Water

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A dedicated call for proposals resulted in a number of important, forefront experiments carried out in the first half of 2023."> <meta name="author" content="Gerhard Samulat"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Water</title> <link rel="home" href="https://www.xfel.eu/index_eng.html" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.xfel.eu/zmi_css_defaults" />  <link href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/local_css/xfel.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" /> <link href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/local_css/xfel.custom.min.css?q" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" /> <link href="https://www.xfel.eu/theme_xfel/common/added/web.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.xfel.eu/common/img/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link 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<li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/instrument_parameters_for_run_2024_01/index_eng.html">Instrument parameters for run 2024-01</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/instrument_design/index_eng.html">Instrument design</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/sfx_user_consortium/index_eng.html">SFX user consortium</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/documentation/index_eng.html">Documentation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/spb_sfx/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/index_eng.html">SQS</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/news/index_eng.html">News</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/instrument/index_eng.html">Instrument</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/documentation/index_eng.html">Documentation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/beamtime_publications/index_eng.html">Beamtime publications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/staff_publications/index_eng.html">Staff publications</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/videos/index_eng.html">Videos</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sqs/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sxp/index_eng.html">SXP</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sxp/team/index_eng.html">Group Members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sxp/instrument/index_eng.html">Instrument</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/sxp/community_proposals/index_eng.html">Community Proposals</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/index_eng.html">User Laboratories</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/index_eng.html">Laboratory Environments</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/biology_labs/index_eng.html">Biology (XBI)</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/chemistry_labs/index_eng.html">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/material_science/index_eng.html">Dry Sample Preparation</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/cold_room/index_eng.html">Cold Room</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/dark_room/index_eng.html">Dark Rooms</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/laboratories/glove_box/index_eng.html">Glove Box</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/samples_processing/index_eng.html">Sample Delivery</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/samples_processing/liquids/index_eng.html">Liquids</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/samples_processing/magnets/index_eng.html">Magnets</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/access/index_eng.html">Access</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/user_laboratories/about_us/index_eng.html">About us</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/safety_and_environment/index_eng.html">Safety and Environment</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/comparison/index_eng.html">Comparison</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/facility/virtual_tour/index_eng.html">Virtual Tour</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <div>Organization</div> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-1 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/mission/index_eng.html">Mission</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/company/index_eng.html">Company</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/index_eng.html">Leadership</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/index_eng.html">Council</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/council_meetings/index_eng.html">Council meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/council_written_procedures/index_eng.html">Council written procedures</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/council_working_groups/index_eng.html">Council working groups</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/basic_documents/index_eng.html">Basic documents</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/council/isc_predecessor_of_the_council/index_eng.html">ISC (Predecessor of the Council)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/management_board/index_eng.html">Management Board</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/index_eng.html">Committees</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/ikrc/index_eng.html">IKRC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/afc/index_eng.html">AFC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/mac/index_eng.html">MAC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/sac/index_eng.html">SAC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/dac/index_eng.html">DAC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/lac/index_eng.html">LAC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/dmc/index_eng.html">DMC</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/leadership/committees/proposal_review_panels/index_eng.html">Proposal Review Panels</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/partner_countries/index_eng.html">Partner countries</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/cooperation/index_eng.html">Cooperation</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/cooperation/user_consortia/index_eng.html">User consortia</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/cooperation/institutional_and_international_cooperation/index_eng.html">Institutional and international cooperation</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/staff_members/index_eng.html">Staff members</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/staff_members/staff_members_public_view/index_eng.html">Staff members (public view)</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/staff_members/staff_members_internal_only/index_eng.html">Staff members (internal only)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/index_eng.html">Scientific and Technical groups</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/index_eng.html">Instrumentation Department</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/leadership_team/index_eng.html">Leadership Team</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/lasers/index_eng.html">Lasers</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/mechanical_engineering/index_eng.html">Mechanical Engineering</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/undulator_systems/index_eng.html">Undulator Systems</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/vacuum/index_eng.html">Vacuum</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/x_ray_optics/index_eng.html">X-Ray Optics</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/instrumentation_department/x_ray_photon_diagnostics/index_eng.html">X-Ray Photon Diagnostics</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_department/index_eng.html">Data Department</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_department/controls/index_eng.html">Controls</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/data_department/data_analysis/index_eng.html">Data Analysis</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/index_eng.html">Theory</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/group_members/index_eng.html">Group Members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/theory_seminar/index_eng.html">Theory Seminar</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and Meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/selected_research_projects/index_eng.html">Selected Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/theory/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/index_eng.html">Sample Environment & Characterization</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/projects/index_eng.html">Projects</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/group_members/index_eng.html">Group members</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/workshops_and_meetings/index_eng.html">Workshops and meetings</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/sample_environment/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/index_eng.html">Photon Beam Systems Meetings</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2024/index_eng.html">2024</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2023/index_eng.html">2023</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2022/index_eng.html">2022</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2021/index_eng.html">2021</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2020/index_eng.html">2020</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2019/index_eng.html">2019</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2018/index_eng.html">2018</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2017/index_eng.html">2017</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2016/index_eng.html">2016</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2015/index_eng.html">2015</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2014/index_eng.html">2014</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2013/index_eng.html">2013</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2012/index_eng.html">2012</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2011/index_eng.html">2011</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2010/index_eng.html">2010</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2009/index_eng.html">2009</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2008/index_eng.html">2008</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/photon_beam_systems_meetings/2007/index_eng.html">2007</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/index_eng.html">Students</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation--level-3 xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/welcome_words/index_eng.html">Welcome words</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/phd_curriculum/index_eng.html">Ph.D. Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/european_xfel_network/index_eng.html">European XFEL Network</a> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/scientific_and_technical_groups/students/young_scientist_award/index_eng.html">Young Scientist Award</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="xfel-drawer-navigation__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/organization/industrial_liaison/index_eng.html">Industrial Liaison</a> <ul class="xfel-drawer-navigation xfel-drawer-navigation--level-2 xfel-typography--drawer-subnavigation"> <li 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href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/catalytic_processes/index_eng.html">Catalytic processes</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/information_technology/index_eng.html">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/technology_transfer/index_eng.html">Technology transfer</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="subnavigation-list"> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/dimer_bond_dynamics/index_eng.html">Dimer bond dynamics</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/supercooled_water_dynamics/index_eng.html">Supercooled water dynamics</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/water_to_ice/index_eng.html">Water to ice</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/broken_water_cages/index_eng.html">Broken water cages</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/gas_hydrate_formation/index_eng.html">Gas-hydrate formation</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/glassy_water/index_eng.html">Glassy water</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/high_pressure_phases/index_eng.html">High pressure phases</a> </li> <li class="subnavigation-item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/publications/index_eng.html">Publications</a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="module"> <div class="breadcrumb breadcrumb--js"> <div class="breadcrumb-container"> <div class="breadcrumb-home"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/index_eng.html"> <svg width="22px" height="22px" viewbox="0 0 22 22"> <use xlink:href="#icon-home"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb-trail"> <ul class="breadcrumb-list"> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item breadcrumb-list__item--is-seperator"> <svg width="6px" height="10px" viewbox="0 0 9 15"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-plain-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/index_eng.html">Science</a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item breadcrumb-list__item--is-seperator"> <svg width="6px" height="10px" viewbox="0 0 9 15"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-plain-right"></use> </svg> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-list__item"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/index_eng.html">Water</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="module module-intro"> <div class="intro"> <h1>Water</h1> <p class="intro__copy description">The molecular-scale properties of water are of outmost relevance for several areas of science and have far-reaching practical applications. A dedicated call for proposals resulted in a number of important, forefront experiments carried out in the first half of 2023.</p> </div> </section>   <div class="ZMSGraphic center" id="e276139"><div class="graphic" style="text-align:right;width:840px"><a href="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35177/e275944/e276139/AdobeStock_145434085_eng.jpeg" class="fancybox"><img src="/sites/sites_custom/site_xfel/content/e35177/e275944/e276139/AdobeStock_145434085_thumbnail_eng.jpeg" class="img img-responsive" alt="AdobeStock_145434085_thumbnail.jpeg" /></a></div> <div class="text" style="float:none;text-align:LEFT;width:840px;margin:auto"><p> (© artegorov3@gmail / Adobe Stock)<br /></p></div> </div>   <section class="module"> <div class="text"> <div class="text-container"> <h2 class="text-headline">Molecular water research</h2> <p class="text-copy">Water is key to life on our planet and plays a central role in biology, for climate and many industrial processes. Although water has been subject to intense research across many disciplines, many of its fundamental properties are still not well understood. With the ultrashort, intense, and spatially coherent X-ray pulses available at X-ray free electron lasers, there is the potential for rapid advances in our understanding of molecular water.</p> <h2 class="text-headline">Water-focused call for proposals</h2> <p class="text-copy">A 2022 call for expressions of interest in water research utilising the European XFEL's unique X-ray infrastructure resulted in 25 proposals from the international scientific user community. Seven of these proposals received beamtime in period 2023-I. One proposal was carried out in period 2023-II.</p> <h2 class="text-headline">The experimental campaign</h2> <p class="text-copy">In order to learn more about the uncommon, anomalous properties of water, it is often advantageous to study its structure and dynamics under non-standard conditions. Here it meant studying hydrogen bond dynamics in the smallest hydrogen-bonded compound, the dimer, or measuring complex, ultrafast relaxations in the supercooled regime (well below 0°C). It involved studying how ice nucleates and grows, or how fast laser heating processes disturb the tetrahedral water cage. The campaign also looked at water in the presence of hydrate cage forming molecules, the formation of glassy water and the emergence of new ice phases under high dynamic pressure.</p> <a class="text-link" href="./publications/call_on_molecular_water_science/index_eng.html"> More information on the 2022 Topical Call on Molecular Water Science <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"><use xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </section>   <link rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/common4all/fonts/font-awesome/font-awesome-4.2.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" /> <section class="module"> <div class="standardindex"> <h2 class="standardindex_headline"></h2> <div class="row" title="Ultrafast, atom-resolved probes of aqueous hydrogen bond dynamics at SQS"> <div class="panel"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/dimer_bond_dynamics/index_eng.html"> <h4 class="standardindex_title">Dimer bond dynamics</h4> </a> <p class="standard_index">Scientists studied the processes when water particles are exposed to X-ray light using the SQS instrument to investigate pairs of water molecules called dimers. This is the first step in understanding more complicated processes, such as the mechanisms behind radiation damage in biological systems.</p> <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="row" title="Ultrafast X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy at MID"> <div class="panel"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/supercooled_water_dynamics/index_eng.html"> <h4 class="standardindex_title">Supercooled water dynamics</h4> </a> <p class="standard_index">Scientists were searching for ultrafast, sub-ps relaxation processes that are predicted by simulations in undercooled water and aqueous solutions. They used the split-and-delay XPCS technique to manipulate the intrinsic time structure of the machine in order to record the contrast of double-pulse scattering patterns with sub-ps pulse spacing.</p> <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="row" title="Revealing structural motifs that control ice growth upon spontaneous crystallization at SPB/SFX"> <div class="panel"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/water_to_ice/index_eng.html"> <h4 class="standardindex_title">Water to ice</h4> </a> <p class="standard_index">Scientists were studying structural motifs that control the spontaneous growth of ice nuclei in micron-sized, evaporation cooled water droplets with the fluctuation x-ray scattering technique using the 200 nm beam from SPB/SFX.</p> <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="row" title="Femtosecond X-ray experiment research on structural dynamics of water at FXE"> <div class="panel"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/broken_water_cages/index_eng.html"> <h4 class="standardindex_title">Broken water cages</h4> </a> <p class="standard_index">Scientists have used FXE to study hydrogen bond breaking and structural dynamics of the water tetrahedral cage that accommodates an interstitial water molecule after IR laser excitation.</p> <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="row" title="Probing Pre-Hydrate Cage Formation at MID"> <div class="panel"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/gas_hydrate_formation/index_eng.html"> <h4 class="standardindex_title">Gas-hydrate formation</h4> </a> <p class="standard_index">Scientists have used high energy (23 keV) X-ray pulses to characterize the onset of water cage formation in the presence of THF molecules (clathrate hydrates). These are present in a variety of environments, from the depths of the ocean to distant planets and comets.</p> <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="row" title="Turning water into glass at FXE"> <div class="panel"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/glassy_water/index_eng.html"> <h4 class="standardindex_title">Glassy water</h4> </a> <p class="standard_index">Scientists have prepared Amorphous Solid Water (ASW). By heating the ASW layer, they could study structural changes in the amorphous ice layer on the nanosecond timescale, hence enabling studies of the subsequent cooling process.</p> <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="row" title="Unveiling unknown phases and crystallization pathways in water under fast compression at HED"> <div class="panel"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/high_pressure_phases/index_eng.html"> <h4 class="standardindex_title">High pressure phases</h4> </a> <p class="standard_index">Scientists have used a dynamic anvil cell (dDAC) and supercompressed water. They were looking for (new) crystal phases in the ice VI stability regime showing that ice VI formation may happen through multi-step and multiple pathways.</p> <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="row" title="Water publications"> <div class="panel"> <a href="https://www.xfel.eu/science/water/publications/index_eng.html"> <h4 class="standardindex_title">Publications</h4> </a> <p class="standard_index">Upcoming publications</p> <svg width="23px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 23 16"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-teaser-right"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </section>   </main> <footer class="xfel-footer"> <div class="xfel-footer__top"> <div class="xfel-footer__top-container"> <div class="mdl-grid"> <div class="mdl-cell mdl-cell--8-col mdl-cell--12-col-tablet"> <h3 class="xfel-footer__headline--eiroforum"> 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