CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Heimskringla - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"17e301e0-490d-4fab-a6e6-72c14d2f09b8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Heimskringla","wgTitle":"Heimskringla","wgCurRevisionId":1245541951,"wgRevisionId":1245541951,"wgArticleId":14468,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2024","Articles containing Icelandic-language text","Pages with Icelandic IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with LibriVox links","1230s books","Kings' sagas","Works by Snorri Sturluson","Cultural depictions of Harald Hardrada", "Cultural depictions of Harold Godwinson"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Heimskringla","wgRelevantArticleId":14468,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q215806","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg/1200px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1255"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg/800px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="837"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg/640px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="669"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Heimskringla - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Heimskringla rootpage-Heimskringla skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Heimskringla" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Heimskringla" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Heimskringla" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Heimskringla" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscript_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscript_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Manuscript history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscript_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Summary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Summary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Editions and translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Editions_and_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Editions and translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Editions_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>History of translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Heimskringla</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Кола Зямное – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кола Зямное" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хеймскрингла – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хеймскрингла" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7" title="هایمس‌کرینگلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هایمس‌کرینگلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A7%81%EA%B8%80%EB%9D%BC" title="헤임스크링글라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤임스크링글라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="מחזור העולם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחזור העולם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9" title="ヘイムスクリングラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘイムスクリングラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Круг Земной – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Круг Земной" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Һеймскриңла – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һеймскриңла" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Heimskringla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Коло Земне – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коло Земне" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Heimskringla" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Heimskringla" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Heimskringla" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&oldid=1245541951" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Heimskringla&id=1245541951&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHeimskringla"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHeimskringla"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Heimskringla&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Heimskringla" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215806" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Old Norse kings' sagas</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lbs_fragm_82,_0001r_-_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg/200px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg/300px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg/400px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3518" data-file-height="3679" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lbs_fragm_82,_0001v_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg/200px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg/300px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg/400px-Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001v_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3007" data-file-height="3187" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The single surviving page of the c. 1260 <i>Kringla</i> manuscript, known as <i>the Kringla leaf</i> (<i>Kringlublaðið</i>) is kept in the <a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_of_Iceland" title="National and University Library of Iceland">National and University Library of Iceland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p><b><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Heimskringla</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Icelandic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="is-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈheimsˌkʰriŋla]</a></span>) is the best known of the Old Norse <a href="/wiki/Kings%27_sagas" title="Kings' sagas">kings' sagas</a>. It was written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. While authorship of <i>Heimskringla</i> is nowhere attributed, some scholars assume it is written by the Icelandic poet and historian <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> (1178/79–1241) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1230. The title <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Heimskringla</i></span> was first used in the 17th century, derived from the first two words of one of the manuscripts (<i>kringla heimsins</i>, "the circle of the world"). </p><p><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Heimskringla</i></span> is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> about <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Sweden" title="List of legendary kings of Sweden">Swedish</a> and Norwegian <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a>, beginning with the saga of the legendary Swedish dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Ynglings</a>, followed by accounts of historical Norwegian rulers from <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a> of the 9th century up to the death of the pretender <a href="/wiki/Eystein_Meyla" title="Eystein Meyla">Eystein Meyla</a> in 1177. </p><p>Some of the exact sources of <i>Heimskringla</i> are disputed, but they include earlier kings' sagas, such as <a href="/wiki/Morkinskinna" title="Morkinskinna">Morkinskinna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a> and the 12th-century Norwegian synoptic histories and oral traditions, notably many <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> poems. The author or authors explicitly name the now lost work <i><a href="/wiki/Hryggjarstykki" title="Hryggjarstykki">Hryggjarstykki</a></i> as their source for the events of the mid-12th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No known manuscript attributes authorship to <i>Heimskringla</i>. The matter is summarized as follows by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Faulkes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Faulkes (page does not exist)">Anthony Faulkes</a>: </p> <dl><dd>The authorship of Heimskringla is not referred to within the text or in any surviving manuscript—as is usually the case for a medieval work—and its attribution to Snorri has been questioned. The first surviving works in which he is credited as author are the sixteenth-century translations of <i>Heimskringla</i> into Danish by the Norwegians Peder Claussøn Friis and Laurents Hanssøn ... who are generally believed to have used at least one now lost manuscript of <i>Heimskringla</i> that gave authority for their naming of Snorri.<sup id="cite_ref-FAULKES-VII_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAULKES-VII-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Heimskringla</i></span> comes from the first words of the first saga in the compilation (<i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></i>), <i>Kringla heimsins</i>, "the orb of the Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscript_history">Manuscript history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manuscript history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest parchment copy of the work is <i>Kringla</i>, now in the <a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_of_Iceland" title="National and University Library of Iceland">National and University Library of Iceland</a>, catalogued as Lbs fragm 82. It is a single vellum leaf from c. 1260, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_St._Olaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Saga of St. Olaf">Saga of St. Olaf</a>; the rest of the manuscript was lost to fire in 1728.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ynglingesaga_1_Gerhard_Munthe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ynglingesaga_1_Gerhard_Munthe.jpg/220px-Ynglingesaga_1_Gerhard_Munthe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ynglingesaga_1_Gerhard_Munthe.jpg/330px-Ynglingesaga_1_Gerhard_Munthe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ynglingesaga_1_Gerhard_Munthe.jpg/440px-Ynglingesaga_1_Gerhard_Munthe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Gerhard Munthe, Kringla Heimsins, illustration for <i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynglinga Saga">Ynglinga Saga</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Heimskringla</i></span> consists of several sagas, often thought of as falling into three groups, giving the overall work the character of a <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptych</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saga narrates the contests of the kings, the establishment of the kingdom of Norway, <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> expeditions to various European countries, ranging as far afield as <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> in the saga of <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">Sigurd the Crusader</a>, where the Norwegian fleet is attacked by Arab Muslim pirates, referred to as Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stories are told with energy, giving a picture of human life in all its dimensions. The saga is a prose epic, relevant to the history of not only Scandinavia but the regions included in the wider medieval <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Scandinavian diaspora</a>. The first part of the <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Heimskringla</i></span> is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>; as the collection proceeds, fable and fact intermingle, but the accounts become increasingly historically reliable. </p><p>The first saga tells of the mythological prehistory of the Swedish and Norwegian royal dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Ynglings</a>, tracing their lineage to <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> (Yngve) of the <a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaland</a> people, who arrived in Scandinavia with <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> from the legendary <a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a>. The subsequent sagas are (with few exceptions) devoted to individual rulers, starting with <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_the_Black" title="Halfdan the Black">Halfdan the Black</a>. </p><p>A version of <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_saga_helga" title="Óláfs saga helga">Óláfs saga helga</a></i>, about the saint <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf II of Norway</a>, is the main and central part of the collection: Olaf's 15-year-long reign takes up about one third of the entire work. </p><p>Thereafter, the saga of <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a> narrates Harald's expedition to the East, his brilliant exploits in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, his skaldic accomplishments, and his battles in England against <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="Godwin, Earl of Wessex">Godwin, Earl of Wessex</a>, where he fell at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a> in 1066, only a few days before Harold fell at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>. After presenting a series of other kings, the saga ends with <a href="/wiki/Magnus_V_of_Norway" title="Magnus V of Norway">Magnus V of Norway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents">Contents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Heimskringla</i></span> contains the following sagas (see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">List of Norwegian monarchs</a>): </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></i></li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_the_Black" title="Halfdan the Black">Halfdanr svarti</a> ("the Black")</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Harald_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald I of Norway">Haraldr hárfagi</a> ("Finehair") (died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 931</span>)</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Haakon_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon I of Norway">Hákon góði</a> ("the Good") (died 961)</li> <li>Saga of King <a href="/wiki/Harald_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald II of Norway">Haraldr gráfeldr</a> ("Greycloak") (died 969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_saga_Tryggvasonar" title="Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar"><i>Saga of King Óláfr Tryggvason</i></a> (died 1000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_saga_helga" title="Óláfs saga helga"><i>Saga of King Óláfr Haraldsson</i></a> (died 1030), excerpt from <i>conversion of <a href="/wiki/Dale-Gudbrand" title="Dale-Gudbrand">Dale-Gudbrand</a></i></li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnús góði</a> ("the Good") (died 1047)</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Harald_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald III of Norway">Haraldr harðráði</a> ("Hardruler") (died 1066)</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Óláfr Haraldsson kyrri</a> ("the Gentle") (died 1093)</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnús berfœttr</a> ("Barefoot") (died 1103)</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Jorsalfar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd Jorsalfar">Sigurðr Jórsalafari</a> ("Jerusalem-traveller") (died 1130) and his brothers</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus IV of Norway">Magnús blindi</a> ("the Blind") (dethroned 1135) and of <a href="/wiki/Harald_Gilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald Gilli">Haraldr Gilli</a> (died 1136)</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Haraldson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurd Haraldson">Sigurðr</a> (died 1155), <a href="/wiki/Eystein_Haraldson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eystein Haraldson">Eysteinn</a> (died 1157) and <a href="/wiki/Inge_Haraldson" class="mw-redirect" title="Inge Haraldson">Ingi</a> (died 1161), the sons of Haraldr</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Hakon_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakon II of Norway">Hákon herðibreiðs</a> ("the Broadshouldered") (died 1162)</li> <li>Saga of <a href="/wiki/Magnus_V_of_Norway" title="Magnus V of Norway">Magnús Erlingsson</a> (died 1184)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Heimskringla</i> explicitly mentions a few prose sources, now mostly lost in then-contemporary forms: <i><a href="/wiki/Hryggjarstykki" title="Hryggjarstykki">Hryggjarstykki</a></i> ('spine pieces') by Eiríkr Oddsson (covering events 1130–61), <i><a href="/wiki/Skj%C7%ABldunga_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Skjǫldunga saga">Skjǫldunga saga</a></i>, an unidentified saga about Knútr inn gamli, and a text called <i>Jarlasǫgurnar</i> ('sagas of the jarls', which seems to correspond to the saga now known as <i>Orkneyinga saga</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author may have had access to a wide range of the early Scandinavian historical texts known today as the 'synoptic histories', but made most use of:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81grip_af_N%C3%B3regs_konunga_s%C7%ABgum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ágrip af Nóregs konunga sǫgum">Ágrip af Nóregs konunga sǫgum</a></i> (copying its account of Harald Fairhair's wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sn%C3%A6fr%C3%AD%C3%B0r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snæfríðr (page does not exist)">Snæfríðr</a> almost unchanged).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morkinskinna" title="Morkinskinna">Morkinskinna</a></i> (the main source for the years 1030–1177, which he copied almost verbatim except for removing many of the anecdotal <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Þættir">þættir</a></i>).</li> <li>Possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a></i>, itself based on <i>Morkinskinna</i>, but the much shorter.</li> <li>His own <i><a href="/wiki/Separate_saga_of_St_%C3%93l%C3%A1fr" class="mw-redirect" title="Separate saga of St Óláfr">Separate saga of St Óláfr</a></i>, which he incorporated bodily into <i>Heimskringla</i>. This text was apparently based primarily on a saga of Olaf from about 1220 by Styrmir Kárason, now mostly lost.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddr_Snorrason" title="Oddr Snorrason">Oddr Snorrason</a>'s <i>Life of Óláfr Tryggvason</i>, and possibly a Latin life of the same figure by <a href="/wiki/Gunnlaugr_Leifsson" title="Gunnlaugr Leifsson">Gunnlaugr Leifsson</a>.</li></ul> <p>The author also made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic verse">skaldic verse</a> which he believed to have been composed at the time of the events portrayed and transmitted orally from that time onwards, and clearly made use of other oral accounts, though it is uncertain to what extent.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_reliability">Historical reliability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up until the mid-19th century, historians put great trust in the factual truth of Snorri's narrative, as well as other old Norse sagas. In the early 20th century, this trust was largely abandoned with the advent of <i>saga criticism</i>, pioneered by the Swedish historians <a href="/wiki/Lauritz_Weibull" title="Lauritz Weibull">Lauritz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curt_Weibull" title="Curt Weibull">Curt Weibull</a>. These historians pointed out that Snorri's work had been written several centuries after most of the events it describes. In Norway, the historian <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bull,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edvard Bull, Sr.">Edvard Bull</a> famously proclaimed that "we have to give up all illusions that Snorri's mighty epic bears any deeper resemblance to what actually happened" in the time it describes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A school of historians has come to believe that the motives Snorri and the other saga writers give to their characters owe more to conditions in the 13th century than in earlier times. </p><p><i>Heimskringla</i> has, however, continued to be used as a historical source, though with more caution. It is not common to believe in the detailed accuracy of the historical narrative and historians tend to see little to no historical truth behind the first few sagas, however, they are still seen by many as a valuable source of knowledge about the society and politics of medieval Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The factual content of the work tends to be deemed more credible where it discusses more recent times, as the distance in time between the events described and the composition of the saga was shorter, allowing traditions to be retained in a largely accurate form, and because in the twelfth century the first contemporary written sources begin to emerge in Norway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whereas prior to <i>Heimskringla</i> there seems to have been a diversity of efforts to write histories of kings, <i>Heimskringla</i> seems thereafter to have been the basis for Icelandic writing about Scandinavian kings, and was expanded by scribes rather than entirely revised. <i><a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a></i>, from the end of the fourteenth century, is the most extreme example of expansion, interweaving <i>Heimskringla</i> text with many <i>þættir</i> and other whole sagas, prominently <i>Orkneyinga saga</i>, <i>Færeyinga saga</i>, and <i>Fóstbrœðra saga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text is also referenced in <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth" title="Journey to the Center of the Earth">Journey to the Center of the Earth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>; the work is the one Professor Liedenbrock finds Arne Saknussem's note in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Editions and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_translations">History of translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History of translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-16th century, the Old Norse language was unintelligible to Norwegian, Swedish or Danish readers. At that time several translations of extracts were made in Norway into the Danish language, which was the literary language of Norway at the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first complete translation was made around 1600 by <a href="/wiki/Peder_Clauss%C3%B8n_Friis" title="Peder Claussøn Friis">Peder Claussøn Friis</a>, and printed in 1633. This was based on a manuscript known as <i>Jofraskinna</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Subsequently, the Stockholm manuscript was translated into Swedish and Latin by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Peringski%C3%B6ld" title="Johan Peringskiöld">Johan Peringskiöld</a> (by order of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a>) and published in 1697 at Stockholm under the title <i>Heimskringla</i>, which is the first known use of the name. This edition also included the first printing of the text in Old Norse. A new Danish translation with the text in Old Norse and a Latin translation came out in 1777–83 (by order of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI</a> as crown prince). An English translation by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Laing_(travel_writer)" title="Samuel Laing (travel writer)">Samuel Laing</a> was finally published in 1844, with a second edition in 1889. Starting in the 1960s English-language revisions of Laing appeared, as well as fresh English translations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, as Norway was achieving independence after centuries of union with Denmark and Sweden, the stories of the independent Norwegian medieval kingdom won great popularity in Norway. <i>Heimskringla</i>, although written by an Icelander, became an important national symbol for Norway during the period of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, the Norwegian parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Stortinget" class="mw-redirect" title="Stortinget">Storting</a>, subsidized the publication of new translations of <i>Heimskringla</i> into both Norwegian written forms, <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">landsmål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">riksmål</a>, "in order that the work may achieve wide distribution at a low price".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSturlusonar1869–1872" class="citation book cs1">Sturlusonar, Snorra (1869–1872). Linder, N.; Haggson, H. A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Heimskringla"><i>Heimskringla eða Sögur Noregs konunga</i></a>. Uppsala: W. Schultz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heimskringla+e%C3%B0a+S%C3%B6gur+Noregs+konunga&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pub=W.+Schultz&rft.date=1869%2F1872&rft.aulast=Sturlusonar&rft.aufirst=Snorra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heimskringla.no%2Fwiki%2FHeimskringla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TmAIAAAAQAAJ">Google Books vols 1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGAIAAAAQAAJ">Google Books vol. 3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturluson1941–1951" class="citation book cs1">Sturluson, Snorri (1941–1951). Aðalbjarnarson, Bjarni (ed.). <i>Heimskringla</i>. Reykjavík: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslenzk_fornrit" title="Íslenzk fornrit">Hið íslenzka fornritafélag</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heimskringla&rft.place=Reykjav%C3%ADk&rft.pub=Hi%C3%B0+%C3%ADslenzka+fornritaf%C3%A9lag&rft.date=1941%2F1951&rft.aulast=Sturluson&rft.aufirst=Snorri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most recent English translation of <i>Heimskringla</i> is by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alison_Finlay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alison Finlay (page does not exist)">Alison Finlay</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Faulkes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Faulkes (page does not exist)">Anthony Faulkes</a> and is available <a href="/wiki/Open-access" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-access">open-access</a>. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturluson1844" class="citation book cs1">Sturluson, Snorri (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/heim/index.htm"><i>The Heimskringla: or, Chronicle of the Kings of Norway</i></a>. Translated by Laing, Samuel. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heimskringla%3A+or%2C+Chronicle+of+the+Kings+of+Norway&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Sturluson&rft.aufirst=Snorri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fheim%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcllibrary.org/Heimskringla/">HTML</a> (repr. Everyman's Library, 717, 722, 847).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturluson1891–1905" class="citation book cs1">Sturluson, Snorri (1891–1905). <i>The Saga Library: Done into English out of the Icelandic</i>. Vol. 3–6. Translated by Morris, William; Magnússon, Eiríkr. London: Quaritch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saga+Library%3A+Done+into+English+out+of+the+Icelandic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quaritch&rft.date=1891%2F1905&rft.aulast=Sturluson&rft.aufirst=Snorri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturluson1964" class="citation book cs1">Sturluson, Snorri (1964). <i>Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway</i>. Translated by Hollander, Lee M. Austin: University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heimskringla%3A+History+of+the+Kings+of+Norway&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Sturluson&rft.aufirst=Snorri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturluson2000" class="citation book cs1">Sturluson, Snorri (2000). <i>Histoire des rois de Norvège, première partie: des origines mythiques de la dynastie à la bataille de Svold</i>. Translated by Dillmann, François-Xavier. Paris: Gallimard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+rois+de+Norv%C3%A8ge%2C+premi%C3%A8re+partie%3A+des+origines+mythiques+de+la+dynastie+%C3%A0+la+bataille+de+Svold&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sturluson&rft.aufirst=Snorri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturluson2011–2016" class="citation book cs1">Sturluson, Snorri (2011–2016). <i>Heimskringla</i>. Translated by Finlay, Alison; Faulkes, Anthony. London: Viking Society for Northern Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heimskringla&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking+Society+for+Northern+Research&rft.date=2011%2F2016&rft.aulast=Sturluson&rft.aufirst=Snorri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I.pdf">vol 1 (1st edn)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">vol 1 (2nd edn)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20II.pdf">vol 2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20III.pdf">vol. 3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonsen1990" class="citation book cs1">Monsen, Erling (1990). "Introduction to the Translation of Snorre's History of the Norse Kings". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8hgblngVqAC&q=Heimskringla%3A%20History%20of%20the%20Kings%20of%20Norway"><i>Heimskringla or the Lives of the Norse Kings: Edited with notes by Erling Monsen and translated into English with the assistance of A.H. Smith</i></a>. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26366-3"><bdi>978-0-486-26366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Translation+of+Snorre%27s+History+of+the+Norse+Kings&rft.btitle=Heimskringla+or+the+Lives+of+the+Norse+Kings%3A+Edited+with+notes+by+Erling+Monsen+and+translated+into+English+with+the+assistance+of+A.H.+Smith&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-486-26366-3&rft.aulast=Monsen&rft.aufirst=Erling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8hgblngVqAC%26q%3DHeimskringla%253A%2520History%2520of%2520the%2520Kings%2520of%2520Norway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span>. A reprint of the 1932 Cambridge edition by W. Heffer.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagge1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Bagge" title="Sverre Bagge">Bagge, Sverre</a> (1991). <i>Society and Politics in Snorri Sturlusons Heimskringla</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06887-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06887-4"><bdi>0-520-06887-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Politics+in+Snorri+Sturlusons+Heimskringla&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-06887-4&rft.aulast=Bagge&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FAULKES-VII-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAULKES-VII_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (2011: vii).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geir T. Zoëga, <i>A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic</i> (Oxford: Clarendon, 1910), s.vv. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/zoega/h249.php">kringla</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930210907/http://www.northvegr.org/zoega/h249.php">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, "disk, circle, orb" and <i>heimr</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925220140/https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/LbsFragm-0082">"Manuscript Details: Ólafs saga helga — Heimskringla"</a>. <i>handrit.is</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/LbsFragm-0082.">the original</a> on 25 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=handrit.is&rft.atitle=Manuscript+Details%3A+%C3%93lafs+saga+helga+%E2%80%94+Heimskringla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandrit.is%2Fen%2Fmanuscript%2Fview%2Fis%2FLbsFragm-0082.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snorri Sturluson, <i>Heimskringla</i>, trans. by Alison Finlay and Anthony Faulkes, 3 vols (London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 2011–15) (second edition 2016–), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">vol 1 (2nd edn)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607114723/http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p. vii).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Heimskringla/Saga_of_Sigurd_the_Crusader_and_His_Brothers_Eystein_and_Olaf" class="extiw" title="s:Heimskringla/Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and His Brothers Eystein and Olaf">Heimskringla/Saga of Sigurd the Crusader and His Brothers Eystein and Olaf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snorri Sturluson, <i>Heimskringla</i>, trans. by Alison Finlay and Anthony Faulkes, 3 vols (London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 2011–15) (second edition 2016–), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">vol 1 (2nd edn)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607114723/http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p. xi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snorri Sturluson, <i>Heimskringla</i>, trans. by Alison Finlay and Anthony Faulkes, 3 vols (London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 2011–15) (second edition 2016–), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">vol 1 (2nd edn)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607114723/http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pp. xii–xiii).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snorri Sturluson, <i>Heimskringla</i>, trans. by Alison Finlay and Anthony Faulkes, 3 vols (London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 2011–15) (second edition 2016–), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">vol 1 (2nd edn)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607114723/http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pp. ix–xi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Thunberg" title="Carl L. Thunberg">Thunberg, Carl L.</a> <i>Särkland och dess källmaterial</i> [<i>Serkland and its Source Material</i>]. (Göteborgs universitet. CLTS, 2011). pp 67–68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-3-5">978-91-981859-3-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thunberg, Carl L. <i>Att tolka Svitjod</i> [<i>To interpret Svitjod</i>]. (Göteborgs universitet. CLTS, 2012). pp 7–53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-981859-4-2">978-91-981859-4-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edvard Bull, <i>Det norske folks liv og historie gjennom tidene bd. 2</i> (Oslo, 1931)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Sverre Bagge, <i>Society and Politics in Snorri Sturlusons Heimskringla</i> (Berkeley, 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snorri Sturluson, <i>Heimskringla</i>, trans. by Alison Finlay and Anthony Faulkes, 3 vols (London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 2011–15) (second edition 2016–), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">vol 1 (2nd edn)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607114723/http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Heimskringla%20I%20revised.pdf">Archived</a> 7 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p. xiii).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snorri Sturluson, trans. Samuel Laing, ed. Rasmus Björn Anderson, <i>The Heimskringla: Or, The Sagas of the Norse Kings from the Icelandic of Snorre Sturlason</i> (NY: Scribner & Wellford, 1889). Snorri Sturluson, Peter Foote revised edition of Laing 1844, <i>Heimskringla: Sagas of the Norse Kings</i> (London: Dent, 1961). Snorri Sturluson, Jacqueline Simpson revised edition of Laing 1844, <i>Heimskringla: The Olaf Sagas</i>, 2 vols. (London: Dent, 1964). Snorri Sturluson, trans. Lee Hollander, <i>Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway</i> (Austin TX: American-Scandinavian Foundation and University of TX Press, 1964). Snorri Sturluson, trans. Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Palsson, <i>King Harald's Saga: Harald Hardradi of Norway</i> (NY: Penguin, 1966).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraubhaar1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/tvs/article/view/10526/8104">"Gustav Storm's Heimskringla as a Norwegian Nationalist Genesis Narrative"</a>. <i>Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 115. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9505">1875-9505</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801085612/https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/tvs/article/view/10526/8104">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+Skandinavistiek&rft.atitle=Gustav+Storm%27s+Heimskringla+as+a+Norwegian+Nationalist+Genesis+Narrative.&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=1875-9505&rft.aulast=Straubhaar&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Ballif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frjh.ub.rug.nl%2Ftvs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10526%2F8104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeimskringla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"forat verket ved en lav pris kan faa almindelig udbredelse".</i> Snorre Sturlason, <i>Kongesagaer</i> (Kristiania, 1900).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heimskringla" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Heimskringla" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handrit.is/en/manuscript/view/is/LbsFragm-0082">Images of the Kringla Leaf on the manuscripts website of the National and University Library of Iceland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523161332/http://www.usask.ca/english/icelanders/ksheimskringla_contents.html">Proverbs and proverbial materials in <i>Heimskringla</i> <i>(Archived)</i></a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Heimskringla&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Heimskringla</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heimskringla_by_Snorri_Sturluson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heimskringla" title="Template:Heimskringla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Heimskringla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Heimskringla (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heimskringla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heimskringla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heimskringla_by_Snorri_Sturluson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heimskringla</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d6dbbe;">Contents (chronological)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ynglingatal" title="Ynglingatal">Ynglingatal</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1lfdanar_saga_svarta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hálfdanar saga svarta (page does not exist)">Hálfdanar saga svarta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haralds_saga_h%C3%A1rfagra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haralds saga hárfagra">Haralds saga hárfagra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konar_saga_g%C3%B3%C3%B0a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hákonar saga góða">Hákonar saga góða</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haralds_saga_gr%C3%A1feldar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haralds saga gráfeldar (page does not exist)">Haralds saga gráfeldar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93lafs_saga_Tryggvasonar_(Heimskringla)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar (Heimskringla) (page does not exist)">Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Separate_Saga_of_St._Olaf" title="Separate Saga of St. Olaf">Ólafs saga helga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magn%C3%BAss_saga_ins_g%C3%B3%C3%B0a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnúss saga ins góða (page does not exist)">Magnúss saga ins góða</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haralds_saga_Sigur%C3%B0arsonar" title="Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar">Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%93lafs_saga_kyrra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ólafs saga kyrra (page does not exist)">Ólafs saga kyrra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magn%C3%BAss_saga_berf%C3%A6tts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnúss saga berfætts (page does not exist)">Magnúss saga berfætts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magn%C3%BAssona_saga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnússona saga (page does not exist)">Magnússona saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magn%C3%BAss_saga_blinda_ok_Haralds_gilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnúss saga blinda ok Haralds gilla (page does not exist)">Magnúss saga blinda ok Haralds gilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haraldssona_saga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haraldssona saga (page does not exist)">Haraldssona saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1konar_saga_Her%C3%B0ibrei%C3%B0s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hákonar saga Herðibreiðs (page does not exist)">Hákonar saga Herðibreiðs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magn%C3%BAss_saga_Erlingssonar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnúss saga Erlingssonar (page does not exist)">Magnúss saga Erlingssonar</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d6dbbe;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings%27_sagas" title="Kings' sagas">Kings' sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215806#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215806#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215806#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/177336004">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4314315-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr97032989">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050102f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050102f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36148409">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nrx5gv267f5t7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007594997405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028723848">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&oldid=1245541951">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&oldid=1245541951</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1230s_books" title="Category:1230s books">1230s books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kings%27_sagas" title="Category:Kings' sagas">Kings' sagas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Snorri_Sturluson" title="Category:Works by Snorri Sturluson">Works by Snorri Sturluson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Harald_Hardrada" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Harald Hardrada">Cultural depictions of Harald Hardrada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Harold_Godwinson" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Harold Godwinson">Cultural depictions of Harold Godwinson</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Icelandic-language text">Articles containing Icelandic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Icelandic_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Icelandic IPA">Pages with Icelandic IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2024, at 15:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heimskringla&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfb9d98f5-8d6xg","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.682","walltime":"0.894","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2349,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":46034,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2429,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":55996,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 810.148 1 -total"," 17.52% 141.970 9 Template:Cite_book"," 16.82% 136.258 7 Template:Lang"," 13.65% 110.621 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.04% 105.679 1 Template:Heimskringla"," 12.50% 101.266 1 Template:Navbox"," 11.75% 95.163 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.84% 55.406 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.51% 44.659 2 Template:ISBN"," 4.48% 36.254 1 Template:IPA-is"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.450","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14992242,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-7whqm","timestamp":"20241125143207","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Heimskringla","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heimskringla","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q215806","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q215806","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-24T17:17:49Z","dateModified":"2024-09-13T15:56:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/df\/Lbs_fragm_82%2C_0001r_-_0.jpg","headline":"collection of kings' sagas, written by Snorri Sturluson"}</script> </body> </html>