-9"><bdi>978-1-107-66316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+American+Studies&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-66316-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/a-history-of-83-beals-street-birthplace-of-john-fitzgerald-kennedy.htm">"A History of 83 Beals Street, Brookline, Massachusetts: Birthplace of John Fitzgerald Kennedy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129231206/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/a-history-of-83-beals-street-birthplace-of-john-fitzgerald-kennedy.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=A+History+of+83+Beals+Street%2C+Brookline%2C+Massachusetts%3A+Birthplace+of+John+Fitzgerald+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2F000%2Fa-history-of-83-beals-street-birthplace-of-john-fitzgerald-kennedy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200320-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200320_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallek2003">Dallek 2003</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/pjkpp">"Patrick Joseph Kennedy Personal Papers"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129231207/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/pjkpp">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved January 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Patrick+Joseph+Kennedy+Personal+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Fasset-viewer%2Farchives%2Fpjkpp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek20038−13-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek20038−13_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallek2003">Dallek 2003</a>, pp. 8−13. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeagher2011" class="citation book cs1">Meagher, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00phdm">John F. Kennedy: A Biography</a>. Greenwood. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00phdm/page/n51">8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Meagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnfkennedybiog00phdm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy">"John F. Kennedy"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. November 22, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118183301/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-F-Kennedy">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=John+F.+Kennedy&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-F-Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor_Burns1960" class="citation book cs1">MacGregor Burns, James (1960). John Kennedy: A Political Profile. pp. 22–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Kennedy%3A+A+Political+Profile&rft.pages=22-23&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=MacGregor+Burns&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogevall2020" class="citation book cs1">Logevall, Fredrik (2020). JFK Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956. Random House. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9713-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9713-2"><bdi>978-0-8129-9713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK+Coming+of+Age+in+the+American+Century%2C+1917-1956&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9713-2&rft.aulast=Logevall&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogevall2020" class="citation book cs1">Logevall, Fredrik (2020). JFK Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–1956. Random House. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9713-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9713-2"><bdi>978-0-8129-9713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK+Coming+of+Age+in+the+American+Century%2C+1917%E2%80%931956&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9713-2&rft.aulast=Logevall&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_F._Kennedy:_Early_Years-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_F._Kennedy:_Early_Years_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_F._Kennedy:_Early_Years_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/jfk/section1.rhtml">"John F. 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Kennedy"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190206235232/http://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/life-of-john-f-kennedy">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2019. 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Kennedy At The Philip J. Durkin Testimonial Dinner, Salem, Massachusetts, January 30, 1949"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601210904/https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/salem-ma-19490130">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2023. 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Syracuse University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/degaulleworld00kuls/page/29">29</a>. <q>de gaulle and germany european counterweight.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Gaulle+and+the+World&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Kulski&rft.aufirst=W.+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdegaulleworld00kuls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNinkovich1994" class="citation book cs1">Ninkovich, Frank (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IY3EAo4Tz1wC&q=de%2Bgaulle%2Bgermany%2Bcounterweight%2Bkennedy&pg=PA264">Modernity and Power</a>. 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Retrieved July 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=November+22%2C+1963%3A+Death+of+the+President&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fjfk-in-history%2Fnovember-22-1963-death-of-the-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lee-Harvey-Oswald">"Lee Harvey Oswald"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. July 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Lee+Harvey+Oswald&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLee-Harvey-Oswald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYAIiErTNg">Lee Oswald claiming innocence (film)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326151132/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYAIiErTNg&feature=related">Archived</a> March 26, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, YouTube </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 366, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0193b.htm">Kantor Exhibit No. 3 – Handwritten notes made by Seth Kantor concerning events surrounding the assassination</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231214/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh20/html/WH_Vol20_0193b.htm">Archived</a> March 28, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-Ruby">"Jack Ruby"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Jack+Ruby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJack-Ruby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002497-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauer2002497_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrauer2002">Brauer 2002</a>, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2003698-392"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek2003698_392-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallek2003">Dallek 2003</a>, p. 698. </li> <li id="cite_note-Russo-393"><a href="#cite_ref-Russo_393-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/did-castro-ok-kennedy-assassination">Gus Russo and Stephen Molton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119014218/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/did-castro-ok-kennedy-assassination">Archived</a> November 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Did Castro OK the Kennedy Assassination?," American Heritage, Winter 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801184321/http://www.gallup.com/poll/165893/majority-believe-jfk-killed-conspiracy.aspx">"Majority in U.S. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy: Mafia, federal government top list of potential conspirators"</a>. Gallup, Inc. November 15, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/165893/majority-believe-jfk-killed-conspiracy.aspx">the original</a> on August 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Majority+in+U.S.+Still+Believe+JFK+Killed+in+a+Conspiracy%3A+Mafia%2C+federal+government+top+list+of+potential+conspirators&rft.pub=Gallup%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F165893%2Fmajority-believe-jfk-killed-conspiracy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/">"Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403232215/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report">Archived</a> April 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved November 11, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil1982" class="citation book cs1">Council, National Research (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10264/report-of-the-committee-on-ballistic-acoustics">Report of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10264">10.17226/10264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-25372-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-25372-7"><bdi>978-0-309-25372-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314144159/https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10264/report-of-the-committee-on-ballistic-acoustics">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Committee+on+Ballistic+Acoustics&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10264&rft.isbn=978-0-309-25372-7&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=National+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog%2F10264%2Freport-of-the-committee-on-ballistic-acoustics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/J%20Disk/Justice%20Department%20of/Justice%20Department%20of%20JFK-King%20Reinvestigation/Item%2014.pdf">"PDF Justice Department of JFK-King Reinvestigation"</a> (PDF). The Harold Weisberg Archive. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109192941/http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/J%20Disk/Justice%20Department%20of/Justice%20Department%20of%20JFK-King%20Reinvestigation/Item%2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Harold+Weisberg+Archive&rft.atitle=PDF+Justice+Department+of+JFK-King+Reinvestigation&rft.pages=5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk.hood.edu%2FCollection%2FWeisberg%2520Subject%2520Index%2520Files%2FJ%2520Disk%2FJustice%2520Department%2520of%2FJustice%2520Department%2520of%2520JFK-King%2520Reinvestigation%2FItem%252014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociated_Press1963">Associated Press 1963</a>, pp. 36–37, 56–57, 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2003">The New York Times 2003</a>, pp. 197–201 </li> <li id="cite_note-WhitePage16-400">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhitePage16_400-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhitePage16_400-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite1965">White 1965</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNBC_News1966">NBC News 1966</a>, pp. 106–107, 110, 114–115, 119–123, 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-WhitePage17-402">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhitePage17_402-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhitePage17_402-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite1965">White 1965</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociated_Press1963">Associated Press 1963</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNBC_News1966">NBC News 1966</a>, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite1965">White 1965</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves199329-406">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves199329_406-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves199329_406-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReeves1993">Reeves 1993</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/kennedys-politics/">"The Kennedys in Politics"</a>. PBS American Experience. Retrieved October 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+American+Experience&rft.atitle=The+Kennedys+in+Politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fkennedys-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> Cover story, Time magazine, January 20, 1961 </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JKO-Fast-Facts/Wedding-Details.aspx">"Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved February 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wedding+of+Jacqueline+Bouvier+and+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FResearch%2FResearch-Aids%2FReady-Reference%2FJKO-Fast-Facts%2FWedding-Details.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> Specious allegations in 1997 by UK journalist Terry O'Hanlon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden,_Andrew1997" class="citation web cs1">Golden, Andrew (July 27, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/JFK+THE+BIGAMIST...+THE+TRUTH+AT+LAST%3b+Kennedy+was+already+married...-a061139564">"JFK The Bigamist. ... . The Truth At Last; Kennedy was already married when he got wed to Jackie. ... "</a>. Sunday Mirror. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906210243/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/JFK+THE+BIGAMIST...+THE+TRUTH+AT+LAST%3b+Kennedy+was+already+married...-a061139564">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved October 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Mirror&rft.atitle=JFK+The+Bigamist.+...+.+The+Truth+At+Last%3B+Kennedy+was+already+married+when+he+got+wed+to+Jackie.+...+.&rft.date=1997-07-27&rft.au=Golden%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FJFK%2BTHE%2BBIGAMIST...%2BTHE%2BTRUTH%2BAT%2BLAST%253b%2BKennedy%2Bwas%2Balready%2Bmarried...-a061139564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> and by author Seymour Hersh <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReingold2008" class="citation news cs1">Reingold, Joyce (March 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510034800/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/blogs/content/shared-blogs/palmbeach/pbupd8/entries/2008/03/26/durie_appleton_spent_a_lifetim.html">"JFK 'Secret Marriage' A Story With Legs"</a>. Palm Beach Daily News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/blogs/content/shared-blogs/palmbeach/pbupd8/entries/2008/03/26/durie_appleton_spent_a_lifetim.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palm+Beach+Daily+News&rft.atitle=JFK+%27Secret+Marriage%27+A+Story+With+Legs&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft.aulast=Reingold&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmbeachdailynews.com%2Fblogs%2Fcontent%2Fshared-blogs%2Fpalmbeach%2Fpbupd8%2Fentries%2F2008%2F03%2F26%2Fdurie_appleton_spent_a_lifetim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> that Kennedy had married previously have been soundly disproven. Reeves states that <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bradlee" title="Ben Bradlee">Ben Bradlee</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, inspected FBI files on it, and confirmed the falsehood. <a href="#CITEREFReeves1993">Reeves 1993</a>, p. 348; for further refutation, see <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2005">O'Brien 2005</a>, p. 706. </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Sally_Bedell2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Bedell_Smith" title="Sally Bedell Smith">Smith, Sally Bedell</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gracepowerprivat00smit">Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50449-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50449-5"><bdi>978-0-375-50449-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+and+Power%3A+The+Private+World+of+the+Kennedy+White+House&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50449-5&rft.au=Smith%2C+Sally+Bedell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgracepowerprivat00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> O'Brien, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201236-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkley201236_413-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkley2012">Brinkley 2012</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogevall2020" class="citation book cs1">Logevall, Fredrik (2020). JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956. Random House. pp. 443–444.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK%3A+Coming+of+Age+in+the+American+Century%2C+1917-1956&rft.pages=443-444&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Logevall&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, John T. (2013). JFK in the Senate. St. Martin's Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34183-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34183-8"><bdi>978-0-230-34183-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK+in+the+Senate&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34183-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> O'Brien, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/jfkjr/stories/kennedy073199.htm">"Kennedy Plane Found to Be Fully Functional"</a>. 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(July 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/508625/retrospective-approval-jfk-rises-trump.aspx#:~:text=Kennedy%20remains%20the%20most%20highly,second%2Dplace%20Ronald%20Reagan%27s%20rating.">"Retrospective Approval of JFK Rises to 90%; Trump at 46%"</a>. Gallup, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107191323/https://news.gallup.com/poll/508625/retrospective-approval-jfk-rises-trump.aspx#:~:text=Kennedy%20remains%20the%20most%20highly,second%2Dplace%20Ronald%20Reagan%27s%20rating.">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2024. 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Retrieved April 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=JFK%27s+legacy%3A+Kennedy+fell+short+of+greatness%2C+yet+inspired+a+generation&rft.date=2013-11-16&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Todd+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fece.dallasnews.com%2Fnews%2Fjfk50%2Freflect%2F20131116-jfks-legacy-kennedy-fell-short-of-greatness-yet-inspired-a-generation.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galluppollcumula0000gall">The Gallup Poll 1999</a>. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc. 1999. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galluppollcumula0000gall/page/248">248–249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gallup+Poll+1999&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+DE&rft.pages=248-249&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalluppollcumula0000gall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-468"><a href="#cite_ref-468">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm">"Greatest of the Century"</a>. Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. December 20–21, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105022914/http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greatest+of+the+Century&rft.pub=Gallup%2FCNN%2FUSA+Today+Poll&rft.date=1999-12-20%2F1999-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pollingreport.com%2F20th.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laetare.nd.edu/recipients/#info1961">"Recipients"</a>. The Laetare Medal. University of Notre Dame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204061838/https://laetare.nd.edu/recipients/#info1961">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Laetare+Medal&rft.atitle=Recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaetare.nd.edu%2Frecipients%2F%23info1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetterau1996" class="citation book cs1">Wetterau, Bruce (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialmeda00wett_0">The Presidential Medal of Freedom : winners and their achievements</a>. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialmeda00wett_0/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-128-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56802-128-3"><bdi>1-56802-128-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom+%3A+winners+and+their+achievements&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56802-128-3&rft.aulast=Wetterau&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialmeda00wett_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> Linda Czuba Brigance, "For One Brief Shining Moment: Choosing to Remember Camelot." Studies in Popular Culture 25.3 (2003): 1–12 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23414940">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906210242/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23414940">Archived</a> September 6, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-JFKlibrary.org_White._Series_11._Camelot_Documents-473"><a href="#cite_ref-JFKlibrary.org_White._Series_11._Camelot_Documents_473-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906065903/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Archives%2Band%2BManuscripts/fa_white_theodore.htm">The Personal Papers of Theodore H. White (1915–1986): Series 11. Camelot Documents</a>, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum quotation:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The 1963 LIFE article represented the first use of the term "Camelot" in print and is attributed with having played a major role in establishing and fixing this image of the Kennedy Administration and period in the popular mind.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1IEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA158">An Epilogue</a>, in LIFE, December 6, 1963, pp. 158–159 </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy–Johnson Era (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> Jon Goodman, et al., The Kennedy Mystique: Creating Camelot (National Geographic Books, 2006). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Ballard, Robert D.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collisionwithhis0000ball">Collision With History: The Search for John F. Kennedy's PT 109</a>. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-6876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-6876-5"><bdi>978-0-7922-6876-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collision+With+History%3A+The+Search+for+John+F.+Kennedy%27s+PT+109&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-6876-5&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollisionwithhis0000ball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2007" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedyonle00barn">John F. Kennedy on Leadership</a>. New York: AMACOM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8144-7455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8144-7455-6"><bdi>978-0-8144-7455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy+on+Leadership&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=AMACOM&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8144-7455-6&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnfkennedyonle00barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilharz2002" class="citation book cs1">Bilharz, Joy Ann (2002) [1998]. The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam: Forced Relocation Through Two Generations. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1282-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-1282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Allegany+Senecas+and+Kinzua+Dam%3A+Forced+Relocation+Through+Two+Generations&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1282-4&rft.aulast=Bilharz&rft.aufirst=Joy+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlightLang2005" class="citation book cs1">Blight, James G.; Lang, Janet M. (2005). The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4221-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4221-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-4221-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fog+of+War%3A+Eleven+Lessons+from+the+Life+of+Robert+S.+McNamara&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4221-1&rft.aulast=Blight&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Lang%2C+Janet+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauer2002" class="citation book cs1">Brauer, Carl M. (2002). "John F. Kennedy". In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (2nd ed.). Macmillan Library Reference USA. pp. 481–498. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80551-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80551-0"><bdi>0-684-80551-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+F.+Kennedy&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+A+Reference+History&rft.pages=481-498&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Library+Reference+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-684-80551-0&rft.aulast=Brauer&rft.aufirst=Carl+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brinkley" title="Alan Brinkley">Brinkley, Alan</a> (2012). John F. Kennedy. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8349-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-8349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8349-1&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2006a" class="citation journal cs1">Bryant, Nick (Autumn 2006a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25073538">"Black Man Who Was Crazy Enough to Apply to Ole Miss"</a>. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (53): 31, 60–71. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25073538">25073538</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210084459/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25073538">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Black+Man+Who+Was+Crazy+Enough+to+Apply+to+Ole+Miss&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=31%2C+60-71&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25073538%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25073538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2006b" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Nick (2006b). The Bystander: John F. Kennedy and the Struggle for Black Equality. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bystander%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Struggle+for+Black+Equality&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2016" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Andrew (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtIpDAAAQBAJ">Two Days in June: John F. Kennedy and the 48 Hours That Changed History</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2389-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-2389-7"><bdi>978-0-7710-2389-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331040228/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtIpDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Days+in+June%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+and+the+48+Hours+That+Changed+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-2389-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtIpDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Dallek, Robert</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/An_Unfinished_Life:_John_F._Kennedy,_1917%E2%80%931963" title="An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963">An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963</a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-17238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-17238-7"><bdi>978-0-316-17238-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unfinished+Life%3A+John+F.+Kennedy%2C+1917%E2%80%931963&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-316-17238-7&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaum2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Daum, Andreas</a> (2008). Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85824-3"><bdi>978-0-521-85824-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kennedy+in+Berlin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85824-3&rft.aulast=Daum&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Donovan" title="Robert J. Donovan">Donovan, Robert J.</a> (2001) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pt109johnfkenned00dono_0">PT-109: John F. Kennedy in WW II</a> (40th Anniversary ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137643-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137643-3"><bdi>978-0-07-137643-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PT-109%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+in+WW+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=40th+Anniversary&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-07-137643-3&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpt109johnfkenned00dono_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2015" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2015). PT-109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy. New York: Harper-Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-234658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-234658-2"><bdi>978-0-06-234658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PT-109%3A+An+American+Epic+of+War%2C+Survival%2C+and+the+Destiny+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper-Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-234658-2&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudleyShiraev2008" class="citation book cs1">Dudley, Robert L.; Shiraev, Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countingeveryvot0000dudl">Counting Every Vote: The Most Contentious Elections in American History</a>. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-224-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-224-6"><bdi>978-1-59797-224-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+Every+Vote%3A+The+Most+Contentious+Elections+in+American+History&rft.place=Dulles%2C+VA&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-224-6&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft.au=Shiraev%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcountingeveryvot0000dudl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunniganNofi1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Dunnigan" title="Jim Dunnigan">Dunnigan, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Nofi" title="Albert Nofi">Nofi, Albert</a> (1999). Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War. New York: St. Martin's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19857-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19857-2"><bdi>978-0-312-19857-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dirty+Little+Secrets+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-19857-2&rft.aulast=Dunnigan&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Nofi%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum">How We Got Here: The '70s</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04196-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04196-1"><bdi>978-0-465-04196-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04196-1&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Bryan R. (2015). Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48711-7"><bdi>978-1-137-48711-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sold+Out%3F+US+Foreign+Policy%2C+Iraq%2C+the+Kurds%2C+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48711-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Bryan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiglio2006" class="citation book cs1">Giglio, James N. (2006). The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Giglio&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses1995" class="citation journal cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (February 1995). "Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs". Journal of Latin American Studies. 27 (1): 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022216X00010154">10.1017/S0022216X00010154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-216X">0022-216X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146390097">146390097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Ships+in+the+Night%3A+The+CIA%2C+the+White+House+and+the+Bay+of+Pigs&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-42&rft.date=1995-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146390097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-216X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022216X00010154&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoduti2012" class="citation book cs1">Goduti, Philip A. Jr. (2012). Robert F. Kennedy and the Shaping of Civil Rights, 1960–1964. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4943-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4943-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-4943-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+F.+Kennedy+and+the+Shaping+of+Civil+Rights%2C+1960%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4943-9&rft.aulast=Goduti&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr">From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3B+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerst2007" class="citation book cs1">Herst, Burton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bobbyjedgarhisto00hers">Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1982-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1982-2"><bdi>978-0-7867-1982-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bobby+and+J.+Edgar%3A+The+Historic+Face-Off+Between+the+Kennedys+and+J.+Edgar+Hoover+That+Transformed+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1982-2&rft.aulast=Herst&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbobbyjedgarhisto00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempe2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kempe" title="Frederick Kempe">Kempe, Frederick</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp">Berlin 1961</a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5"><bdi>978-0-399-15729-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+1961&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-399-15729-5&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlin1961kenned0000kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney2000" class="citation book cs1">Kenney, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedypre00kenn">John F. Kennedy: The Presidential Portfolio</a>. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891620-36-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891620-36-2"><bdi>978-1-891620-36-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy%3A+The+Presidential+Portfolio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-891620-36-2&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnfkennedypre00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaming2006" class="citation book cs1">Leaming, Barbara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jackkennedy00barb">Jack Kennedy: The Education of a Statesman</a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393051-61-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393051-61-2"><bdi>978-0-393051-61-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Kennedy%3A+The+Education+of+a+Statesman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393051-61-2&rft.aulast=Leaming&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjackkennedy00barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthews" title="Chris Matthews">Matthews, Chris</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jackkennedyelusi00matt">Jack Kennedy: Elusive Hero</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-3508-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-3508-9"><bdi>978-1-4516-3508-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Kennedy%3A+Elusive+Hero&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-3508-9&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjackkennedyelusi00matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnfkennedybiog00obri">John F. Kennedy: A Biography</a>. New York: Thomas Dunne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28129-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28129-8"><bdi>978-0-312-28129-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+F.+Kennedy%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-312-28129-8&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnfkennedybiog00obri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2006" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Robert (2006). Leading Ladies: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actresses of the Studio Era. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-5248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-5248-7"><bdi>978-0-8118-5248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leading+Ladies%3A+The+50+Most+Unforgettable+Actresses+of+the+Studio+Era&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-5248-7&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmet1983" class="citation book cs1">Parmet, Herbert S. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jfkpresidencyofj00parm">JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy</a>. New York: Dial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-07054-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-07054-5"><bdi>978-0-140-07054-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK%3A+The+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dial+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-140-07054-5&rft.aulast=Parmet&rft.aufirst=Herbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjfkpresidencyofj00parm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Patterson_(historian)" title="James T. Patterson (historian)">Patterson, James</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grandexpectation00patt">Grand Expectations: The United States 19451974</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195117974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195117974"><bdi>978-0195117974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Expectations%3A+The+United+States+19451974&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195117974&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrandexpectation00patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Reeves_(American_writer)" title="Richard Reeves (American writer)">Reeves, Richard</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentkennedy00reev_0">President Kennedy: Profile of Power</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64879-4"><bdi>978-0-671-64879-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Kennedy%3A+Profile+of+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-64879-4&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentkennedy00reev_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.</a> (2002) [1965]. <a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Days_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Thousand Days (book)">A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21927-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-21927-8"><bdi>978-0-618-21927-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Days%3A+John+F.+Kennedy+in+the+White+House&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-618-21927-8&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensen1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Sorensen" title="Ted Sorensen">Sorensen, Theodore</a> (1966) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedys00sore">Kennedy</a> (paperback). New York: Bantam. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2746832">2746832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kennedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2746832&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkennedys00sore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Hanes Jr.; Smith, Robert C. (2000). American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom. New York: Addison, Wesley, Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-07038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-07038-8"><bdi>978-0-321-07038-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Politics+and+the+African+American+Quest+for+Universal+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Addison%2C+Wesley%2C+Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-321-07038-8&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Hanes+Jr.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press1963" class="citation book cs1">The Torch is Passed: The Associated Press Story of the Death of a President. New York: Associated Press. 1963. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861015689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861015689"><bdi>978-0861015689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torch+is+Passed%3A+The+Associated+Press+Story+of+the+Death+of+a+President&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0861015689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNBC_News1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> (1966). There Was a President. New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+Was+a+President&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1966&rft.au=NBC+News&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._White" title="Theodore H. White">White, Theodore Harold</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofpresiden00whit">The Making of the President, 1964</a>. New York: Atheneum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+President%2C+1964&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofpresiden00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Semple_Jr." title="Robert B. Semple Jr.">Semple, Robert B. Jr.</a> (ed.). Four days in November. New York: St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+days+in+November&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=The+New+York+Times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> John F. Kennedy at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kennedy" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kennedy">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" class="extiw" title="c:John F. Kennedy">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" class="extiw" title="q:John F. Kennedy">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_F._Kennedy" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John F. Kennedy">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/jofi/index.htm">John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2419">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/kennedy/index.html">John F. Kennedy: A Resource Guide</a> – the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811134522/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/kennedy">Extensive Essays on JFK</a> with shorter essays on his cabinet and First Lady – <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/kennedy">Kennedy Administration</a> from <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kennedy%2C%20John%20Fitzgerald%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kennedy%2C%20John%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kennedy%2C%20J%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Fitzgerald%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20F%2E%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20F%2E%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Fitzgerald%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20F%2E%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20F%2E%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Fitzgerald%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kennedy%2C%20John%20Fitzgerald%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kennedy%2C%20John%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kennedy%2C%20J%2E%20F%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kennedy%2C%20J%2E%20Fitzgerald%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Fitzgerald%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20F%2E%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20F%2E%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Fitzgerald%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20F%2E%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20F%2E%20Kennedy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kennedy%2C%20John%20Fitzgerald%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kennedy%2C%20John%20F%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221917-1963%22%20AND%20Kennedy%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John F. Kennedy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2572">Works by John F. Kennedy</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1666">Works by John F. Kennedy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesspace.amherst.edu/repositories/2/resources/128">Kennedy Convocation Collection</a> at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections, documenting one of his last visits before his assassination</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressK000107" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000107">"John F. Kennedy (id: K000107)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=John+F.+Kennedy+%28id%3A+K000107%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DK000107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk">Resolute desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/90px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/135px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/180px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109">PT-109</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59">PT-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept">Why England Slept (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants">A Nation of Immigrants (1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials, namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. Kennedy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">James Michael Curley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">Massachusetts's 11th congressional district</a> 1947–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">David I. Walsh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a>) <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1952">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1958">1958</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">United States Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts</a> 1953–1960 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_A._Smith_II" title="Benjamin A. Smith II">Benjamin A. Smith II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> 1961–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers of World War II and the Korean War</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Persons who have <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state or honor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> 1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="Template:United States senators from Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:United States senators from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">United States senators from Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Dalton" title="Tristram Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cabot" title="George Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mason_(politician)" title="Jonathan Mason (politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gore" title="Christopher Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_P._Ashmun" title="Eli P. Ashmun">Ashmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentiss_Mellen" title="Prentiss Mellen">Mellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_H._Mills" title="Elijah H. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rantoul_Jr." title="Robert Rantoul Jr.">Rantoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_A._Smith_II" title="Benjamin A. Smith II">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">E. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)" title="Scott Brown (politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lloyd_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Lloyd (Massachusetts politician)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_C._Bates" title="Isaac C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Rockwell" title="Julius Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">J. Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_A._Coolidge" title="Marcus A. Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Weeks" title="Sinclair Weeks">S. Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Cowan" title="Mo Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="Template:United States representatives from Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">F. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holten" title="Samuel Holten">Holten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_J._Skinner" title="Thomson J. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bacon (Massachusetts politician)">J. Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_III" title="Josiah Quincy III">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward_Jr." title="Artemas Ward Jr.">Ward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mason_(politician)" title="Jonathan Mason (politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Appleton" title="Nathan Appleton">N. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">A. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(American_politician)" title="Richard Fletcher (American politician)">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">A. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Appleton" title="Nathan Appleton">N. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Atkins_Eliot_(politician)" title="Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)">S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Eliot" title="Thomas D. Eliot">T. D. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernard_Hall" title="Robert Bernard Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Eliot" title="Thomas D. Eliot">T. D. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(politician)" title="James Buffington (politician)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crapo" title="William W. Crapo">Crapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Davis" title="Robert T. Davis">R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Randall" title="Charles S. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_B._Wright" title="Ashley B. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Lawrence" title="George P. Lawrence">G. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Treadway" title="Allen T. Treadway">Treadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">Heselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_O._Conte" title="Silvio O. Conte">Conte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Olver" title="John Olver">Olver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="21" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyman_(congressman)" title="William Lyman (congressman)">W. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyman_(congressman)" title="William Lyman (congressman)">W. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shepard" title="William Shepard">Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Crowninshield" title="Jacob Crowninshield">J. Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pickman_Jr." title="Benjamin Pickman Jr.">Pickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reed_(politician)" title="William Reed (politician)">W. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Barstow" title="Gideon Barstow">Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">B. Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Phillips" title="Stephen C. Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall_I" title="Leverett Saltonstall I">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._King" title="Daniel P. King">D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rantoul_Jr." title="Robert Rantoul Jr.">Rantoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Fay" title="Francis B. Fay">Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Crocker" title="Samuel L. Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(politician)" title="James Buffington (politician)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakes_Ames" title="Oakes Ames">O. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Harris" title="Benjamin W. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_A._Morse" title="Elijah A. Morse">E. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Churchill" title="George B. Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Bowles" title="Henry L. Bowles">Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kirk_Kaynor" title="Will Kirk Kaynor">Kaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Granfield" title="William J. Granfield">Granfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Clason" title="Charles R. Clason">Clason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boland" title="Edward Boland">Boland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">McGovern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearjashub_Bourne" title="Shearjashub Bourne">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Coffin_Jr." title="Peleg Coffin Jr.">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lyman" title="Samuel Lyman">S. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Mattoon" title="Ebenezer Mattoon">Mattoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_St._Loe_Livermore" title="Edward St. Loe Livermore">Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_White_(politician)" title="Leonard White (politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Varnum" title="John Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayton_P._Osgood" title="Gayton P. Osgood">Osgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Abbott" title="Amos Abbott">A. Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Duncan" title="James H. Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Wiley_Edmands" title="J. Wiley Edmands">Edmands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Damrell" title="William S. Damrell">Damrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">C. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thomas_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thomas (politician)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">A. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginery_Twichell" title="Ginery Twichell">Twichell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Whiting (Massachusetts politician)">Whiting I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Pierce" title="Henry L. Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Dean" title="Benjamin Dean">B. Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Ranney" title="Ambrose Ranney">Ranney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Andrew" title="John F. Andrew">J. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Thayer" title="John R. Thayer">J. R. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwood_Hoar" title="Rockwood Hoar">R. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Washburn" title="Charles G. Washburn">C. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Thayer" title="John A. Thayer">J. A. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilder" title="William Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Paige" title="Calvin Paige">Paige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Foss" title="Frank H. Foss">F. Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Casey" title="Joseph E. Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">Philbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drinan" title="Robert Drinan">Drinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Early" title="Joseph D. Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blute" title="Peter Blute">Blute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_Tsongas" title="Niki Tsongas">N. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Trahan" title="Lori Trahan">Trahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">L. Lincoln Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hastings" title="Seth Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Richardson" title="William M. Richardson">W. Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dana_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Samuel Dana (Massachusetts politician)">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahel_Stearns" title="Asahel Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Fuller" title="Timothy Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">E. Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoar" title="Samuel Hoar">Sa. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parmenter" title="William Parmenter">Parmenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thompson (politician)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Palfrey" title="John G. Palfrey">Palfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thompson (politician)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Sabine" title="Lorenzo Sabine">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Walley" title="Samuel H. Walley">Walley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_B._Comins" title="Linus B. Comins">Comins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">A. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_S._Frost" title="Rufus S. Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gardner_Abbott" title="Josiah Gardner Abbott">J. Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collins_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Collins (mayor)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._O%27Neil" title="Joseph H. O'Neil">O'Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_D._Apsley" title="Lewis D. Apsley">Apsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Weymouth" title="George W. Weymouth">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Q._Tirrell" title="Charles Q. Tirrell">Tirrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mitchell" title="John Joseph Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilder" title="William Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Winslow" title="Samuel Winslow">Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Stobbs" title="George R. Stobbs">Stobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_G._Holmes" title="Pehr G. Holmes">P. Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drinan" title="Robert Drinan">Drinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Kennedy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Auchincloss" title="Jake Auchincloss">Auchincloss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Partridge" title="George Partridge">Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearjashub_Bourne" title="Shearjashub Bourne">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Freeman_Jr." title="Nathaniel Freeman Jr.">Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Williams" title="Lemuel Williams">L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dwight_(politician)" title="Thomas Dwight (politician)">T. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ely" title="William Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_H._Mills" title="Elijah H. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Sibley" title="Jonas Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">L. Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Charles Hudson (American politician)">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Charles Allen (Massachusetts politician)">C. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Burlingame" title="Anson Burlingame">Burlingame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Alley" title="John B. Alley">Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Z._Bowman" title="Selwyn Z. Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Hayden" title="Edward D. Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Hoar" title="Sherman Hoar">Sh. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_T._Stevens" title="Moses T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shadrach_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shadrach Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_Ames" title="Butler Ames">B. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rogers" title="John Jacob Rogers">J. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Bradford_Morse" title="F. Bradford Morse">B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Cronin" title="Paul W. Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">P. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shannon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Shannon (Massachusetts politician)">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Atkins" title="Chester G. Atkins">Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Meehan" title="Marty Meehan">Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_Tsongas" title="Niki Tsongas">N. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Sr." title="John Reed Sr.">J. Reed Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Smith" title="Josiah Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taggart" title="Samuel Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clesson_Allen" title="Samuel Clesson Allen">S. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Locke (Massachusetts politician)">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Kendall" title="Joseph G. Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grennell_Jr." title="George Grennell Jr.">Grennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Alvord" title="James C. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmyn_Baker" title="Osmyn Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ashmun" title="George Ashmun">Ashmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Davis" title="George T. Davis">G. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Davis_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Timothy Davis (Massachusetts politician)">T. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Alley" title="John B. Alley">Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perkins_Thompson" title="Charles Perkins Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Loring" title="George B. Loring">Loring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_F._Stone" title="Eben F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Lovering" title="Henry B. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cogswell" title="William Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Peabody_Gardner" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Peabody Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willfred_W._Lufkin" title="Willfred W. Lufkin">Lufkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Piatt_Andrew" title="A. Piatt Andrew">A.P. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Bates" title="George J. Bates">G. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Harrington" title="Michael J. Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavroules" title="Nicholas Mavroules">Mavroules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Torkildsen" title="Peter G. Torkildsen">Torkildsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Tierney" title="John F. Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Moulton" title="Seth Moulton">Moulton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bullock" title="Stephen Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_Bishop" title="Phanuel Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Mitchell" title="Nahum Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Joseph Barker (Massachusetts politician)">Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Jr." title="Charles Turner Jr.">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Hulbert" title="John W. Hulbert">Hulbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Shaw_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Shaw (Massachusetts politician)">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Dwight" title="Henry W. Dwight">H. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clesson_Allen" title="Samuel Clesson Allen">S. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grennell_Jr." title="George Grennell Jr.">Grennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Rockwell" title="Julius Rockwell">J. Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Brooks" title="George M. Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_C._Esty" title="Constantine C. Esty">Esty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">E. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Tarbox" title="John K. Tarbox">Tarbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Russell_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William A. Russell (Massachusetts politician)">W. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_F._Stone" title="Eben F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cogswell" title="William Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everett" title="William Everett">W. Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Emerson_Barrett" title="William Emerson Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Roberts" title="Ernest W. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Francis_Phelan" title="Michael Francis Phelan">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Maloney" title="Robert S. Maloney">Maloney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Connery_Jr." title="William P. Connery Jr.">W. Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Connery" title="Lawrence J. Connery">L. Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Capuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Pressley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Grout" title="Jonathan Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">F. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Williams" title="Lemuel Williams">L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_L._Green" title="Isaiah L. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Gardner" title="Gideon Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_L._Green" title="Isaiah L. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabdiel_Sampson" title="Zabdiel Sampson">Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hobart" title="Aaron Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_C._Bates" title="Isaac C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Calhoun" title="William B. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappan_Wentworth" title="Tappan Wentworth">Wentworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_L._Knapp" title="Chauncey L. Knapp">Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Train" title="Charles R. Train">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Denison_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Denison Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">G. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._S._Williams" title="John M. S. Williams">J. M. S. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Warren" title="William W. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Candler" title="John W. Candler">Candler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Russell_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William A. Russell (Massachusetts politician)">W Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Herbert Allen">C. H. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_T._Stevens" title="Moses T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Simpson_Deitrick" title="Frederick Simpson Deitrick">Deitrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Dallinger" title="Frederick W. Dallinger">Dallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Irving_Thayer" title="Harry Irving Thayer">H. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Dallinger" title="Frederick W. Dallinger">Dallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Daniel_Healey" title="Arthur Daniel Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Kennedy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Capuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Stephen Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_Bishop" title="Phanuel Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Dean" title="Josiah Dean">J. Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_Wheaton" title="Laban Wheaton">Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Folger_Jr." title="Walter Folger Jr.">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Dwight" title="Henry W. Dwight">H. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(Massachusetts_politician,_born_1783)" title="William Jackson (Massachusetts politician, born 1783)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Soden_Hastings" title="William Soden Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Williams_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Williams (Massachusetts politician)">H. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Hale" title="Artemas Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orin_Fowler" title="Orin Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Little" title="Edward P. Little">Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Witt" title="Alexander De Witt">De Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Thayer" title="Eli Thayer">E. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith_Bailey" title="Goldsmith Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Walker" title="Amasa Walker">A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Crocker" title="Alvah Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">G. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Rice" title="William W. Rice">W. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_III" title="Theodore Lyman III">T. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Ely" title="Frederick D. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett" title="Edward Burnett">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Candler" title="John W. Candler">Candler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Williams" title="George F. Williams">G. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._O%27Neil" title="Joseph H. O'Neil">O'Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Conry" title="Joseph A. Conry">Conry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Keliher" title="John A. Keliher">Keliher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Murray" title="William Francis Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Roberts" title="Ernest W. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Underhill" title="Charles L. Underhill">Underhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Russell" title="Richard M. Russell">R. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Eliot" title="Thomas H. Eliot">T. H. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Keith" title="Hastings Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Day_Hicks" title="Louise Day Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Moakley" title="Joe Moakley">Moakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Stephen Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keating_(politician)" title="Bill Keating (politician)">Keating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall_(congressman)" title="Samuel Sewall (congressman)">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Read" title="Nathan Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hastings" title="Seth Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_Upham" title="Jabez Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Allen_(congressman)" title="Joseph Allen (congressman)">J. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Brigham" title="Elijah Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_Wheaton" title="Laban Wheaton">Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baylies" title="Francis Baylies">F Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bailey_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bailey (Massachusetts politician)">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Scammell_Dearborn" title="Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn">H. A. S. Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">W. Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Borden" title="Nathaniel B. Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Williams_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Williams (Massachusetts politician)">H. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Borden" title="Nathaniel B. Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_Burnell" title="Barker Burnell">Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell_(politician)" title="Joseph Grinnell (politician)">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dickinson" title="Edward Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_C._Chaffee" title="Calvin C. Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delano" title="Charles Delano">Delano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Crocker" title="Alvah Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Stevens" title="Charles A. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hawley_Seelye" title="Julius Hawley Seelye">Seelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Norcross" title="Amasa Norcross">Norcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Rice" title="William W. Rice">W. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Russell" title="John E. Russell">J. E. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._McEttrick" title="Michael J. McEttrick">McEttrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Henry_Atwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Henry Atwood">Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Barrows" title="Samuel J. Barrows">Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Naphen" title="Henry F. Naphen">Naphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._McNary" title="William S. McNary">McNary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._O%27Connell" title="Joseph F. O'Connell">O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Murray" title="William Francis Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Tague" title="Peter Francis Tague">Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Tague" title="Peter Francis Tague">Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Douglass" title="John J. Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Tinkham" title="George H. Tinkham">Tinkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Curtis" title="Laurence Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Heckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Studds" title="Gerry Studds">Studds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Delahunt" title="Bill Delahunt">Delahunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keating_(politician)" title="Bill Keating (politician)">Keating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">11th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Bradbury" title="Theophilus Bradbury">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Bartlett" title="Bailey Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stedman" title="William Stedman">Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_Bigelow" title="Abijah Bigelow">A. Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Brigham" title="Elijah Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Adams_(politician)" title="Benjamin Adams (politician)">B. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">J. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hobart" title="Aaron Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richardson_(American_politician)" title="Joseph Richardson (American politician)">J. Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_Burnell" title="Barker Burnell">Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Trafton" title="Mark Trafton">Trafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Chapin" title="Chester W. Chapin">Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_II" title="William Whiting II">Whiting II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Wallace_(politician)" title="Rodney Wallace (politician)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Coolidge" title="Frederick S. Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin_Draper_(politician)" title="William Franklin Draper (politician)">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Sprague" title="Charles F. Sprague">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Powers" title="Samuel L. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Sullivan" title="John Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_James_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew James Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Tinkham" title="George H. Tinkham">Tinkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Douglass" title="John J. Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Higgins" class="mw-redirect" title="John Patrick Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Flaherty" title="Thomas A. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Burke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James A. Burke (Massachusetts politician)">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_J._Donnelly" title="Brian J. Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 12th congressional district">12th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">H. Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Parker_(Massachusetts_judge)" title="Isaac Parker (Massachusetts judge)">I. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Lee" title="Silas Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thatcher" title="Samuel Thatcher">S. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_J._Skinner" title="Thomson J. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Larned" title="Simon Larned">Larned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Bidwell" title="Barnabas Bidwell">Bidwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Bacon" title="Ezekiel Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dewey" title="Daniel Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Hulbert" title="John W. Hulbert">Hulbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Strong" title="Solomon Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kendall" title="Jonas Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bigelow" title="Lewis Bigelow">L. Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baylies" title="Francis Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Hodges" title="James L. Hodges">Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Rockwell_(politician)" title="Francis W. Rockwell (politician)">F. Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_Crosby" title="John Crawford Crosby">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_A._Morse" title="Elijah A. Morse">E. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Lovering" title="William C. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Powers" title="Samuel L. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Gallivan" title="James A. Gallivan">Gallivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Keith" title="Hastings Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Studds" title="Gerry Studds">Studds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Seaver" title="Ebenezer Seaver">Seaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Ruggles" title="Nathaniel Ruggles">Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dowse" title="Edward Dowse">Dowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Randall" title="Charles S. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simpkins" title="John Simpkins">Simpkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mitchell" title="John Joseph Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Carter" title="William Henry Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Burke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James A. Burke (Massachusetts politician)">Burke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cutts" title="Richard Cutts">Cutts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_King" title="Cyrus King">C. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">J. Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Lovering" title="William C. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">E. Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Harris" title="Robert O. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gilmore" title="Edward Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney_II" title="Richard Olney II">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Frothingham" title="Louis A. Frothingham">Frothingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 15th congressional district">15th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ilsley" title="Daniel Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Whitman" title="Ezekiel Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Widgery" title="William Widgery">Widgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bradbury_(American_politician)" title="George Bradbury (American politician)">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Whitman" title="Ezekiel Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Leach" title="Robert M. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thatcher" title="Samuel Thatcher">S. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Cook" title="Orchard Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Tallman" title="Peleg Tallman">Tallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Davis_(American_politician)" title="Samuel Davis (American politician)">S. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brown_(politician)" title="Benjamin Brown (politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Orr_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Benjamin Orr (Massachusetts politician)">Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Langdon_Hill" title="Mark Langdon Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chandler_Thacher" title="Thomas Chandler Thacher">Thacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Walsh_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Joseph Walsh (Massachusetts politician)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 17th congressional district">17th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Bruce" title="Phineas Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chandler" title="John Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzillai_Gannett" title="Barzillai Gannett">Gannett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Carr_(District_of_Maine_politician)" title="Francis Carr (District of Maine politician)">F. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Wood" title="Abiel Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carr_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Carr (Massachusetts politician)">J. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Wilson (Massachusetts politician)">Wilson</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kinsley" title="Martin Kinsley">Kinsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 18th congressional district">18th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Wilson (Massachusetts politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rice_(1768)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rice (1768)">T. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Parker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Parker (Massachusetts politician)">J. Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 19th congressional district">19th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Parker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Parker (Massachusetts politician)">J. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Conner" title="Samuel S. Conner">Conner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Gage" title="Joshua Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cushman" title="Joshua Cushman">Cushman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 20th congressional district">20th district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Hubbard" title="Levi Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Parris" title="Albion Parris">Parris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Lincoln" title="Enoch Lincoln">E. Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_at-large_congressional_seat" title="Massachusetts's at-large congressional seat">At-large</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="David Cobb (Massachusetts politician)">Cobb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massachusetts&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_80th–86th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massachusetts&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_80th–86th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>'s delegation(s) to the 80th–86th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress" title="80th United States Congress">80th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">L. Saltonstall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">H. C. Lodge Jr.</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">C. Gifford</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">J. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. N. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">J. McCormack</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">R. Wigglesworth</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Clason" title="Charles R. Clason">C. Clason</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">T. Lane</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_J._Bates" title="George J. Bates">G. Bates</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">A. Goodwin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">C. Herter</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">P. Philbin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">J. Heselton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">H. Donohue</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. F. Kennedy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">D. Nicholson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/81st_United_States_Congress" title="81st United States Congress">81st</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">L. Saltonstall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">H. C. Lodge Jr.</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">J. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. N. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">J. McCormack</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">R. Wigglesworth</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">T. Lane</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_J._Bates" title="George J. Bates">G. Bates</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">A. Goodwin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">C. Herter</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">P. Philbin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">J. Heselton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">H. Donohue</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. F. Kennedy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">D. Nicholson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">F. Furcolo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/82nd_United_States_Congress" title="82nd United States Congress">82nd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">L. Saltonstall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">H. C. Lodge Jr.</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">J. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. N. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">J. McCormack</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">R. Wigglesworth</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">T. Lane</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">A. Goodwin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">C. Herter</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">P. Philbin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">J. Heselton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">H. Donohue</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. F. Kennedy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">D. Nicholson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">F. Furcolo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/83rd_United_States_Congress" title="83rd United States Congress">83rd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">L. Saltonstall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. F. Kennedy</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">J. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. N. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">J. McCormack</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">R. Wigglesworth</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">T. Lane</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">A. Goodwin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">P. Philbin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">J. Heselton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">H. Donohue</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">D. Nicholson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edward_Boland" title="Edward Boland">E. Boland</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Laurence_Curtis" title="Laurence Curtis">L. Curtis</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">T. O'Neill</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress" title="84th United States Congress">84th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">L. Saltonstall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. F. Kennedy</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">J. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. N. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">J. McCormack</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">R. Wigglesworth</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">T. Lane</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">P. Philbin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">J. Heselton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">H. Donohue</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">D. Nicholson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edward_Boland" title="Edward Boland">E. Boland</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Laurence_Curtis" title="Laurence Curtis">L. Curtis</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">T. O'Neill</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">T. Macdonald</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/85th_United_States_Congress" title="85th United States Congress">85th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">L. Saltonstall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. F. Kennedy</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">J. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. N. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">J. McCormack</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">R. Wigglesworth</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">T. Lane</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">P. Philbin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">J. Heselton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">H. Donohue</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">D. Nicholson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edward_Boland" title="Edward Boland">E. Boland</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Laurence_Curtis" title="Laurence Curtis">L. Curtis</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">T. O'Neill</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">T. Macdonald</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/86th_United_States_Congress" title="86th United States Congress">86th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">L. Saltonstall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. F. Kennedy</a> (D) </li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_A._Smith_II" title="Benjamin A. Smith II">B. Smith II</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">J. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. N. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">J. McCormack</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">T. Lane</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">P. Philbin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">H. Donohue</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edward_Boland" title="Edward Boland">E. Boland</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Laurence_Curtis" title="Laurence Curtis">L. Curtis</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">T. O'Neill</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">T. Macdonald</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Silvio_O._Conte" title="Silvio O. Conte">S. Conte</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_A._Burke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James A. Burke (Massachusetts politician)">J. Burke</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hastings_Keith" title="Hastings Keith">H. Keith</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Buddhist_crisis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhist_crisis" title="Template:Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhist_crisis" title="Template talk:Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhist crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Buddhist_crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_chemical_attacks" title="Huế chemical attacks">Hue chemical attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c#Self-immolation" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Seven_Day_scuffle" title="Double Seven Day scuffle">Double Seven Day scuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reaction_to_the_1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_(Vietnam)" title="Joint Communiqué (Vietnam)">Joint Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_243" title="Cable 243">Cable 243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krulak%E2%80%93Mendenhall_mission" title="Krulak–Mendenhall mission">Krulak–Mendenhall mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNamara%E2%80%93Taylor_mission" title="McNamara–Taylor mission">McNamara–Taylor mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political or religious figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bui_Van_Luong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bui Van Luong (page does not exist)">Bui Van Luong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%ADu_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Bửu Hội">Bửu Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Forrestal" title="Michael Forrestal">Michael Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Hilsman" title="Roger Hilsman">Roger Hilsman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thich_Thien_Hoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thich Thien Hoa (page does not exist)">Thich Thien Hoa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thich_Tinh_Khiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thich Tinh Khiet (page does not exist)">Thich Tinh Khiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Krulak" title="Victor H. Krulak">Victor H. Krulak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mendenhall" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mendenhall">Joseph Mendenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_C%E1%BA%A9n" title="Ngô Đình Cẩn">Ngô Đình Cẩn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Ngô Đình Thục">Ngô Đình Thục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Đình Thuận">Nguyễn Đình Thuận</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Nhu" title="Madame Nhu">Madame Nhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nolting" title="Frederick Nolting">Frederick Nolting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Chương">Trần Văn Chương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trueheart" class="mw-redirect" title="William Trueheart">William Trueheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9_V%C4%83n_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Vũ Văn Mẫu">Vũ Văn Mẫu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Conein" title="Lucien Conein">Lucien Conein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_Cao_Tr%C3%AD" title="Đỗ Cao Trí">Đỗ Cao Trí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BA%ADu" title="Đỗ Mậu">Đỗ Mậu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_V%C4%83n_Cao" title="Huỳnh Văn Cao">Huỳnh Văn Cao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Quang_Tung" title="Lê Quang Tung">Lê Quang Tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kim" title="Lê Văn Kim">Lê Văn Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3" title="Nguyễn Hữu Có">Nguyễn Hữu Có</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nhung" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhung">Nguyễn Văn Nhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Phạm Ngọc Thảo">Phạm Ngọc Thảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh" title="Tôn Thất Đính">Tôn Thất Đính</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Kim_Tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Trần Kim Tuyến">Trần Kim Tuyến</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Trần Thiện Khiêm">Trần Thiện Khiêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trần Văn Đôn">Trần Văn Đôn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arnett" title="Peter Arnett">Peter Arnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Malcolm Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Higgins" title="Marguerite Higgins">Marguerite Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Neil Sheehan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="PT-109" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PT-109" title="Template:PT-109"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PT-109" title="Template talk:PT-109"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PT-109" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PT-109"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="PT-109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">PT-109</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">PT-109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-59" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-59">PT-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Amagiri_(1930)" title="Japanese destroyer Amagiri (1930)">Japanese destroyer Amagiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Reg Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Kirksey_and_Harold_William_Marney" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Jackson Kirksey and Harold William Marney">Andrew Kirksey and Harold Marney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT-109_(song)" title="PT-109 (song)">1962 Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_109_(film)" title="PT 109 (film)">1963 Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT-109_(video_game)" title="PT-109 (video game)">1987 Video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Kennedy%27s_PT_109" title="The Search for Kennedy's PT 109">The Search for Kennedy's PT 109 (2002 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_109:_An_American_Epic_of_War,_Survival,_and_the_Destiny_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy">PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy (2015 book)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Island" title="Kennedy Island">Kasolo Island (Kennedy Island)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Template:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Template talk:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1040_Fifth_Avenue" title="1040 Fifth Avenue">1040 Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis#First_Lady_of_the_United_States_(1961–1963)" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">First Lady of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis#White_House_restoration" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">White House restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Tour_of_the_White_House_with_Mrs._John_F._Kennedy" title="A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy">Televised White House tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy%27s_1962_goodwill_tour_of_India_and_Pakistan" title="Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan">Tour of India and Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Historical_Association" title="White House Historical Association">White House Historical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Curator" title="White House Office of the Curator">White House Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_White_House" title="Committee for the Preservation of the White House">Committee for the Preservation of the White House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Eternal Flame and burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg/111px-Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg/167px-Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg/222px-Silver_Pitcher_presented_to_White_House_%28Portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1374" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier" title="Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier">Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy">Pink Chanel suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Garden" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Garden">Jacqueline Kennedy Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis_High_School_for_International_Careers" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis_Reservoir" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis_School" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School ballet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_O_(opera)" title="Jackie O (opera)">Jackie O</a> (1997 opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)" title="Jackie (2016 film)">Jackie</a> (2016 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> (first husband, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis" title="Aristotle Onassis">Aristotle Onassis</a> (second husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vernou_Bouvier_III" title="John Vernou Bouvier III">John Vernou Bouvier III</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Lee_Bouvier" title="Janet Lee Bouvier">Janet Lee Bouvier</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Radziwill" title="Lee Radziwill">Lee Radziwill</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_D._Auchincloss" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh D. Auchincloss">Hugh D. Auchincloss</a> (stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Auchincloss_Rutherfurd" title="Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd">Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Ewing_Bouvier_Beale" title="Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale">Edith Ewing Bouvier</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Bouvier_Beale" title="Edith Bouvier Beale">Edith Bouvier Beale</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Lee" title="James T. Lee">James T. Lee</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vernou_Bouvier_Jr." title="John Vernou Bouvier Jr.">John Vernou Bouvier Jr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968 <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senator from New York, 1965–1968</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_1948_visit_to_Palestine" title="Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine">1948 Palestine visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Improper_Activities_in_Labor_and_Management" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management">Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy#Civil_rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Civil rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Kennedy_meeting" title="Baldwin–Kennedy meeting">Baldwin–Kennedy meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Stuyvesant_Restoration_Corporation" title="Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation">Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark%27s_and_Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_tour_of_the_Mississippi_Delta" title="Joseph S. Clark's and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill home</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/90px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/135px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/180px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="470" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States Senate election in New York">1964 U.S. Senate election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">1968 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_Room_Girls" title="Boiler Room Girls">Boiler Room Girls</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Law Day Address</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Affirmation_Address" title="Day of Affirmation Address">Day of Affirmation Address</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Vietnam_and_at_Home" title="Conflict in Vietnam and at Home">Conflict in Vietnam and at Home</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_remarks_at_the_University_of_Kansas" title="Robert F. Kennedy's remarks at the University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_at_Ball_State_University" title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech at Ball State University">Ball State</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Mindless_Menace_of_Violence" title="On the Mindless Menace of Violence">"On the Mindless Menace of Violence"</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Kennedy_book)" title="The Enemy Within (Kennedy book)">The Enemy Within</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Justice" title="The Pursuit of Justice">The Pursuit of Justice</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Seek_a_Newer_World" title="To Seek a Newer World">To Seek a Newer World</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)">Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan" title="Sirhan Sirhan">Sirhan Sirhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Grave of Robert F. Kennedy">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_silver_dollar" title="Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar">Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights">Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Human Rights Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Journalism_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award">Journalism Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Center_for_Justice_and_Human_Rights#Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights">Book Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium">Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial">Landmark for Peace Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Community_Schools" title="Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools">Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_in_media" title="Robert F. Kennedy in media">Robert F. Kennedy in media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_Behind_a_Presidential_Commitment" title="Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment">Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment</a> (1963 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_Remembered" title="Robert Kennedy Remembered">Robert Kennedy Remembered</a> (1968 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">"Abraham, Martin and John"</a> (1968 song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Missiles_of_October" title="The Missiles of October">The Missiles of October</a> (1974 docudrama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_(1983_miniseries)" title="Kennedy (1983 miniseries)">Kennedy</a> (1983 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Feud_(1983_film)" title="Blood Feud (1983 film)">Blood Feud</a> (1983 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jack" title="Prince Jack">Prince Jack</a> (1985 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_and_His_Times" title="Robert Kennedy and His Times">Robert Kennedy and His Times</a> (1985 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_vs._The_Kennedys" title="Hoover vs. The Kennedys">Hoover vs. The Kennedys</a> (1987 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(film)" title="Thirteen Days (film)">Thirteen Days</a> (2000 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFK_(film)" title="RFK (film)">RFK</a> (2002 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_(2006_film)" title="Bobby (2006 film)">Bobby</a> (2006 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFK_Must_Die" title="RFK Must Die">RFK Must Die</a> (2007 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(miniseries)" title="The Kennedys (miniseries)">The Kennedys</a> (2011 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_(film)" title="Ethel (film)">Ethel</a> (2012 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Kennedy_(film)" title="Killing Kennedy (film)">Killing Kennedy</a> (2013 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)" title="Jackie (2016 film)">Jackie</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Kennedy_for_President" title="Bobby Kennedy for President">Bobby Kennedy for President</a> (2018 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family,</a> <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Genealogy" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph Patrick Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Kennedy_McKean" title="Maeve Kennedy McKean">Maeve Kennedy McKean</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph P. Kennedy III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy_Jr." title="Max Kennedy Jr.">Max Kennedy Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> (brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Augusta Kennedy">Mary Augusta Kennedy</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Robert F. Kennedy">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ted_Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ted_Kennedy" title="Template:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ted_Kennedy" title="Template talk:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ted_Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ted_Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">United States Senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Ted_Kennedy" title="Electoral history of Ted Kennedy">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts">1962 (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1964 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1970 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1976 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1982 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1988 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2000 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2006 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic primaries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/100px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/200px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1500" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My_Senator_and_Me" title="My Senator and Me">My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C.</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Compass" title="True Compass">True Compass</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Shall_Never_Die" title="The Dream Shall Never Die">The Dream Shall Never Die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Family_tree" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett_Kennedy" title="Joan Bennett Kennedy">Joan Bennett Kennedy</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy" title="Victoria Reggie Kennedy">Victoria Reggie Kennedy</a> (second wife, widow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Kennedy" title="Kara Kennedy">Kara Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Jr." title="Edward M. Kennedy Jr.">Edward M. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Kennedy" title="Patrick J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> (brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy I</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Ted_Kennedy" title="List of awards and honors received by Ted Kennedy">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ted_Kennedy" title="Political positions of Ted Kennedy">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate" title="Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate">Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Serve_America_Act" title="Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act">Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_incident" title="Chappaquiddick incident">Chappaquiddick incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_Kopechne" title="Mary Jo Kopechne">Mary Jo Kopechne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Ireland_(U.S._Congress)" title="Friends of Ireland (U.S. Congress)">Friends of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_(film)" title="Chappaquiddick (film)">Chappaquiddick (2018 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ted_Kennedy" title="Category:Ted Kennedy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_family" title="Template:Kennedy family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_family" title="Template talk:Kennedy family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">I.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P._J._Kennedy_(1858–1929)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (1858–1929)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (m.) <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="588" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">II.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr._(1888–1969)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (1888–1969)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li>John F. Kennedy (m.) <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Marquess_of_Hartington" title="William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington">William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington</a></li> <li>Eunice Kennedy (m.) <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></li> <li>Patricia Kennedy (m./div.) <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lawford" title="Peter Lawford">Peter Lawford</a></li> <li>Robert F. Kennedy (m.) <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a></li> <li>Jean Kennedy (m.) <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Stephen Edward Smith</a></li> <li>Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy (m./div. 1st) <a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett_Kennedy" title="Joan Bennett Kennedy">Joan Bennett</a>; (m. 2nd) <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy" title="Victoria Reggie Kennedy">Victoria Reggie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">III.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> (1917–1963)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Schlossberg" title="Edwin Schlossberg">Edwin Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bessette-Kennedy" title="Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy">Carolyn Bessette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (1921–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Shriver" title="Bobby Shriver">Bobby Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Shriver" title="Maria Shriver">Maria Shriver</a> (m./div.) <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shriver" title="Timothy Shriver">Timothy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Mark Kennedy Shriver">Mark Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shriver" title="Anthony Shriver">Anthony Shriver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (1924–2006)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lawford" title="Christopher Lawford">Christopher Lawford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1925–1968)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph P. Kennedy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (m./sep.) <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson_Kennedy" title="Mary Richardson Kennedy">Mary Richardson</a> (m. 3rd) <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Hines" title="Cheryl Hines">Cheryl Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> (m./div.) <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bailey_(writer)" title="Mark Bailey (writer)">Mark Bailey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (1928–2020)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Smith" title="William Kennedy Smith">William Kennedy Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (1932–2009)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Kennedy" title="Kara Kennedy">Kara Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Jr." title="Edward M. Kennedy Jr.">Edward M. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Kennedy" title="Patrick J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Amy_Kennedy" title="Amy Kennedy">Amy Savell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IV.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Kennedy Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Schwarzenegger" title="Katherine Schwarzenegger">Katherine Schwarzenegger</a> (m.) <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pratt" title="Chris Pratt">Chris Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Schwarzenegger" title="Patrick Schwarzenegger">Patrick Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph P. Kennedy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Kennedy_McKean" title="Maeve Kennedy McKean">Maeve Kennedy McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy_Jr." title="Max Kennedy Jr.">Max Kennedy Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_curse" title="Kennedy curse">Kennedy curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchandise_Mart" title="Merchandise Mart">Merchandise Mart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(museum)" title="The Kennedys (museum)">The Kennedys (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(miniseries)" title="The Kennedys (miniseries)">The Kennedys (miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys:_After_Camelot" title="The Kennedys: After Camelot">The Kennedys: After Camelot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kennedy_family" title="Category:Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>m. = married; div. = divorced; sep. = separated.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1952)_1956_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1960)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1952)_1956_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1960)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">← 1952</a>) <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">→ 1960</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">John S. Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Chandler" title="Happy Chandler">Happy Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Davis" title="James C. Davis">James C. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Frank Lausche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Jr." title="George Bell Timmerman Jr.">George Bell Timmerman Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_M._Shelton" title="Herbert M. Shelton">Herbert M. Shelton</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Enoch_A._Holtwick" title="Enoch A. Holtwick">Enoch A. Holtwick </a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Holdridge" title="Herbert C. Holdridge">Herbert C. Holdridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Samuel H. Friedman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._Coleman_Andrews" title="T. Coleman Andrews">T. Coleman Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1956 elections: <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1956 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1956)_1960_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1964)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1956)_1960_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1964)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">← 1956</a>) <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">→ 1964</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_DiSalle" title="Michael DiSalle">Michael DiSalle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._McLain" title="George H. McLain">George H. McLain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Meyner" title="Robert B. Meyner">Robert B. Meyner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Porter" title="Albert S. Porter">Albert S. Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_M._Lloyd" title="James M. Lloyd">James M. Lloyd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F5BCA9;"><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._B._Stoner" title="J. B. Stoner">J. B. Stoner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Decker" title="Rutherford Decker">Rutherford Decker</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_B._Curtis" title="Merritt B. Curtis">Merritt B. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lar_Daly" class="mw-redirect" title="Lar Daly">Lar Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Sullivan" title="Charles L. Sullivan">Charles L. Sullivan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1960 elections: <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1960 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_cabinet" title="Template:Kennedy cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_cabinet" title="Template talk:Kennedy cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_John_F._Kennedy_(1961–1963)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/100px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/150px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/200px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">C. Douglas Dillon</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Day" title="J. Edward Day">J. Edward Day</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gronouski" title="John A. Gronouski">John A. Gronouski</a> (1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Udall" title="Stewart Udall">Stewart Udall</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Freeman" title="Orville Freeman">Orville Freeman</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Luther H. Hodges</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">W. Willard Wirtz</a> (1962–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ribicoff" title="Abraham Ribicoff">Abraham Ribicoff</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze">Anthony J. Celebrezze </a> (1962–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> (1961–1963)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography_(1951–1975)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 1951–1975"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PulitzerPrize_BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template talk:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 1951–1975"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize_BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 1951–1975"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography_(1951–1975)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Biography_or_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography">Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography</a> (1951–1975)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Coit" title="Margaret Coit">Margaret Louise Coit</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlo_J._Pusey" title="Merlo J. Pusey">Merlo J. Pusey</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Mays" title="David J. Mays">David J. Mays</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles A. Lindbergh</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._White" title="William S. White">William S. White</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Hamlin" title="Talbot Hamlin">Talbot Faulkner Hamlin</a> (1956)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Douglas Southall Freeman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Carroll" title="John Alexander Carroll">John Alexander Carroll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wells_Ashworth" title="Mary Wells Ashworth">Mary Wells Ashworth</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Walworth" title="Arthur Walworth">Arthur Walworth</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">David Donald</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Edel" title="Leon Edel">Leon Edel</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Jackson_Bate" title="Walter Jackson Bate">Walter Jackson Bate</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Samuels" title="Ernest Samuels">Ernest Samuels</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Kaplan" title="Justin Kaplan">Justin Kaplan</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George Frost Kennan</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lawrence_Reid" title="Benjamin Lawrence Reid">Benjamin Lawrence Reid</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Harry_Williams" title="T. Harry Williams">Thomas Harry Williams</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrance_Thompson" title="Lawrance Thompson">Lawrance Thompson</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Lash" title="Joseph P. Lash">Joseph P. Lash</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._Swanberg" title="W. A. Swanberg">W. A. Swanberg</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sheaffer" title="Louis Sheaffer">Louis Sheaffer</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Prizes_(medal).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png/60px-Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png/90px-Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png/120px-Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="1101" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors" title="Template:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors">Complete list</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 1917–1925">1917–1925</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 1926–1950">1926–1950</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 1951–1975">1951–1975</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 1976–2000">1976–2000</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template:PulitzerPrize BiographyorAutobiographyAuthors 2001–2025">2001–2025</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template talk:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" title="National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners">National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> & <a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></li> <li>1961: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron "Whizzer" White</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blough" title="Roger Blough">Roger Blough</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Donold_Lourie" title="Donold Lourie">Donold B. Lourie</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Juan_T._Trippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan T. Trippe">Juan T. Trippe</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Blaik" title="Earl Blaik">Earl H. "Red" Blaik</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Hovde" title="Frederick L. Hovde">Frederick L. Hovde</a></li> <li>1968: Chester J. LaRoche</li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(American_football)" title="Tom Hamilton (American football)">Thomas J. Hamilton</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_B._Zornow" title="Gerald B. Zornow">Gerald B. Zornow</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></li> <li>1976: Edgar B. Speer</li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Wilson_Jr." title="Louis H. Wilson Jr.">Louis H. Wilson</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_dePaul_Draddy" title="Vincent dePaul Draddy">Vincent dePaul Draddy</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">William P. Lawrence</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Zable" title="Walter J. Zable">Walter J. Zable</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Justin_Whitlock_Dart_Sr." title="Justin Whitlock Dart Sr.">Justin W. Dart</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Anniversary_Awards_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)">Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)</a> - All Honored <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown" title="Jim Brown">Jim Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Davis_(defensive_end)" title="Willie Davis (defensive end)">Willie Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kramer" title="Ron Kramer">Ron Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Swink" title="Jim Swink">Jim Swink</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/John_McGillicuddy" title="John McGillicuddy">John F. McGillicuddy</a></li> <li>1985: William I. Spencer</li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morton_(American_football)" title="Bill Morton (American football)">William H. Morton</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Meyer">Charles R. Meyer</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_E._Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton E. Frank">Clinton E. Frank</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown" title="Paul Brown">Paul Brown</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Moorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Moorer">Thomas H. Moorer</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Donald_R._Keough" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald R. Keough">Donald R. Keough</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(broadcasting)" title="Thomas Murphy (broadcasting)">Thomas S. Murphy</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alfond" title="Harold Alfond">Harold Alfond</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Corrigan" title="Gene Corrigan">Gene Corrigan</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/John_H._McConnell" title="John H. McConnell">John H. McConnell</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jackson" title="Keith Jackson">Keith Jackson</a></li> <li>2000: Fred M. Kirby II</li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Red_McCombs" title="Red McCombs">Billy Joe "Red" McCombs</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/George_Steinbrenner" title="George Steinbrenner">George Steinbrenner</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(business_executive)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Campbell (business executive)">William V. Campbell</a></li> <li>2005: Jon F. Hanson</li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bowden" title="Bobby Bowden">Bobby Bowden</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dawkins" title="Pete Dawkins">Pete Dawkins</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Staubach" title="Roger Staubach">Roger Staubach</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Knight" title="Phil Knight">Phil Knight</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bowerman" title="Bill Bowerman">Bill Bowerman</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscoe Brown">Roscoe Brown</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Goodell" title="Roger Goodell">Roger Goodell</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Catena" title="Tom Catena">Tom Catena</a> & George Weiss</li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Archie_Manning" title="Archie Manning">Archie Manning</a></li> <li>2017: None awarded</li> <li>2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman</li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harmon" title="Mark Harmon">Mark Harmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:Assassination of John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:Assassination of John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assassination of John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle" title="John F. Kennedy assassination rifle">Assassination rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Tippit" title="J. D. Tippit">J. D. Tippit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Connally" title="Nellie Connally">Nellie Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy">Pink Chanel suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tague" title="James Tague">James Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greer" title="William Greer">William Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kellerman" title="Roy Kellerman">Roy Kellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Hill_(Secret_Service)" title="Clint Hill (Secret Service)">Clint Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapruder_film" title="Zapruder film">Zapruder film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zapruder" title="Abraham Zapruder">Abraham Zapruder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository" title="Texas School Book Depository">Texas School Book Depository</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Floor_Museum_at_Dealey_Plaza" title="Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza">Sixth Floor Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_Memorial_Hospital" title="Parkland Memorial Hospital">Parkland Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Witnesses_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Altgens" title="Ike Altgens">Ike Altgens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Bowers" title="Lee Bowers">Lee Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hill" title="Jean Hill">Jean Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Muchmore" title="Marie Muchmore">Marie Muchmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Nix" title="Orville Nix">Orville Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_tramps" title="Three tramps">Three tramps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babushka_Lady" title="Babushka Lady">Babushka Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Moorman" title="Mary Moorman">Mary Moorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_man_(JFK_assassination)" title="Umbrella man (JFK assassination)">Umbrella man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Autopsy of John F. Kennedy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby_Shoots_Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald">Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubenstein_v._State" title="Rubenstein v. State">Ruby v. Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_Dictabelt_recording" title="John F. Kennedy assassination Dictabelt recording">Dictabelt recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._McClelland" title="Robert N. McClelland">Robert N. McClelland (surgeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Baxter" title="Charles R. Baxter">Charles Baxter (physician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Perry_(physician)" title="Malcolm Perry (physician)">Malcolm Perry (physician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Rose_(coroner)" title="Earl Rose (coroner)">Earl Rose (coroner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a>' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badge_Man" title="Badge Man">Badge Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-bullet_theory" title="Single-bullet theory">Single-bullet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992" title="President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992">1992 Assassination Records Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">Foreign dignitaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Burial site and Eternal Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Black Jack (horse)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw" title="Trial of Clay Shaw">Jim Garrison investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">House Select Committee on Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Researchers_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Researchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Paine_Home" title="Ruth Paine Home">Ruth Paine Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_Rooming_House" title="Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House">Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacem_in_Terris_Peace_and_Freedom_Award_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacem_in_Terris_Award_laureates" title="Template:Pacem in Terris Award laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacem_in_Terris_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Pacem in Terris Award laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacem_in_Terris_Award_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacem in Terris Award laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacem_in_Terris_Peace_and_Freedom_Award_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_Terris_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacem in Terris Award">Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1964: <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Griffin" title="John Howard Griffin">John Howard Griffin</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">R. Sargent Shriver</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/James_Groppi" title="James Groppi">James Groppi</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Saul Alinsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hughes" title="Harold Hughes">Harold Hughes</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" title="Hélder Câmara">Hélder Câmara</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gumbleton" title="Thomas Gumbleton">Thomas Gumbleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Lee_Sutton" title="Crystal Lee Sutton">Crystal Lee Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Leo_Unterkoefler" title="Ernest Leo Unterkoefler">Ernest Leo Unterkoefler</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bernardin" title="Joseph Bernardin">Joseph Bernardin</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_John_Dingman" title="Maurice John Dingman">Maurice John Dingman</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Egan" title="Eileen Egan">Eileen Egan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Maguire</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Julia_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="María Julia Hernández">María Julia Hernández</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">César Chávez</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wallis" title="Jim Wallis">Jim Wallis</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ruiz" title="Samuel Ruiz">Samuel Ruiz</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Douglass" title="James W. Douglass">Jim and Shelley Douglass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/George_G._Higgins" title="George G. Higgins">George G. Higgins</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Hennessey" title="Gwen Hennessey">Gwen Hennessey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hennessey" title="Dorothy Hennessey">Dorothy Hennessey</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Simon" title="Arthur Simon">Arthur Simon</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mosley" title="Donald Mosley">Donald Mosley</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Salim_Ghazal" title="Salim Ghazal">Salim Ghazal</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mottet" title="Marvin Mottet">Marvin Mottet</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Goss-Mayr" title="Hildegard Goss-Mayr">Hildegard Goss-Mayr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010: <a href="/wiki/John_Dear" title="John Dear">John Dear</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Leonel_Ramazzini_Imeri" title="Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri">Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Bobo" title="Kim Bobo">Kim Bobo</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Simone_Campbell" title="Simone Campbell">Simone Campbell</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Widad_Akrawi" title="Widad Akrawi">Widad Akreyi</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Munib_Younan" title="Munib Younan">Munib Younan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Norma_Pimentel" title="Norma Pimentel">Norma Pimentel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">H. Hoover (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Taylor (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (1945)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Bold: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/21px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/42px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/19px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/29px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/38px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/21px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/42px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9696#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9696#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109117086">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68910251">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35588/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTrTCHb3TMHmTHVPMtrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118561383">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055297">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121853903">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121853903">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00445469">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV045632">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35266141">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000603341&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX986535">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/11414">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068645325">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/190147">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118561383.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/wzNKyFuBZ">Deutsche Synchronkartei</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118561383">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027317390">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581898">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6387zpq">SNAC</a><ul><li><a 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