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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aerodynamic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerodynamic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Heck" title="K-Heck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="K-Heck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kammback" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DA%A9_(%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88)" title="کام‌بک (خودرو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کام‌بک (خودرو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kammback" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_tronca" title="Coda tronca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coda tronca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="カムテール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カムテール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%2769_Fiat_850_Coupe,_example_of_Kammback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%2769_Fiat_850_Coupe%2C_example_of_Kammback.jpg/220px-%2769_Fiat_850_Coupe%2C_example_of_Kammback.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%2769_Fiat_850_Coupe%2C_example_of_Kammback.jpg/330px-%2769_Fiat_850_Coupe%2C_example_of_Kammback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%2769_Fiat_850_Coupe%2C_example_of_Kammback.jpg/440px-%2769_Fiat_850_Coupe%2C_example_of_Kammback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Kammback on a 1969 Fiat 850 Coupe</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Kammback</b>—also known as a <b>Kamm tail</b> or <b>K-tail</b>—is an <a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_styling_features" title="Category:Automotive styling features">automotive styling feature</a> wherein the rear of the car slopes downwards before being abruptly cut off with a vertical or near-vertical surface. A Kammback reduces aerodynamic drag, thus improving efficiency and reducing fuel consumption,<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while maintaining a practical shape for a vehicle. </p><p>The Kammback is named after German <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Wunibald_Kamm" title="Wunibald Kamm">Wunibald Kamm</a> for his work developing the design in the 1930s. </p><p>Some vehicles incorporate the kammback design based on aerodynamic principles, while some use a cut-off tail as a design or marketing feature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kammback&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1950_Nash_Airflyte_Ambassador_Super_(9351640857).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1950_Nash_Airflyte_Ambassador_Super_%289351640857%29.jpg/220px-1950_Nash_Airflyte_Ambassador_Super_%289351640857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1950_Nash_Airflyte_Ambassador_Super_%289351640857%29.jpg/330px-1950_Nash_Airflyte_Ambassador_Super_%289351640857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1950_Nash_Airflyte_Ambassador_Super_%289351640857%29.jpg/440px-1950_Nash_Airflyte_Ambassador_Super_%289351640857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>1950 <a href="/wiki/Nash_Motors" title="Nash Motors">Nash Airflyte</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007-09-08_02_Borgward_Hansa_2400_(Ausschn,_ret).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2007-09-08_02_Borgward_Hansa_2400_%28Ausschn%2C_ret%29.jpg/220px-2007-09-08_02_Borgward_Hansa_2400_%28Ausschn%2C_ret%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2007-09-08_02_Borgward_Hansa_2400_%28Ausschn%2C_ret%29.jpg/330px-2007-09-08_02_Borgward_Hansa_2400_%28Ausschn%2C_ret%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/2007-09-08_02_Borgward_Hansa_2400_%28Ausschn%2C_ret%29.jpg/440px-2007-09-08_02_Borgward_Hansa_2400_%28Ausschn%2C_ret%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3229" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>1952 <a href="/wiki/Borgward_Hansa_2400" title="Borgward Hansa 2400">Borgward Hansa 2400</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>As the speed of cars increased during the 1920s and 1930s, designers observed and began to apply the principles of <a href="/wiki/Automotive_aerodynamics" title="Automotive aerodynamics">automotive aerodynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">aerodynamic drag</a> increases, more energy, and thus more fuel, is required to propel the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jaray" title="Paul Jaray">Paul Jaray</a> patented a car based on a teardrop profile (i.e. with a rounded nose and long, tapered tail) to minimize the aerodynamic drag that is created at higher speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziemnowicz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Streamliner#Production_vehicles" title="Streamliner">streamliner</a> vehicles of the mid 1930s—such as the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_77" title="Tatra 77">Tatra 77</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Airflow" title="Chrysler Airflow">Chrysler Airflow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Zephyr" title="Lincoln-Zephyr">Lincoln-Zephyr</a>—were designed according to these discoveries. </p><p>However, the long tail was not a practical shape for a car, so automotive designers sought other solutions. In 1935, German aircraft designer <a href="/wiki/Georg_Hans_Madelung" title="Georg Hans Madelung">Georg Hans Madelung</a> showed alternatives to minimize drag without a long tail.<sup id="cite_ref-gowns_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gowns-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, a similar theory was applied to cars after Baron Reinhard Koenig-Fachsenfeld developed a smooth roofline shape with an abrupt end at a vertical surface, effective in achieving low amounts of drag similar to a streamlined body.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziemnowicz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eckermann_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckermann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked on an aerodynamic design for a bus, and Koenig-Fachsenfeld patented the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koenig-Fachsenfeld worked with <a href="/wiki/Wunibald_Kamm" title="Wunibald Kamm">Wunibald Kamm</a> at Stuttgart University, investigating vehicle shapes to "provide a good compromise between everyday utility (e.g. vehicle length and interior dimensions) and an attractive drag coefficient".<sup id="cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziemnowicz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eckermann_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckermann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to aerodynamic efficiency, Kamm emphasized vehicle stability in his design,<sup id="cite_ref-Eckermann_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckermann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mathematically and empirically proving the effectiveness of the design.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Kamm produced a prototype using a Kammback shape, based on a <a href="/wiki/BMW_328" title="BMW 328">BMW 328</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-popular_mechanics_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popular_mechanics-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kammback, along with other aerodynamic modifications, gave the prototype a drag coefficient of 0.25.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest mass-produced cars using Kammback principles were the 1949–1951 <a href="/wiki/Nash_Motors#Introduction_of_the_Nash_Airflyte" title="Nash Motors">Nash Airflyte</a> in the United States and the 1952–1955 <a href="/wiki/Borgward_Hansa_2400" title="Borgward Hansa 2400">Borgward Hansa 2400</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckermann_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckermann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerodynamic_theory">Aerodynamic theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kammback&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aerodynamic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideal shape to minimize drag is a "teardrop," a smooth <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a>-like shape, but it is not practical for road vehicles because of size constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, researchers, including Kamm, found that abruptly cutting off the tail resulted in a minimal increase in drag.<sup id="cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziemnowicz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this is that a turbulent <a href="/wiki/Wake_(physics)" title="Wake (physics)">wake region</a> forms behind the vertical surface at the rear of the car. This wake region mimics the effect of the tapered tail in that air in the free stream does not enter this region (avoiding <a href="/wiki/Flow_separation" title="Flow separation">boundary layer separation</a>); therefore, smooth airflow is maintained, minimizing drag.<sup id="cite_ref-popular_mechanics_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popular_mechanics-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kamm's design is based on the tail being truncated at the point where the <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross section</a> area is 50% of the car's maximum cross-section,<sup id="cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziemnowicz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Kamm found represented a good compromise, as by that point the turbulence typical of flat-back vehicles had been mostly eliminated at typical speeds. </p><p>The Kammback presented a partial solution to the problem of aerodynamic lift, which was becoming severe as <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">sports car racing</a> speeds increased during the 1950s. The design paradigm of sloping the tail to reduce drag was carried to an extreme on cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Cunningham_C-5R" title="Cunningham C-5R">Cunningham C-5R</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in an airfoil effect lifting the rear of the car at speed and so running the risk of instability or loss of control. The Kammback decreased the area of the lifting surface while creating a low-pressure zone underneath the tail. </p><p>Some studies showed that the addition of a rear spoiler to a Kammback design was not beneficial because the overall drag increased with the angles that were studied.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kammback&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_GT40_(rear).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ford_GT40_%28rear%29.jpg/220px-Ford_GT40_%28rear%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ford_GT40_%28rear%29.jpg/330px-Ford_GT40_%28rear%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ford_GT40_%28rear%29.jpg/440px-Ford_GT40_%28rear%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption> 1964-1969 <a href="/wiki/Ford_GT40" title="Ford GT40">Ford GT40</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_CX_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Citroen_CX_rear.jpg/220px-Citroen_CX_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Citroen_CX_rear.jpg/330px-Citroen_CX_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Citroen_CX_rear.jpg/440px-Citroen_CX_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>1974-1985 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">Citroën CX</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honda-Insight-Rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Honda-Insight-Rear.jpg/220px-Honda-Insight-Rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Honda-Insight-Rear.jpg/330px-Honda-Insight-Rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Honda-Insight-Rear.jpg/440px-Honda-Insight-Rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption> 2000-2006 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_Toyota_Prius_(ZVW30R)_liftback_(2011-12-06)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/2009_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW30R%29_liftback_%282011-12-06%29_02.jpg/220px-2009_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW30R%29_liftback_%282011-12-06%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/2009_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW30R%29_liftback_%282011-12-06%29_02.jpg/330px-2009_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW30R%29_liftback_%282011-12-06%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/2009_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW30R%29_liftback_%282011-12-06%29_02.jpg/440px-2009_Toyota_Prius_%28ZVW30R%29_liftback_%282011-12-06%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3935" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption> 2009–2015 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Audi_A7_(4G)_3.0_TFSI_quattro_hatchback_(2016-01-07)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2011_Audi_A7_%284G%29_3.0_TFSI_quattro_hatchback_%282016-01-07%29_02.jpg/220px-2011_Audi_A7_%284G%29_3.0_TFSI_quattro_hatchback_%282016-01-07%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2011_Audi_A7_%284G%29_3.0_TFSI_quattro_hatchback_%282016-01-07%29_02.jpg/330px-2011_Audi_A7_%284G%29_3.0_TFSI_quattro_hatchback_%282016-01-07%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2011_Audi_A7_%284G%29_3.0_TFSI_quattro_hatchback_%282016-01-07%29_02.jpg/440px-2011_Audi_A7_%284G%29_3.0_TFSI_quattro_hatchback_%282016-01-07%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="1498" /></a><figcaption> 2011 <a href="/wiki/Audi_A7" title="Audi A7">Audi A7</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 1959, the Kammback came into use on full-body racing cars as an anti-lift measure, and within a few years would be used on virtually all such vehicles. The design had a resurgence in the early 2000s as a method to reduce fuel consumption in <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicles</a>. </p><p>Several cars have been marketed as Kammbacks despite their profiles not adhering to the aerodynamic philosophy of a true Kammback. These models include the 1971–1977 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Vega" title="Chevrolet Vega">Chevrolet Vega</a> Kammback wagon,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1981–1982 <a href="/wiki/AMC_Eagle" title="AMC Eagle">AMC Eagle</a> Kammback,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/AMC_AMX-GT" title="AMC AMX-GT">AMC AMX-GT</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Firebird" title="Pontiac Firebird">Pontiac Firebird</a>–based "Type K" concept cars.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some models that are marketed as "<a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">coupes</a>"—such as <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUVs</a> like the <a href="/wiki/BMW_X6" title="BMW X6">X6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLC-Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz GLC-Class">GLC Coupé</a>—"use a sort-of Kammback shape, though their tail ends have a few more lumps and bumps than a proper Kammback ought to have."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cars that have had a Kammback include: </p> <ul><li>1940 <a href="/wiki/BMW_328" title="BMW 328">BMW 328</a> "<a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a>" Kamm coupé<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1952 <a href="/wiki/B._S._Cunningham_Company#C-4R_and_C-4RK" title="B. S. Cunningham Company">Cunningham C-4RK</a></li></ul> <p>+ 1958-1963 Lotus Elite </p> <ul><li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250_GT_Drogo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrari 250 GT Drogo">Ferrari 250 GT SWB Breadvan</a></li> <li>1962–1964 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250_GTO" title="Ferrari 250 GTO">Ferrari 250 GTO</a></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DP215" title="Aston Martin DP215">Aston Martin DP215</a></li> <li>1963-1964 <a href="/wiki/Porsche_904" title="Porsche 904">Porsche 904</a> Carrera GTS</li> <li>1963-1967 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Giulia_TZ" title="Alfa Romeo Giulia TZ">Alfa Romeo Giulia TZ</a></li> <li>1963–1974 <a href="/wiki/Bizzarrini" title="Bizzarrini">Bizzarrini Iso Grifo</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964-1965 <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Daytona" title="Shelby Daytona">Shelby Daytona</a></li> <li>1964-1968 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_275" title="Ferrari 275">Ferrari 275</a> GTB</li> <li>1965–1968 <a href="/wiki/Ford_GT40" title="Ford GT40">Ford GT40</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965–1970 <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB6" title="Aston Martin DB6">Aston Martin DB6</a></li> <li>1965–1996, 2005–present <a href="/wiki/Mini_Marcos" title="Mini Marcos">Mini Marcos</a></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Porsche_906" title="Porsche 906">Porsche 906</a></li> <li>1966-1970 <a href="/wiki/Unipower_GT" title="Unipower GT">Unipower GT</a></li> <li>1966-1974 <a href="/wiki/Saab_Sonett" title="Saab Sonett">Saab Sonett</a> II and III<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1967-1977 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Tipo_33" title="Alfa Romeo Tipo 33">Alfa Romeo Tipo 33</a></li> <li>1968–1973 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_Daytona" title="Ferrari Daytona">Ferrari 365 GTB/4</a> ("Daytona")</li> <li>1968–1976 <a href="/wiki/Dino_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dino (car)">Ferrari Dino</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1968-1978 <a href="/wiki/Lamborghini_Espada" title="Lamborghini Espada">Lamborghini Espada</a></li> <li>1969–1971 <a href="/wiki/Fiat_850" title="Fiat 850">Fiat 850</a> Coupe and Sport Coupe</li> <li>1970–1975 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">Citroën SM</a></li> <li>1970–1977 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Montreal" title="Alfa Romeo Montreal">Alfa Romeo Montreal</a></li> <li>1970–1986 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS" title="Citroën GS">Citroën GS</a><sup id="cite_ref-landcrab.net_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landcrab.net-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970–1978 <a href="/wiki/Nissan_S30" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan S30">Datsun 240Z, 260Z, 280Z</a></li> <li>1971–1989 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Alfasud" title="Alfa Romeo Alfasud">Alfa Romeo Alfasud</a><sup id="cite_ref-landcrab.net_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landcrab.net-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971–1973 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang" title="Ford Mustang">Ford Mustang</a> Fastback<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972–1982 <a href="/wiki/Maserati_Khamsin" title="Maserati Khamsin">Maserati Khamsin</a></li> <li>1972-1984 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Alfetta" title="Alfa Romeo Alfetta">Alfa Romeo Alfetta</a></li> <li>1974–1991 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">Citroën CX</a></li> <li>1983-1991 <a href="/wiki/Honda_CR-X" title="Honda CR-X">Honda CR-X</a></li> <li>1985-1995 <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_Y10" title="Autobianchi Y10">Autobianchi Y10</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Y10" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancia Y10">Lancia Y10</a></li> <li>1986-2016 <a href="/wiki/Daewoo_LeMans" title="Daewoo LeMans">Daewoo LeMans</a></li> <li>1991–1998 <a href="/wiki/Mazda_MX-3" title="Mazda MX-3">Mazda MX-3</a></li> <li>1994–1998 <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Familia#Familia_Neo/323C/323_Neo" title="Mazda Familia">Mazda Familia Neo/323C</a></li> <li>1999-2005 <a href="/wiki/Audi_A2" title="Audi A2">Audi A2</a></li> <li>2000–2006 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004–present <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007-2015 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Laguna#Third_generation_(X91;_2007)" title="Renault Laguna">Renault Laguna III</a></li> <li>2010–2014 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a> (2nd generation)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010-2016 <a href="/wiki/Honda_CR-Z" title="Honda CR-Z">Honda CR-Z</a></li> <li>2010–present <a href="/wiki/Audi_A7" title="Audi A7">Audi A7</a></li> <li>2012-2022 <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Veloster" title="Hyundai Veloster">Hyundai Veloster</a></li> <li>2017–2022 <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq" title="Hyundai Ioniq">Hyundai Ioniq</a></li> <li>2018–2023 <a href="/wiki/Kia_Stinger" title="Kia Stinger">Kia Stinger</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020–present <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y" title="Tesla Model Y">Tesla Model Y</a></li> <li>2020–present <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang_Mach-E" title="Ford Mustang Mach-E">Ford Mustang Mach-E</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2024–present <a href="/wiki/Li_Mega" title="Li Mega">Li Mega</a></li> <li>2024–present <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_Valour" title="Aston Martin Valour">Aston Martin Valour</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kammback&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a>, a similar automotive styling feature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a>, a type of tailgate that cars with a Kammback often use</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kammback&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Santos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santos_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santos_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSantosLyraSouzaSouza_Júnior2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Santos, Rodrigo de Oliveira; Lyra, Paulo Roberto Maciel; Souza, Márcio Rodrigo de Araújo; Souza Júnior, Marcelo Alexandre de (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6142362/Aerodynamic_Design_of_Super_Efficient_Vehicle">"Aerodynamic Design of Super Efficient Vehicle"</a>. <i>SAE International</i>. 36–0352<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAE+International&rft.atitle=Aerodynamic+Design+of+Super+Efficient+Vehicle&rft.volume=36-0352&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo+de+Oliveira&rft.au=Lyra%2C+Paulo+Roberto+Maciel&rft.au=Souza%2C+M%C3%A1rcio+Rodrigo+de+Ara%C3%BAjo&rft.au=Souza+J%C3%BAnior%2C+Marcelo+Alexandre+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6142362%2FAerodynamic_Design_of_Super_Efficient_Vehicle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHucho1987" class="citation book cs1">Hucho, Wolf-Heinrich (1987). <i>Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles: from fluid mechanics to vehicle engineering</i>. Butterworths. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-408-01422-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-408-01422-9"><bdi>978-0-408-01422-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aerodynamics+of+Road+Vehicles%3A+from+fluid+mechanics+to+vehicle+engineering&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-408-01422-9&rft.aulast=Hucho&rft.aufirst=Wolf-Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcindy.com/effect-of-aerodynamic-drag-on-fuel-economy.html">"The Effect of Aerodynamic Drag on Fuel Economy"</a>. <i>Auto Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Auto+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Aerodynamic+Drag+on+Fuel+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcindy.com%2Feffect-of-aerodynamic-drag-on-fuel-economy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coachbuilt.com/des/j/jaray/jaray.htm">"Paul Jaray 1889-1974"</a>. <i>Coachbuilt.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coachbuilt.com&rft.atitle=Paul+Jaray+1889-1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coachbuilt.com%2Fdes%2Fj%2Fjaray%2Fjaray.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziemnowicz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziemnowicz_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemnowicz2004" class="citation web cs1">Ziemnowicz, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415182304/http://homepage.mac.com/christopher.z/hobby/80-AMXitems/Information/production/KammbackStory.html">"The Origin of the Kammback Design"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/christopher.z/hobby/80-AMXitems/Information/production/KammbackStory.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Kammback+Design&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ziemnowicz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.mac.com%2Fchristopher.z%2Fhobby%2F80-AMXitems%2FInformation%2Fproduction%2FKammbackStory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gowns-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gowns_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowans1981" class="citation book cs1">Gowans, Alan (1981). <i>Learning To See: Historical perspective on modern popular/commercial arts</i>. Popular Press 1. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-182-4"><bdi>978-0-87972-182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+To+See%3A+Historical+perspective+on+modern+popular%2Fcommercial+arts&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Popular+Press+1&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-182-4&rft.aulast=Gowans&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eckermann-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eckermann_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckermann_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckermann_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckermann_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckermannAlbrecht2001" class="citation book cs1">Eckermann, Erik; Albrecht, Peter L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLZeQwqNmdgC&pg=PA117&dq=Kammback"><i>World History of the Automobile</i></a>. SAE International. pp. 115–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7680-0800-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7680-0800-5"><bdi>978-0-7680-0800-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+of+the+Automobile&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=SAE+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7680-0800-5&rft.aulast=Eckermann&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Albrecht%2C+Peter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyLZeQwqNmdgC%26pg%3DPA117%26dq%3DKammback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudvigsen1967" class="citation journal cs1">Ludvigsen, Karl (Fall 1967). "Automobile Aerodynamics: Form and Fashion". <i>Automobile Quarterly</i>. <b>6</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automobile+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Automobile+Aerodynamics%3A+Form+and+Fashion&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ludvigsen&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2007" class="citation news cs1">Montgomery, Bob (8 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/motors/designing-a-spin-for-the-tail-end-of-things-1.953489">"Designing a spin for the tail end of things"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(fee required)</span>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/streamlineddecad00bush"><i>The streamlined decade</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+automobile+advertising%2C+1930-1980%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780786452316&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=eon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGU5qHJY-y4C%26pg%3DPA221%26dq%3DVega%2BKammback%2Bwagon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amceaglesden.com/history1981/">"History of the 1981 AMC Eagle"</a>. <i>amceaglesden.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+automobile+advertising%2C+1930-1980%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780786452316&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=eon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGU5qHJY-y4C%26pg%3DPA221%26dq%3DVega%2BKammback%2Bwagon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUhWAAAAMAAJ&q=AMX-GT+kamm">"Kamm Tail AMX"</a>. <i>Car and Driver</i>. Vol. 14. 1968. p. 99<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Car+and+Driver&rft.atitle=Kamm+Tail+AMX&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUhWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAMX-GT%2Bkamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2000" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Larry G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHVaQFDrx_MC&pg=PA1965&dq=1968+AMC+AMX+GT+show+car"><i>AMC Muscle Cars</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books. <q>...with a chopped-off rear end that was known as a Kamm-back.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AMC+Muscle+Cars&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Motorbooks&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780760307618&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Larry+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHVaQFDrx_MC%26pg%3DPA1965%26dq%3D1968%2BAMC%2BAMX%2BGT%2Bshow%2Bcar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditors_of_Consumer_Guide2007" class="citation web cs1">Editors of <i>Consumer Guide</i> (15 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613041042/https://auto.howstuffworks.com/chevrolet-camaro-and-pontiac-firebird-concept-cars1.htm">"Chevrolet Camaro and Pontiac Firebird Concept Cars"</a>. <i>auto.howstuffworks.com</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://autos.yahoo.com/news/pontiac-kammback-innovation-vs-convention-193019846.html;_ylt=A0LEV1IOLoNTqXUAPzRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTBybnV2cXQwBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMgRjb2xvA2JmMQR2dGlkAw–">the original</a> on 15 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo&rft.atitle=The+Pontiac+Kammback%3A+Innovation+vs.+Convention&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fautos.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fpontiac-kammback-innovation-vs-convention-193019846.html%3B_ylt%3DA0LEV1IOLoNTqXUAPzRXNyoA%3B_ylu%3DX3oDMTBybnV2cXQwBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMgRjb2xvA2JmMQR2dGlkAw%E2%80%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Stone, Matt (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/features/pontiac-trans-am-greats/">"Pontiac Trans Am Greats: We Shall Never Pass This Way Again"</a>. <i>Motor Trend</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Trend&rft.atitle=Pontiac+Trans+Am+Greats%3A+We+Shall+Never+Pass+This+Way+Again&rft.date=2009-08&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motortrend.com%2Ffeatures%2Fpontiac-trans-am-greats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2020" class="citation web cs1">Gold, Aaron (8 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.automobilemag.com/news/what-is-a-kammback/">"What Is a Kammback Car?"</a>. <i>Automobile Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automobile+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Kammback+Car%3F&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.automobilemag.com%2Fnews%2Fwhat-is-a-kammback%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070527144350/http://www.classicrallies.com/blog/index.php?/archives/305-BMW-at-Techno-Classica-highlights-from-90-years-of-history.html">"BMW Press Release dated 27 March 2007. "BMW at Techno Classica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicrallies.com/blog/index.php?/archives/305-BMW-at-Techno-Classica-highlights-from-90-years-of-history.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>Kamm was a key figure in the design of the body for this . . .car, which was built specially for the Mille Miglia 1940."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BMW+Press+Release+dated+27+March+2007.+%22BMW+at+Techno+Classica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicrallies.com%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3F%2Farchives%2F305-BMW-at-Techno-Classica-highlights-from-90-years-of-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320233444/http://bmw-motorsport.com/ms/en/fascination/history/early_days/moments/mille_miglia.html">"Victory in Italy"</a>. <i>bmw-motorsport.com</i>. 9 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmw-motorsport.com/ms/en/fascination/history/early_days/moments/mille_miglia.html">the original</a> on 20 March 2007. <q>Giovanni Lurani and Franco Cortes have to retire on lap seven with their BMW 328 'Mille Miglia' Kamm coupe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bmw-motorsport.com&rft.atitle=Victory+in+Italy&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmw-motorsport.com%2Fms%2Fen%2Ffascination%2Fhistory%2Fearly_days%2Fmoments%2Fmille_miglia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditors_of_Consumer_Guide2007" class="citation web cs1">Editors of <i>Consumer Guide</i> (17 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/iso-sports-cars.htm">"Iso Grifo"</a>. <i>auto.howstuffworks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=auto.howstuffworks.com&rft.atitle=Iso+Grifo&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft.au=Editors+of+%27%27Consumer+Guide%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauto.howstuffworks.com%2Fiso-sports-cars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3406/Ford-Mk-IV.html">"Ford Mk IV"</a>. <i>ultimatecarpage.com</i>. 9 June 2014. <q>...cut-off 'Kamm' tail</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ultimatecarpage.com&rft.atitle=Ford+Mk+IV&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimatecarpage.com%2Fcar%2F3406%2FFord-Mk-IV.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs2011" class="citation web cs1">Krebs, Michelle (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edmunds.com/autoobserver-archive/2011/03/saab-tells-the-world-were-still-here.html">"Saab Tells the World: 'We're Still Here'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Edmunds.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>...Kamm-back tail, both reminiscent of the original Saab Sonett.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edmunds.com&rft.atitle=Saab+Tells+the+World%3A+%27We%27re+Still+Here%27&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmunds.com%2Fautoobserver-archive%2F2011%2F03%2Fsaab-tells-the-world-were-still-here.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNye2004" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Doug (2004). <i>Dino, The Little Ferrari</i>. Motorbooks. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-2010-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-2010-1"><bdi>0-7603-2010-1</bdi></a>. <q>...a cut-off Kamm-theory tail...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dino%2C+The+Little+Ferrari&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Motorbooks&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7603-2010-1&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landcrab.net-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landcrab.net_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landcrab.net_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2002" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landcrab.net/mainframes/main_pinafarina1800.htm">"The Pininfarina 1800"</a>. <i>Landcrab Owners' Club International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landcrab+Owners%27+Club+International&rft.atitle=The+Pininfarina+1800&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landcrab.net%2Fmainframes%2Fmain_pinafarina1800.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffingwell2002" class="citation book cs1">Leffingwell, Randy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H82sRMS1mZgC&pg=PA126&dq=developed+the+Kammback"><i>Mustang: The Original Muscle Car</i></a>. MBI Publishing. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1349-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1349-7"><bdi>978-0-7603-1349-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustang%3A+The+Original+Muscle+Car&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1349-7&rft.aulast=Leffingwell&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH82sRMS1mZgC%26pg%3DPA126%26dq%3Ddeveloped%2Bthe%2BKammback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarminieLowry2004" class="citation book cs1">Larminie, James; Lowry, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aWSaJUZuOEC&pg=SA8-PA32&dq=Honda+Insight+The+Kamm+back+takes+advantage+ofthe+fact+that+beyond+a+certain+point+there+is+little+aerodynamic+advantage+of"><i>Electric Vehicle Technology Explained</i></a>. Wiley. pp. 8–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470090695" title="Special:BookSources/9780470090695"><bdi>9780470090695</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>At the back of the Insight the teardrop shape is abruptly cut off in what is called the Kamm effect.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Vehicle+Technology+Explained&rft.pages=8-32&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780470090695&rft.aulast=Larminie&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Lowry%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6aWSaJUZuOEC%26pg%3DSA8-PA32%26dq%3DHonda%2BInsight%2BThe%2BKamm%2Bback%2Btakes%2Badvantage%2Bofthe%2Bfact%2Bthat%2Bbeyond%2Ba%2Bcertain%2Bpoint%2Bthere%2Bis%2Blittle%2Baerodynamic%2Badvantage%2Bof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenlea2012" class="citation web cs1">Zenlea, David (8 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.automobilemag.com/news/2012-toyota-prius-c-first-drive/">"First Drive: 2012 Toyota Prius C"</a>. <i>Automobile</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>...featuring the same Kammback profile as the Prius and Prius V hatchbacks...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Automobile&rft.atitle=First+Drive%3A+2012+Toyota+Prius+C&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft.aulast=Zenlea&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.automobilemag.com%2Fnews%2F2012-toyota-prius-c-first-drive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2014" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Eric (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorists.org/blog/2014-honda-insight-review/">"2014 Honda Insight Review"</a>. <i>National Motorists Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span>. <q>...a Kammback layout, meaning the roof slopes gradually backward where it meets up with a fairly tall/vertical tail section.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Motorists+Association&rft.atitle=2014+Honda+Insight+Review&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorists.org%2Fblog%2F2014-honda-insight-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Gold, Aaron (8 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/features/what-is-a-kammback/">"Exploring Kammback History and Examples—and Why the Design Makes Sense"</a>. <i>Motor Trend</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Slick "four-door coupes" are increasingly popular, and we've seen several such cars adopt a Kammback shape, including the Audi A7/S7/RS7 family and the Kia Stinger..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Trend&rft.atitle=Exploring+Kammback+History+and+Examples%E2%80%94and+Why+the+Design+Makes+Sense&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motortrend.com%2Ffeatures%2Fwhat-is-a-kammback%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExpress2021" class="citation web cs1">Express, Auto (19 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/ford/mustang-mach-e/practicality/">"Ford Mustang Mach-E review - Practicality, comfort and boot space"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>...Mach-E's sloping coupe-style roof line...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+Mustang+Mach-E+review+-+Practicality%2C+comfort+and+boot+space&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft.aulast=Express&rft.aufirst=Auto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoexpress.co.uk%2Fford%2Fmustang-mach-e%2Fpracticality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkus2020" class="citation web cs1">Turkus, Brandon (15 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motor1.com/reviews/460278/2021-ford-mustang-mach-e-first-drive/">"2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E First Drive Review: A Faster Horse"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>...he black roof hides some of the mass from the front and sides, but viewed from behind, design sorcery can't obscure the height of the rear glass, the Kammback tail, or the rear fenders' girth...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+Ford+Mustang+Mach-E+First+Drive+Review%3A+A+Faster+Horse&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.aulast=Turkus&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motor1.com%2Freviews%2F460278%2F2021-ford-mustang-mach-e-first-drive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKammback" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> 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