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sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Almaeneg rootpage-Almaeneg skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Prif ddewislen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prif ddewislen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Almaeneg" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Almaeneg" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mewngofnodi</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Offer personol</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy"><span>Rhoi</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Cyfrannu</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Almaeneg" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Almaeneg" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defnydd_Almaeneg_fel_iaith_swyddogol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defnydd_Almaeneg_fel_iaith_swyddogol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Defnydd Almaeneg fel iaith swyddogol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defnydd_Almaeneg_fel_iaith_swyddogol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gwledydd_lle_y_siaredir_Almaeneg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gwledydd_lle_y_siaredir_Almaeneg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gwledydd lle y siaredir Almaeneg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gwledydd_lle_y_siaredir_Almaeneg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Gwledydd lle y siaredir Almaeneg</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gwledydd_lle_y_siaredir_Almaeneg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yn_brif_iaith_swyddogol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yn_brif_iaith_swyddogol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Yn brif iaith swyddogol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yn_brif_iaith_swyddogol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yn_iaith_swyddogol_ymhlith_ieithoedd_eraill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yn_iaith_swyddogol_ymhlith_ieithoedd_eraill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Yn iaith swyddogol ymhlith ieithoedd eraill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yn_iaith_swyddogol_ymhlith_ieithoedd_eraill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yn_iaith_leiafrifol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yn_iaith_leiafrifol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Yn iaith leiafrifol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yn_iaith_leiafrifol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yn_ail_iaith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yn_ail_iaith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Yn ail iaith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yn_ail_iaith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fel_creoliaith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fel_creoliaith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fel creoliaith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fel_creoliaith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yr_Wyddor_Almaeneg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yr_Wyddor_Almaeneg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Yr Wyddor Almaeneg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yr_Wyddor_Almaeneg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gramadeg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramadeg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gramadeg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gramadeg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Gramadeg</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gramadeg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyflwr_(Fall)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyflwr_(Fall)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cyflwr <i>(Fall)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyflwr_(Fall)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trefn_geiriau_(Wortstellung)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trefn_geiriau_(Wortstellung)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Trefn geiriau <i>(Wortstellung)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trefn_geiriau_(Wortstellung)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iaith_lafar_a_thafodieithoedd_Almaeneg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iaith_lafar_a_thafodieithoedd_Almaeneg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Iaith lafar a thafodieithoedd Almaeneg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iaith_lafar_a_thafodieithoedd_Almaeneg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dylanwadau_ieithoedd_tramor_ar_Almaeneg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dylanwadau_ieithoedd_tramor_ar_Almaeneg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dylanwadau ieithoedd tramor ar Almaeneg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dylanwadau_ieithoedd_tramor_ar_Almaeneg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dylanwad_Almaeneg_ar_ieithoedd_eraill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dylanwad_Almaeneg_ar_ieithoedd_eraill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dylanwad Almaeneg ar ieithoedd eraill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dylanwad_Almaeneg_ar_ieithoedd_eraill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diwylliant_Almaeneg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwylliant_Almaeneg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Diwylliant Almaeneg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diwylliant_Almaeneg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Diwylliant Almaeneg</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diwylliant_Almaeneg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Llenyddiaeth_Almaeneg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llenyddiaeth_Almaeneg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Llenyddiaeth Almaeneg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llenyddiaeth_Almaeneg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almaeneg_mewn_cerddoriaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almaeneg_mewn_cerddoriaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Almaeneg mewn cerddoriaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almaeneg_mewn_cerddoriaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dysg_Almaeneg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dysg_Almaeneg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Dysg Almaeneg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dysg_Almaeneg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ffilm_Almaeneg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ffilm_Almaeneg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Ffilm Almaeneg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ffilm_Almaeneg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enwau_ar_Almaeneg_mewn_ieithoedd_eraill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enwau_ar_Almaeneg_mewn_ieithoedd_eraill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Enwau ar Almaeneg mewn ieithoedd eraill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enwau_ar_Almaeneg_mewn_ieithoedd_eraill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeirnodion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeirnodion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Cyfeirnodion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cyfeirnodion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Cyfeirnodion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cyfeirnodion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ffynonellau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ffynonellau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Ffynonellau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ffynonellau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ysgriflythrennau_a_llawysgrifen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ysgriflythrennau_a_llawysgrifen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Ysgriflythrennau a llawysgrifen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ysgriflythrennau_a_llawysgrifen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ystadegau_siaradwyr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ystadegau_siaradwyr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>Ystadegau siaradwyr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ystadegau_siaradwyr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ar_bapur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ar_bapur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Ar bapur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ar_bapur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ar_y_we" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ar_y_we"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Ar y we</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ar_y_we-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Tabl Cynnwys" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Almaeneg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 264 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-264" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">264 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Агерман бызшәа - Abchaseg" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Агерман бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abchaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Jeureuman" title="Bahsa Jeureuman - Acehneg" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Германыбзэ - Circaseg Gorllewinol" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Circaseg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ጀርመንኛ - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93odsc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Þēodsc sprǣc - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēodsc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा - Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الألمانية - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ - Aramaeg" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لألمانية - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لألمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه المانى - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه المانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Герман мацӀ - Afareg" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Герман мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Afareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा - Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_aru" title="Aliman aru - Aymareg" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aliman aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آلمان دیلی - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Немец теле - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Немец теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman - Balïeg" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitsche_Sproch" title="Deitsche Sproch - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitsche Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%C4%ABtiu_kalba" title="Vuokītiu kalba - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman - Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Aleman" title="Tataramon na Aleman - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Aleman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая мова - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая мова - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Немски език - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Немски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জার্মান ভাষা - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མན་སྐད། - Tibeteg" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibeteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamaneg" title="Alamaneg - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Jerman" title="Saro Jerman - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Герман хэлэн - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Герман хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemany" title="Alemany - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ik-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Dáik-ngṳ̄ - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Лоьмсойн мотт - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лоьмсойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ - Tsierocî" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Tsierocî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27%C4%97ho%C3%A9seotse" title="Ma'ėhoéseotse - Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'ėhoéseotse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئەڵمانی - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئەڵمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca - Corseg" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tili" title="Alman tili - Tyrceg y Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alman tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg y Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Niemiecczi jãzëk - Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemiecczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ - Hen Slafoneg" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Hen Slafoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%C3%A7_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нимĕç чĕлхи - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нимĕç чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_(sprog)" title="Tysk (sprog) - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaamani" title="Jaamani - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Jaamani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanki" title="Almanki - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Nimšćina - Sorbeg Isaf" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Isaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A9" title="އަލްމާނީ - Difehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަލްމާނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Difehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γερμανική γλώσσα - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%C3%A8sch" title="Tedèsch - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tedèsch" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_lingvo" title="Germana lingvo - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_keel" title="Saksa keel - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleman" title="Aleman - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_alemana" title="Lengua alemana - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua alemana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان آلمانی - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آلمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almankoore" title="Almankoore - Ffwla" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almankoore" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Ffwla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kieli" title="Saksan kieli - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27aksa_kiil" title="S'aksa kiil - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksa kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Týskt mál - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemand" title="Allemand - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand - Arpitaneg" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%BCsch" title="Tjüsch - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüsch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_todescje" title="Lenghe todescje - Ffriwleg" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe todescje" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Ffriwleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsk" title="Dútsk - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis" title="An Ghearmáinis - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德語 - Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlman" title="Anlman - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Anlman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearmailtis" title="Gearmailtis - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gearmailtis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua alemá - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua alemá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="آلماني زوؤن - Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلماني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Alemañañe'ẽ - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemañañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman - Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 - Gotheg" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="જર્મન ભાષા - Gwjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મન ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gwjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanish" title="Germaanish - Manaweg" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Germaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamusanci" title="Jamusanci - Hawsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamusanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hawsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-ng%C3%AE" title="Tet-ngî - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Kelem%C4%81nia" title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia - Hawäieg" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawäieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמנית - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bhasa" title="German bhasa - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="German bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina - Sorbeg Uchaf" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Uchaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_alman" title="Lang alman - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang alman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_nyelv" title="Német nyelv - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գերմաներեն - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Գերմաներէն - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմաներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_german" title="Lingua german - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua german" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Jereman" title="Jaku Jereman - Ibaneg" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/German" title="German - Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="German" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Aleman" title="Pagsasao nga Aleman - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Aleman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Немций мотт - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniana_linguo" title="Germaniana linguo - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germaniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDska" title="Þýska - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="ドイツ語 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerman" title="Joerman - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joerman" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotybau" title="dotybau - Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გერმანული ენა - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemec_tili" title="Nemec tili - Cara-Calpaceg" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nemec tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Cara-Calpaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talmant" title="Tutlayt Talmant - Cabileg" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt Talmant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Cabileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Джэрмэныбзэ - Cabardieg" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Cabardieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Caama kʊnʊŋ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidoitce" title="Kidoitce - Congo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kidoitce" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Congo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Неміс тілі - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неміс тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់ - Chmereg" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Chmereg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="독일어 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Немеч кыв - Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Немец тил - Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Немец тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جَرمَن زَبان - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَن زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtsche_Sprooch" title="Dütsche Sprooch - Cwleneg" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütsche Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Cwleneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_alman%C3%AE" title="Zimanê almanî - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê almanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Немеч кыв - Comi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Comi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaynek" title="Almaynek - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almaynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Немис тили - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Немис тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Theodisca" title="Lingua Theodisca - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Theodisca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_almana" title="Lingua almana - Iddew-Sbaeneg" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua almana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itsch" title="Däitsch - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Немец маз - Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Немец маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Немец чӀал - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Немец чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutx_(lingua)" title="Deutx (lingua) - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutx (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tedesca" title="Lengua tedesca - Ligwreg" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligwreg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_tud%C3%ABsch" title="Lingaz tudësch - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz tudësch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_todesca" title="Lengua todesca - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua todesca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lial%C3%A9mani" title="Lialémani - Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lialémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Vokiečių kalba - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoc%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Vuocīšu volūda - Latgaleg" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuocīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा - Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Дойчень кяль - Mocsia" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчень кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mocsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_alem%C3%A0na" title="Fiteny alemàna - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny alemàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Немыч йылме - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tiamana" title="Reo Tiamana - Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Jerman" title="Bahaso Jerman - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Германски јазик - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Герман хэл - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ - Manipwri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipwri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_%C4%A0ermani%C5%BCa" title="Lingwa Ġermaniża - Malteg" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Ġermaniża" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_almana" title="Lhéngua almana - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua almana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Немецень кель - Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Немецень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آلمانی - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_germanese" title="Lengua germanese - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua germanese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsche_Spraak" title="Düütsche Spraak - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मनेली भाषा - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanum" title="Germanum - Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemaund" title="Allemaund - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemaund" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane - Sotho Gogleddol" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_Bich%CA%BCahii_Bizaad" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad - Nafaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Nafaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanien_kieli" title="Germuanien kieli - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Немыцаг æвзаг - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Немыцаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Alemano" title="Salitan Alemano - Pangasineg" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Alemano" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleman" title="Aleman - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Aleman" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemant" title="Alemant - Picardeg" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemant" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schtandard-Deitsch" title="Schtandard-Deitsch - Almaeneg Pensylfania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schtandard-Deitsch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Pensylfania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache - Almaeneg Palatin" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Palatin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_niemiecki" title="Język niemiecki - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język niemiecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ted%C3%ABsca" title="Lenga tedësca - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tedësca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جرمن بولی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="جرمني ژبه - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_alem%C3%A3" title="Língua alemã - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua alemã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_simi" title="Aliman simi - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aliman simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tudestga" title="Lingua tudestga - Románsh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua tudestga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Románsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermanikani_chib" title="Jermanikani chib - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermanikani chib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83" title="Limba germană - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba germană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_gherm%C3%A3nesc%C3%A3" title="Limba ghermãnescã - Aromaneg" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba ghermãnescã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_tedesche" title="Lènga tedesche - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tedesche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Немецкий язык - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немецкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Нїмецькый язык - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikidage" title="Ikidage - Ciniarŵandeg" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikidage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Ciniarŵandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मनभाषा - Sansgrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जर्मनभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sansgrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ньиэмэс тыла - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньиэмэс тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ - Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tedesca" title="Limba tedesca - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba tedesca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tidesca" title="Lingua tidesca - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tidesca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_leid" title="German leid - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="German leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جرمن ٻولي - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمن ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiskkagiella" title="Duiskkagiella - Sami Gogleddol" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiskkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talimant" title="Tutlayt Talimant - Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Talimant" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dina" title="Nemčina - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Nemščina - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Siamani" title="Faʻa Siamani - Samöeg" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samöeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksakiel%C3%A2" title="Saksakielâ - Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chijerumani" title="Chijerumani - Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chijerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_gjermane" title="Gjuha gjermane - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Немачки језик - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysritongo" title="Doysritongo - Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysritongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADJalim%C3%A1ne" title="SíJalimáne - Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SíJalimáne" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane - Sesotheg Deheuol" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sesotheg Deheuol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsk" title="Düütsk - Ffriseg Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_J%C3%A9rman" title="Basa Jérman - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyska" title="Tyska - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijerumani" title="Kijerumani - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymjecko_godka" title="Mjymjecko godka - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymjecko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ - Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="జర్మన్ భాష - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మన్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-alemaun" title="Lia-alemaun - Tetumeg" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-alemaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetumeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони олмонӣ - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони олмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาเยอรมัน - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Aleman" title="Wikang Aleman - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Aleman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almani_zyvon" title="Almani zyvon - Talysheg" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane - Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Jeman" title="Tok Jeman - Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Jeman" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanca" title="Almanca - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tele" title="Alman tele - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Alman tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Heremani" title="Reo Heremani - Tahitïeg" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Немец дыл - Twfwnieg" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Немец дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Twfwnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Немец кыл - Fotiaceg" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Немец кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Fotiaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="نېمىس تىلى - Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېمىس تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Німецька мова - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جرمن زبان - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nemis tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_todesca" title="Łéngua todesca - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua todesca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kel%27" title="Saksan kel' - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tiếng Đức - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts - Fflemeg Gorllewinol" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Fflemeg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Deutänapük - Folapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Folapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almand_(lingaedje)" title="Almand (lingaedje) - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almand (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Немшин келн - Calmyceg" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Немшин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Calmyceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJamani" title="IsiJamani - Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გერმანული ნინა - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9" title="דייטש - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Germany" title="Èdè Germany - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Germany" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Dwzgoz" title="Vah Dwzgoz - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts - Zêlandeg" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zêlandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ - Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德語 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-g%C3%AD" title="Tek-gí - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJalimani" title="IsiJalimani - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Almaeneg" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sgwrs:Almaeneg" rel="discussion" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Almaeneg"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Almaeneg"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Almaeneg" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Almaeneg" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&oldid=13447970" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Almaeneg&id=13447970&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlmaeneg"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlmaeneg"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Almaeneg"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Almaeneg&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:German_language" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikibooks.org/wiki/Almaeneg" hreflang="cy"><span>Wicilyfrau</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1430" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">Mae <b>angen <a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Angen_ffynhonnell" title="Wicipedia:Angen ffynhonnell">dyfyniadau a/neu gyfeiriadau</a> ychwanegol ar ran o'r erthygl hon.<br /><small>Helpwch <a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Sut_i_olygu_tudalen" title="Wicipedia:Sut i olygu tudalen">wella'r erthygl</a> gan ychwanegu <a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Ffynonellau_dibynadwy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wicipedia:Ffynonellau dibynadwy">ffynonellau dibynadwy</a>. Caiff barn heb ffynonellau ei <a href="/wiki/Nodyn:Angen_ffynhonnell" title="Nodyn:Angen ffynhonnell">herio</a> a'i dileu.<small><i> (Gorffennaf 2013)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></small></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: #C9FFD9">Almaeneg </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: #C9FFD9"><span lang="de"><i>Deutsch</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ynganiad IPA </th> <td colspan="2">ˈdɔʏtʃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Siaredir yn </th> <td>Yn bennaf yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewrop_Almaeneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewrop Almaeneg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Ewrop Almaeneg</a>, fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg_fel_iaith_leiafrifol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaeneg fel iaith leiafrifol (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">iaith leiafrifol</a> ac ymhlith y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwasgariad_Almaeneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwasgariad Almaeneg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">gwasgariad Almaeneg</a> ledled y byd </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyfanswm siaradwyr </th> <td colspan="2">90 miliwn (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i 95 miliwn </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Teulu_ieithyddol" title="Teulu ieithyddol">Teulu ieithyddol</a> </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; line-height:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Ewropeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Ewropeg">Indo-Ewropeaidd</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Ieithoedd_Germanaidd" title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd">Germaneg</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ieithoedd_Germanaidd_y_Gorllewin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd y Gorllewin (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Germaneg y Gorllewin</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ieithoedd_Germanaidd_Uchel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd Uchel (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Almaeneg Uchaf</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>Almaeneg</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/System_ysgrifennu" title="System ysgrifennu">System ysgrifennu</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgript_Lladin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sgript Lladin (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Lladin</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwyddor_Almaeneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwyddor Almaeneg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Gwyddor Almaeneg</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: #C9FFD9">Statws swyddogol </th></tr> <tr> <th>Iaith swyddogol yn </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yr_Undeb_Ewropeaidd" title="Yr Undeb Ewropeaidd">Yr Undeb Ewropeaidd</a><br /><small>(iaith swyddogol a lleiafrifol)</small> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen">Yr Almaen</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Awstria" title="Awstria">Awstria</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Y_Swistir" title="Y Swistir">Y Swistir</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/40px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/60px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">Yr Eidal</a><br /> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Talaith_Bolzano" title="Talaith Bolzano">Talaith Bolzano</a>)</small><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/33px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/44px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lwcsembwrg" title="Lwcsembwrg">Lwcsembwrg</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Belg" title="Gwlad Belg">Gwlad Belg</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Iaith leiafrifol gydnabyddedig yn </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Tsiecia"><img alt="Baner Tsiecia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmarc" title="Denmarc">Denmark</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hwngari" title="Hwngari">Hwngari</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan">Casachstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">Yr Eidal</a><br /> <small> (<a href="/wiki/Trentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>) </small> <br /> (siaredir gan ambell i gymuned ac fe'i hastudir ym mron bob ysgol, gan gynnwys ysgolion uwchradd) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaith_genedlaethol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iaith genedlaethol (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Iaith genedlaethol</a>; iaith swyddogol 1984–90)</small><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl">Gwlad Pwyl</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaith_ategol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iaith ategol (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Iaith ategol</a> mewn 28 bwrdeistref yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opole_Voivodeship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opole Voivodeship (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Opole Voivodeship</a> ac un yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Voivodeship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Voivodeship (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Silesian Voivodeship</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwmania" title="Rwmania">Rwmania</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia">Rwsia</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slofacia" title="Slofacia">Slofacia</a> <small>(Iaith fwrdeistrefol swyddogol yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krahule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krahule (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Krahule</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-europa-slok_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa-slok-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dinas_y_Fatican" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinas y Fatican">Dinas y Fatican</a> <small>(Iaith orchymyn a gweinyddol yng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwarchodlu%27r_Swisaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwarchodlu'r Swisaidd (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Ngwarchodlu'r Swisaidd</a>)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_rheolyddion_ieithoedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr rheolyddion ieithoedd">Rheoleiddir gan</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>Nid oes rheoli swyddogol</i> <br /> <p>(Rheolir yr orgraff Almaeneg gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyngor_yr_Orgraff_Almaeneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyngor yr Orgraff Almaeneg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Gyngor yr Orgraff Almaeneg</a> (<i>Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: #C9FFD9">Codau ieithoedd </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><tt>de</tt> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> </th> <td colspan="1"><tt>ger (B)</tt>  </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.5em;"><tt>deu (T)</tt> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> </th> <td colspan="2">variously:<br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=deu">deu</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New High German (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">New High German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=gmh">gmh</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle High German (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Middle High German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=goh">goh</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old High German (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Old High German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=gct">gct</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alem%C3%A1n_Coloniero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemán Coloniero (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Alemán Coloniero</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=bar">bar</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austro-Bavarian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austro-Bavarian (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Austro-Bavarian</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=cim">cim</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimbrian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimbrian (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cimbrian</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=geh">geh</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutterite_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutterite German (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Hutterite German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=ksh">ksh</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6lsch_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kölsch dialect (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Kölsch</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=nds">nds</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low German (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Low German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=sli">sli</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Silesian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Silesian language (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Lower Silesian</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=ltz">ltz</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxembourgish language (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Luxembourgish</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=vmf">vmf</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main-Franconian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main-Franconian (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Main-Franconian</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=mhn">mhn</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B3cheno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mócheno (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Mócheno</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=pfl">pfl</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palatinate_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatinate German (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Palatinate German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=pdc">pdc</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_German_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pennsylvania German language (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Pennsylvania German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=pdt">pdt</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plautdietsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plautdietsch (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Plautdietsch</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=swg">swg</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swabian_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swabian German (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Swabian German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=gsw">gsw</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss German (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Swiss German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=uln">uln</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unserdeutsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unserdeutsch (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Unserdeutsch</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=sxu">sxu</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Saxon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Saxon (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Upper Saxon</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=wae">wae</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walser_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walser German (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Walser German</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=wep">wep</a></tt> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westphalian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westphalian language (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Westphalian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wylfa_Ieithoedd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wylfa Ieithoedd (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Wylfa Ieithoedd</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><tt>52-AC (Almaeneg Orllewinol Gyfandirol) > 52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch) ><br />52-ACB-d (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg_Ganolog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaeneg Ganolog (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Almaeneg Ganolog</a> gan gynnwys 52-ACB–dl & -dm <a href="/wiki/Almaeneg_Safonol" title="Almaeneg Safonol">Almaeneg Safonol</a>) + 52-ACB-e & -f (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Uchel_Almaeneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yr Uchel Almaeneg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Yr Uchel Almaeneg</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg_Swisaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaeneg Swisaidd (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Almaeneg Swisaidd</a>) + 52-ACB-g (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iddeweg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iddeweg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Iddeweg</a>) + 52-ACB-h (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwasgariad_Almaeneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwasgariad Almaeneg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">gwasgariad Almaeneg</a>. Eraill: <br />52-ACB-hc <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg_Hutterite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaeneg Hutterite (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Almaeneg Hutterite</a> & 52-ACB-he <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaeneg Pennsylvania (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Almaeneg Pennsylvania</a> ayyb) + 52-ACB-i (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeneg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeneg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Yeneg</a>); tua 285 o wahanol fathau: 52-ACB-daa hyd at 52-ACB-i</tt> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: middle; padding-top: 5px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/330px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/500px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/960px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><b>Allwedd</b><br /><br />Oren tywyll: Siaredir yr Almaeneg fel mamiaith<br />Oren golau: Siaredir yr Almaeneg fel iaith leiafrifol</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Mae <b>Almaeneg</b> (<i>Deutsch</i>:<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:De-Deutsch.ogg" title=""Cymorth – Sain""><img alt=""Cymorth – Sain"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/20px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/De-Deutsch.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Deutsch.ogg">ynganiad Almaeneg</a></span> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Tiwtorial" title="Wicipedia:Tiwtorial"><span style="cursor:help;"></span></a><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:De-Deutsch.ogg" title="Delwedd:De-Deutsch.ogg"><span style="cursor:help;"></span></a></small></span>) (Almaeneg Uchel ac Almaeneg Isel) yn perthyn i gangen Germanig gorllewinol yr <a href="/wiki/Ieithoedd_Indo-Ewropeaidd" title="Ieithoedd Indo-Ewropeaidd">ieithoedd Indo-Ewropeaidd</a>. Mae'n perthyn i'r un teulu ieithyddol â <a href="/wiki/Saesneg" title="Saesneg">Saesneg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iseldireg" title="Iseldireg">Iseldireg</a> a <a href="/wiki/Norwyeg" title="Norwyeg">Norwyeg</a>. </p><p>Mae Almaeneg Uchel yn un o ieithoedd pwysicaf y byd gyda llenyddiaeth helaeth yn perthyn iddi. Almaeneg sydd â'r nifer mwyaf o siaradwyr brodorol o holl ieithoedd Ewrop (tua 100 miliwn yn 2004 neu 13.3% o'r boblogaeth). Mae'n un o'r <a href="/wiki/Ieithoedd_Germanaidd" title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd">ieithoedd Germanaidd</a>. Ceir elfen o <a href="/wiki/Cyd-ddeallusrwydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyd-ddeallusrwydd">gyd-ddeallusrwydd</a> rhwng Almaeneg ac <a href="/wiki/Iseldireg" title="Iseldireg">Iseldireg</a> ond llai gyda'r ieithoedd Sgandinafaidd. Arddelir fersiwn ar yr iaith, <a href="/wiki/Almaeneg_Safonol" title="Almaeneg Safonol">Almaeneg Safonol</a> (a adweinir yn aml fel <i>Hochdeutsch</i> neu fel "Standardhochdeutsch") fel iaith cyhoeddi a'r cyfryngau. Ceir fersiynau cenedlaethol o Almaeneg Safonol sy'n ystumo ychydig oddi ar eu gilydd - Almaeneg Safonol yr Almaen, Almaeneg Safonol Awstria, ac Almaeneg Safonol Swistir. Yn y Swistir geliwr Almaeneg Safonol yn <i>Schriftdeutsch</i>, sef "Almaeneg ysgrifenedig". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanes">Hanes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yn ystod <a href="/wiki/Yr_Oesoedd_Canol" title="Yr Oesoedd Canol">yr Oesoedd Canol</a> (neu yr Oesau Canol, y Canol Oesoedd) cynnar fe ddigwyddodd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symudiad_sain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symudiad sain (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">symudiad sain</a> mewn rhai tafodieithoedd Germanig a elwir yn ail symudiad sain neu yn symudiad sain Hen Almaeneg Uchel. Gelwir y tafodieithoedd hyn, sef Alemanneg, Bafareg, Ffranconeg y Dwyrain, Ffranconeg y Rhein, Ffranconeg Canol ac Almaeneg Canol y Dwyrain, yn dafodieithoedd <i>Hochdeutsch</i>, sef Almaeneg Uchel neu Almaeneg Safonol. Ar y llaw arall, fe gyfrifir bod y tafodieithoedd na ddigwyddodd yr ail symudiad sain iddynt (neu lle na ddigwyddodd ond i raddau cyfyngedig iawn) yn perthyn i deulu Almaeneg Isel (neu Isalmaeneg), o'r cyfnod modern cynnar ymlaen. </p><p>Yr adeg honno yr ymddangosodd y gair <i>theodiscus</i> (<i>Deutsch</i> yn Almaeneg Uchel Diweddar) yn y <a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a>, wedi ei seilio ar y gair Germanig am 'bobl' sef <i>thioda</i>, <i>thiodisk</i>. Golygai iaith y bobl nad oeddynt yn siarad Lladin na iaith Romáwns. Bu i'r gair hŷn <i>Fränkisch</i> am eu hiaith eu hunain ddiflannu'n araf tua'r 9g yn sgil y newidiadau canlynol. Ar y naill law bu i'r bobl <i>Westfränkisch</i> a reolai diroedd y gorllewin (a fyddai yn ddiweddarach yn <a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a>) fabwysiadu iaith Romáwns y brodorion; ar y llaw arall roedd pobl y tiroedd dwyreiniol, yr <i>Ostfrankenreich</i>, yn cynnwys llwythau eraill heblaw am y Ffranconiaid, megis yr Alemaniaid, y Fafariaid, y Thwringiaid a'r Sacsoniaid. </p><p>Yn ystod yr Oesoedd Canol roedd cyfundrefnau gwleidyddol tiroedd y Teutschen (y llwythau Almaenig) yn ddrylliog, pob llwyth yn mynd ei ffordd ei hun, yn wahanol i'r gwledydd cyfagos, lle y canolwyd grym gwleidyddol ynghynt (ni ffurfiwyd yr ymerodraeth Almaenig hyd 1871). Gwahanwyd y bobloedd hefyd gan fynyddoedd uchel a fforestydd trwchus. Oherwydd hyn datblygodd tafodieithoedd Almaenig am gyfnod hir ar wahân i'w gilydd gan achosi gwahaniaethau sylweddol rhwng y tafodieithoedd. Honnir y gellir gweld y cam cyntaf tuag at gysoni'r tafodieithoedd rhanbarthol yn iaith farddol beirdd yr uchelwyr adeg yr Uwch Almaeneg Ganol, tua 1200. Yn wir fe welir yn eu cerddi eu bod i ryw raddau yn osgoi defnyddio geirfa nad oedd yn gyfarwydd ymhobman na defnyddio ynganiad arbennig i un ardal, a hynny er mwyn sicrhau y byddai'r cerddi yn ddealladwy ledled y llwythau Almeinig. Eto i gyd rhaid barnu mai bach iawn oedd dylanwad y beirdd hyn a weithient yn y llys, ar adeg pan nad oedd prin neb yn llythrennog nac â'r cyfle i ymwneud â diwylliant y llys. Gellir dirnad dechreuadau Almaeneg Isel Gyfoes ysgrifenedig a safonol yn well yn y broses o gysoni iaith rhwng y rhanbarthau a ddigwyddodd yn yr Oesoedd Canol diweddar ac ar ddechrau'r Cyfnod Modern. </p><p>Yn wahanol i fwyafrif gwledydd Ewrop, lle mae'r iaith safonol yn seiliedig ar dafodiaith y brifddinas, mae Almaeneg safonol yn deillio o ryw fath o gyfaddawd rhwng y tafodieithoedd Canol ac Uwch sy'n perthyn i'r tiroedd i'r de o'r llinell <i>Benrather</i>. Rhed y llinell hon yn fras trwy drefi Düsseldorf, Kassel, Magdeburg, a Berlin. </p><p>Dros gyfnod, yn enwedig yn sgil y Diwygiad Protestannaidd, fe ymdreiddiodd Almaeneg Isel drwy ogledd yr Almaen hefyd, fel iaith ysgolion a materion swyddogol, ar draul y tafodieithoedd Isel Almaeneg (neu Isalmaeneg), sef Plattdeutsch, Niedersächsisch, a Niederfränkisch. Ond cyn hynny, yn ystod y cyfnod pan oedd y <a href="/wiki/Cynghrair_Hanseatig" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynghrair Hanseatig">Cynghrair Hanseatig</a> ar ei anterth (yn ystod y 14eg a'r 15g) defnyddid Isel Almaeneg fel iaith gyffredin (neu lingua franca) o amgylch moroedd y Gogledd a'r Baltig. Mae <a href="/wiki/Iseldireg" title="Iseldireg">Iseldireg</a> hithau yn dafodiaith o'r Isel Almaeneg. </p><p>Cyfieithodd <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> y <a href="/wiki/Y_Beibl" title="Y Beibl">Testament Newydd</a> ym 1521 a'r Hen Destament ym 1534 i Almaeneg Isel Diweddar (<i>Neuhochdeutsch</i>) ysgrifenedig, iaith a oedd bryd hynny yn dal i ddatblygu. Oherwydd pwysigrwydd crefyddol Luther a'i Feibl fe ymdreiddiodd yr iaith a ddefnyddiodd, oedd â blas Almaeneg Canol Dwyreiniol (<i>Ostmitteldeutsch</i>) iddi, drwy genedlaethau lawer. O edrych yn ôl, fe welir fod cyfraniad Luther i ddatblygiad iaith ysgrifenedig safonol wedi cael ei orbwysleisio am hir amser. Ers y 14g bu eisoes ddatblygiad graddol a lledaeniad yn nefnydd iaith ysgrifenedig wedi ei safoni rhwng y rhanbarthau, a elwid yn Diweddar Cynnar (<i>Frühneuhochdeutsch</i>). Roedd Beibl Luther felly yn adeiladu ar seiliau a osodwyd gan lenorion cynharach. Pan gyhoeddwyd y Beibl gyntaf cafodd rhestr o eiriau ei hatodi oedd yn trosi geiriau anghyfarwydd i eiriau'r dafodiaith leol, pob ardal â'i rhestr ei hun. Parhawyd i ddatblygu iaith safonol ac erbyn yr 17g yr oedd datblygiad iaith ysgrifenedig safonol yn gyflawn. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:FrakturLesehilfe1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/FrakturLesehilfe1.png/220px-FrakturLesehilfe1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/FrakturLesehilfe1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption>teip llythyren ddu 'Fraktur': s, f, k, t, x, r, y, h, v, B, V, R, N, E, G.</figcaption></figure><p> Yn lle mabwysiadu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teip (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">teip</a> Rhufeinig tueddai'r Almaen i lynu wrth deip llythyren-ddu, yn arbennig yr amrywiadau Almaenig schwabacher a fraktur arni, ac erbyn y 18g daethpwyd i ystyried llythyren ddu, a ddefnyddiwyd gan Luther a Dürer, fel symbol o'r hunaniaeth Almaenig. Ar y dechrau fe gefnogodd y <a href="/wiki/Natsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Natsi">Natsïaid</a> lythyren ddu yn hytrach na Rhufeinig, a ddefnyddiwyd i gryn raddau hefyd (yn arbennig ar gyfer llyfrau â chylchrediad rhyngwladol megis gweithiau gwyddonol; Rhufeinig a ddefnyddid ar deipiaduron), ond yn ystod yr Ail Ryfel Byd gyda golwg ar draarglwyddiaethu'r byd fe wnaethon nhw wahardd llythyren ddu gan ddisgrifio schwabacher yn gwbl gyfeiliornus fel teip Iddewig.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:NZZ_Erstausgabe_Titelseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NZZ_Erstausgabe_Titelseite.jpg/220px-NZZ_Erstausgabe_Titelseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NZZ_Erstausgabe_Titelseite.jpg/330px-NZZ_Erstausgabe_Titelseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NZZ_Erstausgabe_Titelseite.jpg/440px-NZZ_Erstausgabe_Titelseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Rhifyn cyntaf y <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i> mewn teip llythyren ddu 'Fraktur'.</figcaption></figure><p> Erbyn heddiw dim ond yn achlysurol i gyfleu naws hynafol, er enghraifft mewn hysbysebion, y defnyddir llythyren ddu, sy'n dal i fod â chynodiadau Natsïaidd. </p><p>Arferid dysgu plant ysgol sut i ysgrifennu'r llaw Rufeinig a'r llaw Othig redegog <i>kurrentschrift</i> at ei gilydd. Cafwyd ymgyrch aflwyddiannus ar ddechrau'r 20g i beidio â dysgu plant ysgol i sgrifennu'r llaw <i>kurrentschrift</i>, a oedd yn arbennig i'r Almaen, gan ddysgu'r llaw Rufeinig yn unig iddynt. Yna ordeiniwyd i bawb ysgrifennu'r llaw Rufeinig gan y Natsïaid yn ystod yr Ail Ryfel Byd a dyna fu diwedd defnydd cyffredinol <i>kurrentschrift</i>. </p><p>Fe rennir hanes Almaeneg yn aml yn bedwar cyfnod: </p> <ul><li>750-1050: Althochdeutsch (Hen Almaeneg Uchel)</li> <li>1050-1350: Mittelhochdeutsch ( Ganol)</li> <li>1350-1650: Frühneuhochdeutsch ( Diweddar Gynnar)</li> <li>Ers 1650: Neuhochdeutsch ( Diweddar)</li></ul> <p>Cyhoeddodd Johann Christoph Adelung y geiriadur Almaeneg swmpus cyntaf yn 1781. Dechreuodd Jacob a Wilhelm Grimm y gwaith o gyhoeddi geiriadur cynhwysfawr ym 1852, gwaith nas cwblhawyd hyd 1961. Mae'r gwaith o ddiwygio'r geiriadur hwn yn mynd rhagddo. </p><p>Fe safonwyd fwyfwy ar orgraff yr Almaeneg yn ystod y 19ed ganrif. Cafwyd cam ymlaen tuag at safoni Almaeneg ysgrifenedig ym 1880 pan gyhoeddwyd <i>Orthographischen Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache</i> (Geiriadur Almaeneg Orgraffyddol) gan Konrad Duden. Diwygiwyd rhyw ychydig ar hwn erbyn 1901, pan gyhoeddwyd canllawiau Almaeneg ysgrifenedig ar gyfer sefydliadau cyhoeddus. Dim ond ym 1996 y diwygiwyd orgraff yr Almaeneg unwaith eto. </p><p>Mae diwygiad sillafu 1996 yn bwnc llosg. Mae'r sillafiad diwygiedig wedi ei ddysgu mewn ysgolion ers 1996 ond heb ei dderbyn gan bawb eto, e.e. rhai papurau newydd. Mae'r newidiadau eisoes wedi eu derbyn a'u gweithredu yn ymarferol mewn llawer o wledydd Almaeneg ei hiaith. Ers 1 Awst 2005 mae'n rhaid i bawb yn yr Almaen ddefnyddio'r sillafiad diwygiedig heblaw am ddwy ardal nad ydynt wedi derbyn y sillafiad diwygiedig. </p><p>Ehangodd defnydd Almaeneg Uchel gyda thwf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yr_Ymerodraeth_Habsbwrg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Habsbwrg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">yr Ymerodraeth Habsbwrg</a>. Hi oedd iaith y canolfannau gweinyddol a masnachol ar draws y tiroedd Habsbwrg hyd at ganol y 19eg ganrif, e.e. ym Mhrâg a Bwdapest, ond nid pob tref Habsbwrg a siaradai Almaeneg, e.e. arhosodd Milan yn Eidaleg ei hiaith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defnydd_Almaeneg_fel_iaith_swyddogol">Defnydd Almaeneg fel iaith swyddogol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Defnydd Almaeneg fel iaith swyddogol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Defnydd Almaeneg fel iaith swyddogol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yn yr Almaen defnyddir <a href="/wiki/Almaeneg_Safonol" title="Almaeneg Safonol">Almaeneg Safonol</a> (a elwir yn "Hochdeutsch" yn aml ar lafar) yn: </p> <ul><li>iaith y weinyddiaeth wladol yn unol â Deddf Gweithrediad Gweinyddiaeth (<i>Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz</i>).</li> <li>iaith dogfennau notarïol yn unol â Deddf Ardystio (<i>Beurkundungsgesetz</i>).</li> <li>iaith y llys yn unol â Deddf Cyfansoddiad y Llysoedd (<i>Gerichtverfassungsgesetz</i>).</li></ul> <p>Mae rheolau arbennig ar gyfer y lleiafrifoedd sy'n siarad <a href="/wiki/Daneg" title="Daneg">Daneg</a> yn Schleswig-Holstein a'r <a href="/wiki/Sorbeg" title="Sorbeg">Sorbeg</a> yn Brandenburg a Sacsoni, ac ar gyfer siaradwyr Isel Almaeneg yn rhanbarthau gogleddol yr Almaen. </p><p>Yn <a href="/wiki/Awstria" title="Awstria">Awstria</a> Almaeneg yw iaith swyddogol y wlad. Mae <a href="/wiki/Croateg" title="Croateg">Croateg</a> a <a href="/wiki/Slofeneg" title="Slofeneg">Slofeneg</a> hefyd yn ieithoedd swyddogol yn y rhanbarthau lle mae'r lleiafrifoedd hynny'n byw. </p><p>Almaeneg yw un o 20 iaith swyddogol yr <a href="/wiki/Undeb_Ewropeaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Undeb Ewropeaidd">Undeb Ewropeaidd</a> ac un o ieithoedd gwaith y <a href="/wiki/Cenhedloedd_Unedig" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenhedloedd Unedig">Cenhedloedd Unedig</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gwledydd_lle_y_siaredir_Almaeneg">Gwledydd lle y siaredir Almaeneg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Gwledydd lle y siaredir Almaeneg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Gwledydd lle y siaredir Almaeneg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Hochdeutscher_Sprachraum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hochdeutscher_Sprachraum.png/300px-Hochdeutscher_Sprachraum.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hochdeutscher_Sprachraum.png/450px-Hochdeutscher_Sprachraum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hochdeutscher_Sprachraum.png/600px-Hochdeutscher_Sprachraum.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Parth yr Almaeneg ers yr Ail Ryfel Byd. Gelwir y ffin rhwng y rhanbarthau melyn (Isel Almaeneg) a glas (Canol Almaeneg) yn llinell Benrather. Gelwir y ffin rhwng y rhanbarthau glas a brown (Uwch Almaeneg) yn llinell Speyerer.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yn_brif_iaith_swyddogol">Yn brif iaith swyddogol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Yn brif iaith swyddogol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Yn brif iaith swyddogol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen">Yr Almaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awstria" title="Awstria">Awstria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (a'r unig iaith swyddogol)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yn_iaith_swyddogol_ymhlith_ieithoedd_eraill">Yn iaith swyddogol ymhlith ieithoedd eraill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Yn iaith swyddogol ymhlith ieithoedd eraill" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Yn iaith swyddogol ymhlith ieithoedd eraill"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rhanbarth Alsás yn <a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a></li> <li>ardal Tirol y De yn <a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">yr Eidal</a> (iaith frodorol i 2/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Belg" title="Gwlad Belg">Gwlad Belg</a></li> <li>rhanbarth Galisia yn yr <a href="/wiki/Wcr%C3%A1in" title="Wcráin">Wcráin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwcsembwrg" title="Lwcsembwrg">Lwcsembwrg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Swistir" title="Y Swistir">Y Swistir</a> (iaith frodorol i 2/3 o'r bobl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> hyd y flwyddyn 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia">Rwsia</a> yn ardaloedd y lleiafrifoedd Almaeneg, yn Asowo (ardal Omsk) a Halbstadt (rhanbarth Altai)</li> <li>rhanbarth Schleswig yn <a href="/wiki/Denmarc" title="Denmarc">Nenmarc</a></li> <li>rhanbarth Siebenburgen yn <a href="/wiki/Rwmania" title="Rwmania">Rwmania</a></li></ul> <p>Ffugdybiad yw hi bod Almaeneg ymron â chael lle iaith swyddogol yn UDA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yn_iaith_leiafrifol">Yn iaith leiafrifol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Yn iaith leiafrifol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Yn iaith leiafrifol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/330px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/500px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/960px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Cymunedau Almaeneg ar hyd a lled y byd</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yr_Ariannin" title="Yr Ariannin">Yr Ariannin</a> (300,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awstralia" title="Awstralia">Awstralia</a> (200,000 neu ragor o blith y 2,000,000 o dras Almaenig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a> (1,900,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (500,000 neu ragor o blith y 2,800,000 o dras Almaenig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan">Casachstan</a> (358,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (11,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmarc" title="Denmarc">Denmarc</a> (20,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">Yr Eidal</a> (225,000 – 1987 – Vincent yn B. Comrie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (3,460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a>: o blith y 1,200,000 o drigolion Alsás a Lorraine dim ond canran fechan sydd yn dal i siarad y dafodiaith Almaeneg frodorol.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Belg" title="Gwlad Belg">Gwlad Belg</a> (112,458) (150,000 – 1988 – Hawkins yn B. Comrie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl">Gwlad Pwyl</a> (50,000-120,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwngari" title="Hwngari">Hwngari</a> (145,000) (250,000 – 1988 – Hawkins yn B. Comrie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yr_Iseldiroedd" title="Yr Iseldiroedd">Yr Iseldiroedd</a> (47,775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latfia" title="Latfia">Latfia</a> (3,780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithwania" title="Lithwania">Lithwania</a> (2,060)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwcsembwrg" title="Lwcsembwrg">Lwcsembwrg</a> (10,900 – 2001 – Johnstone a Mandryk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldofa" title="Moldofa">Moldofa</a> (7,300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> (30,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragw%C3%A1i" title="Paragwái">Paragwái</a> (200,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwmania" title="Rwmania">Rwmania</a> (70,000) (45,129 – cyfrifiad 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia">Rwsia</a>: y rhan Ewropeaidd (75.000), Siberia (767,300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slofacia" title="Slofacia">Slofacia</a> (12,000) (15,000 – 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiecia" title="Tsiecia">Tsiecia</a> (50,000 - 1998) yn yr Erzgebirge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsile" title="Tsile">Tsile</a> (200,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDA" class="mw-redirect" title="UDA">UDA</a>, yn enwedig Pennsylvania (6,100,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wcr%C3%A1in" title="Wcráin">Wcráin</a> (38,000)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yn_ail_iaith">Yn ail iaith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Yn ail iaith" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Yn ail iaith"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae llawer dros y byd yn dysgu Almaeneg fel ail iaith mewn ysgolion. Yn Ewrop Almaeneg sydd wedi lledaenu'r fwyaf ac eithrio'r <a href="/wiki/Saesneg" title="Saesneg">Saesneg</a>. Honna 38% o ddinasyddion Ewrop (heblaw am siaradwyr Almaeneg fel mamiaith) eu bod yn gallu cynnal sgwrs yn Almaeneg. Ceir niferoedd sylweddol o ddysgwyr Almaeneg yn yr <a href="/wiki/Iseldiroedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Iseldiroedd">Iseldiroedd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sgandinafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgandinafia">Sgandinafia</a>, o amgylch y <a href="/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Baltig" title="Y Môr Baltig">môr Baltig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slofenia" title="Slofenia">Slofenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl">Gwlad Pwyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_a_Hertsegofina" title="Bosnia a Hertsegofina">Bosnia a Hertsegofina</a>, ardaloedd Rwmanaidd y <a href="/wiki/Swistir" class="mw-redirect" title="Swistir">Swistir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hwngari" title="Hwngari">Hwngari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia" class="mw-disambig" title="Macedonia">Macedonia</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bwlgaria" title="Bwlgaria">Bwlgaria</a>. Yn rhai o'r gwledydd hyn Almaeneg yw'r iaith dramor gyntaf a ddysgir yn yr ysgolion, o flaen Saesneg. Yn <a href="/wiki/Belarws" title="Belarws">Belarws</a> hefyd dysgir Almaeneg yn aml mewn ysgolion. Mewn rhannau o ddwyrain Ewrop hybir dysgu Almaeneg gan ei bod yn bosibl derbyn telediad Almaeneg trwy gebl neu oddi ar loeren. Mewn gwledydd eraill, e.e. <a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a> ac <a href="/wiki/UDA" class="mw-redirect" title="UDA">UDA</a>, mae Almaeneg yn colli tir i'r <a href="/wiki/Sbaeneg" title="Sbaeneg">Sbaeneg</a>. </p><p>Yn ôl ymholiad y <i>Ständigen Arbeitsgruppe Deutsch als Fremdsprache</i> (Pwyllgor Gwaith Almaeneg fel Ail Iaith) sydd yn perthyn i Swyddfa Dramor yr Almaen a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefydliad_Goethe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sefydliad Goethe (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Sefydliad Goethe</a>, ymhlith cyrff eraill, roedd y niferoedd mwyaf o ddysgwyr Almaeneg yn 2000 i'w cael yn y gwledydd canlynol: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a>: 1,603,813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwngari" title="Hwngari">Hwngari</a>: 629,472</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yr_Iseldiroedd" title="Yr Iseldiroedd">Yr Iseldiroedd</a>: 591,190</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan">Casachstan</a>: 629,874</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl">Gwlad Pwyl</a>: 2,202,708</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Ffederasiwn_Rwsiaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Ffederasiwn Rwsiaidd">Y Ffederasiwn Rwsiaidd</a>: 4,657,500</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiecia" title="Tsiecia">Tsiecia</a>: 799,071</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDA" class="mw-redirect" title="UDA">UDA</a>: 551,274</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wcr%C3%A1in" title="Wcráin">Wcráin</a>: 629,742</li></ul> <p>Erbyn heddiw Almaeneg yw'r iaith a ddefnyddir amlaf ar y rhyngrwyd ac eithrio'r Saesneg. Mae mwy nag 8% o dudalennau'r <a href="/wiki/Rhyngrwyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyngrwyd">rhyngrwyd</a> yn Almaeneg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fel_creoliaith">Fel creoliaith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Fel creoliaith" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Fel creoliaith"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yn sgil gwladychu datblygodd yr iaith 'Unserdeutsch' yn yr ynysoedd a elwir heddiw yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brydain_Newydd_Dwyreiniol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brydain Newydd Dwyreiniol (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Brydain Newydd Dwyreiniol</a>. Erbyn hyn mae'r iaith hon ymron â diflannu gan fod mwyafrif y siaradwyr wedi mudo oddi yno. Heblaw hyn mae rhyw 150 o eiriau Almaeneg eu tarddiad i'w cael yn iaith <i>Tok Pisin</i> <a href="/wiki/Papua_Gini_Newydd" title="Papua Gini Newydd">Papua Gini Newydd</a> o'r cyfnod pan cafwyd trefedigaeth <a href="/wiki/Gini_Newydd_Almaenig" title="Gini Newydd Almaenig">Gini Newydd Almaenig</a> cyn y <a href="/wiki/Rhyfel_Byd_Cyntaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf">Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yr_Wyddor_Almaeneg">Yr Wyddor Almaeneg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Yr Wyddor Almaeneg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Yr Wyddor Almaeneg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae'r wyddor Almaeneg yn cynnwys 26 llythyren. </p><p>Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gf, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz </p><p>Yn ogystal â'r 26 llythyren yn yr wyddor Ladin mae Almaeneg yn defnyddio <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a> (eszett) ac Ää, Öö, Üü - llythrennau ag <i>Umlaut</i> arnynt. Er bod gan yr <i>Umlaut</i> yr un ffurf â'r <a href="/wiki/Didolnod" title="Didolnod">didolnod</a> a ddefnyddir yn y <a href="/wiki/Cymraeg" title="Cymraeg">Gymraeg</a> a ieithoedd eraill, mae ei swyddogaeth yn wahanol, sef newid natur y llafariad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gramadeg">Gramadeg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Gramadeg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Gramadeg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyflwr_(Fall)"><span id="Cyflwr_.28Fall.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Cyflwr_gramadegol" title="Cyflwr gramadegol">Cyflwr <i>(Fall)</i></a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyflwr (Fall)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Cyflwr (Fall)"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae enwau Almaeneg naill ai yn wrywaidd, yn fenywaidd neu yn ddiryw. </p> <ul><li><i>Der Hund</i> ‘y ci’ (gwrywaidd)</li> <li><i>Die Mutter</i> ‘y fam’ (benywaidd)</li> <li><i>Das Auto</i> ‘y car’ (diryw)</li></ul> <p>Caiff lluosogion eu creu mewn nifer o ffyrdd: </p> <ul><li>Gellir ychwanegu -<i>en</i> at ddiwedd enw.</li> <li>Gellir ychwanegu -<i>n</i> at ddiwedd enw.</li> <li>Gellir ychwanegu -<i>s</i> at ddiwedd gair os daw o iaith arall, e.e. <i>Das Auto</i> (un.) – <i>Die Auto<b>s</b></i> (ll.).</li> <li>Gellir affeithio llafariad bôn y gair.</li> <li>Gellir affeithio llafariad bôn y gair ac ychwanegu'r terfyniadau -<i>en</i> neu -<i>n</i> ar yr un pryd.</li></ul> <p>Fel arfer defnyddir y <a href="/wiki/Bannod" title="Bannod">fannod</a> benodol <i>die</i> yn y lluosog ac felly mewn ffordd mae'r lluosog yn ymddwyn fel pedwerydd cenedl. </p><p>Mae gan Almaeneg bedwar <a href="/wiki/Cyflwr_gramadegol" title="Cyflwr gramadegol">cyflwr</a>, er enghraifft: </p> <ul><li><i><b>Der Hund</b> ist klein.</i> – Mae'<b>r ci</b> yn fach. (Y cyflwr enwol, <i>Nominativ</i>, gan mai'r ci yw'r goddrych)</li> <li><i>Ich habe <b>den Hund</b>.</i> – Mae gen i'<b>r ci</b>. (Y cyflwr gwrthrychol, <i>Akkusativ</i>, gan mai'r ci yw'r gwrthrych uniongyrchol)</li> <li><i>Ich gebe <b>dem Hund</b> den Ball.</i> – Rwy'n rhoi'r bêl <b>i'r ci</b>. (Y cyflwr derbyniol, <i>Dativ</i>, gan mai'r ci yw'r gwrthrych anuniongyrchol)</li> <li><i>Das ist das Haus <b>des Hundes</b>.</i> – Dyma dŷ'<b>r ci</b>. (Y cyflwr genidol, <i>Genitiv</i>, gan fod y ci yn berchen ar y tŷ).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trefn_geiriau_(Wortstellung)"><span id="Trefn_geiriau_.28Wortstellung.29"></span>Trefn geiriau <i>(Wortstellung)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Trefn geiriau (Wortstellung)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Trefn geiriau (Wortstellung)"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae trefn y geiriau yn Almaeneg yn cynnig nifer o broblemau i ddysgwr sydd â <a href="/wiki/Saesneg" title="Saesneg">Saesneg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymraeg" title="Cymraeg">Cymraeg</a> neu'r ieithoedd Romáwns fel eu mamiaith. </p><p>Mae yna reolau caeth yn pennu trefn y berfau: </p> <ul><li>Mewn brawddeg Almaeneg mae'n rhaid i'r ferf fod yn yr ail syniad bob tro:</li></ul> <p><i><b>Mit meinem Bruder gehe ich in den Park.</b></i> (Gyda fy mrawd, af i'r parc.) </p> <ul><li>Mae'r prif ferf yn dod ar ôl rhagenw fel arfer gyda gweddill y berfau yn mynd i ddiwedd yr adnod:</li></ul> <p><i><b>Ich werde in der Schule singen.</b></i> (Byddaf yn canu yn yr ysgol.) </p> <ul><li>Mewn adnod isradd, mae'n rhaid i'r berfau i gyd fynd i ddiwedd yr adnod gyda'r ferf ffurfdroedig ar ddiwedd yr adnod:</li></ul> <p><i><b>Ich denke, dass wir die Arbeit machen müssen.</b></i> (Rwy'n credu bod rhaid i ni wneud y gwaith.) </p> <ul><li>Os yw brawddeg yn dechrau gydag adnod isradd, mae'r berfau yn cwrdd yn y canol gyda gweddill y rheolau cyffredin yn parhau yn y brif adnod:</li></ul> <p><i><b>Da du die Arbeit gemacht hast, sehe ich dich morgen.</b></i> (Gan dy fod wedi gwneud y gwaith, wela i di yfory.) </p><p>Mae disgrifiadau berfenwol yn dilyn y drefn, amser + dull + lle: <i><b>Ich will Montag mit meinem Vater in dem Haus reden.</b></i> (Rwy eisiau siarad gyda fy nhad yn y tŷ ar Ddydd Llun.) </p><p>Heblaw am y rheolau caeth ar safle'r ferf, mae trefn frawddeg yn weddol lac oherwydd defnydd cyflyrau enwau. Er enghraifft, mae gan y ddwy frawddeg ganlynol union yr un ystyr. </p><p><i><b>Der Hund beißt den Mann</b></i> a <i><b>Den Mann beißt der Hund</b></i> </p><p>Mae'r ddwy frawddeg uchod yn golygu <i>Mae'r ci yn cnoi'r dyn</i>, ac felly yn annhebyg i nifer o ieithoedd eraill nid yw'r ystyr yn dibynnu ar drefn y geiriau ond yn hytrach ar ffurfdroadau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iaith_lafar_a_thafodieithoedd_Almaeneg">Iaith lafar a thafodieithoedd Almaeneg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Iaith lafar a thafodieithoedd Almaeneg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Iaith lafar a thafodieithoedd Almaeneg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nid oes ynganiad Almaeneg safonol cyffelyb i ynganiad Saesneg y BBC. Yn ystod y 19eg ganrif bu ehangu mawr ar addysg a hynny trwy gyfrwng Almaeneg Uchel. Wrth geisio ynganu geiriau Almaeneg Uchel fe ffurfiwyd iaith lafar tra gwahanol yn y wahanol ranbarthau, yn gymysgedd o Almaeneg Uchel a thafodiaith wreiddiol yr ardal. </p><p>Ers canol yr 20g mae'r wahanol ieithoedd llafar hyn wedi ymdreiddio tafodieithoedd traddodiadol. Fe fydd siaradwyr yn addasu eu hiaith i fod yn fwy neu yn llai tafodieithol yn ôl y galw. Ar y teledu a'r radio fe glywch y cyflwynwyr gan amlaf yn siarad Almaeneg Uchel ond gydag acen ranbarthol. Ond nid acen yw'r unig wahaniaeth rhwng yr ieithoedd llafar gan fod geirfa a chystrawen hefyd yn amrywio o un ardal i'r llall, yn enwedig rhwng gwledydd am fod pob gwlad â'i diwylliant â'i gweinyddiaeth ei hun ac yn bathu termau newydd, gwahanol i'w gilydd. Erbyn hyn ceir rhai dinasoedd yn yr Almaen ac Awstria lle mae'r dafodiaith draddodiadol wedi diflannu'n gyfan gwbl. Fe erys digon o wahaniaeth rhwng y tafodieithoedd a siaredir heddiw trwy'r tiroedd Almaenig fel bod angen is-deitlau Almaeneg Uchel ar rai ffilmiau tafodieithol o'r gwahanol ranbarthau. Mater o raid yw defnyddio Almaeneg Uchel pan fydd rhywrai sy'n hanu o ranbarthau pellenig am gael sgwrs. Mae Almaeneg y <a href="/wiki/Swistir" class="mw-redirect" title="Swistir">Swistir</a> yn anodd iawn i'w deall gan Almaenwyr ac felly hefyd y tafodieithoedd Isel Almaeneg. </p><p>Bu ymdrechion i ffurfio iaith lafar safonol yn seiliedig ar Almaeneg Uchel tua diwedd y 19eg ganrif i'w defnyddio yn y theatr yn bennaf. Cyhoeddwyd canllawiau 'Ynganiad Almaeneg ar gyfer y llwyfan' ym 1898. Roedd ynganiad y geiriau yn gyfaddawd rhwng ynganiad y gwahanol ranbarthau ond yn ymdebygu fwyaf i ynganiad Gogledd yr Almaen. Gan fod pobl o Ogledd yr Almaen yn siarad tafodieithoedd Isel Almaeneg a oedd mor wahanol i Almaeneg Uchel, pan aethant ati i ddysgu Almaeneg Uchel roedd fel petai eu bod yn dysgu iaith wahanol. Dyfeisiasant ynganiad yn ôl y llythrennau ysgrifenedig yn hytrach na dilyn patrwm eu tafodiaith eu hunain. </p><p>Bu feirniadu ar 'iaith y llwyfan' fod ei sain yn annaturiol, ac aflwyddiannus fu'r ymdrech i ehangu'r defnydd o'r iaith hon tu allan i'r theatr. Ond pan aethpwyd ati i ysgrifennu canllawiau ynganu ar gyfer dysgwyr dilynwyd yr un trywydd â 'iaith y llwyfan' trwy gyfaddawdu rhwng y gwahanol ranbarthau ond gyda dylanwad cryf iaith y Gogledd. Gelwir hon yn Ynganiad Safonol er nad yw'n perthyn yn union gywir i neb o blith Almaenwyr. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Deutsche_Mundarten_seit_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Deutsche_Mundarten_seit_1945.png/500px-Deutsche_Mundarten_seit_1945.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Deutsche_Mundarten_seit_1945.png/960px-Deutsche_Mundarten_seit_1945.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Tafodieithoedd Almaeneg ers 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Fe rennir y tafodieithoedd traddodiadol yn dair prif ran, sef Uwch Almaeneg (tua'r de), Almaeneg Canol (y deilliodd Almaeneg Uchel yn bennaf ohono) ac Isel Almaeneg (tua'r gogledd). Fesul cam y gwelir newidiadau wrth symud o un ardal i ardal gyfagos, gan gynnwys yr ymdoddiad ieithyddol o diroedd Almaeneg Canol i diroedd Isel Almaeneg. Mae'n bwnc llosg a ddylid ystyried Isel Almaeneg, sy'n cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Iseldireg" title="Iseldireg">Iseldireg</a> a <a href="/wiki/Fflemeg" title="Fflemeg">Fflemeg</a>, yn iaith ar wahân i Almaeneg Uchel. Mae rhanbarthau Hambwrg, Schleswig-Holstein, Niedersachsen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern a Bremen wedi cael cydnabyddiaeth gan Gyngor Ewrop fod yr iaith Isel Almaeneg (sef y tafodieithoedd Nieder Sächsisch) yn iaith ranbarthol swyddogol. Fodd bynnag, y mae'n bosib mai marwolaeth fydd tynged yr Isel Almaeneg, serch yr ymdrechion gwleidyddol i'w harbed. </p><p>Yn hanesyddol mae pobl ardaloedd tafodieithol cyfagos Isel Almaeneg, o ogledd yr Almaen draw at wlad Belg a'r Iseldiroedd, yn deall ei gilydd. Yn ôl y diffiniad ieithyddiaeth felly maent yn perthyn i'r un teulu ieithyddol. Ond mae'r tafodieithoedd yn yr Iseldiroedd a'r Almaen yn tyfu fwyfwy ar wahân trwy fod ffin wleidyddol rhyngddynt. Hefyd mae llawer o'r tafodieithoedd Isel Almaeneg yn colli tir i Iseldireg neu Almaeneg Safonol, a rhai ohonynt bron â bod yn farw. Trwy'r broses hon gellir gweld ffin ieithyddol yn ymddangos rhwng Iseldireg ac Almaeneg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dylanwadau_ieithoedd_tramor_ar_Almaeneg">Dylanwadau ieithoedd tramor ar Almaeneg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Dylanwadau ieithoedd tramor ar Almaeneg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Dylanwadau ieithoedd tramor ar Almaeneg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gan fod siaradwyr Almaeneg yn byw yng Nghanolbarth Ewrop y mae Almaeneg wedi dylanwadu arni drwy'r canrifoedd gan ieithoedd eraill. Yn ystod yr Oesoedd Canol ac ynghynt cafwyd benthyg geiriau o'r <a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a> yn bennaf. Benthycwyd geiriau o'r Lladin yn ymwneud â phensaernïaeth, crefydd, a rhyfela, ymhlith pynciau eraill, e.e. <i>Fenster</i> ‘ffenestr’, <i>Keller</i> ‘seler’, <i>Karren</i> ‘cert’, <i>dominieren</i> ‘goruchafu’, <i>Kloster</i> ‘mynachlog’. Cafwyd benthyg hefyd o'r <a href="/wiki/Groeg" class="mw-disambig" title="Groeg">Groeg</a> ym meysydd crefydd, gwyddoniaeth, ac athroniaeth, e.e. <i>Philiosphie</i> ‘athroniaeth’, <i>Physik</i> ‘ffiseg’, <i>Demokratie</i> ‘democratiaeth’. </p><p>Yn ddiweddarach <a href="/wiki/Ffrangeg" title="Ffrangeg">Ffrangeg</a> oedd yr iaith fwyaf dylanwadol ar Almaeneg. Ffrangeg a siaredid mewn llawer lys wedi'r <a href="/wiki/Rhyfel_Deng_Mlynedd_ar_Hugain" title="Rhyfel Deng Mlynedd ar Hugain">Rhyfel Deng Mlynedd ar Hugain</a>, a ddaeth i ben ym 1648. Mae'n debyg bu afael gwell gan Dywysogion <a href="/wiki/Prwsia" title="Prwsia">Prwsia</a> ar Ffrangeg nag ar Almaeneg. Gan hynny codwyd geirfa helaeth yn ymwneud â byd y boneddigion o'r Ffrangeg, e.e. <i>Boulevard</i> ‘rhodfa’, <i>Trottoir</i> ‘palmant’, <i>Konfitüre</i> ‘jam’. Benthycwyd i raddau llai o'r <a href="/wiki/Ieithoedd_Slafaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ieithoedd Slafaidd">ieithoedd Slafaidd</a>, e.e. <i>Grenze</i> ‘ffin’, <i>Pistole</i> ‘llawddryll’, o'r <a href="/wiki/Iddew-Almaeneg" title="Iddew-Almaeneg">Iddew-Almaeneg</a> a Rotwelsch, e.e. <i>meschugge</i> ‘yn wirion bost’. </p><p>Gwelir dylanwad <a href="/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg">Arabeg</a> ym meysydd masnach, botaneg, a meddygaeth, dylanwad oedd ar ei anterth yn ystod yr Oesoedd Canol, gan gynnwys adeg y croesgadau, e.e. <i>Koffer</i> (cist), <i>Benzin</i> (petrol), <i>Limonade</i> (lemonêd). </p><p>Ers canol yr 20g mae <a href="/wiki/Saesneg" title="Saesneg">Saesneg</a> wedi dylanwadu fwyfwy ar Almaeneg. Mae'r datblygiad hwn yn ddadleuol. Achwynir bod llawer o'r geiriau benthyg ffug-Saesneg, e.e. <i>Handy</i> (ffôn symudol) yn disodli geiriau cyfystyr Almaeneg sy'n bodoli eisoes neu y gellid fod wedi bathu geiriau â gwreiddiau Almaeneg. Erbyn hyn mae ffilmiau wedi eu trosleisio'n wael o'r Saesneg hefyd yn dylanwadu ar Almaeneg. Er mwyn cadw cydwefusiad ar ffilmiau Saesneg (ac oherwydd anwybodusrwydd) fe greir geiriau ac ymadroddion nad ydynt yn gyfarwydd yn Almaeneg ond sydd ar fyr dro yn ymgartrefu yn yr iaith lafar, e.e. <i>Oh mein Gott</i> am 'Oh my God' Saesneg, yn hytrach na'r ymadrodd draddodiadol <i>Um Gottes Willen</i>. Fe elwir yr iaith sydd yn gymysgedd o Almaeneg a Saesneg yn Denglish. </p><p>Mewn llawer o wledydd, e.e. <a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a> a <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_yr_I%C3%A2" title="Gwlad yr Iâ">Gwlad yr Iâ</a>, ceir ymdrechion gwleidyddol i arbed yr iaith frodorol rhag ymdreiddiad o du'r Saesneg. Nid felly y mae hyn yn yr Almaen am fod cymaint o ofn unrhyw bolisïau sy'n debyg i bolisïau'r Natsïaid. Mae eraill yn collfarnu ymdrechion o'r fath gan eu cyfrif yn buryddiaeth ieithyddol afiach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dylanwad_Almaeneg_ar_ieithoedd_eraill">Dylanwad Almaeneg ar ieithoedd eraill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Golygu'r adran: Dylanwad Almaeneg ar ieithoedd eraill" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Dylanwad Almaeneg ar ieithoedd eraill"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae llawer o eiriau wedi eu benthyg o'r Almaeneg i ieithoedd eraill, gan gynnwys Saesneg. Tardda trwch y geiriau benthyg o ddyfeisiadau Almaenig, o adeg y rhyfeloedd byd, neu o'r ymfudwyr i UDA a siaradent Almaeneg neu Iddew-Almaeneg. Enghreifftiau o'r geiriau benthyg yma yw: </p> <ul><li><i>Abseilen</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></i></li> <li><i>Blitzkrieg</i></li> <li><i>Eisberg</i> (rhewfryn)</li> <li><i>Doppelgänger</i> (rhywun o'r un ffunud ac un arall)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockenspiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockenspiel (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Glockenspiel</a></i></li> <li><i>Glitz</i></li> <li><i>jodeln</i> (iodlo)</li> <li><i>kaputt</i> (wedi torri)</li> <li><i>Kindergarten</i></li> <li><i>Kitsch</i></li> <li><i>Müsli</i></li> <li><i>Rucksack</i></li> <li><i>Schadenfreude</i> (ymhyfrydu yn nhrafferthion rhywrai arall)</li> <li><i>Vorsprung durch Technik</i> (cam ymlaen trwy dechnoleg)</li> <li><i>Waltz</i></li> <li><i>Wunderkind</i> (plentyn rhyfeddol)</li> <li><i>Zigzag</i> (igam ogam)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diwylliant_Almaeneg">Diwylliant Almaeneg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Golygu'r adran: Diwylliant Almaeneg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Diwylliant Almaeneg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Llenyddiaeth_Almaeneg">Llenyddiaeth Almaeneg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Golygu'r adran: Llenyddiaeth Almaeneg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Llenyddiaeth Almaeneg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae'r Almaeneg ysgrifenedig gynharaf sydd wedi goroesi yn dyddio o'r 8g, ar ffurf llawysgrifau eglwysig a nodiadau ymyl y ddalen mewn llawysgrifau Lladin. Yng nghanol y 12g fe ledodd cwmpas llenyddiaith Almaeneg tu allan i'r byd eglwysig. Aethpwyd ati i ysgrifennu llawer o ganeuon a chwedlau o dan nawdd yr uchelwyr. Gwelir dylanwad Ffrengig ar lenyddiaeth yr Almaen yn dechrau'r adeg hon, dylanwad a fyddai'n parhau am ganrifoedd. Enghreifftiau o'r canu hwn yw <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolandslied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolandslied (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Rolandslied</a></i> (cân Roland), <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> (Tristan ac Esyllt), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parzival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parzival (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Parzival</a></i> (Parsifal) a'r <i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i>. </p><p>Fel ag yn Gymraeg bu cyhoeddi'r Beibl yn Almaeneg, ym 1522 a 1534, yn garreg filltir bwysig yn natblygiad yr iaith safonol yn ogystal ag yn natblygiad yr Eglwys Gristnogol. </p><p>Mae llenyddiaeth helaeth wedi ei chyhoeddi yn Almaeneg ar hyd yr oesoedd. Ymhlith y llyfrau mwyaf enwog y mae: </p> <ul><li>Dramau a cherddi <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> 1759 – 1805</li> <li>Gweithiau <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> gan gynnwys y ddrama drasiedi <i><a href="/wiki/Faust_(Goethe)" title="Faust (Goethe)">Faust</a></i> ym 1808 a 1832.</li> <li>Rhyddiaith <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a> 1883 – 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a> (4 Rhagfyr 1875 - 29 Rhagfyr 1926)</li> <li>Dramau <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> 1898 – 1956</li> <li>Nofel <i>Die Blechtrommel</i> (Y Drwm Tun) gan <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (ganwyd 1927).</li> <li><i>Chwedlau</i> gan <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a> (ganwyd 1946).</li></ul> <p>Bu'r Holocawst yn ysgogiad i lenyddiaeth a ffilmiau. Gellir enwi gwaith y beirdd Iddewig <a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a>, yn arbennig ei gerdd enwog Todesfuge, a <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a> yn y cyswllt hwn. Datblygiad diweddar yw trafod dyddiau olaf y Trydydd Reich o safbwynt Hitler a'i staff yn y ffilm <i>Der Untergang</i>, ac yn y gyfres deledu <a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a> dylunnir bywyd bob-dydd yn ystod yr 20g wrth i'r Almaenwyr geisio dod i delerau â'u hanes. Mae nifer o lyfrau Almaeneg wedi eu <a href="/wiki/Cyfieithiadau_i%27r_Gymraeg" title="Cyfieithiadau i'r Gymraeg">cyfieithu</a> i'r Gymraeg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Almaeneg_mewn_cerddoriaeth">Almaeneg mewn cerddoriaeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Golygu'r adran: Almaeneg mewn cerddoriaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Almaeneg mewn cerddoriaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ar draws Ewrop, yn sgil y Diwygiad Protestannaidd, dechrewyd cyfansoddi cerddoriaeth grefyddol gan ddefnyddio testunau yn yr iaith leol yn hytrach na Lladin, e.e. gweithiau J.S. Bach ar ddechrau'r 18g. Yn ddiweddarach dechrewyd cyfansoddi cerddoriaeth glasurol ar bynciau seciwlar. Pan gyfansoddodd Mozart <i>Die Zauberflöte</i> (y Ffliwt Hud) ym 1791, Eidaleg oedd cyfrwng arferol operâu. Bwriad Mozart wrth ddefnyddio testun Almaeneg oedd apelio at werin Fienna yn ogystal â'r byddigion, gan fod yr opera yn ymdrin ag Urdd y Seiri Rhyddion, yr oedd Mozart yn aelod ohoni. Yn ystod y 19eg ganrif defnyddiwyd y chwedlau Almaeneg o'r Oesoedd Canol mewn operâu, gan gynnwys operâu Wagner. Bu cyfansoddwyr Almaeneg yn arloeswyr canu clasurol y 19eg ganrif a elwir heddiw yn ganu 'Lieder' (sef 'caneuon' yn Almaeneg). Yn eu plith roedd Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, a Johannes Brahms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dysg_Almaeneg">Dysg Almaeneg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Golygu'r adran: Dysg Almaeneg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Dysg Almaeneg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tyfodd bri a dylanwad prifysgolion y gwledydd Almaeneg eu hiaith yn gyflym yn ystod y 19eg ganrif. Erbyn y 1870au roedd Almaeneg wedi disodli Lladin fel prif iaith addysg prifysgolion Ewrop. Câi Almaeneg ei defnyddio mewn meddygaeth yn nwyrain Asia yn hytrach na Lladin. Ym meysydd ieithyddiaeth, athroniaeth, hanes, a gwyddoniaeth, ymhlith eraill, yr oedd siaradwyr Almaeneg a phrifysgolion Almaenig ar flaen y gad academaidd. O'r herwydd ymddangosodd nifer fawr o weithiau pwysig y byd yn Almaeneg gan gynnwys: </p> <ul><li><i>Das Kapital</i> (Cyfalaf) gan Karl Marx (1867)</li> <li><i>Die Traumdeutung</i> (Dehongli breuddwydion) gan S. Freud (1899)</li> <li><i>Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie</i> (3 Thraethawd ar elfennau rhywioldeb) gan S. Freud (1904-05)</li> <li><i>Das Unbehagen in der Kultur</i> (Anniddigrwydd mewn gwareiddiad) gan S. Freud (1929)</li> <li><i>Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper</i> (Ar electrodeinameg cyrff symudol) gan A. Einstein yn Annalen der Physik cyf. 17, 1905</li> <li><i>Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?</i> (Ydy inertia corff yn dibynnu ar yr ynni sydd ynddo?) gan A. Einstein yn Annalen der Physik (cyf. 18, 1905)</li> <li><i>Die Grundlage der allgemeine Relativitätstheorie</i> (Sylfaen y theori perthynoledd cyffredinol) gan A. Einstein yn Annalen der Physik (cyf 49, 1916)</li> <li><i>Über die spezielle und allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie</i> (Ynglŷn â theori perthynoledd arbennig a chyffredinol) gan A. Einstein (1916).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ffilm_Almaeneg">Ffilm Almaeneg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Golygu'r adran: Ffilm Almaeneg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Ffilm Almaeneg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ymddangosodd y ffilm hir sain Almaeneg gyntaf ym 1929, sef <i>Melodie der Welt</i> (Cân y byd). Ymddangosodd ffilmiau sain Almaeneg byd-enwog yn ystod y cyfnod sain cynnar, gan gynnwys ffilm gyntaf Marlene Dietrich <i>Der Blaue Engel</i> (Yr angel glas – 1930), <i>Berlin Alexanderplatz</i> (1931), ac <i>M</i> (1931). Pan ddaeth y Natsïaid i rym, buan y collwyd gwneuthurwyr ffilm mwyaf dawnus yr Almaen. Cynhyrchwyd nifer fawr o ffilmiau Almaeneg yn ystod cyfnod y Natsïaid, gan fod y sinema yn hynod boblogaidd yn yr Almaen, serch neu yn hytrach oherwydd tlodi enbyd y bobl, ond prin yw'r ffilmiau y bernir eu bod yn bwysig erbyn heddiw. Wedi'r Ail Ryfel Byd cafwyd rhywfaint o adfywiad mewn ffilmiau Almaeneg eu hiaith, ond nid tan y 60au y cafodd sinema Almaeneg sylw rhyngwladol eto. Yn ystod y 70au y gwelwyd ffilmiau y <i>Neues Deutsches Kino</i> (y Sinema Almaenig Newydd) yn cael sylw a chlod beirniadol, yn eu plith <i>Aguirre, der Zorn Gotte</i> (Aguirre, digofaint Duw - 1972), <i>Angst essen Seele auf</i> (Ofn a lynca'r enaid – 1974) a <i>Die Ehe der Maria Braun</i> (Priodas Maria Braun – 1979). Yn ddiweddar iawn mae nifer o ffilmiau wedi ymddangos yn trin cyfnod y Natsïaid gan gynnwys <i>Das Schreckliches Mädchen</i> (Y ferch ddychrynllyd - 1989), <i>Der Untergang</i> (Y dymchwel - 2004), a <i>Sophie Scholl – die Letzten Tage</i> (Sophie Scholl – y dyddiau olaf - 2005). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enwau_ar_Almaeneg_mewn_ieithoedd_eraill">Enwau ar Almaeneg mewn ieithoedd eraill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Golygu'r adran: Enwau ar Almaeneg mewn ieithoedd eraill" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Enwau ar Almaeneg mewn ieithoedd eraill"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oherwydd bod hanes y pobloedd sy'n siarad Almaeneg wedi bod mor gythryblus mae llawer rhagor o wahanol ffurfiau ar y gair 'Almaeneg' mewn ieithoedd tramor nag sydd i'r mwyafrif o ieithoedd y byd. </p><p>Yn gyffredinol gellir dosbarthu'r gwahanol dermau am Almaeneg yn ôl eu tarddiad i chwech grŵp sef: </p> <ol><li>O'r term protogermanaidd <i>Volk</i> (pobl)</li> <li>O enw llwyth y Germaniaid</li> <li>O enw llwyth y Sacsoniaid</li> <li>O'r gair Slafaidd am 'fud'</li> <li>O enw llwyth yr Alemaniaid</li> <li>Yn ieithoedd y Baltig</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeirnodion">Cyfeirnodion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeirnodion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeirnodion"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ffynonellau">Ffynonellau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Golygu'r adran: Ffynonellau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Ffynonellau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external free" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache">http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache</a></li> <li><a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ysgriflythrennau_a_llawysgrifen">Ysgriflythrennau a llawysgrifen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Golygu'r adran: Ysgriflythrennau a llawysgrifen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Ysgriflythrennau a llawysgrifen"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Black letter: type and national identity</i>, goln Peter Bain a Paul Shaw (New York, 1998)</li> <li>S. H. Steinberg, <i>Five hundred years of printing</i>, (Harmondsworth, 1966, 1996)</li> <li>D. B. Updike, <i>Printing types: their history, form and use</i> (Oxford University Press, 1952)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ystadegau_siaradwyr">Ystadegau siaradwyr</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Golygu'r adran: Ystadegau siaradwyr" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Ystadegau siaradwyr"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external free" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache">http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=deu">http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=deu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ar_bapur">Ar bapur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Golygu'r adran: Ar bapur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Ar bapur"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Geiriadur Almaeneg-Cymraeg a Chymraeg-Almaeneg (Y Ganolfan Astudiaethau Addysg, Prifysgol Cymru Aberystwyth, 1999).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ar_y_we">Ar y we</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Golygu'r adran: Ar y we" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Ar y we"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.woerterbuch.info/">http://www.woerterbuch.info/</a> geiriadur Almaeneg-Saesneg ar y we.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/germanistik/spr/suf/baydat-udi/pdf/Grob%FCbersicht%20Dialekte.pdf">http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/germanistik/spr/suf/baydat-udi/pdf/Grob%FCbersicht%20Dialekte.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicipedia:Pydredd_dolen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicipedia:Pydredd dolen (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">dolen farw</a></i>]</span></sup> (map o'r tafodieithoedd Almaeneg, yn Almaeneg)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wie-sagt-man-noch.de/walisisch/">http://www.wie-sagt-man-noch.de/walisisch/</a> Cwrs bach Almaeneg.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2010" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010), in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalencyklopedin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalencyklopedin (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de/rat/">Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung - Über den Rat</a>. Rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cz1_de.html">EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europäischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/da1_en.html">EUROPA - Education and Training - Europa - Regional and minority languages - Euromosaïc study</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/da1_en.html">Support from the European Commission for measures to promote and safeguard regional or minority languages and cultures - The Euromosaic sutdy: German in Denmark</a> (engl.). Letzter Zugriff am 13. November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf">EC.europa.eu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=28051">KAZAKHSTAN: Special report on ethnic Germans</a>. Irinnews.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color: var(--color-progressive--active, #233566);">(Almaeneg)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf">Deutsch in Namibia</a> (PDF). Supplement of the Allgemeine Zeitung (2007-08-18).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html">"CIA World Fact book Profile: Namibia"</a> <i>cia.gov'.' Cyrchwyd 2008-11-30.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=944">Map on page of Polish Ministry of Interior and Administration (MSWiA)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siebenbuerger.de/zeitung/artikel/alteartikel/223-deutsche-minderheit-in-rumaenien.html">SbZ - Deutsche Minderheit in Rumänien: "Zimmerpflanze oder Betreuungs-Objekt" - Informationen zu Siebenbürgen und Rumänien</a>. Siebenbuerger.de.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusdeutsch.eu/?menu=1&menu0=38&level3=&z=1">Geschichte</a>. Rusdeutsch.EU.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa-slok-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-europa-slok_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/slok1_de.html">EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europäischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/45px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/68px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/90px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><i><b><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="de:"> Argraffiad Almaeneg</a></b></i> <a href="/wiki/Wicipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wicipedia">Wicipedia</a>, y gwyddoniadur rhydd</div> </div> <div class="infobox" style="float:right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Wiktionary-logo-cy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/50px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/75px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/100px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Chwiliwch am <i><b><a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/Almaeneg" class="extiw" title="wikt:Almaeneg">Almaeneg</a></b></i><br />yn <a href="/wiki/Wiciadur" title="Wiciadur">Wiciadur</a>.</div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Wedi dod o "<a dir="ltr" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&oldid=13447970">https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almaeneg&oldid=13447970</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Categories" title="Arbennig:Categories">Categorïau</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Almaeneg" title="Categori:Almaeneg">Almaeneg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Ieithoedd_yr_Almaen" title="Categori:Ieithoedd yr Almaen">Ieithoedd yr Almaen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Ieithoedd_Uchel_Almaenaidd" title="Categori:Ieithoedd Uchel Almaenaidd">Ieithoedd Uchel Almaenaidd</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Gategori cudd: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_cynnwys_testun_Almaeneg" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Almaeneg">Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Almaeneg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_microfformat_hAudio" title="Categori:Erthyglau microfformat hAudio">Erthyglau microfformat hAudio</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Golygwyd y dudalen hon ddiwethaf ar 17 Chwefror 2025, am 22:27.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Mae'r testun ar gael o dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; gall telerau ychwanegol fod yn berthnasol. 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href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>264 iaith</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Ychwanegu adran</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-557fb88f9f-8dc9g","wgBackendResponseTime":230,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.328","walltime":"0.629","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4050,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":47188,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15940,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":6477,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 306.711 1 -total"," 62.06% 190.347 1 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