Effect of Oxide’s Thermophysical Properties on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels ATIG Welds

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} div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732615622"> <meta name="title" content="Effect of Oxide’s Thermophysical Properties on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels ATIG Welds"> <meta name="description" content="Duplex stainless-steel grade 2205 (2205 DSS) is the most widely used of the current duplex materials. The duplex steel alloy is characterized by high strength and high corrosion resistance through enhancing nitrogen and molybdenum contents. The activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding technique uses the same equipment as tungsten inert gas (TIG), but prior to the welding operation, a thin layer of flux is deposited. Activation fluxes are known to influence the shape and energy characteristics of the arc. They promote the change in shapes and dimensions of the welds, namely, increasing the depth and narrowing the weld width. This work is dedicated to investigate the influence of the thermophysical properties of individual metal oxide fluxes on 2205 DSS welding morphology. It helps also to identify the recommended flux properties in order to perform full penetrated ATIG welds. Thirteen kinds of oxides (SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, Mn2O3, V2O5, MoO3, Co3O4, SrO, ZrO2, CaO, and MgO) have been tested and three current intensity levels (120, 150 and 180 A) have been considered. The results showed that the main input factors affecting the weld depth (D) were the welding current intensity with a contribution of up to 53.36%, followed by the oxides enthalpy energy with 15.05% and then by the difference between the oxides and the base metal of 2205 DSS (BM 2205 DSS) melting points with a contribution of 9.71% of the data variance. The conditions on individual oxides’ thermophysical properties to achieve full penetrated weld beads have been also revealed." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/crystals-logo.png?a2c22e8538083c0b" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Effect of Oxide’s Thermophysical Properties on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels ATIG Welds"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Rachid Djoudjou"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kamel Touileb"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Elawady Attia"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Abousoufiane Ouis"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Abdeljlil Chihaoui Hedhibi"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hany S. Abdo"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ibrahim AlBaijan"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Crystals 2024, Vol. 14, Page 973"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-10"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/cryst14110973"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="Duplex stainless-steel grade 2205 (2205 DSS) is the most widely used of the current duplex materials. The duplex steel alloy is characterized by high strength and high corrosion resistance through enhancing nitrogen and molybdenum contents. The activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding technique uses the same equipment as tungsten inert gas (TIG), but prior to the welding operation, a thin layer of flux is deposited. Activation fluxes are known to influence the shape and energy characteristics of the arc. They promote the change in shapes and dimensions of the welds, namely, increasing the depth and narrowing the weld width. This work is dedicated to investigate the influence of the thermophysical properties of individual metal oxide fluxes on 2205 DSS welding morphology. It helps also to identify the recommended flux properties in order to perform full penetrated ATIG welds. Thirteen kinds of oxides (SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, Mn2O3, V2O5, MoO3, Co3O4, SrO, ZrO2, CaO, and MgO) have been tested and three current intensity levels (120, 150 and 180 A) have been considered. The results showed that the main input factors affecting the weld depth (D) were the welding current intensity with a contribution of up to 53.36%, followed by the oxides enthalpy energy with 15.05% and then by the difference between the oxides and the base metal of 2205 DSS (BM 2205 DSS) melting points with a contribution of 9.71% of the data variance. The conditions on individual oxides’ thermophysical properties to achieve full penetrated weld beads have been also revealed." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="ATIG welding" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="2205 stainless steel" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="activating flux" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="oxides’ thermophysical properties" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2073-4352"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Crystals"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-10"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="14"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="11"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="973" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2073-4352"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Crystals"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Effect of Oxide’s Thermophysical Properties on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels ATIG Welds"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/11"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/10"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="11"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="973"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Djoudjou, Rachid"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Touileb, Kamel"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Attia, Elawady"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ouis, Abousoufiane"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Hedhibi, Abdeljlil Chihaoui"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Abdo, Hany S."> <meta name="citation_author" content="AlBaijan, Ibrahim"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/cryst14110973"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-cryst14110973"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/pdf?version=1731236745"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/pdf?version=1731236745"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/pdf?version=1731236745"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/crystals-logo-social.png?a2c22e8538083c0b" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Effect of Oxide’s Thermophysical Properties on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels ATIG Welds" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Duplex stainless-steel grade 2205 (2205 DSS) is the most widely used of the current duplex materials. The duplex steel alloy is characterized by high strength and high corrosion resistance through enhancing nitrogen and molybdenum contents. The activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding technique uses the same equipment as tungsten inert gas (TIG), but prior to the welding operation, a thin layer of flux is deposited. Activation fluxes are known to influence the shape and energy characteristics of the arc. They promote the change in shapes and dimensions of the welds, namely, increasing the depth and narrowing the weld width. This work is dedicated to investigate the influence of the thermophysical properties of individual metal oxide fluxes on 2205 DSS welding morphology. It helps also to identify the recommended flux properties in order to perform full penetrated ATIG welds. Thirteen kinds of oxides (SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, Mn2O3, V2O5, MoO3, Co3O4, SrO, ZrO2, CaO, and MgO) have been tested and three current intensity levels (120, 150 and 180 A) have been considered. The results showed that the main input factors affecting the weld depth (D) were the welding current intensity with a contribution of up to 53.36%, followed by the oxides enthalpy energy with 15.05% and then by the difference between the oxides and the base metal of 2205 DSS (BM 2205 DSS) melting points with a contribution of 9.71% of the data variance. The conditions on individual oxides’ thermophysical properties to achieve full penetrated weld beads have been also revealed." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g001-550.jpg?1731236871" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 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<div class="html-article-menu-option html-nav-bg html-nav-creme" data-bg="creme"> <i class="fa fa-file-text"></i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article ><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Effect of Oxide’s Thermophysical Properties on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels ATIG Welds </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13381066' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Rachid Djoudjou</div><div id="profile-card-drop13381066" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Rachid Djoudjou</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/976358?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Rachid%20Djoudjou" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Rachid%20Djoudjou&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rachid%20Djoudjou" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13381066" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#6f400c010b420c08064003400a020e0603421f1d001b0a0c1b0600014c5f5f5a0c585d5e595e575e0b5f585e595e575e0b5f585c5d5f5d5f5e5e5c5f585a0c5e585e595f585a0c5f5e5e5c"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13381067' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Kamel Touileb</div><div id="profile-card-drop13381067" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div 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margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13381067" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#59763a373d743a3e307635763c3438303574292b362d3c3a2d3036377a69696d6c6f3b683f696d683c696b696e693c69606b3b683b68616938683c6d6c693c693f683c6d6c68616938"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0902-9603" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13381068' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Elawady Attia</div><div id="profile-card-drop13381068" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Elawady Attia</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/1320839?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Elawady%20Attia" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Elawady%20Attia&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Elawady%20Attia" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1,3</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13381068" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#bf90dcd1db92dcd8d690d390dad2ded6d392cfcdd0cbdadccbd6d0d19c8f8f8bdd898a8f8b8e8e8e8e8fdc8f8b8d8a8e8a8e898f8b8e8f8bdd8f8f8f8e8e8f8bdd8e898f8b"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-1969" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732615622" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13381069' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Abousoufiane Ouis</div><div id="profile-card-drop13381069" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" 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href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Abousoufiane%20Ouis" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="13381069" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#a28dc1ccc68fc1c5cb8dce8dc7cfc3cbce8fd2d0cdd6c7c1d6cbcdcc81929296c4949392c79396929a93909093939393909292939696c492969297939696c493909292"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop13381070' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Abdeljlil Chihaoui Hedhibi</div><div id="profile-card-drop13381070" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div 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Box 655, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 655, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering (Shoubra), Benha University, Cairo 13518, Egypt</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>4</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Laboratory of Mechanics of Sousse (LMS), National Engineering School of Sousse, P.O. Box 264, Erriaydh City, Sousse 4023, Tunisia</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>5</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Al-Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Crystals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 973; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110973">https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14110973</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 29 October 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 6 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 6 November 2024</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 10 November 2024</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/crystals/special_issues/F11TPDY50B ">Welding and Joining of Metallic Materials: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-1517973" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1517973" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-1517973" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2073-4352/14/11/973/pdf?version=1731236745" data-name="Effect of Oxide’s Thermophysical Properties on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels ATIG Welds" data-journal="crystals">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2073-4352/14/11/973/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2073-4352/14/11/973/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2073-4352/14/11/973/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g001.png?1731236870" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Performance of the model for depth penetration (D): (<b>a</b>) residuals’ normal plot for D. (<b>b</b>) Predicted vs. actual data for D.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g002.png?1731236871" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Effect of oxide melting point.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g003.png?1731236872" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Effect of the oxide and the base materials melting points difference in relation with the current intensity.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g004.png?1731236872" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Effect of oxygen proportion in oxide and current intensity on weld depth.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g005.png?1731236873" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Effect of oxide energy of ionization and current intensity on weld depth.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g006.png?1731236874" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Effect of enthalpy energy of formation of oxides <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo>∆</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math> (KJ/mol) and current intensity on weld depth.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g007.png?1731236875" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Model fit for aspect ratio for aspect ratio (D/W). (<b>a</b>) Residuals’ normal plot for D/W. (<b>b</b>) Actual data vs. predicted for D/W.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2073-4352/14/11/973/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">Duplex stainless-steel grade 2205 (2205 DSS) is the most widely used of the current duplex materials. The duplex steel alloy is characterized by high strength and high corrosion resistance through enhancing nitrogen and molybdenum contents. The activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding technique uses the same equipment as tungsten inert gas (TIG), but prior to the welding operation, a thin layer of flux is deposited. Activation fluxes are known to influence the shape and energy characteristics of the arc. They promote the change in shapes and dimensions of the welds, namely, increasing the depth and narrowing the weld width. This work is dedicated to investigate the influence of the thermophysical properties of individual metal oxide fluxes on 2205 DSS welding morphology. It helps also to identify the recommended flux properties in order to perform full penetrated ATIG welds. Thirteen kinds of oxides (SiO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, ZnO, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, MoO<sub>3</sub>, Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, SrO, ZrO<sub>2</sub>, CaO, and MgO) have been tested and three current intensity levels (120, 150 and 180 A) have been considered. The results showed that the main input factors affecting the weld depth (D) were the welding current intensity with a contribution of up to 53.36%, followed by the oxides enthalpy energy with 15.05% and then by the difference between the oxides and the base metal of 2205 DSS (BM 2205 DSS) melting points with a contribution of 9.71% of the data variance. The conditions on individual oxides’ thermophysical properties to achieve full penetrated weld beads have been also revealed.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=ATIG+welding">ATIG welding</a>; <a href="/search?q=2205+stainless+steel">2205 stainless steel</a>; <a href="/search?q=activating+flux">activating flux</a>; <a href="/search?q=oxides%E2%80%99+thermophysical+properties">oxides’ thermophysical properties</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-crystals-14-00973' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>Stainless steels (SS) are extensively used materials in various industries, owing to their numerous advantages. Their applications are wide and they are commonly used in different industries and pipelines owing to their high weldability and service performance. Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) with austenitic and ferritic phases have been increasingly used for many industrial applications, e.g., in the oil and gas sector, due to their good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, particularly in marine environments [<a href="#B1-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B3-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">3</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>For joining, cladding, or repairing DSSs, the welding parameters play a major role in maintaining and controlling the equal balance of austenite and ferrite phases [<a href="#B4-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Tungsten inert gas (TIG), also known as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), is a process highly used for joining DSS parts. It is able to produce high-quality welds at inexpensive costs, with more flexibility, for any weld configurations, and in any welding positions. The TIG welding process is a widespread industrial process that is used in several engineering applications such as cars, aerospace, shipbuilding, and power plants. TIG also has advanced to the additive manufacturing field, via the construction of thin walls [<a href="#B6-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">6</a>]. In addition to its production, TIG has been used for repairing, as seen in a martensitic SS cracked Pelton runner repaired by TIG welding [<a href="#B7-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. However, only a maximum of 3 mm penetration is achieved at the highest level of heat input (2.21 kJ/mm), which can be harmful to the duplex microstructure by the formation of deleterious sigma phases [<a href="#B8-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">9</a>]. These shortcomings restrict the traditional TIG welding applications. ATIG is a variant of conventional TIG welding where the same equipment is used except for prior welding; a thin flux layer of 10 mm width and 0.2 to 0.4 mm thickness is deposited on the surface parts to be joined. Three different methods for the application of the flux layer on the base plates are reported in the literature: (i) using a brush, (ii) by spraying, and (iii) by conveying with a shielding gas [<a href="#B10-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B11-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. ATIG welding has been adopted in many industries owing to its high production efficiency related to its capability to join ticker parts up to 8 mm in one pass without edge preparation or filler metal [<a href="#B12-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B13-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B14-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. Fluxes used during ATIG welding are usually metal oxides and halides [<a href="#B15-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B16-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">16</a>]. Fluxes have been tested as a single component or as a mixture of two or more different powders in order to achieve the best weld penetration and weld aspect [<a href="#B17-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B18-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The main mechanisms determining the weld morphology are inverse Marangoni convection and arc constriction. In inverse Marangoni convection, the weld bead shape is mostly influenced by surfactant elements such as oxygen. The presence of surfactant elements ensures inward convection. The liquid metal motion in the weld pool has a centripetal convection resulting in a deep and narrow weld morphology [<a href="#B20-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. Howse and Lucas [<a href="#B23-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">23</a>] have applied Simonik’s principle [<a href="#B24-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">24</a>] to explain the observed constriction of the arc and the increased weld pool penetration. Indeed, the constriction arc increases the current density at the anode spot, which contributes to an increase in the Lorentz force [<a href="#B25-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. The mechanisms mentioned above coexist to increase the ATIG weld bead penetration [<a href="#B26-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B27-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The TIG welding process parameters were optimized using an RBF-NN-based model [<a href="#B29-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">29</a>], Generic Algorithm (GA) [<a href="#B30-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">30</a>], Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) [<a href="#B31-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">31</a>], and the Taguchi method [<a href="#B32-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">32</a>]. These methods help the understanding of the complex relationship between input such as welding parameters (e.g., welding intensity, welding speed etc.) and output parameters such as mechanical properties [<a href="#B33-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">33</a>] or welding bead morphology [<a href="#B34-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The available works in the ATIG welding process have been devoted to the optimization of single [<a href="#B35-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">35</a>], bi-component, or tri-component flux. The aim is either to improve the mechanical properties using the Swarm Particle Optimization method [<a href="#B36-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">36</a>] or to enhance the depth penetration and weld aspect using the Mixing Design method [<a href="#B37-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">37</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>In this work, regression analysis is used. The mathematical model that relates the output responses, such as depth and aspect ratio, with the input parameters as the selected thermophysical properties flux combined with three current intensities (120, 150, and 180 A) can be obtained. The expected responses, weld depth and weld width were fitted into Design Expert.</div><div class='html-p'>Based on the results obtained, the main thermophysical characteristic which influences the weld bead morphology will be highlighted. Moreover, the obtained results indicate the value ranges of the obtained main input parameters which promote the high weld penetration. The novelty of this work is to facilitate the selection of fluxes for any material to be welded using ATIG welding. Furthermore, the usefulness of the present study could be considered as a guideline for researchers as well as industries to refine the selection of fluxes in order to achieve efficient welding.</div></section><section id='sec2-crystals-14-00973' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><section id='sec2dot1-crystals-14-00973' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Material</h4><div class='html-p'>The DSS grade 2205 in the form of a 6 mm thick plate manufactured by Outokumpu Stainless AB SWEDEN was investigated. The related chemical composition, the melting temperature, and boiling temperature are depicted in <a href="#crystals-14-00973-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>The thermophysical properties were gathered in <a href="#crystals-14-00973-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>, such as boiling point, surface tension, melting point, proportion of oxygen in oxides, oxides first ionization energy, and oxides enthalpy energy.</div></section><section id='sec2dot2-crystals-14-00973' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. Welding Procedure</h4><div class='html-p'>The 200 mm welding lines were carried out on (200 × 100) mm<sup>2</sup> plain rectangular plates of the 2205 DSS material. Before welding, the plates were cleaned with acetone. The used powders have been heated separately in a furnace at 100 °C for 1 h to eliminate the humidity. Flux in the form of powder has been mixed with acetone in the proportion of (1 ÷ 1) and made in the form of paste; a brush was used to apply the mixture on the plain edges to be joined. The strip band of paste of 10 mm wide and an average of 0.24 mm thickness has been deposited on the plain plate. Specimens for morphology study were prepared by the usual metallurgical polishing methods and then etched with a solution of one volume of water, one volume of hydrochloric acid (HCL), one volume of nitric acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>), and one volume of fluoride acid (HF). The cross-sections of the weld beads were photographed using an optical microscope CAROLINA (CAROLINA, Burlington, VT, USA). <a href="#crystals-14-00973-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a> shows the welding conditions.</div><div class='html-p'>To make sure that the arc welding was stabilized, specimens were taken at 30 mm from the edges. For each weld, five depth and width bead measurements were taken.</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-crystals-14-00973' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. Mathematical Modeling</h4><div class='html-p'>The mathematical model that expresses the output variables to the input parameters can be obtained by using regression analysis. By applying the polynomial function, the mathematical formulation has been found. The expression of the second-order polynomial function is represented by Equation (1) <div class='html-disp-formula-info' id='FD1-crystals-14-00973'> <div class='f'> <math display='block'><semantics> <mrow> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <munderover> <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <munderover> <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> <mo>></mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <munderover> <mo stretchy="false">∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(1)</label> </div> </div></div><div class='html-p'>So, the terms of this equation are: Xi denotes the ten input factors such that i ∈ {1, 2, …, 10},</div><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>b</span>: denotes the factor corresponding to the specified terms such that</div><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>b<sub>o</sub></span>: is a constant term,</div><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>b<sub>i</sub></span>: are coefficients of the linear terms,</div><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>b<sub>ij</sub></span>: are coefficients of the linear interaction terms,</div><div class='html-p'><span class='html-italic'>b<sub>ii</sub></span>: are coefficients of the second-order terms.</div><div class='html-p'>Design Expert software (DOE) has been used to find out a mathematical model for Y in terms of input factors.</div></section></section><section id='sec3-crystals-14-00973' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results and Discussions</h2><section id='sec3dot1-crystals-14-00973' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Morphology of Welds</h4><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00973-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a> shows the cross-sectional macrographs of the conventional TIG and ATIG processed materials. We noticed that for a current intensity of 120 A, the welds were partially penetrated regardless of the type of oxides. However, for 180 A, almost all the oxides tested resulted to full penetration welds except for ZrO<sub>2</sub>, Cao, SrO, and MgO. ATIG welds performed under 150 A exhibited partially penetrated welds except for welds executed with SiO<sub>2</sub> and V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. Furthermore, the weld depths in TIG and ATIG welding in the case of 180 A were greater than those performed with 150 A due to the higher heat input, followed by the weld depths performed with 120 A (c.f. <a href="#crystals-14-00973-t005" class="html-table">Table 5</a>).</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00973-t005" class="html-table">Table 5</a> shows the inputs (X1, X2, …, X9, and I) and their corresponding responses, depth, and ratio aspect. The results depicted that the partial penetration welds are characterized by all welds carried out with 120 A regardless of the type of oxide used. In the latter welds, the heat input was not sufficient to liberate the oxygen. The highest linear energy of 180 A ensured the highest values of the depth. The oxygen, as a surfactant element, once liberated, contributes to getting centripetal molten metal in the 2205 DSS weld pool, which moves in a centripetal direction, according to inverse Marangoni convection, resulting in a high depth with narrower weld bead [<a href="#B43-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">43</a>].</div></section><section id='sec3dot2-crystals-14-00973' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Weld Depth Penetration Modelling</h4><div class='html-p'>The response variable D can be represented by Equation (2).</div><div class='html-p'>The validity as well as the accuracy of the D mathematical model are shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00973-t006" class="html-table">Table 6</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>Design Expert software with a quadratic model could obtain the best appropriate fit and auto-selection of terms relying on the adjusted R<sup>2</sup>. <div class='html-disp-formula-info' id=''> <div class='f'> D = 51.3 − 7.13 ×10<sup>−3</sup> X<sub>2</sub> − 4.7 × 10<sup>−5</sup> X<sub>3</sub> − 2.66 × 10<sup>−3</sup> X<sub>4</sub> + 0.298 X<sub>7</sub> − 5.02 X<sub>8</sub> + 2.29 × 10<sup>−3</sup> X<sub>9</sub> − 0.396 I + 4.25 × 10<sup>−6</sup> X<sub>2×3</sub> − 1.2 × 10<sup>−5</sup> X<sub>3</sub> I − 2.21 × 10<sup>−3</sup> X<sub>7</sub> I + 3.62 × 10<sup>−2</sup> X<sub>8</sub> I − 3.10 × 10<sup>−5</sup> X<sub>9</sub> I + 5.52 × 10<sup>−4</sup> I<sup>2</sup> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(2)</label> </div> </div></div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00973-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> shows the performance of the proposed mathematical model, and <a href="#crystals-14-00973-t007" class="html-table">Table 7</a> depicts ANOVA results, where F-value = 30.29 is sufficiently high, as well as R<sup>2</sup> = 0.94, adjusted-R<sup>2</sup> = 0.909, and predicted-R<sup>2</sup> = 0.839. The difference between R<sup>2</sup> and the adjusted-R<sup>2</sup> is less than 0.2, which demonstrates the equation is statistically significant. Furthermore, the S/N = 22.22 is high enough which indicates that the model in representing the data is adequate.</div><div class='html-p'>Relying on the ANOVA results, one can identify the major factor that affects the weld depth D. The major contributor is the current intensity (I). It accounts for up to 53.36% of the variability in the data with a linear impact. Increasing current intensity increases the heat supplied to the workpiece; it allows the release of oxygen which will play its role as a surfactant element. The second parameter is the oxide enthalpy energy (X<sub>9</sub>); it contributes to up to 15.05% of the variability in the data through its linear effect. The large negative value suggests that the ionic compound is a much more stable oxide. Consequently, oxygen as a surfactant element is partially or not liberated. Oxygen from the decomposition of the oxide flux in the welding pool alters the surface tension gradients on the weld pool surface, changing the Marangoni convection direction and weld penetration depth. The following contributor term is the temperature range of the oxide (X<sub>4</sub>); it comes with a percentage of 9.71%. The linear interaction between the current intensity (I) and each of the oxide’s melting points (X<sub>3</sub>), the proportion of oxygen in the oxides (X<sub>7</sub>), the oxide’s first ionization energy (X<sub>8</sub>), and the oxide’s enthalpy energy (X<sub>9</sub>) show statistically significant evidence as shown in <a href="#crystals-14-00973-t008" class="html-table">Table 8</a>. The interaction effect of oxide surface tension (X<sub>2</sub>) and oxide melting point (X<sub>3</sub>) is statistically significant and is up to 4.37%; however, their linear components (X<sub>2</sub> and X<sub>3</sub>) are statistically insignificant. The effect of the current intensity also shows a nonlinear effect of the term I<sub>2</sub>. The other factors show a minor effect on the depth of the weld.</div><div class='html-p'>Based on <a href="#crystals-14-00973-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>, the oxide melting point must be up to 2180 °C to achieve the full penetrated weld bead carried out with 180 A. The heat input is sufficient to dissociate the oxides and liberates the oxygen. As a surfactant element, oxygen in the weld pool contributes to the reverse Marangoni convection resulting in deeper weld bead. So, while welding 2205 DSS, the oxides which ensure the full penetrated welds of 6 mm thickness plates are those which are characterized by a melting point between 670 and 2350 °C. Within the tested welding parameters, the more effective action on the depth penetration weld is provided by oxides, which have a melting point in the temperature range 670 to 2350 °C.</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00973-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a> depicts the effect of the oxide and materials melting points difference in relation with the current intensity on the weld depth. The difference between oxide melting point and BM 2205 DSS melting point must be below 740 °C to achieve a full penetrated weld bead. Moreover, when the melting point of flux is close to that of the material to be welded, the penetration will be more pronounced and reaches the 8 mm of the weld depth.</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00973-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a> depicts the effect of oxygen proportion in the oxide with the current intensity on the weld depth. The oxygen percentages must be in the range of 30 to 52% to ensure the fully penetrated weld bead for welds performed with 170 to 180 A current intensity. Moreover, when the current intensity increases up to 180 A, the oxygen, which is around 30%, is sufficient to ensure 8 mm depth weld in a single pass. We notice that if the oxygen content “O<sub>2</sub>” is more than 30% in the oxide, it is more effective when the absolute values of the difference between the melting point of the oxides and the melting point of the BM 2205 DSS are below 890 °C. This indicates that the oxygen contained in the flux has a great effect on the morphology of the 2205 DSS welds.</div><div class='html-p'>Based on <a href="#crystals-14-00973-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>, the influence of the ionization energy (IE) of the oxides in combination with the current intensity on the formation of the welding beads of 2205 DSS reveals the favorable effect of this parameter on weld penetration. This aspect happens when the energy of ionization is beyond 10.6 eV owing to the increase in temperature in the welding arc. This contributes to the increase in welding arc energy associated with the use of flux and with ionization energy potential greater than 10.6 eV, leading to an increase in the total energy of the arc. Furthermore, when IE is 12 eV associated with 180 A, the weld penetration reaches a depth of 8 mm.</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00973-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a> reveals that the absolute values of the enthalpy energy of the formation of oxides <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo>∆</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math> must be greater than |870| kJ/mol to obtain a fully penetrated weld bead when performed by a current of 160 A. If the current intensity is 180 A, the weld bead reaches 8 mm of depth with the enthalpy of formation of the oxide with |1550| kJ/mol.</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-crystals-14-00973' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Modeling of Weld Aspect Ratio (D/W)</h4><div class='html-p'>Design Expert software was used to obtain the response variable D/W represented by Equation (3). <div class='html-disp-formula-info' id=''> <div class='f'> D/W = − 0.114 + 2.1 × 10<sup>−4</sup> X<sub>1</sub> + 5.1 × 10<sup>−5</sup> X<sub>3</sub> − 1.53 × 10<sup>−4</sup> X<sub>9</sub> + 3.44 × 10<sup>−3</sup> I − 1.03 × 10<sup>−7</sup> X<sub>1</sub> × X<sub>3</sub> </div> <div class='l'> <label >(3)</label> </div> </div></div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00973-t008" class="html-table">Table 8</a> represents the predicted against actual values of D/W and residuals. It clearly demonstrates that the aspect ratio equations, developed based on welding input parameters, align closely with the actual output values.</div><div class='html-p'><a href="#crystals-14-00973-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a> shows the significance of the proposed model. <a href="#crystals-14-00973-t009" class="html-table">Table 9</a> confirms that the ANOVA results confirm the statistical significance of the model. The calculated mathematical model is significant where F-value = 18.83 is sufficiently high, as well as the obtained R<sup>2</sup> = 0.74, the adjusted R<sup>2</sup> = 0.7, and the predicted R<sup>2</sup> = 0.645. The difference between the obtained and the adjusted R<sup>2</sup> is small, which indicates that the equation is statistically significant. Furthermore, the ratio S/N = 17.6 is high enough to show the adequacy of the model proposed.</div><div class='html-p'>Based on the ANOVA results, we can identify the major factor that affects the aspect ratio of the weld (D/W). The main contributor factor is the current intensity (I) with a proportion of about 49.0%. The second parameter is the linear interaction between the boiling point (X<sub>1</sub>) and the melting temperature (X<sub>3</sub>); its effect contributes to about 21.44%. The third factor is the factor (X<sub>3</sub>), which comes with a proportion of 19.7%. The influence of enthalpy of formation (X<sub>9</sub>) is also statistically significant.</div></section></section><section id='sec4-crystals-14-00973' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>The objective of this paper is to study the effects of the input thermophysical properties of oxide fluxes in combination with three levels of current intensity, which are 120, 150, and 180 A, on the ATIG weld depth and the weld aspect ratio of a 6 mm 2205 DSS material. In addition, this study makes it possible to select the main thermophysical properties of the flux which affect the weld morphology. Moreover, the value ranges of the main contributed input parameters were indicated. The polynomial mathematical model has effectively been formulated to predict the morphology of the weld bead based on a set of defined inputs, encompassing both depth and aspect ratio as functions. The main conclusions are as follows:</div><div class='html-p'>(i) The developed regression model has proven effective in modeling the geometries of ATIG welds on 6 mm thick plates of 2205 DSS. Predicted values for the geometric weld morphology closely matched the actual experimental results.</div><div class='html-p'>(ii) The principal input factors that influence the weld depth (D) are the welding current intensity (I) with a contribution of up to 53.36%, followed by the oxide enthalpy energy with 15.05% and then by the difference between oxides and BM 2205 DSS melting points with a percentage of 9.71%. The interaction of the two factors deserves to be highlighted, particularly between intensity current, with several input factors such as oxides melting point, proportion of oxygen in oxides, oxides first ionization energy, and oxides enthalpy energy <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo>∆</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math>. This interaction effect contributes to about 1.73%, 4.45%, 4.31%, and 1.62%, respectively of the oxides’ melting points, the proportion of oxygen in oxides, and the oxide’s first ionization energy of the data variance.</div><div class='html-p'>(iii) The principal input factors affecting the aspect ratio (D/W) are the current intensity, with a contribution of 48.99%, followed by the oxide melting point with 19.70%, and then by the oxide’s enthalpy energy, with a contribution of up to 6.95%. The combination effect of oxide boiling point (X1) and oxide melting point (X3) affects the aspect ratio of the weld bead with a contribution of up to 21.44%.</div><div class='html-p'>(iv) It has been determined that the full penetrated weld of 6 mm thick plates of 2205 DSS can be achieved in a single pass by the following thermophysical properties conditions of individual fluxes oxides: </div><div class='html-p'><ul class='html-simple'><li><div class='html-p'>✓ Oxides enthalpy energy formation: <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo>∆</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math> > |870| kJ/mol,</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>✓ Oxides melting point Tmo: 670 °C < Tmo < 2350 °C,</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>✓ Oxides ionization energy (IE): IE > 10.6 eV,</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>✓ |Oxides melting point-BM 2205 DSS melting point| < 720 °C,</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>✓ Proportion of oxygen in oxides (%): 30% < O<sub>2</sub> % < 52%.</div></li></ul></div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, K.T. and R.D.; methodology, K.T., R.D. and A.C.H. software, E.A.; validation, R.D. and K.T.; formal analysis, A.O., K.T. and I.A.; investigation, A.C.H., R.D., H.S.A. and K.T.; resources, E.A., R.D., A.O. and A.C.H.; data curation, I.A. and A.O.; writing—original draft preparation, K.T., E.A. and R.D.; writing—review and editing, R.D., E.A. and K.T.; visualization, E.A., I.A. and K.T.; supervision, K.T., R.D. and A.C.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This research received no external funding.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-crystals-14-00973' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Maslak, M.; Stankiewicz, M.; Slazak, B. Duplex Steels Used in Building Structures and Their Resistance to Chloride Corrosion. <span class='html-italic'>Materials</span> <b>2021</b>, <span class='html-italic'>14</span>, 5666. 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(<b>b</b>) Predicted vs. actual data for D.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f001"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 1.</b> Performance of the model for depth penetration (D): (<b>a</b>) residuals’ normal plot for D. (<b>b</b>) Predicted vs. actual data for D.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g001.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g001.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g001" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g001.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f002"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g002.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g002.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g002" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Effect of oxide melting point.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f002"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 2.</b> Effect of oxide melting point.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g002.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g002.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g002" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g002.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-f003"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f003"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g003.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g003.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g003" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g003-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Effect of the oxide and the base materials melting points difference in relation with the current intensity.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f003"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 3.</b> Effect of the oxide and the base materials melting points difference in relation with the current intensity.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g003.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g003.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g003" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g003.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-f004"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f004"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g004.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g004.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g004" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g004-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Effect of oxygen proportion in oxide and current intensity on weld depth.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f004"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 4.</b> Effect of oxygen proportion in oxide and current intensity on weld depth.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g004.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g004.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g004" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g004.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-f005"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f005"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g005.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g005.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g005" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g005-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Effect of oxide energy of ionization and current intensity on weld depth.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f005"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 5.</b> Effect of oxide energy of ionization and current intensity on weld depth.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g005.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g005.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g005" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g005.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-f006"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f006"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g006.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g006.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g006" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g006-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 6.</b> Effect of enthalpy energy of formation of oxides <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo>∆</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math> (KJ/mol) and current intensity on weld depth.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f006"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 6.</b> Effect of enthalpy energy of formation of oxides <math display='inline'><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo>∆</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math> (KJ/mol) and current intensity on weld depth.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g006.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g006.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g006" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g006.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-fig-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-f007"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f007"> <img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g007.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g007.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g007" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g007-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 7.</b> Model fit for aspect ratio for aspect ratio (D/W). (<b>a</b>) Residuals’ normal plot for D/W. (<b>b</b>) Actual data vs. predicted for D/W.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id="fig_body_display_crystals-14-00973-f007"> <div class="html-caption"> <b>Figure 7.</b> Model fit for aspect ratio for aspect ratio (D/W). (<b>a</b>) Residuals’ normal plot for D/W. (<b>b</b>) Actual data vs. predicted for D/W.</div> <div class="html-img"><img data-large="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g007.png" data-original="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g007.png" alt="Crystals 14 00973 g007" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-g007.png" /></div> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href='#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t001'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> The chemical composition of 2205 DSS. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t001"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 1.</b> The chemical composition of 2205 DSS.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Elements</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >C</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Si</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mn</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >P</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >S</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cr</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ni</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mo</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Nb</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cu</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Co</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >N</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Melting Point (°C) [<a href="#B38-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">38</a>]</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Boiling Point (°C) [<a href="#B38-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">38</a>]</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Weight %</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.016</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.47</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.025</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >22.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.008</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.21</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.140</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.170</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1450</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2860</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href='#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t002'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Oxides input properties data [<a href="#B39-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">42</a>]. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t002"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 2.</b> Oxides input properties data [<a href="#B39-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">39</a>,<a href="#B40-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">40</a>,<a href="#B41-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">41</a>,<a href="#B42-crystals-14-00973" class="html-bibr">42</a>].</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th colspan='10' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oxides Input Parameters</th></tr><tr ><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X1</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X2</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X3</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X4</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X5</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X6</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X7</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X8</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X9</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oxides Boiling Point (°C)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oxides Surface Tension (mN/m)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oxides Melting Point (°C)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oxides Melting Point-Melting Point of BM 2205 DSS (°C)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Boiling Point-Melting Point Flux (°C)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oxides Boiling Point-Melting Point of BM 2205 DSS (°C)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Proportion of Oxygen in Oxides (%)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Oxides First Ionization Energy (eV)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><math display='inline'><semantics> <mstyle mathvariant="bold"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold">Oxides</mi> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">Enthalpy</mi> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">Energy</mi> <mo> </mo> <msubsup> <mrow> <mo>∆</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>298</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </semantics></math> (kJ/mol)</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2950</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >260</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1626</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >181</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1324</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1505</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >68.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−911</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TIO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2972</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >360</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1892</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >447</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1527</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >63.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−941</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1987</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1540</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >447</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >542</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >73.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >12.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−824</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3000</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2330</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >885</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >670</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1555</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >61.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1128</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ZnO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2360</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >550</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1975</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >530</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >385</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >915</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >46.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−350</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >310</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >940</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >505</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >140</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >365</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >49.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−971</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1750</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >670</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >775</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >305</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >49.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1550.6</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MoO<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1155</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >802</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >643</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >353</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >290</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >67.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−745</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1935</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >490</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >865</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1355</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >53.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−577</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >SrO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2531</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1086</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >669</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1755</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >71.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.36</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ZrO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2715</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1270</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1585</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2855</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >75.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1080</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CaO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2850</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >625</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2615</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1170</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >235</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1405</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >55.66</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−635</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MgO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >635</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2826</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1381</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >774</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2155</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >29.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−602</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href='#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t003'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> Welding conditions. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t003"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 3.</b> Welding conditions.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Parameters</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Range</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Welding speed</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15 cm/min</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Welding current</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >120 A, 150 A, 180 A</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Arc Length</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2 mm</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Electrode tip angle<br>Electrode/base metal angle</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >45°<br>90°</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Shield gas on workpiece</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Argon with flow rate 12 L/min</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Shield gas on backside</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Argon with flow rate 5 L/min</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Welding mode</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Negative direct current electrode</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-t004"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href='#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t004'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 4.</b> Morphology of welds carried out under three current intensity levels (120, 150, and 180 A) of TIG and ATIG welding (ATIG with different single oxides). </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t004"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 4.</b> Morphology of welds carried out under three current intensity levels (120, 150, and 180 A) of TIG and ATIG welding (ATIG with different single oxides).</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Current Intensity = 120 A</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Current Intensity = 150 A</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Current Intensity = 180 A</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >TIG</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i001'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i001" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i001.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i002'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i002" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i002.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i003'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i003" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i003.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using <br>SiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i004'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i004" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i004.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i005'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i005" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i005.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i006'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i006" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i006.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using TiO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i007'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i007" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i007.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i008'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i008" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i008.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i009'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i009" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i009.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i010'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i010" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i010.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i011'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i011" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i011.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i012'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i012" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i012.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using MnO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i013'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i013" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i013.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i014'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i014" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i014.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i015'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i015" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i015.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i016'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i016" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i016.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i017'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i017" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i017.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i018'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i018" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i018.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using ZnO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i019'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i019" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i019.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i020'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i020" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i020.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i021'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i021" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i021.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using ZrO<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i022'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i022" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i022.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i023'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i023" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i023.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i024'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i024" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i024.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using CaO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i025'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i025" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i025.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i026'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i026" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i026.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i027'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i027" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i027.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i028'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i028" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i028.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i029'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i029" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i029.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i030'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i030" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i030.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i031'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i031" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i031.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i032'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i032" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i032.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i033'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i033" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i033.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using MoO<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i034'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i034" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i034.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i035'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i035" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i035.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i036'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i036" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i036.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using SrO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i037'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i037" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i037.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i038'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i038" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i038.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i039'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i039" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i039.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i040'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i040" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i040.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i041'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i041" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i041.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i042'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i042" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i042.png" /></span></td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ATIG<br>using MgO</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i043'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i043" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i043.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i044'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i044" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i044.png" /></span></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-fig-inline' id='crystals-14-00973-i045'><img alt="Crystals 14 00973 i045" data-lsrc="/crystals/crystals-14-00973/article_deploy/html/images/crystals-14-00973-i045.png" /></span></td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-t005"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href='#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t005'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 5.</b> The investigated factors and their corresponding responses. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t005"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 5.</b> The investigated factors and their corresponding responses.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Run</th><th colspan='12' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Factors</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>1</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>2</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>3</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>4</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>5</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>6</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>7</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>8</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>9</sub></th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >I</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >D (mm)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >D/W</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2950</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >260</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1626</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >181</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1324</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1505</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >68.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−911.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.58</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2950</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >260</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1626</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >181</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1324</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1505</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >68.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−911.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.03</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2950</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >260</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1626</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >181</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1324</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1505</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >68.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−911.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.63</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.95</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2972</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >360</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1892</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >447</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1527</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >63.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−941.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.55</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2972</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >360</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1892</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >447</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1527</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >63.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−941.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.72</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.55</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2972</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >360</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1892</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >447</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1527</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >63.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−941.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.71</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1987</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1540</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >447</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >542</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >73.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >12.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−824.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.49</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1987</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1540</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >447</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >542</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >73.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >12.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−824.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.68</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1987</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1540</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >447</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >542</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >73.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >12.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−824.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.80</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3000</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2330</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >885</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >670</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1555</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >61.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1128.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.66</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3000</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2330</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >885</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >670</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1555</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >61.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1128.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.76</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.62</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3000</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2330</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >885</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >670</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1555</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >61.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1128.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.82</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2360</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >550</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1975</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >530</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >385</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >915</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >46.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−350.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.46</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2360</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >550</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1975</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >530</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >385</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >915</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >46.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−350.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.39</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2360</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >550</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1975</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >530</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >385</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >915</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >46.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−350.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.88</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >310</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >940</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >505</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >140</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >365</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >49.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−971.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.66</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >310</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >940</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >505</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >140</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >365</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >49.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−971.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.73</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >310</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >940</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >505</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >140</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >365</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >49.42</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−971.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.81</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1750</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >670</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >775</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >305</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >49.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1550.6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.68</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1750</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >670</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >775</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >305</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >49.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1550.6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.94</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >21</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1750</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >670</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >775</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1080</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >305</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >49.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1550.6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.64</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.03</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1155</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >802</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >643</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >353</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >290</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >67.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−745.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.58</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1155</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >802</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >643</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >353</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >290</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >67.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−745.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.62</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.83</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1155</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >802</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >643</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >353</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >290</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >67.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−745.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.79</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1935</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >490</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >865</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1355</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >53.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−577.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.51</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1935</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >490</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >865</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1355</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >53.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−577.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.54</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >800</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1935</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >490</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >865</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1355</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >53.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−577.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.84</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2531</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1086</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >669</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1755</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >71.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−592.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.34</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2531</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1086</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >669</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1755</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >71.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−592.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.32</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2531</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1086</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >669</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1755</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >71.48</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−592.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.44</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2715</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1270</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1585</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2855</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >75.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1080.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.30</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2715</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1270</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1585</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2855</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >75.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1080.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.57</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.37</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2715</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1270</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1585</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2855</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >75.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−1080.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.49</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2850</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >625</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2615</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1170</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >235</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1405</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >55.66</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−635.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.49</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2850</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >625</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2615</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1170</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >235</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1405</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >55.66</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−635.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.41</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2850</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >625</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2615</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1170</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >235</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1405</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >55.66</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−635.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.47</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >635</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2826</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1381</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >774</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2155</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >29.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−602.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >120</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.44</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >635</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2826</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1381</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >774</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2155</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >29.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−602.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >150</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.37</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >635</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2826</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1381</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >774</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2155</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >29.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.43</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−602.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >180</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.42</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-t006"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href='#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t006'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t006"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 6.</b> Predicted against actual value and residuals of D mathematical model. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t006"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 6.</b> Predicted against actual value and residuals of D mathematical model.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Run Order</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Actual Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Predicted Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Residual</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0009</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.3000</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.63</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.78</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.1478</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.98</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2507</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.72</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0647</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0213</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.4559</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.53</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.2861</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.61</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.8070</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0023</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.76</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.2408</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1524</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2386</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.86</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.9625</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8527</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.99</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1515</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.5566</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.45</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.53</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0826</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.85</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.5576</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.40</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.95</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4521</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >21</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.64</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.49</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1516</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2797</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.62</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4865</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.4388</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.60</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1983</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.3712</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.80</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6657</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.76</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.5881</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.57</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.2626</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3194</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.07</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2409</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.57</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.60</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0254</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.1245</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.98</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0712</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.69</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4612</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1077</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1722</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.70</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.76</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0587</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.50</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.6276</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-t007"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href='#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t007'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t007"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 7.</b> Results of D in terms of X1, X2, …, X9 and I. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t007"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 7.</b> Results of D in terms of X1, X2, …, X9 and I.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Source</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sum of Squares</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >DF</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mean Square</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >F-Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >% Contribution</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Model</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >122.3000</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.4100</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30.29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>2</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0528</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0528</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6835</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.07</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0031</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0031</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.01</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.9212</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.00</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>4</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.9600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.9600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >22.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.71</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>7</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.9700</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.9700</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0894</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.35</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>8</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3898</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3898</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2732</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.54</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>9</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.7900</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.7900</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >34.75</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >15.05</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >I</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >38.2500</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >38.2500</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >123.17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >53.36</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>2</sub> X<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.1300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.1300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.09</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0039</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.37</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>3</sub> I</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.2400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.2400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0565</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.73</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>7</sub> I</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.1900</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.1900</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0037</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.45</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>8</sub> I</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.0900</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.0900</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.94</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0042</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.31</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>9</sub> I</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.1600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.1600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.72</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0652</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.62</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >I<sup>2</sup></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.1400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.1400</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.89</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0146</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.99</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Residual</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.7600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3105</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cor Total</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >130.0600</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-t008"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href='#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t008'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t008"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 8.</b> Predicted against actual values of D/W and residuals. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t008"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 8.</b> Predicted against actual values of D/W and residuals.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Run</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Actual Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Predicted Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Residual</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5791</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6480</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0689</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.0300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7513</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2835</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.9466</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8547</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0920</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5544</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5862</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0318</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5461</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6895</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.1434</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7079</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7928</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0849</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4878</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6065</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.1187</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6799</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7099</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0300</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8000</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8132</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0132</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6591</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5029</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1562</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6201</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6062</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0139</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8203</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7096</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1107</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4617</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4705</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0089</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3912</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5739</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.1826</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8849</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6772</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2077</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6603</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6177</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0426</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7264</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7210</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0054</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8098</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8244</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0146</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6831</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8167</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.1336</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >20</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.9371</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.9200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0172</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >21</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.0300</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.0200</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0088</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5803</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6009</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0207</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >23</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8320</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7043</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1277</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >24</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7882</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8076</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0194</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5101</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5177</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0077</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >26</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5405</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.6211</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0805</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.8374</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.7244</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1131</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3444</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3596</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0151</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >29</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3208</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4629</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.1421</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >30</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4353</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5662</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.1309</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2962</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3075</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0114</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3710</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4109</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0399</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4854</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5142</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0287</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4919</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3634</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1285</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4102</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4667</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0566</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4667</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5700</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.1034</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >37</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4397</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2474</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1922</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3725</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3507</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0218</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4197</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4541</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >−0.0344</td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <div class="html-table-wrap" id="crystals-14-00973-t009"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td"> <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href='#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t009'> <img data-lsrc="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/14/11/973/display" href="#table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t009"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 9.</b> ANOVA figures for D/W with X1, X2, …, X9 and I. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id="table_body_display_crystals-14-00973-t009"> <div class="html-caption"><b>Table 9.</b> ANOVA figures for D/W with X1, X2, …, X9 and I.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Source</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sum of Squares</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >DF</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Mean Square</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >F-Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-Value</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >% Contribution</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Model</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.1900</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2378</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >18.83</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>1</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0039</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0039</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.31</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5820</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.69</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1116</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1116</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8.84</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0055</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >19.70</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>9</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0394</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0394</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0867</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.95</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >I</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2776</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.2776</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >21.98</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >48.99</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >X<sub>1</sub>X<sub>3</sub></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1215</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.1215</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.62</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0039</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >21.44</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Residual</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.4168</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >33</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.0126</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cor Total</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.6100</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >38</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5666</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid 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Effect of Oxide&rsquo;s Thermophysical Properties on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels ATIG Welds

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