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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Envelope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Envelope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Envelope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In music history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoacoustic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoacoustic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Psychoacoustic evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoacoustic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tristimulus_timbre_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tristimulus_timbre_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tristimulus timbre model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tristimulus_timbre_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brightness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brightness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Brightness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brightness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Timbre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toonkleur" title="Toonkleur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toonkleur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89)" title="جرس (موسيقى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرس (موسيقى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembr" title="Tembr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tembr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="স্বরমুদ্রা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বরমুদ্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Тэмбр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэмбр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Тембър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тембър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre_musical" title="Timbre musical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Timbre musical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barva_t%C3%B3nu" title="Barva tónu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barva tónu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klangfarve" title="Klangfarve – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klangfarve" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klangfarbe" title="Klangfarbe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klangfarbe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4mber" title="Tämber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tämber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Χροιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χροιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre_(ac%C3%BAstica)" title="Timbre (acústica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Timbre (acústica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembro" title="Tembro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tembro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinbre" title="Tinbre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tinbre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_(%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="رنگ (صدا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ (صدا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre_(musique)" title="Timbre (musique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Timbre (musique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondath" title="Tondath – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tondath" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Timbre (música) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Timbre (música)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%83%89" title="음색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D6%80" title="Տեմբր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեմբր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbar" title="Timbar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Timbar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Timbre" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbro_(musica)" title="Timbro (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Timbro (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="גוון (מוזיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוון (מוזיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Тембр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тембр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Тембр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тембр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembrs" title="Tembrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tembrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembras" title="Tembras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tembras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangsz%C3%ADn" title="Hangszín – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hangszín" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokom-peo" title="Lokom-peo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lokom-peo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Timbre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%89%B2" title="音色 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音色" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klangfarge" title="Klangfarge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klangfarge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klangfarge" title="Klangfarge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klangfarge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembr" title="Tembr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tembr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99ku" title="Barwa dźwięku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwa dźwięku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Timbre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbru_(muzic%C4%83)" title="Timbru (muzică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Timbru (muzică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Тембр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тембр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbri" title="Timbri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Timbri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Timbre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farba_t%C3%B3nu" title="Farba tónu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Farba tónu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sointiv%C3%A4ri" title="Sointiväri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sointiväri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klangf%C3%A4rg" title="Klangfärg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klangfärg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Тембр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тембр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%84%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%9B_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%B4%E1%8E%AC" title="ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Тембр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тембр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinbro" title="Tinbro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tinbro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_s%E1%BA%AFc" title="Âm sắc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm sắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%89%B2" title="音色 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音色" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%89%B2" title="音色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Quality of a musical note or sound or tone</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Timbre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Timbre (disambiguation)">Timbre (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">Timber</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_(Mike_Tribulas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg/220px-9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg/330px-9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg/440px-9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a> of the first second of an E9 <a href="/wiki/Suspended_chord" title="Suspended chord">suspended chord</a> played on a <a href="/wiki/Fender_Stratocaster" title="Fender Stratocaster">Fender Stratocaster</a> guitar. Below is the E9 suspended chord audio:<br /> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_(Mike_Tribulas).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.ogg/9577_Guitarz1970_Clean_E9_Guitar_Chord_%28Mike_Tribulas%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </figcaption></figure> <p>In music, <b>timbre</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ̃/: nasal 'in' in 'vin blanc'">æ̃</span></span>-/</a></span></span>), also known as <b>tone color</b> or <b>tone quality</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a>), is the perceived sound quality of a <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">musical note</a>, sound or <a href="/wiki/Musical_tone" title="Musical tone">tone</a>. Timbre distinguishes different types of sound production, such as choir voices and musical instruments. It also enables listeners to distinguish different instruments in the same category (e.g., an <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind instruments</a>). </p><p>In simple terms, timbre is what makes a particular musical instrument or human voice have a different sound from another, even when they play or sing the same note. For instance, it is the difference in sound between a guitar and a piano playing the same note at the same volume. Both instruments can sound equally tuned in relation to each other as they play the same note, and while playing at the same amplitude level each instrument will still sound distinctively with its own unique tone color. Experienced musicians are able to distinguish between different instruments of the same type based on their varied timbres, even if those instruments are playing notes at the same fundamental <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and loudness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The physical characteristics of sound that determine the perception of timbre include frequency <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(music)" title="Envelope (music)">envelope</a>. Singers and instrumental musicians can change the timbre of the music they are singing/playing by using different singing or playing techniques. For example, a violinist can use different bowing styles or play on different parts of the string to obtain different timbres (e.g., playing <a href="/wiki/Sul_tasto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sul tasto">sul tasto</a> produces a light, airy timbre, whereas playing <a href="/wiki/Sul_ponticello" class="mw-redirect" title="Sul ponticello">sul ponticello</a> produces a harsh, even and aggressive tone). On electric guitar and electric piano, performers can change the timbre using <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">graphic equalizers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tone quality</i> and <i>tone color</i> are synonyms for <i>timbre</i>, as well as the "<i>texture</i> attributed to a single instrument". However, the word <a href="/wiki/Musical_texture" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical texture">texture</a> can also refer to the type of music, such as <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">multiple, interweaving melody lines</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">a singable melody accompanied by subordinate chords</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> used the German <i>Klangfarbe</i> (<i>tone color</i>), and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a> proposed an English translation, <i>clangtint</i>, but both terms were disapproved of by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Alexander Ellis</a>, who also discredits <i>register</i> and <i>color</i> for their pre-existing English meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson19757_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson19757-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determined by its frequency composition, the sound of a musical instrument may be described with words such as <i>bright</i>, <i>dark</i>, <i>warm</i>, <i>harsh</i>, and other terms. There are also <a href="/wiki/Colors_of_noise" title="Colors of noise">colors of noise</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pink_noise" title="Pink noise">pink</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white</a>. In visual representations of sound, timbre corresponds to the shape of the image,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbado1988_3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbado1988_3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while loudness corresponds to brightness; pitch corresponds to the y-shift of the spectrogram. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ASA_definition">ASA definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: ASA definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Acoustical Society of America">Acoustical Society of America</a> (ASA) Acoustical Terminology definition 12.09 of timbre describes it as "that attribute of auditory sensation which enables a listener to judge that two nonidentical sounds, similarly presented and having the same loudness and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, are dissimilar", adding, "Timbre depends primarily upon the frequency spectrum, although it also depends upon the sound pressure and the temporal characteristics of the sound".<sup id="cite_ref-ASASS1994_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASASS1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many commentators have attempted to decompose timbre into component attributes. For example, J. F. Schouten (1968, 42) describes the "elusive attributes of timbre" as "determined by at least five major acoustic parameters", which <a href="/wiki/Robert_Erickson" title="Robert Erickson">Robert Erickson</a> finds, "scaled to the concerns of much contemporary music":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson19755_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson19755-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Range between <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal</a> and noiselike character</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral envelope">Spectral envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">Time envelope</a> in terms of rise, duration, and decay (ADSR, which stands for "attack, decay, sustain, release")</li> <li>Changes both of <a href="/wiki/Spectral_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral envelope">spectral envelope</a> (formant-glide) and <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental frequency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">micro-intonation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefix_(acoustics)" title="Prefix (acoustics)">Prefix</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Onset_(audio)" title="Onset (audio)">onset</a> of a sound, quite dissimilar to the ensuing lasting vibration</li></ol> <p>An example of a tonal sound is a musical sound that has a definite pitch, such as pressing a key on a piano; a sound with a noiselike character would be <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a>, the sound similar to that produced when a radio is not tuned to a station. </p><p>Erickson gives a table of subjective experiences and related physical phenomena based on Schouten's five attributes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson19756_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson19756-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i><b>Subjective</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Objective</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tonal character, usually pitched </td> <td>Periodic sound </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noisy, with or without some tonal character, including <a href="/wiki/Rustle_noise" title="Rustle noise">rustle noise</a> </td> <td>Noise, including random pulses characterized by the rustle time (the mean interval between pulses) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coloration </td> <td>Spectral envelope </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beginning/ending </td> <td>Physical rise and decay time </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coloration glide or formant glide </td> <td>Change of spectral envelope </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microintonation </td> <td>Small change (one up and down) in frequency </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a> </td> <td>Frequency modulation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a> </td> <td>Amplitude modulation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Attack </td> <td>Prefix </td></tr> <tr> <td>Final sound </td> <td>Suffix </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>See also <a href="#Psychoacoustic_evidence">Psychoacoustic evidence</a> below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harmonics">Harmonics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Harmonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmonic_spectra_theoretical_x_y.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Harmonic_spectra_theoretical_x_y.png/220px-Harmonic_spectra_theoretical_x_y.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Harmonic_spectra_theoretical_x_y.png/330px-Harmonic_spectra_theoretical_x_y.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Harmonic_spectra_theoretical_x_y.png/440px-Harmonic_spectra_theoretical_x_y.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_spectrum" title="Harmonic spectrum">Harmonic spectrum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The richness of a sound or note a musical instrument produces is sometimes described in terms of a sum of a number of distinct <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a>. The lowest frequency is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental frequency</a></i>, and the pitch it produces is used to name the note, but the fundamental frequency is not always the dominant frequency. The dominant frequency is the frequency that is most heard, and it is always a multiple of the fundamental frequency. For example, the dominant frequency for the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">transverse flute</a> is double the fundamental frequency. Other significant frequencies are called <a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">overtones</a> of the fundamental frequency, which may include <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)#Partial" title="Harmonic series (music)">partials</a>. Harmonics are <a href="/wiki/Natural_number" title="Natural number">whole number</a> multiples of the fundamental frequency, such as ×2, ×3, ×4, etc. Partials are other overtones. There are also sometimes <a href="/wiki/Subharmonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Subharmonic">subharmonics</a> at whole number <i>divisions</i> of the fundamental frequency. Most instruments produce harmonic sounds, but many instruments produce partials and <a href="/wiki/Inharmonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inharmonic">inharmonic</a> tones, such as cymbals and other <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument#Indefinite_pitch" title="Percussion instrument">indefinite-pitched</a> instruments. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">tuning note</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert band</a> is played, the sound is a combination of 440 Hz, 880 Hz, 1320 Hz, 1760 Hz and so on. Each instrument in the orchestra or concert band produces a different combination of these frequencies, as well as harmonics and overtones. The sound waves of the different frequencies overlap and combine, and the balance of these amplitudes is a major factor in the characteristic sound of each instrument. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Sethares" title="William Sethares">William Sethares</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just intonation</a> and the western <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal tempered</a> <a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scale</a> are related to the harmonic <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectra</a>/timbre of many western instruments in an analogous way that the inharmonic timbre of the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thai</a> renat (a xylophone-like instrument) is related to the seven-tone near-equal tempered <a href="/wiki/Pelog" title="Pelog">pelog</a> scale in which they are tuned. Similarly, the inharmonic spectra of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Balinese</a> metallophones combined with harmonic instruments such as the stringed <a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rebab</a> or the voice, are related to the five-note near-equal tempered <a href="/wiki/Slendro" title="Slendro">slendro</a> scale commonly found in Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-Sethares1998_6211318_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sethares1998_6211318-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Envelope">Envelope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Envelope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_Envelope_follower!.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/C_Envelope_follower%21.png/220px-C_Envelope_follower%21.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/C_Envelope_follower%21.png/330px-C_Envelope_follower%21.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/C_Envelope_follower%21.png/440px-C_Envelope_follower%21.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>A signal and its envelope marked with red</figcaption></figure> <p>The timbre of a sound is also greatly affected by the following aspects of its <i>envelope</i>: attack time and characteristics, decay, sustain, release (<a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">ADSR envelope</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Transient_(acoustics)" title="Transient (acoustics)">transients</a>. Thus these are all common controls on professional <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthesizer (musical instrument)">synthesizers</a>. For instance, if one takes away the attack from the sound of a piano or trumpet, it becomes more difficult to identify the sound correctly, since the sound of the hammer hitting the strings or the first blast of the player's lips on the trumpet mouthpiece are highly characteristic of those instruments. The envelope is the overall amplitude structure of a sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music_history">In music history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In music history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Instrumental timbre played an increasing role in the practice of <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a><sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald1969_51_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald1969_51-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a><sup id="cite_ref-Latham1926_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latham1926-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made significant contributions to its development during the nineteenth century. For example, Wagner's "Sleep motif" from Act 3 of his opera <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i>, features a descending <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic scale</a> that passes through a gamut of orchestral timbres. First the woodwind (flute, followed by oboe), then the massed sound of strings with the violins carrying the melody, and finally the brass (French horns).</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_3_of_Die_Walkure.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_3_of_Die_Walkure.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_3_of_Die_Walkure.wav/Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_3_of_Die_Walkure.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_3_of_Die_Walkure.wav/Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_3_of_Die_Walkure.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_3_of_Die_Walkure.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Wagner Sleep music from Act 3 of <i>Die Walküre</i></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_4_of_Die_Walkure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_4_of_Die_Walkure.png/600px-Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_4_of_Die_Walkure.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_4_of_Die_Walkure.png/900px-Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_4_of_Die_Walkure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_4_of_Die_Walkure.png/1200px-Wagner_Sleep_music_from_Act_4_of_Die_Walkure.png 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Wagner Sleep music from Act 3 of <i>Die Walküre</i></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>, who composed during the last decades of the nineteenth and the first decades of the twentieth centuries, has been credited with elevating further the role of timbre: "To a marked degree the music of Debussy elevates timbre to an unprecedented structural status; already in <i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune" title="Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune">Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune</a></i> the <i>color</i> of <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> functions referentially".<sup id="cite_ref-Samson1977_195_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samson1977_195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mahler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahler">Mahler</a>'s approach to <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> illustrates the increasing role of differentiated timbres in music of the early twentieth century. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Del_Mar" title="Norman Del Mar">Norman Del Mar</a> describes the following passage from the <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">Scherzo</a> movement of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Mahler)">Sixth Symphony</a>, as "a seven-bar link to the trio consisting of an extension in diminuendo of the repeated As… though now rising in a succession of piled octaves which moreover leap-frog with Cs added to the As.<sup id="cite_ref-DelMar1980_48_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelMar1980_48-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower octaves then drop away and only the Cs remain so as to dovetail with the first oboe phrase of the trio." During these bars, Mahler passes the repeated notes through a gamut of instrumental colors, mixed and single: starting with horns and pizzicato strings, progressing through trumpet, clarinet, flute, piccolo and finally, oboe:</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Mahler,_Symphony_No._6,_Scherzo,_Figure_55,_bars_5-12.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mahler,_Symphony_No._6,_Scherzo,_Figure_55,_bars_5-12.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.wav/Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.wav/Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Mahler, Symphony No. 6, Scherzo, Figure 55, bars 5–12</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahler,_Symphony_No._6,_Scherzo,_Figure_55,_bars_5-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.png/500px-Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.png/750px-Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.png/1000px-Mahler%2C_Symphony_No._6%2C_Scherzo%2C_Figure_55%2C_bars_5-12.png 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>Mahler, Symphony No. 6, Scherzo, Figure 55, bars 5–12</figcaption></figure><p> (See also <em><a href="/wiki/Klangfarbenmelodie" title="Klangfarbenmelodie">Klangfarbenmelodie</a></em>.) </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> from the late 1960s to the 2000s, the timbre of specific sounds is important to a song. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a>, the sonic impact of the heavily amplified, heavily distorted <a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">power chord</a> played on electric guitar through very loud guitar amplifiers and rows of <a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosures">speaker cabinets</a> is an essential part of the style's musical identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychoacoustic_evidence">Psychoacoustic evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Psychoacoustic evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often, listeners can identify an instrument, even at different pitches and loudness, in different environments, and with different players. In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, acoustic analysis shows waveforms irregular enough to suggest three instruments rather than one. David Luce suggests that this implies that "[C]ertain strong regularities in the acoustic waveform of the above instruments must exist which are invariant with respect to the above variables".<sup id="cite_ref-Luce1963_16_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luce1963_16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Robert Erickson argues that there are few regularities and they do not explain our "...powers of recognition and identification." He suggests borrowing the concept of <a href="/wiki/Subjective_constancy" title="Subjective constancy">subjective constancy</a> from studies of vision and <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson197511_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson197511-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychoacoustic experiments from the 1960s onwards tried to elucidate the nature of timbre. One method involves playing pairs of sounds to listeners, then using a <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_scaling" title="Multidimensional scaling">multidimensional scaling</a> algorithm to aggregate their dissimilarity judgments into a timbre space. The most consistent outcomes from such experiments are that <a href="#Brightness">brightness</a> or spectral energy distribution,<sup id="cite_ref-Grey1977_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grey1977-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>bite</i>, or rate and synchronicity<sup id="cite_ref-Wessel1979_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessel1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rise time,<sup id="cite_ref-Lakatos2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakatos2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the attack are important factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tristimulus_timbre_model">Tristimulus timbre model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tristimulus timbre model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Tristimulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristimulus">tristimulus</a> originates in the world of color, describing the way three primary colors can be mixed together to create a given color. By analogy, the musical tristimulus measures the mixture of <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a> in a given sound, grouped into three sections. It is basically a proposal of reducing a huge number of sound partials, which can amount to dozens or hundreds in some cases, down to only three values. The first tristimulus measures the relative weight of the first harmonic; the second tristimulus measures the relative weight of the second, third, and fourth harmonics taken together; and the third tristimulus measures the relative weight of all the remaining harmonics:<sup id="cite_ref-Peeters2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peeters2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PollardJansson1982_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PollardJansson1982-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{1}={\frac {a_{1}}{\sum _{h=1}^{H}a_{h}}},\quad T_{2}={\frac {a_{2}+a_{3}+a_{4}}{\sum _{h=1}^{H}a_{h}}},\quad T_{3}={\frac {\sum _{h=5}^{H}{a_{h}}}{\sum _{h=1}^{H}a_{h}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{1}={\frac {a_{1}}{\sum _{h=1}^{H}a_{h}}},\quad T_{2}={\frac {a_{2}+a_{3}+a_{4}}{\sum _{h=1}^{H}a_{h}}},\quad T_{3}={\frac {\sum _{h=5}^{H}{a_{h}}}{\sum _{h=1}^{H}a_{h}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6482d7bd4d3171e7601f7ebf0511d7ebbc018216" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:55.991ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{1}={\frac {a_{1}}{\sum _{h=1}^{H}a_{h}}},\quad T_{2}={\frac {a_{2}+a_{3}+a_{4}}{\sum _{h=1}^{H}a_{h}}},\quad T_{3}={\frac {\sum _{h=5}^{H}{a_{h}}}{\sum _{h=1}^{H}a_{h}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>However, more evidence, studies and applications would be needed regarding this type of representation, in order to validate it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brightness">Brightness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brightness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "brightness" is also used in discussions of sound timbres, in a rough analogy with <a href="/wiki/Visual_brightness" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual brightness">visual brightness</a>. Timbre researchers consider brightness to be one of the perceptually strongest distinctions between sounds<sup id="cite_ref-Wessel1979_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessel1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formalize it acoustically as an indication of the amount of high-frequency content in a sound, using a measure such as the <a href="/wiki/Spectral_centroid" title="Spectral centroid">spectral centroid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">Formant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson19757-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson19757_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1975">Erickson 1975</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbado1988_3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbado1988_3_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbado, Adriano (1988). "Perceptual Correspondences: Animation and Sound". MS Thesis. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASASS1994-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASASS1994_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acoustical Society of America Standards Secretariat (1994). "Acoustical Terminology ANSI S1.1–1994 (ASA 111-1994)". American National Standard. ANSI / Acoustical Society of America.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson19755-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson19755_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1975">Erickson 1975</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson19756-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson19756_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1975">Erickson 1975</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sethares1998_6211318-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sethares1998_6211318_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sethares, William (1998). <i>Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale</i>]. Berlin, London, and New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KChoKKhjOb0C&pg=PA6">6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KChoKKhjOb0C&pg=PA211">211</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KChoKKhjOb0C&pg=PA318">318</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-76173-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-76173-X">3-540-76173-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonald1969_51-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald1969_51_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdonald, Hugh. (1969). <i>Berlioz Orchestral Music</i>. BBC Music Guides. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780563084556" title="Special:BookSources/9780563084556">9780563084556</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latham1926-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Latham1926_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latham, Peter. (1926) "Wagner: Aesthetics and Orchestration". <i>Gramophone</i> (June): <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samson1977_195-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samson1977_195_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson1977" class="citation book cs1">Samson, Jim (1977). <i>Music in Transition: A Study of Tonal Expansion and Atonality, 1900–1920</i>. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02193-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02193-9"><bdi>0-393-02193-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Transition%3A+A+Study+of+Tonal+Expansion+and+Atonality%2C+1900%E2%80%931920&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-393-02193-9&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DelMar1980_48-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DelMar1980_48_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Mar, Norman (1980). <i>Mahler’s Sixth Symphony: A Study</i>. London: Eulenburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luce1963_16-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luce1963_16_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luce, David A. (1963). "Physical Correlates of Nonpercussive Musical Instrument Tones", Ph.D. dissertation. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson197511-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson197511_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson1975">Erickson 1975</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grey1977-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grey1977_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey1977" class="citation journal cs1">Grey, John M. (1977). "Multidimensional perceptual scaling of musical timbres". <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>61</b> (5). Acoustical Society of America (ASA): 1270–1277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977ASAJ...61.1270G">1977ASAJ...61.1270G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.381428">10.1121/1.381428</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4966">0001-4966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/560400">560400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Multidimensional+perceptual+scaling+of+musical+timbres&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1270-1277&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.381428&rft.issn=0001-4966&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F560400&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977ASAJ...61.1270G&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessel1979-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wessel1979_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessel1979_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wessel, David (1979). "Low Dimensional Control of Musical Timbre". <i>Computer Music Journal</i> 3:45–52. Rewritten version, 1999, as "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediatheque.ircam.fr/articles/textes/Wessel78a/">Timbre Space as a Musical Control Structure</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lakatos2000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lakatos2000_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakatos2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lakatos, Stephen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fbf03212144">"A common perceptual space for harmonic and percussive timbres"</a>. <i>Perception & Psychophysics</i>. <b>62</b> (7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1426–1439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fbf03212144">10.3758/bf03212144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-5117">0031-5117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11143454">11143454</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44778763">44778763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perception+%26+Psychophysics&rft.atitle=A+common+perceptual+space+for+harmonic+and+percussive+timbres&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1426-1439&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0031-5117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44778763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11143454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3758%2Fbf03212144&rft.aulast=Lakatos&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3758%252Fbf03212144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peeters2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peeters2003_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peeters, G. (2003) “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recherche.ircam.fr/anasyn/peeters/ARTICLES/Peeters_2003_cuidadoaudiofeatures.pdf">A Large Set of Audio Features or Sound Description (Similarity and Classification) in the CUIDADO Project</a>”.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2013)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PollardJansson1982-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PollardJansson1982_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard, H. F., and E. V. Jansson (1982) <i>A Tristimulus Method for the Specification of Musical Timbre</i>. <i>Acustica</i> 51:162–71.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Standards_Association1960" class="citation book cs1">American Standards Association (1960). <i>American Standard Acoustical Terminology</i>. New York: American Standards Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Standard+Acoustical+Terminology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Standards+Association&rft.date=1960&rft.au=American+Standards+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDixon_Ward1965">Dixon Ward, W. (1965). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNVsAAAAMAAJ&q=timbre+wastebasket">Psychoacoustics</a>". In <i>Audiometry: Principles and Practices</i>, edited by Aram Glorig, 55. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. Reprinted, Huntington, N.Y.: R. E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88275-604-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88275-604-4">0-88275-604-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFDixon_Ward1970">Dixon Ward, W. (1970) "Musical Perception". In <i>Foundations of Modern Auditory Theory</i> vol. 1, edited by Jerry V. Tobias, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. New York: Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-691901-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-691901-1">0-12-691901-1</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Erickson" title="Robert Erickson">Erickson, Robert</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3j6_ShXeWYC"><i>Sound Structure in Music</i></a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02376-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02376-5"><bdi>0-520-02376-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Structure+in+Music&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-520-02376-5&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3j6_ShXeWYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimbre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMcAdams_and_Bregman1979">McAdams, Stephen, and Albert Bregman (1979). "Hearing Musical Streams". <i>Computer Music Journal</i> 3, no. 4 (December): 26–43, 60.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSchouten1968">Schouten, J. F. (1968). "The Perception of Timbre". In <i>Reports of the 6th International Congress on Acoustics, Tokyo, GP-6-2</i>, 6 vols., edited by Y. Kohasi, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2010)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>35–44, 90. Tokyo: Maruzen; Amsterdam: Elsevier.</cite></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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skips">Steps and skips</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melody_type" title="Melody type">Type</a> (figure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ululation" title="Ululation">Ululation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part_(music)" title="Part (music)">Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_leading" title="Voice leading">Voice leading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opera_terms_by_origin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">Breeches role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_performance" title="Concert performance">Concert performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodrama" title="Duodrama">Duodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insertion_aria" title="Insertion aria">Insertion aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scene" title="Mad scene">Mad scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">Monodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(music)" title="Number (music)">Number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">Opera house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">Patter song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompter_(opera)" title="Prompter (opera)">Prompter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sung-through" title="Sung-through">Sung-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">Surtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claque" title="Claque">Claque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte">Coup de glotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement">Divertissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encore" title="Encore">Encore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%27acte" title="Entr'acte">Entr'acte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interm%C3%A8de" title="Intermède">Intermède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">Overture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titeur" title="Répétiteur">Répétiteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roulade_(music)" title="Roulade (music)">Roulade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(theatre)" title="Travesti (theatre)">Travesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger" title="Kammersänger">Kammersänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regieoper" title="Regieoper">Regieoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitzprobe" title="Sitzprobe">Sitzprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spieloper" title="Spieloper">Spieloper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_di_sorbetto" title="Aria di sorbetto">Aria di sorbetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">Arioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravura" title="Bravura">Bravura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi_(music)" title="Brindisi (music)">Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burletta" title="Burletta">Burletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">Cabaletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">Cadenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">Cavatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro_(music)" title="Chiaroscuro (music)">Chiaroscuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprimario" title="Comprimario">Comprimario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenienze" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenienze">Convenienze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">Da capo aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva" title="Diva">Diva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsettone" title="Falsettone">Falsettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">Fioritura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">Impresario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licenza_(musical_term)" title="Licenza (musical term)">Licenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro" title="Maestro">Maestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodramma" title="Melodramma">Melodramma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messa_di_voce" title="Messa di voce">Messa di voce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musico" title="Musico">Musico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">Portamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">Prima donna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">Recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">Ritornello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinfonia" title="Sinfonia">Sinfonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solita_forma" title="Solita forma">Solita forma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto" title="Spinto">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squillo" title="Squillo">Squillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagione" title="Stagione">Stagione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stile_rappresentativo" title="Stile rappresentativo">Stile rappresentativo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">Verismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hovs%C3%A5ngare" title="Hovsångare">Hovsångare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_range_or_compass_and_register" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Range_(music)" title="Template:Range (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Range_(music)" title="Template talk:Range (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Range_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Range (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_range_or_compass_and_register" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Musical range or compass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">register</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">Whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register">Vocal fry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">Boy soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soubrette" title="Soubrette">Soubrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_soprano" title="Lyric soprano"> Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto_soprano" title="Spinto soprano">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano"> Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">Sopranist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">Heldentenor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basso_profondo" title="Basso profondo">Basso profondo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bass" title="Sub-bass">Sub-bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treble_(sound)" title="Treble (sound)">Treble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clef" title="Clef">Clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(music)" title="Extension (music)">Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_tone" title="Pedal tone">Pedal tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_(organ)" title="Registration (organ)">Organ registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timbre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timbre" title="Template:Timbre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timbre" title="Template talk:Timbre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timbre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timbre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timbre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timbre</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colors_of_noise" title="Colors of noise">Colors of noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">Fundamental frequency</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jivari" title="Jivari">Jivari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microinflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">Overtone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustle_noise" title="Rustle noise">Rustle noise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sawari" title="Sawari">Sawari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral envelope">Spectral envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_string" title="Sympathetic string">Sympathetic string</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">Tonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">Waveform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singing" title="Template:Singing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singing" title="Template talk:Singing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Singing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_singing" title="Bathroom singing">Bathroom singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throat_singing" title="Throat singing">Throat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversinging" title="Oversinging">Oversinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_singing" title="Sign singing">Sign singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing-along" title="Sing-along">Sing-along</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">Lip sync</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_percussion" title="Vocal percussion">Vocal percussion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms · Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">Vocables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voice classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Non-classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts · Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belting_(music)" title="Belting (music)">Belting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner">Crooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_(vocal_music)" title="Quintus (vocal music)">Quintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Vocal pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound equipment<br />(popular music)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">In-ear monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">Pitch correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_monitor_system" title="Stage monitor system">Monitor speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">Vocal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176501#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit 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