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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Post-Soviet Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Pokhlebin's_A_History_of_Vodka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Pokhlebin's_A_History_of_Vodka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>William Pokhlebin's <i>A History of Vodka</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Pokhlebin's_A_History_of_Vodka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distilling_and_filtering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distilling_and_filtering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Distilling and filtering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distilling_and_filtering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flavoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flavoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flavoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flavoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>European Union regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canadian regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>United States regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boycotts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boycotts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Boycotts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boycotts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Illegal production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Public health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vodka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فودكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فودكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodca" title="Vodca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vodca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भोड्का – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भोड्का" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araq" title="Araq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Araq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="ভদকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভদকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гарэлка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гарэлка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гарэлка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гарэлка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Водка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82" title="ཧྥུ་ཐ་ཅ་ཨ་རག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥུ་ཐ་ཅ་ཨ་རག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шывкка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шывкка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodca" title="Fodca – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fodca" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भोड्का – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भोड्का" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viin_(jook)" title="Viin (jook) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viin (jook)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Βότκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βότκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodko" title="Vodko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vodko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ودکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ودکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodca" title="Vodca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vodca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8A%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="وۊدکا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="وۊدکا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="વોડકા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વોડકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8F%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Əрк – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Əрк" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%B9%B4" title="보드카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보드카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B2%D5%AB" title="Օղի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օղի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="वोदका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वोदका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3dka" title="Wódka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wódka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%94" title="וודקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וודקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="არაყი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Арақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Аьракьи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аьракьи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodca" title="Vodca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vodca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degv%C4%ABns" title="Degvīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Degvīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degtin%C4%97" title="Degtinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Degtinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भोड्का – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भोड्का" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вотка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вотка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ონტკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ონტკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فودكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فودكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC" title="ဗော့ဒ်ကာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗော့ဒ်ကာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="भोड्का – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भोड्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB" title="ウォッカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウォッカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2dka" title="Vòdka – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vòdka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroq" title="Aroq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aroq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵੋਡਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੋਡਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%88%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="وڈکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وڈکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3dka" title="Wódka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wódka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodca" title="Vodca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vodca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodka" title="Wodka – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Wodka" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votc%C4%83" title="Votcă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Votcă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Водка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="වොඩ්කා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වොඩ්කා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorzo%C5%82a" title="Gorzoła – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gorzoła" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вотка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вотка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vodka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="வோட்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வோட்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Аракы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аракы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="วอดก้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วอดก้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votka" title="Votka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Votka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Водка – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Водка" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Clear distilled alcoholic beverage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wodka" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B3dka_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wódka (disambiguation)">wódka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vodka_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vodka (disambiguation)">vodka (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Vodka</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smirnoff_Red_Label_8213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Smirnoff_Red_Label_8213.jpg/200px-Smirnoff_Red_Label_8213.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Smirnoff_Red_Label_8213.jpg/300px-Smirnoff_Red_Label_8213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Smirnoff_Red_Label_8213.jpg/400px-Smirnoff_Red_Label_8213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Smirnoff" title="Smirnoff">Smirnoff</a> Red Label vodka</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">Distilled alcoholic beverage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Country of origin </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Central, Northern and Eastern Europe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a> </span></th><td class="infobox-data">35–40%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">Proof (US)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70–80°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">clear</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Grains">grains</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related products</th><td class="infobox-data">Flavored vodka, <a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">nalewka</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vodka</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">wódka</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈvutka]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">водка</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈvotkə]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">vodka</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[vɔdkɑː]</a></span>) is a clear <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">distilled alcoholic beverage</a>. Different varieties originated in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vodka is composed mainly of water and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> but sometimes with traces of impurities and flavourings.<sup id="cite_ref-Vodka:_A_Global_History_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vodka:_A_Global_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, it is made by distilling liquid from <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">fermented</a> <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal grains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> since the latter was introduced in Europe in the 18th century. Some modern brands use <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugar cane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple sap</a> as the base. </p><p>Since the 1890s, standard vodkas have been 40% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (ABV) (80 <a href="/wiki/U.S._proof" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. proof">U.S. proof</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Evseev2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evseev2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has established a minimum alcohol content of 37.5% for vodka.<sup id="cite_ref-ginvodka1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginvodka1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-europarl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europarl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vodka in the United States must have a minimum alcohol content of 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-cfra1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfra1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vodka is traditionally drunk "<a href="/wiki/Bartending_terminology" title="Bartending terminology">neat</a>" (not mixed with water, ice, or other <a href="/wiki/Mixer_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixer drink">mixers</a>), and it is often served freezer chilled in the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_belts_of_Europe#Vodka_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol belts of Europe">vodka belt</a> of Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Vodka:_A_Global_History_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vodka:_A_Global_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktails and mixed drinks</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vodka_martini" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodka martini">vodka martini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(cocktail)" title="Cosmopolitan (cocktail)">Cosmopolitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodka_tonic" title="Vodka tonic">vodka tonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver_(cocktail)" title="Screwdriver (cocktail)">screwdriver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_(cocktail)" title="Greyhound (cocktail)">greyhound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Russian" title="Black Russian">Black</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_Russian_(cocktail)" title="White Russian (cocktail)">White Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_mule" title="Moscow mule">Moscow mule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Mary_(cocktail)" title="Bloody Mary (cocktail)">Bloody Mary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(cocktail)" title="Caesar (cocktail)">Caesar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name <i>vodka</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language">Slavic</a> word <i>voda</i> (water), interpreted as "waterkin": <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> <i>vod</i>- [water] + -<i>k</i>- (diminutive <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>, among other functions) + -<i>a</i> (<a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">ending</a> of <a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">feminine gender</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-eb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ety_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ety-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English literature, the word vodka appeared in around the late 18th century. In a book of travels published in English in 1780 (presumably, a translation from German), <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Georgi" title="Johann Gottlieb Georgi">Johann Gottlieb Georgi</a> correctly explained that "<i>kabak</i> in the Russian language signifies a public house for the common people to drink <i>vodka</i> (a sort of brandy) in".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1799, <a href="/wiki/William_Tooke" title="William Tooke">William Tooke</a> glossed <i>vodka</i> as "rectified corn-spirits",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the traditional English sense of the word "corn" to refer to any grain, not just <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>. In 1800, French poet <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> glossed it as a "grain liquor" served with meals in Poland (<i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/eau-de-vie" class="extiw" title="fr:eau-de-vie">eau-de-vie</a> de grain</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible connection of <i>vodka</i> with "water" is the name of the medieval alcoholic beverage <i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_vitae" title="Aqua vitae">aqua vitae</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, literally, "water of life"), which is reflected in Polish <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">okowita</i></span>, Ukrainian <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">оковита</span></span>, Belarusian <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">акавіта</span></span>, and Scandinavian <i><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">akvavit</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whiskey</a> has a similar etymology, from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Uisce_beatha" title="Uisce beatha">uisce beatha</a></i>/uisge-beatha. </p><p>People in the area of vodka's probable origin have names for vodka with roots meaning "to burn": <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">gorzała</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">горілка</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">horilka</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">гарэлка</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">harelka</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">degtinė</i>; <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a>: <i lang="sgs">degtėnė</i> is also in use, colloquially and in <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">degvīns</i>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Paloviina" class="mw-redirect" title="Paloviina">paloviina</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> during the 17th and 18th centuries, <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">горящѣе вино or горячее вино</span></span> (<i>goryashchee vino</i>, "burning wine" or "hot wine") was widely used. Others languages include the German <i>Branntwein</i>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <i>brændevin</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">brandewijn</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnvin" title="Brännvin">brännvin</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Brennevin" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennevin">brennevin</a></i> (although the latter terms refer to any strong alcoholic beverage). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VodkaBelt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/VodkaBelt.png/220px-VodkaBelt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/VodkaBelt.png/330px-VodkaBelt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/VodkaBelt.png/440px-VodkaBelt.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_belts_of_Europe#Vodka_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol belts of Europe">vodka belt</a>" countries of Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe are the historic home of vodka. These countries have the highest vodka consumption in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars debate the beginnings of vodka<sup id="cite_ref-smith_companion_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith_companion-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because there is little historical material available.<sup id="cite_ref-Blocker_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blocker-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ermochkin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ermochkin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many centuries, beverages differed significantly compared to the vodka of today, as the spirit at that time had a different flavor, color, and smell, and was originally used as medicine. It contained little alcohol, an estimated maximum of about 14%. <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a> techniques were developed in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a> by the 3rd century, but the description of <i>aqua ardens</i> ("burning water", i.e., alcohol) made by distilling wine with salt appears in Latin works only by the 12th century. The process was well known among European medieval chemists by about 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-Multhauf_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multhauf-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3></div> <p>The world's first written mention of the word <i>wódka</i> was in 1405 from <i>Akta Grodzkie</i> <a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_deeds" title="Recorder of deeds">recorder of deeds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the court documents from the <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz_Voivodeship" title="Sandomierz Voivodeship">Palatinate of Sandomierz</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the word <i>wódka</i> referred to chemical compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>' cleansers. The production of <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a> begins in the mid-15th century, with varied local traditions emerging throughout Europe, in Poland as vodka (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">wódka</i> or <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">gorzałka</i></span>). In the 16th century, the Polish word for the beverage was <i>gorzałka</i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Polish language">Old Polish</a> verb <i>gorzeć</i> meaning "to burn"), which is also the source of Ukrainian <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk">horilka</i></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">горілка</span></span>). The word written in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> appeared first in 1533, about a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the Russian merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-KRPS_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRPS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In these early days, the spirits were used mostly as medicines. <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Falimierz" title="Stefan Falimierz">Stefan Falimierz</a> asserted in his 1534 works on <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> that vodka could serve "to increase fertility and awaken lust". <i>Wodka lub gorzałka</i> (1614), by Jerzy Potański, contains valuable information on the production of vodka. Jakub Kazimierz Haur, in his book <i>Skład albo skarbiec znakomitych sekretów ekonomii ziemiańskiej</i> (<i>A Treasury of Excellent Secrets about Landed Gentry's Economy</i>, Kraków, 1693), gave detailed recipes for making vodka from <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>. </p> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chopamerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chopamerd.jpg/50px-Chopamerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chopamerd.jpg/75px-Chopamerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chopamerd.jpg/100px-Chopamerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="653" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%B3dka_Wyborowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/W%C3%B3dka_Wyborowa.jpg/105px-W%C3%B3dka_Wyborowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/W%C3%B3dka_Wyborowa.jpg/158px-W%C3%B3dka_Wyborowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/W%C3%B3dka_Wyborowa.jpg/210px-W%C3%B3dka_Wyborowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1681" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZBG-700_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ZBG-700_B.jpg/88px-ZBG-700_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ZBG-700_B.jpg/132px-ZBG-700_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ZBG-700_B.jpg/176px-ZBG-700_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luksusowa_Vodka_700ml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Luksusowa_Vodka_700ml.jpg/80px-Luksusowa_Vodka_700ml.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Luksusowa_Vodka_700ml.jpg/120px-Luksusowa_Vodka_700ml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Luksusowa_Vodka_700ml.jpg/160px-Luksusowa_Vodka_700ml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="1534" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chopin_(vodka)" title="Chopin (vodka)">Chopin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyborowa" title="Wyborowa">Wyborowa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka" title="Żubrówka">Żubrówka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luksusowa" title="Luksusowa">Luksusowa</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some Polish vodka blends go back centuries. Most notable are <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka" title="Żubrówka">Żubrówka</a></i>, from about the 16th century; <i><a href="/wiki/Goldwasser" title="Goldwasser">Goldwasser</a></i>, from the early 17th century; and aged <i><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></i> vodka, from the 16th century. In the mid-17th century, the <i><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i> (nobility of Poland) were granted a monopoly on producing and selling vodka in their territories. This privilege was a source of substantial profits. One of the most famous distilleries of the aristocracy was established by <a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Izabela_Lubomirska" title="Elżbieta Izabela Lubomirska">Elżbieta Izabela Lubomirska</a> and later operated by her grandson, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wojciech_Potocki" title="Alfred Wojciech Potocki">Alfred Wojciech Potocki</a>. The Vodka Industry Museum, located at the park of the Potocki country estate has an original document attesting that the distillery already existed in 1784. Today, it operates as "<a href="/wiki/Polmos_%C5%81a%C5%84cut" title="Polmos Łańcut">Polmos Łańcut</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Polmos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polmos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vodka production on a much larger scale began in Poland at the end of the 16th century, initially at <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, whence spirits were exported to <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> before 1550. Silesian cities also bought vodka from <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, a city that in 1580 had 498 working spirits distilleries. Soon, however, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> outpaced both these cities. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Polish vodka was known in the Netherlands, Denmark, England, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin. </p><p>Early production methods were rudimentary. The beverage was usually low-proof, and the distillation process had to be repeated several times (a three-stage distillation process was common). The first distillate was called <i>brantówka</i>, the second was <i>szumówka</i>, and the third was <i>okowita</i> (from <i>aqua vitae</i>), which generally contained 70–80% ABV. Then the beverage was watered down, yielding a simple vodka (30–35% ABV), or a stronger one if the watering was done using an <a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">alembic</a>. The exact production methods were described in 1768 by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pawe%C5%82_Biretowski" title="Jan Paweł Biretowski">Jan Paweł Biretowski</a> and in 1774 by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Chryzostom_Pasek" title="Jan Chryzostom Pasek">Jan Chryzostom Pasek</a>. The late 18th century inaugurated the production of vodka from various unusual substances including even the <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiwała_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiwała-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though there was a substantial vodka cottage industry in Poland back to the 16th century, the end of the 18th century marked the start of real industrial production of vodka in Poland (<a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a>, the eastern part of Poland was controlled <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">by the Russian empire</a> at that time). Vodkas produced by the nobility and clergy became a mass product. The first industrial distillery was opened in 1782 in <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._A._Baczewski" title="J. A. Baczewski">J. A. Baczewski</a>. He was soon followed by Jakub Haberfeld, who in 1804 established a factory at <a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>, and by Hartwig Kantorowicz, who started producing <a href="/wiki/Wyborowa" title="Wyborowa">Wyborowa</a> in 1823 at <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>. The implementation of new technologies in the latter half of the 19th century, which allowed the production of clear vodkas, contributed to their success. The first rectification distillery was established in 1871. In 1925, the production of clear vodkas was made a <a href="/wiki/Polish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government">Polish government</a> monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiwała_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiwała-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, all vodka distilleries were taken over by Poland's <a href="/wiki/PZPR" class="mw-redirect" title="PZPR">Marxist–Leninist government</a>. During the martial law of the 1980s, the sale of vodka was rationed. Following the success of the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> movement and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">abolition of single-party rule in Poland</a>, many distilleries began struggling financially. Some filed for bankruptcy, but many were privatized, leading to the creation of various new brands.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiwała_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiwała-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wodkaflaschen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wodkaflaschen.JPG/220px-Wodkaflaschen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wodkaflaschen.JPG/330px-Wodkaflaschen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wodkaflaschen.JPG/440px-Wodkaflaschen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Russian Vodka in various bottles and cups</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h4></div> <p>A type of distilled liquor designated by the Russian word <i>vodka</i> came to Russia in the late 14th century. In 1386, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> ambassadors brought the first <i>aqua vitae</i> ("water of life") to Moscow and presented it to <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a>, the grand prince. The liquid obtained by distillation of grape <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a> was thought to be a concentrate and a "spirit" of wine (<i>spiritus vini</i> in Latin), whence came to the name of this substance in many European languages (like English <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirit</a>, or Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">спирт</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">spirt</i></span>). </p><p>Perhaps one of the earliest terms linked to vodka production was <i>varenoe vino</i> ("distilled wine") which appears in a 1399 document. Another term used was <i>perevara</i>, a precursor to vodka, which last appears in official documents in 1495. The term <i>korchma</i> is one of the oldest official terms used for vodka, which was used alongside <i>varenoe vino</i>, but later came to denote illegally produced vodka by the 16th century. Other terms that referred to vodka included <i>goriachee vino</i> ("burning wine"), <i>zhzhenoe vino</i> ("burnt wine"), and <i>khlebnoe vino</i> ("bread wine").<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schrad_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_Pokhlyobkin" title="William Pokhlyobkin">William Pokhlyobkin</a>, in around 1430, a monk named <a href="/wiki/Isidore_(inventor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidore (inventor)">Isidore</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Chudov_Monastery" title="Chudov Monastery">Chudov Monastery</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a> made a recipe of the first Russian vodka.<sup id="cite_ref-pohlebkin_history_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pohlebkin_history-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having a special knowledge and distillation devices, he became the creator of a new, higher quality type of alcoholic beverage. This "bread wine", as it was initially known, was for a long time produced exclusively in the Moscow grand principality and in no other Russian principality (this situation persisted until the era of industrial production). Thus, this beverage was closely associated with Moscow. In 1474, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> created the first Russian state monopoly on vodka.<sup id="cite_ref-distilled_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distilled-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1505, the first exports of distilled Russian vodka arrived in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-distilled_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distilled-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 16th century, government-run taverns known as <i>kabaks</i> replaced privately-run <i>korchmas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schrad_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giles_Fletcher,_the_Elder" title="Giles Fletcher, the Elder">Giles Fletcher</a>, who was the English ambassador in Russia, wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In every great towne of his Realme he hath a <i>Caback</i> or drinking house, where is sold <i>aquavitæ</i> (which they call <i>Russewine</i>) <i>mead</i>, <i>beere</i>, <i>&c.</i> Out of these hee receiveth rent that amounteth to a great summe of money.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Of the Russe Common Wealth</i> (1591)<sup id="cite_ref-Schrad_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrad-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Until the mid-18th century, the drink remained relatively low in alcohol content, not exceeding 40% ABV. Multiple terms for the drink were recorded, sometimes reflecting different levels of quality, alcohol concentration, filtering, and the number of distillations; most commonly, it was referred to as "burning wine", "bread wine", or even in some locations simply "wine". In some locations, grape wine may have been so expensive that it was a drink only for aristocrats. Burning wine was usually diluted with water to 24% ABV or less before drinking. It was mostly sold in taverns and was quite expensive. At the same time, the word <i>vodka</i> was already in use, but it described herbal <a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">tinctures</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a>), containing up to 75% ABV, and made for medicinal purposes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_vodka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Museum_of_vodka.jpg/220px-Museum_of_vodka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Museum_of_vodka.jpg/330px-Museum_of_vodka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Museum_of_vodka.jpg/440px-Museum_of_vodka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Vodka museum in Russia, located in Verkhniye Mandrogi, <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first written usage of the word <i>vodka</i> in an official Russian document in its modern meaning is dated by the decree of Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a> of 8 June 1751, which regulated the ownership of vodka distilleries. By the 1860s, a government policy of promoting the consumption of state-manufactured vodka made it the drink of choice for many Russians. In 1863, the government monopoly on vodka production was repealed, causing prices to plummet and making vodka available even to low-income citizens. The taxes on vodka became a key element of government finances in Tsarist Russia, providing at times up to 40% of state revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1911, vodka comprised 89% of all alcohol consumed in Russia. This level has fluctuated somewhat during the 20th century but remained quite high at all times. The most recent estimates put it at 70% (2001). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Soviet_Russia">Post-Soviet Russia</h4></div> <p>Vodka remains a major source of state revenue and therefore of power. Seizing control of the state spirits monopoly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosspirtprom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosspirtprom (page does not exist)">Rosspirtprom</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Distillery_Crystal" title="Moscow Distillery Crystal">Kristall</a> distillery was instrumental for <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> to consolidate his power as prime minister and president.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his rule, the "<a href="/wiki/Putinka" title="Putinka">Putinka</a>" ("little Putin") brand of vodka became a bestseller, partly to Putin's financial benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other popular Russian vodka producers or brands include <a href="/wiki/Stolichnaya" title="Stolichnaya">Stolichnaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Standard_Vodka" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Standard Vodka">Russian Standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="William_Pokhlebin's_A_History_of_Vodka"><span id="William_Pokhlebin.27s_A_History_of_Vodka"></span>William Pokhlebin's <i>A History of Vodka</i></h4></div> <p>During the late 1970s, Russian culinary author <a href="/wiki/William_Pokhlebkin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pokhlebkin">William Pokhlebkin</a> compiled a history of the production of vodka in Russia, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> case in a trade dispute; this was later published as <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Vodka" title="A History of Vodka">A History of Vodka</a></i>. Pokhlebkin wrote that while there is a wealth of publications about the history of consumption and distribution of vodka, virtually nothing had been written about vodka production. One of his assertions was that the word "vodka" was used in popular speech in Russia considerably earlier than the middle of the 18th century, but the word did not appear in print until the 1860s. </p><p>Pokhlebkin's sources were challenged by David Christian in the <i>Slavic Review</i> in 1994, who criticized the lack of valid references in Pokhlebkin's works and its pro-Russian bias. Pokhlebkin is also known for his Pan-Slavic sympathies under the leadership of Russia and sentiments that, in David Christian's opinion, discredit most of his work, especially his <i>History of Vodka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3></div> <p>Up until the 1950s, vodka was not used as a designation for Swedish distilled beverages, which were instead called <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnvin" title="Brännvin">brännvin</a></i> ("burn-wine"), the word having the same etymology as the Dutch <i>Brandewijn</i>, which is the base for the word <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>. This beverage has been produced in Sweden since the late 15th century, although the total production was still small in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the early 18th century, production expanded, although production was prohibited several times, during grain shortages. Although initially a grain product, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> started to be used in production in the late 18th century and became dominant from the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the early 1870s, distillery equipment was improved. </p><p>Progressively from the 1960s, unflavoured Swedish <i>brännvin</i> also came to be called vodka. The first Swedish product to use this term was <a href="/wiki/Explorer_Vodka" title="Explorer Vodka">Explorer Vodka</a>, which was created in 1958 and initially was intended for the American export market. Although it ultimately failed in that market, it remains one of the most popular vodka brands in Sweden today.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Absolut_Vodka" title="Absolut Vodka">Absolut Vodka</a> was launched, reusing the name of the old <i>Absolut Rent Brännvin</i> ("absolutely pure <i>brännvin</i>") created in 1879. </p><p>After Sweden joined the European Union in 1995, the regulations were changed so that privately owned companies could produce Vodka.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vodka has become popular among young people, with a flourishing <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the organizers of the so-called "vodka car" were jailed for two and a half years for having illegally provided thousands of liters to young people, some as young as 13.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg/230px-UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg/345px-UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg/460px-UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>An old Ukrainian vodka still</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg/230px-Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg/345px-Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg/460px-Vodka_bottling_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Vodka bottling machine, Shatskaya Vodka (<a href="/wiki/Shatsk,_Russia" title="Shatsk, Russia">Shatsk, Russia</a>) </figcaption></figure> <p>Vodka may be distilled from any <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>-rich plant matter; most vodka today is produced from <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grains</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. Among grain vodkas, rye and wheat vodkas are generally considered superior. Some vodkas are made from <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a> and sometimes even byproducts of oil refining<sup id="cite_ref-ermochkine_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ermochkine-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or wood pulp processing. In some Central European countries, such as Poland, some vodka is produced by just fermenting a solution of crystal sugar and yeast. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, there are talks about the standardization of vodka, and the <a href="/wiki/Vodka_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodka Belt">Vodka Belt</a> countries insist that only spirits produced from grains, potato, and sugar beet molasses be allowed to be branded as "vodka", following the traditional methods of production.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stubb_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stubb-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, many vodkas are made from 95% pure <a href="/wiki/Grain_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain alcohol">grain alcohol</a> produced in large quantities by agricultural-industrial giants <a href="/wiki/Archer_Daniels_Midland" title="Archer Daniels Midland">Archer Daniels Midland</a>, Grain Processing Corporation,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Midwest Grain Products (MGP).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bottlers purchase the base spirits in bulk, then filter, dilute, distribute and market the end product under a variety of vodka brand names.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar methods are used in other regions such as Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Akwawit-Polmos_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akwawit-Polmos-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This pure grain alcohol, also known as <i>rectified spirit</i>, <i>neutral spirit</i>, or <i>ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin</i>, is also available directly to consumers in some areas, as products such as <a href="/wiki/Everclear_(alcohol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Everclear (alcohol)">Everclear</a>, Polmos <i>spirytus rektyfikowany</i>, and others. In contrast to very high ABV vodkas such as the Bulgarian <i>Balkan 176°</i> with 88% ABV, these grain alcohol products are not considered vodka; they have not (yet) gone through the filtration and refining process used to produce vodka.<sup id="cite_ref-ginvodka1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginvodka1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akwawit-Polmos_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akwawit-Polmos-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Everclear_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Everclear-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study conducted on <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Money" title="Planet Money">Planet Money</a></i> podcast revealed negligible differences in taste between various brands of vodka, leading to speculation as to how much branding contributes to the concept of "super-premium vodkas".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distilling_and_filtering">Distilling and filtering</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vodka" title="Special:EditPage/Vodka">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A common property of the vodkas produced in the United States and Europe is the extensive use of filtration before any additional processing including the addition of <a href="/wiki/Flavorant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavorant">flavorants</a>. Filtering is sometimes done in the <a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</a> during <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, as well as afterward, where the distilled vodka is filtered through <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a> and other media to absorb trace amounts of substances that alter or impart off-flavors to the vodka. However, this is not the case in the traditional vodka-producing nations, so many distillers from these countries prefer to use very accurate distillation but minimal filtering, thus preserving the unique flavors and characteristics of their products. </p><p>The master distiller is in charge of distilling the vodka and directing its filtration, which includes the removal of the "fore-shots", "heads" and "tails". These components of the distillate contain flavor compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_lactate" title="Ethyl lactate">ethyl lactate</a> (heads) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Fusel_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusel oil">fusel oils</a> (tails) that impact the usually desired clean taste of vodka. Through numerous rounds of distillation, or the use of a fractioning still, the taste is modified and clarity is increased. In contrast, the distillery process for liquors such as <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">baijiu</a> allow portions of the "heads" and "tails" to remain, giving them their unique flavors. </p><p>Repeated distillation of vodka will make its ethanol level much higher than is acceptable to most end users, whether legislation determines strength limits or not. Depending on the distillation method and the technique of the still master, the final filtered and distilled vodka may have as much as 95–96% ethanol. As such, most vodka is diluted with water before bottling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavoring">Flavoring</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flavored_liquor" title="Flavored liquor">Flavored liquor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polmos_Bia%C5%82ystok_-_%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Polmos_Bia%C5%82ystok_-_%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka.jpg/220px-Polmos_Bia%C5%82ystok_-_%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Polmos_Bia%C5%82ystok_-_%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka.jpg/330px-Polmos_Bia%C5%82ystok_-_%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Polmos_Bia%C5%82ystok_-_%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka.jpg/440px-Polmos_Bia%C5%82ystok_-_%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>A vodka distillery in <a href="/wiki/Bialystok" class="mw-redirect" title="Bialystok">Bialystok</a>, Poland, where the bison grass vodka "<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka" title="Żubrówka">Żubrówka</a>" is produced</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finlandia_Classic_vodka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Finlandia_Classic_vodka.jpg/220px-Finlandia_Classic_vodka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Finlandia_Classic_vodka.jpg/330px-Finlandia_Classic_vodka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Finlandia_Classic_vodka.jpg/440px-Finlandia_Classic_vodka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>Finnish-grown six-row barley and glacial spring water, <a href="/wiki/Finlandia_Vodka" title="Finlandia Vodka">Finlandia Vodka</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While most vodkas are unflavored, many flavored vodkas have been produced in traditional vodka-drinking areas, often as home-made recipes to improve vodka's taste or for medicinal purposes. Flavorings include red pepper, ginger, fruit flavors, vanilla, chocolate (without sweetener), and cinnamon. In Russia, vodka flavored with honey and pepper, <i>pertsovka</i> in Russian, is also very popular. In Poland and Belarus, the leaves of the local <a href="/wiki/Bison_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison grass">bison grass</a> are added to produce <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka" title="Żubrówka">żubrówka</a></i> (Polish) and <i><a href="/wiki/Zubrovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubrovka">zubrovka</a></i> (Belarusian) vodka, with slightly sweet flavors and light amber colors. In Lithuania and Poland, a famous vodka containing honey is called <i><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">krupnik</a></i>. </p><p>This tradition of flavoring is also prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, where vodka seasoned with herbs, fruits, and spices is the appropriate strong drink for several seasonal festivities. Sweden has forty-odd common varieties of herb-flavored vodka (<i>kryddat brännvin</i>). In Poland and Ukraine, a separate category (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk">nalyvka</i></span> in Ukraine and <i><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">nalewka</a></i> in Poland) is used for vodka-based spirits with fruit, root, flower, or herb extracts, which are often home-made or produced by small commercial distilleries. Their alcohol contents vary between 15 and 75%. In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, vodkas are available with barberry, blackcurrant, cherry, green apple, lemon, vanilla, and watermelon flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most cases, vodka flavoring comes from a post-distillation infusion of flavors. Through the fermentation process, grain mash is transformed into a neutral alcohol beverage that is unflavored. The process of flavoring vodka so that it tastes like fruits, chocolate, and other foods occurs after fermentation and distillation. Various chemicals that reproduce the flavor profiles of foods are added into vodka to give it a specific taste. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2></div> <p>Vodka is less likely than other spirits to produce the <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">undesirable aftereffects of heavy consumption</a> (though no less likely to intoxicate) because of its low level of <a href="/wiki/Fusel_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusel oil">fusel oils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congener_(alcohol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congener (alcohol)">congeners</a>, which are impurities that flavor spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the year 2000, because of evolving consumer tastes and regulatory changes, several 'artisanal vodka' or even 'ultra premium vodka' brands have appeared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union_regulation">European Union regulation</h3></div> <p>The success of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>-based vodka in the United States in the early twenty-first century prompted traditional vodka producers in the Vodka Belt countries of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> to campaign for <a href="/wiki/EU_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="EU legislation">EU legislation</a> that would define <i>vodka</i> as only spirits made from grain or potatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stubb_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stubb-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposition provoked heavy criticism from South European countries, which often distill used <a href="/wiki/Mashing" title="Mashing">mash</a> from wine-making into spirits; although higher-quality mash is usually distilled into some variety of <a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">pomace brandy</a>, the lower-quality mash is better turned into neutral-flavored spirits instead. Any vodka not made from either grain or potatoes would have to display the products used in its production. This regulation entered into force in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-europarl_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europarl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_regulations">Canadian regulations</h3></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> regulations, vodka is a potable alcoholic distillate obtained from potatoes, cereal grain, or any other material of agricultural origin fermented by the action of yeast or a mixture of yeast and other microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_regulations">United States regulations</h3></div> <p>In 1956, it was put into revenue ruling that sugar not more than 0.2% and trace amounts of citric acid are not considered flavoring agent. The meaning of "trace amounts" of citric acid was clarified as not more than 1,000ppm in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is no longer defined as "to be without distinctive character, aroma, taste, or color."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law includes other requirements: Vodka cannot be aged in wood; it may or may not be charcoal filtered; and it must meet minimum distillation and bottling proofs.<sup id="cite_ref-27_CFR_5.22_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27_CFR_5.22-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boycotts">Boycotts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with North America and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vodka&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vodka" title="Talk:Vodka">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In summer 2013, American <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights activism">LGBT rights activists</a> targeted Russian vodka brands for boycott over <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Russia">Russia's anti-gay policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late February 2022, with the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, some North American liquor stores and bars expressed symbolic solidarity with Ukraine, and opposition to Russia, by boycotting Russian vodka brands.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One critic argued that boycotts of Russian-branded vodka may inadvertently affect U.S. vodka manufacturers and noted that only 1.2 percent of U.S. vodka imports come from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-reason.com_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illegal_production">Illegal production</h2></div> <p>In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black-market</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">bathtub</a>" vodka is widespread because it can be produced easily and avoids taxation. However, severe poisoning, <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>, or death can occur as a result of dangerous industrial ethanol substitutes being added by black-market producers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2007 in a documentary, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> UK sought to find the cause of severe <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a> among imbibers of a "bathtub" vodka in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause was suspected to be an industrial disinfectant (<a href="/wiki/Extrasept" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasept">Extrasept</a>)—95% ethanol but also containing a highly toxic chemical—added to the vodka by the illegal traders because of its high alcohol content and low price. Death toll estimates list at least 120 dead and more than 1,000 poisoned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="Over what time span? (October 2023)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>. The death toll is expected to rise due to the chronic nature of the <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> that is causing jaundice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_health_effects">Public health effects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_health" title="Alcohol and health">Alcohol and health</a></div> <p>Estimates of the annual death toll resulting from <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol consumption in Russia">vodka consumption</a> extend up to the thousands in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooking">Cooking</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erica%27s_Vodka_Sauce_-_16784035738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Erica%27s_Vodka_Sauce_-_16784035738.jpg/220px-Erica%27s_Vodka_Sauce_-_16784035738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Erica%27s_Vodka_Sauce_-_16784035738.jpg/330px-Erica%27s_Vodka_Sauce_-_16784035738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Erica%27s_Vodka_Sauce_-_16784035738.jpg/440px-Erica%27s_Vodka_Sauce_-_16784035738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penne_alla_vodka" title="Penne alla vodka">Penne alla vodka</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Vodka can also be used in cooking and various recipes are improved by the addition of vodka or rely on it as a key ingredient. <a href="/wiki/Vodka_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodka sauce">Vodka sauce</a> is a pasta sauce made from tomato sauce, cream, and vodka that gained popularity in the 1970s. Vodka can be used in baking as a substitute for water: pie crusts can be made flakier with vodka.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be used in seafood dishes, cheesecake, or <a href="/wiki/Bitters" title="Bitters">bitters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails_with_vodka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cocktails with vodka">List of cocktails with vodka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vodkas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vodkas">List of vodkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodka sauce">Vodka sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_war" title="Vodka war">Vodka war</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocal.media/proof/the-history-of-vodka">"The History of Vodka"</a>. <i>Proof</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proof&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Vodka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvocal.media%2Fproof%2Fthe-history-of-vodka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LGWEDwAAQBAJ&dq=sweden+russia+poland+vodka+15th+century&pg=PA82"><i>The Art of Distilling, Revised and Expanded: An Enthusiast's Guide to the Artisan Distilling of Whiskey, Vodka, Gin and other Potent Potables</i></a>. 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January 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781631595554" title="Special:BookSources/9781631595554"><bdi>9781631595554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Distilling%2C+Revised+and+Expanded%3A+An+Enthusiast%27s+Guide+to+the+Artisan+Distilling+of+Whiskey%2C+Vodka%2C+Gin+and+other+Potent+Potables&rft.pub=Quarry+Books&rft.date=2019-01&rft.isbn=9781631595554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLGWEDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsweden%2Brussia%2Bpoland%2Bvodka%2B15th%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vodka:_A_Global_History-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vodka:_A_Global_History_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vodka:_A_Global_History_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy2012" class="citation book cs1">Herlihy, Patricia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=362bfAtl3g8C&pg=PA12"><i>Vodka: A Global History</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861899293" title="Special:BookSources/9781861899293"><bdi>9781861899293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vodka%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781861899293&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D362bfAtl3g8C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evseev2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evseev2011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvseev2011" class="citation web cs1">Evseev, Anton (21 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/science/mysteries/21-11-2011/119683-dmitry_mendeleev_vodka-0/">"Dmitry Mendeleev and 40 degrees of Russian vodka"</a>. <i>Science</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Dmitry+Mendeleev+and+40+degrees+of+Russian+vodka&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft.aulast=Evseev&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pravda.ru%2Fscience%2Fmysteries%2F21-11-2011%2F119683-dmitry_mendeleev_vodka-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ginvodka1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ginvodka1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ginvodka1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122091206/http://www.ginvodka.org/history/vodkaproduction.html">"The Production of Vodka"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUR-Lex&rft.atitle=Regulation+%28EC%29+No+110%2F2008+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+15+January+2008+on+the+definition%2C+description%2C+presentation%2C+labelling+and+the+protection+of+geographical+indications+of+spirit+drinks+and+repealing+Council+Regulation+%28EEC%29+No+1576%2F89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2Fen%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%253A32008R0110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfra1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cfra1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123093631/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=a405a5761091de13308884c6cc36ee89;rgn=div6;view=text;node=27%3A1.0.1.1.3.3;idno=27;cc=ecfr">"United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 27, Section 5.22(a)(1)"</a>. United States Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=a405a5761091de13308884c6cc36ee89;rgn=div6;view=text;node=27%3A1.0.1.1.3.3;idno=27;cc=ecfr">the original</a> on 23 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+Title+27%2C+Section+5.22%28a%29%281%29&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecfr.gpoaccess.gov%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Decfr%3Bsid%3Da405a5761091de13308884c6cc36ee89%3Brgn%3Ddiv6%3Bview%3Dtext%3Bnode%3D27%253A1.0.1.1.3.3%3Bidno%3D27%3Bcc%3Decfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631781">Vodka</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ety-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ety_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=vodka">"vodka"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=vodka&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dvodka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Etymology of the word "vodka" in Черных П. Я.: Историко-этимологический словарь современного русского языка. Москва, Русский язык-Медиа, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgi1780" class="citation book cs1">Georgi, Johann Gottlieb (1780). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaoracomple00georgoog"><i>Russia: or, a compleat historical account of all the nations which compose that Empire</i></a>. printed for J. Nichols: T. Cadell; H. Payne; and N. Conant. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaoracomple00georgoog/page/n121">115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+or%2C+a+compleat+historical+account+of+all+the+nations+which+compose+that+Empire.&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=printed+for+J.+Nichols%3A+T.+Cadell%3B+H.+Payne%3B+and+N.+Conant&rft.date=1780&rft.aulast=Georgi&rft.aufirst=Johann+Gottlieb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaoracomple00georgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooke1799" class="citation book cs1">Tooke, William (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wBIbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362"><i>View of the Russian empire during the reign of Catharine the Second, and to the close of the present century, Volume 1</i></a>. Piccadilly: T.N. Longman and O. Rees, Pater-Noster-Row, and J. Debrett. p. 362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=View+of+the+Russian+empire+during+the+reign+of+Catharine+the+Second%2C+and+to+the+close+of+the+present+century%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Piccadilly&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=T.N.+Longman+and+O.+Rees%2C+Pater-Noster-Row%2C+and+J.+Debrett&rft.date=1799&rft.aulast=Tooke&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwBIbAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautier1800" class="citation book cs1">Gautier, Théophile (1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lBEAAAAIAAJ&q=vodka"><i>Voyage en Russie</i></a>. G. Charpentier et cie. pp. 354, 406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+en+Russie&rft.pages=354%2C+406&rft.pub=G.+Charpentier+et+cie.&rft.date=1800&rft.aulast=Gautier&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9ophile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lBEAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dvodka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411121714/http://www.lki.lt/php/English/publications/angliskos_santraukos_KK.doc">"The heritage of professor Juozas Balčikonis, the great educator of the native language"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lki.lt/php/English/publications/angliskos_santraukos_KK.doc">the original</a> on 11 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+professor+Juozas+Bal%C4%8Dikonis%2C+the+great+educator+of+the+native+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lki.lt%2Fphp%2FEnglish%2Fpublications%2Fangliskos_santraukos_KK.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith_companion-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith_companion_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_A._F.2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, A. F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_e9i9/page/693"><i>The Oxford companion to American food and drink</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_e9i9/page/693">693</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530796-2"><bdi>978-0-19-530796-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+American+food+and+drink&rft.pages=693&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530796-2&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000unse_e9i9%2Fpage%2F693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blocker-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blocker_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blocker, Jack S; Fahey, David M, and Tyrrell, Ian R (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&dq=Alcohol%20and%20temperance%20in%20modern%20history%3A%20an%20international%20encyclopedia&pg=PA636">Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia</a></i> Vol. 1 A – L, ABC-CLIO, pp. 389, 636 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-833-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-833-7">1-57607-833-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ermochkin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ermochkin_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ermochkine, Nicholas, and Iglikowski, Peter (2003). <i>40 degrees east : an anatomy of vodka</i>, Nova Publishers, p. 217, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59033-594-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59033-594-5">1-59033-594-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Multhauf-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Multhauf_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulthauf1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Multhauf" title="Robert P. Multhauf">Multhauf, Robert P.</a> (1966). <i>The Origins of Chemistry</i>. London: Oldbourne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782881245947" title="Special:BookSources/9782881245947"><bdi>9782881245947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Chemistry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oldbourne&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9782881245947&rft.aulast=Multhauf&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 204-206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KRPS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRPS_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930131416/http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27">"History of vodka production, at the official page of Polish Spirit Industry Association (KRPS), 2007"</a> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krps.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=27">the original</a> on 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+vodka+production%2C+at+the+official+page+of+Polish+Spirit+Industry+Association+%28KRPS%29%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrps.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D17%26Itemid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polmos-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polmos_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226213147/http://muzeumgorzelnictwa.pl/museum.html">"Count Alfred Potocki Factory Museum of Liqueurs, Rosolios and Rum"</a>. Polmos Distillery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muzeumgorzelnictwa.pl/museum.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Count+Alfred+Potocki+Factory+Museum+of+Liqueurs%2C+Rosolios+and+Rum&rft.pub=Polmos+Distillery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeumgorzelnictwa.pl%2Fmuseum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiwała-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiwała_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiwała_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiwała_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeszek_Wiwała2010" class="citation book cs1">Leszek Wiwała (2010). <i>Od gorzałki do wódki – zarys historii polskiej wódki (History of Polish vodka)</i>. Wydawnictwo Leon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-928861-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-928861-0-5"><bdi>978-83-928861-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Od+gorza%C5%82ki+do+w%C3%B3dki+%E2%80%93+zarys+historii+polskiej+w%C3%B3dki+%28History+of+Polish+vodka%29&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Leon&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-928861-0-5&rft.au=Leszek+Wiwa%C5%82a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokhlyobkin1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Pokhlyobkin" title="William Pokhlyobkin">Pokhlyobkin, William</a> (17 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esHVFxS0F8YC"><i>A History of Vodka</i></a>. Verso. pp. 100–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-359-7"><bdi>978-0-86091-359-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Vodka&rft.pages=100-107&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1992-12-17&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-359-7&rft.aulast=Pokhlyobkin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesHVFxS0F8YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2022" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Darra (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1tZEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Kingdom of Rye: A Brief History of Russian Food</i></a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 24–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38389-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38389-0"><bdi>978-0-520-38389-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Rye%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Russian+Food&rft.pages=24-26&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.isbn=978-0-520-38389-0&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Darra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1tZEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrad-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrad_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrad_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrad_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrad2014" class="citation book cs1">Schrad, Mark (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkRDAgAAQBAJ"><i>Vodka Politics: Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State</i></a>. OUP USA. pp. 79–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975559-2"><bdi>978-0-19-975559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vodka+Politics%3A+Alcohol%2C+Autocracy%2C+and+the+Secret+History+of+the+Russian+State&rft.pages=79-83&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2014-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975559-2&rft.aulast=Schrad&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkRDAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pohlebkin_history-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pohlebkin_history_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokhlyobkin,_William_/_Похлёбкин_В._В.2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Pokhlyobkin" title="William Pokhlyobkin">Pokhlyobkin, William</a> / Похлёбкин В. В. (2007). <i>The history of vodka / История водки</i>. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraph / Центрполиграф. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9524-1895-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9524-1895-0"><bdi>978-5-9524-1895-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+vodka+%2F+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Tsentrpoligraph+%2F+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-5-9524-1895-0&rft.au=Pokhlyobkin%2C+William+%2F+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%92.+%D0%92.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-distilled-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-distilled_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-distilled_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSalleTattersall2022" class="citation book cs1">DeSalle, Rob; Tattersall, Ian (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8ZyEAAAQBAJ"><i>Distilled: A Natural History of Spirits</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 140–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26510-1"><bdi>978-0-300-26510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distilled%3A+A+Natural+History+of+Spirits&rft.pages=140-141&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26510-1&rft.aulast=DeSalle&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Tattersall%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8ZyEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley,_Jonathan2002" class="citation book cs1">Bromley, Jonathan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vuFjmDQPG7kC&pg=PA40"><i>Russia 1848–1917</i></a>. Heinemann. pp. 40–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32718-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32718-7"><bdi>978-0-435-32718-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+1848%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-435-32718-7&rft.au=Bromley%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvuFjmDQPG7kC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrad2023" class="citation web cs1">Schrad, Mark Lawrence (5 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/05/05/vladimir-putin-vodka-empire-00095109">"Russia Has a Vodka Addiction. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Russia+Has+a+Vodka+Addiction.+So+Does+Vladimir+Putin+%E2%80%93+But+Not+the+Same+Way.&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft.aulast=Schrad&rft.aufirst=Mark+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2023%2F05%2F05%2Fvladimir-putin-vodka-empire-00095109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413034541/http://www.onlinevodka.net/vodka-manufacturers">"Some vodka manufacturers"</a>. <i>onlinevodka.net</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conaxesstrade.com/brand/explorer-vodka/">the original</a> on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conaxess+Trade&rft.atitle=Conaxess+Trade%3A+Explorer+Vodka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conaxesstrade.com%2Fbrand%2Fexplorer-vodka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved 12 December 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/757098/sales-volume-of-the-leading-spirits-brands-in-systembolaget-stores-in-sweden/">"Sweden: sales volume of the leading spirits brands in Systembolaget stores 2018"</a>. <i>Statista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Sweden%3A+sales+volume+of+the+leading+spirits+brands+in+Systembolaget+stores+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F757098%2Fsales-volume-of-the-leading-spirits-brands-in-systembolaget-stores-in-sweden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/kommittedirektiv/oversyn-av-vissa-bestammelser-i-alkohollagen-samt_GMB119">"Översyn av vissa bestämmelser i alkohollagen samt av bestämmelserna om försäljning av teknisk sprit m.m. Kommittédirektiv 1998:19 - Riksdagen"</a>. <i>www.riksdagen.se</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riksdagen.se&rft.atitle=%C3%96versyn+av+vissa+best%C3%A4mmelser+i+alkohollagen+samt+av+best%C3%A4mmelserna+om+f%C3%B6rs%C3%A4ljning+av+teknisk+sprit+m.m.+Kommitt%C3%A9direktiv+1998%3A19+-+Riksdagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riksdagen.se%2Fsv%2Fdokument-lagar%2Fdokument%2Fkommittedirektiv%2Foversyn-av-vissa-bestammelser-i-alkohollagen-samt_GMB119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/20120210/39046">'Vodka-mobile' selling booze to Swedish kids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204011728/http://www.thelocal.se/20120210/39046">Archived</a> 4 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Thelocal.se (10 February 2012). Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/atalade-for-vodkabilen-domda-till-fangelse">Åtalade för vodkabilen dömda till fängelse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606074744/http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/atalade-for-vodkabilen-domda-till-fangelse/">Archived</a> 6 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Expressen.se (3 May 2013). Retrieved on 19 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ermochkine-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ermochkine_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ermochkine, Nicholas and Iglikowski, Peter (2003). <i>40 degrees east : an anatomy of vodka</i>, Nova Publishers, p. 65, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59033-594-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59033-594-5">1-59033-594-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310191503/http://www.flexnews.com/pages/5412/European_Union/Spirits/eu_farm_chief_warns_legal_action_vodka_row.html">"EU Farm Chief Warns of Legal Action in Vodka Row"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flexnews.com/pages/5412/European_Union/Spirits/eu_farm_chief_warns_legal_action_vodka_row.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+Farm+Chief+Warns+of+Legal+Action+in+Vodka+Row&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flexnews.com%2Fpages%2F5412%2FEuropean_Union%2FSpirits%2Feu_farm_chief_warns_legal_action_vodka_row.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stubb-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stubb_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stubb_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexstubb.com/artikkelit/bw_vodka.pdf">The European Vodka Wars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215005220/http://www.alexstubb.com/artikkelit/bw_vodka.pdf">Archived</a> 15 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a December 2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Wings_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Wings (magazine)">Blue Wings</a></i> article</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grainprocessing.com/alcohol/">"Ethyl Alcohol – Alcohol – Markets"</a>. <i>www.grainprocessing.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grainprocessing.com&rft.atitle=Ethyl+Alcohol+%E2%80%93+Alcohol+%E2%80%93+Markets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grainprocessing.com%2Falcohol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgpingredients.com/product-list/">"Product – MGP"</a>. <i>www.mgpingredients.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mgpingredients.com&rft.atitle=Product+%E2%80%93+MGP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgpingredients.com%2Fproduct-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasaw2012" class="citation news cs1">Nasaw, Daniel (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18360315">"Why are there so many brands of vodka on sale?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+are+there+so+many+brands+of+vodka+on+sale%3F&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.aulast=Nasaw&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18360315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akwawit-Polmos-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akwawit-Polmos_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akwawit-Polmos_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805030216/http://www.akwawit.com.pl/en/spirits_in_bulk.html">"Spirits in bulk"</a>. <i>Akwawit-Polmos</i>. 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Our product is used for manufacturing vodkas of the best brand in Poland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Akwawit-Polmos&rft.atitle=Spirits+in+bulk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akwawit.com.pl%2Fen%2Fspirits_in_bulk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everclear-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Everclear_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makeityourown.com/faq">"Everclear Uses and Products FAQs"</a>. <i>Make it Your Own with Everclear</i>. Luxco<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Vodka+boycott+in+U.S.+spreads+on+concerns+over+gay+rights+in+Russia&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-vodka-boycott-idINBRE97000C20130801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbad-Santos2013" class="citation web cs1">Abad-Santos, Alexander (8 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/russian-vodka-boycott-working-whether-you-it-or-not/312367/">"The Russian Vodka Boycott Is Working, Whether You Like It or Not"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Vodka+Boycott+Is+Working%2C+Whether+You+Like+It+or+Not&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.aulast=Abad-Santos&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F08%2Frussian-vodka-boycott-working-whether-you-it-or-not%2F312367%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/stoli-vodka-gay-boycott_n_3682365">"Stoli CEO Speaks Out On How Company Will Respond To Vodka Boycott"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Stoli+CEO+Speaks+Out+On+How+Company+Will+Respond+To+Vodka+Boycott&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fstoli-vodka-gay-boycott_n_3682365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/canadas-ontario-province-orders-russian-liquor-off-store-shelves-2022-02-25/">"Canadian liquor stores remove Russian vodka from shelves after Ukraine invasion"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 26 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=Boycotting+Russian+vodka+brands%3A+How+big+of+an+impact+does+it+have+and+on+who%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fboycotting-russian-vodka-brands-how-big-of-an-impact-does-it-have-and-on-who%2Far-AAUjJiH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reason.com-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reason.com_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2022/02/28/why-are-you-boycotting-american-vodka-to-punish-russia/">"Why Are You Boycotting American Vodka To Punish Russia?"</a>. 28 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Are+You+Boycotting+American+Vodka+To+Punish+Russia%3F&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2022%2F02%2F28%2Fwhy-are-you-boycotting-american-vodka-to-punish-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEke2006" class="citation news cs1">Eke, Steven (29 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6157015.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'People's vodka' urged for Russia"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27People%27s+vodka%27+urged+for+Russia&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft.aulast=Eke&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6157015.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2007" class="citation news cs1">Sweeney, John (10 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6434789.stm">"When vodka is your poison"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=When+vodka+is+your+poison&rft.date=2007-03-10&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F6434789.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daria_Khaltourina" title="Daria Khaltourina">Khaltourina D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32754260/Russian_Demographic_Crisis_in_Cross-National_Perspective._In_Russia_and_Globalization._Baltimore_John_Hopkins_University_Press">Russian Demographic Crisis in Cross-National Perspective. <i>Russia and Globalization: Identity, Security, and Society in an Era of Change</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604225120/https://www.academia.edu/32754260/Russian_Demographic_Crisis_in_Cross-National_Perspective._In_Russia_and_Globalization._Baltimore_John_Hopkins_University_Press">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ed. by D. W. Blum. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. P. 37–78; Khaltourina, D. A., & Korotayev, A. V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehp.sagepub.com/content/31/3/272.short">'Potential for alcohol policy to decrease the mortality crisis in Russia', Evaluation & the Health Professions, vol. 31, no. 3, Sep 2008. pp. 272–281</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701002031/http://cliodynamics.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=376&Itemid=1">Archived</a> 1 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41473801/Distilled_Spirits_Overconsumption_as_the_Most_Important_Factor_of_Excessive_Adult_Male_Mortality_in_Europe_Alcohol_and_Alcoholism_2018_53_6_742_752">Korotayev, A., Khaltourina, D., Meshcherina, K., & Zamiatnina, E. Distilled Spirits Overconsumption as the Most Important Factor of Excessive Adult Male Mortality in Europe. <i>Alcohol and Alcoholism</i>, 2018, 53(6), 742-752</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108180042/https://www.academia.edu/41473801/Distilled_Spirits_Overconsumption_as_the_Most_Important_Factor_of_Excessive_Adult_Male_Mortality_in_Europe_Alcohol_and_Alcoholism_2018_53_6_742_752">Archived</a> 8 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epicurious.com/expert-advice/how-to-use-alcohol-in-baking-article">"The Boozy Ingredient Your Baked Goods Are Missing"</a>. <i>Epicurious</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epicurious&rft.atitle=The+Boozy+Ingredient+Your+Baked+Goods+Are+Missing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epicurious.com%2Fexpert-advice%2Fhow-to-use-alcohol-in-baking-article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feastandwest.com/2015/05/27/how-to-cook-with-vodka/">"How to Cook with Vodka » Feast + West"</a>. <i>Feast + West</i>. 27 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feast+%2B+West&rft.atitle=How+to+Cook+with+Vodka+%C2%BB+Feast+%2B+West&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeastandwest.com%2F2015%2F05%2F27%2Fhow-to-cook-with-vodka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowhound" class="citation news cs1">Chowhound. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chowhound.com/food-news/54862/10-recipes-using-vodka/">"10 Recipes Using Vodka"</a>. <i>Chowhound</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chowhound&rft.atitle=10+Recipes+Using+Vodka&rft.au=Chowhound&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chowhound.com%2Ffood-news%2F54862%2F10-recipes-using-vodka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegg1997" class="citation book cs1">Begg, Desmond (1997). <i>The Vodka Companion: A Connoisseur's Guide</i>. Running. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7624-0252-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7624-0252-0"><bdi>0-7624-0252-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vodka+Companion%3A+A+Connoisseur%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Running&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7624-0252-0&rft.aulast=Begg&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroom1998" class="citation book cs1">Broom, Dave (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritscocktails0000broo"><i>Complete Book of Spirits and Cocktails</i></a></span>. Italy: Carlton Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-485-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85868-485-4"><bdi>1-85868-485-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Book+of+Spirits+and+Cocktails&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Carlton+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85868-485-4&rft.aulast=Broom&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiritscocktails0000broo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelos1998" class="citation book cs1">Delos, Gilbert (1998). <i>Vodkas of the World</i>. Edison, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-1018-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7858-1018-8"><bdi>0-7858-1018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vodkas+of+the+World&rft.place=Edison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Wellfleet+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7858-1018-8&rft.aulast=Delos&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElborn2013" class="citation book cs1">Elborn, Geoffrey (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dedalusbookofvod0000elbo"><i>The Dedalus Book of Vodka</i></a></span>. Dedalus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907650-04-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907650-04-8"><bdi>978-1-907650-04-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dedalus+Book+of+Vodka&rft.pub=Dedalus&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-907650-04-8&rft.aulast=Elborn&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdedalusbookofvod0000elbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaithIan_Wisniewski1977" class="citation book cs1">Faith, Nicholas; Ian Wisniewski (1977). <i>Classic Vodka</i>. London: Prion Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85375-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85375-234-7"><bdi>1-85375-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Vodka&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Prion+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=1-85375-234-7&rft.aulast=Faith&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Ian+Wisniewski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingwoodIan_Wisniewski2003" class="citation book cs1">Lingwood, William; Ian Wisniewski (2003). <i>Vodka: Discovering, Exploring, Enjoying</i>. New York: Ryland Peters & Small. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84172-506-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84172-506-4"><bdi>1-84172-506-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vodka%3A+Discovering%2C+Exploring%2C+Enjoying&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ryland+Peters+%26+Small&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84172-506-4&rft.aulast=Lingwood&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ian+Wisniewski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogala2004" class="citation book cs1">Rogala, Jan (2004). <i>Gorzałka czyli historia i zasady wypalania mocnych trunków</i>. Baobab. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-89642-70-0" title="Special:BookSources/83-89642-70-0"><bdi>83-89642-70-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorza%C5%82ka+czyli+historia+i+zasady+wypalania+mocnych+trunk%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Baobab&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=83-89642-70-0&rft.aulast=Rogala&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVodka" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.pl/en/article/history-in-a-vodka-bottle-how-baczewski-ruled-european-royal-courts-invented-marketing-rose-from-the">History in a Vodka Bottle: How Baczewski Ruled European Royal Courts, Invented Marketing & Rose from the Ashes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vodkas" title="Template:Vodkas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vodkas" title="Template talk:Vodkas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vodkas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vodkas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vodkas_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vodkas</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dragon_Vodka" title="Royal Dragon Vodka">Royal Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kissui" title="Kissui">Kissui</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mongolia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinggis_(vodka)" title="Chinggis (vodka)">Chinggis</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li>Han</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanov_(vodka)" title="Romanov (vodka)">Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mischief_(liquor)" title="White Mischief (liquor)">White Mischief</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eristoff" title="Eristoff">Eristoff</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Chaim_Vodka" title="L'Chaim Vodka">L'Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_Perfect" title="Vodka Perfect">Vodka Perfect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belarus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belaya_Rus_vodka" title="Belaya Rus vodka">Belaya Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinka" title="Platinka">Platinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka" title="Żubrówka">Żubrówka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Cross_Vodka" title="Double Cross Vodka">Double Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrenovuha" title="Hrenovuha">Hrenovuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlibnyi_Dar" title="Khlibnyi Dar">Khlibnyi Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortytsia_(company)" title="Khortytsia (company)">Khortytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemiroff" title="Nemiroff">Nemiroff</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolwent" title="Absolwent">Absolwent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Vodka" title="Belvedere Vodka">Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Dama" title="Biała Dama">Biała Dama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopin_(vodka)" title="Chopin (vodka)">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ck_vodka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ck vodka">Ck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracovia_(vodka)" title="Cracovia (vodka)">Cracovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_cavalerie_vodka" title="Light cavalerie vodka">Light cavalerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luksusowa" title="Luksusowa">Luksusowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopolowa" title="Monopolowa">Monopolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polmos_%C5%81a%C5%84cut" title="Polmos Łańcut">Polmos Łańcut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(vodka)" title="Polonaise (vodka)">Polonaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwucha_vodka" title="Siwucha vodka">Siwucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobieski_(vodka)" title="Sobieski (vodka)">Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soplica" title="Soplica">Soplica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimat_Vodka" title="Ultimat Vodka">Ultimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisent_(vodka)" title="Wisent (vodka)">Wisent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyborowa" title="Wyborowa">Wyborowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%B3dka_%C5%BBo%C5%82%C4%85dkowa_Gorzka" title="Wódka Żołądkowa Gorzka">Żołądkowa Gorzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka" title="Żubrówka">Żubrówka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_(vodka)" title="Beluga (vodka)">Beluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Symphony_Vodka" title="Gold Symphony Vodka">Gold Symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrenovuha" title="Hrenovuha">Hrenovuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauffman_Vodka" title="Kauffman Vodka">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyarka" title="Kizlyarka">Kizlyarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubanskaya" title="Kubanskaya">Kubanskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Distillery_Crystal" title="Moscow Distillery Crystal">Moscow Distillery Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskovskaya_vodka" title="Moskovskaya vodka">Moskovskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodnaya" title="Narodnaya">Narodnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permalco" title="Permalco">Permalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinka" title="Putinka">Putinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyatizvyozdnaya" title="Pyatizvyozdnaya">Pyatizvyozdnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodnik" title="Rodnik">Rodnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskova" title="Ruskova">Ruskova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Standard_(vodka)" title="Russian Standard (vodka)">Russian Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shustov_vodka" title="Shustov vodka">Shustov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smirnoff" title="Smirnoff">Smirnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolichnaya" title="Stolichnaya">Stolichnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolnaya_vodka" title="Stolnaya vodka">Stolnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youri_Dolgoruki_Vodka" title="Youri Dolgoruki Vodka">Youri Dolgoruki</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danzka" title="Danzka">Danzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%AFs_Vodka" title="Frïs Vodka">Frïs</a></li></ul></li> <li>Estonia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Diamond_Vodka" title="Blue Diamond Vodka">Blue Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihnu_Mark" title="Kihnu Mark">Kihnu Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viru_Valge" title="Viru Valge">Viru Valge</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finlandia_(vodka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finlandia (vodka)">Finlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koskenkorva_Viina" title="Koskenkorva Viina">Koskenkorva Viina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6m_Vodka" title="Ström Vodka">Ström</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iceland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reyka" title="Reyka">Reyka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Latvia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clique_(vodka)" title="Clique (vodka)">Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Balzams" title="Latvijas Balzams">Latvijas Balzams</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V44_(vodka)" title="V44 (vodka)">V44</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolut_Vodka" title="Absolut Vodka">Absolut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolut_Citron" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolut Citron">Absolut Citron</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cape North</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_Vodka" title="Explorer Vodka">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsson%27s_vodka" title="Karlsson's vodka">Karlsson's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_Vodka" title="Level Vodka">Level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O.P._Anderson" title="O.P. Anderson">O.P. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinky_Vodka" title="Pinky Vodka">Pinky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renat_vodka" title="Renat vodka">Renat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_Akvavit" title="Skåne Akvavit">Skåne Akvavit</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cow_Vodka" title="Black Cow Vodka">Black Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Vodka" title="Chase Vodka">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen%27s_Vodka" title="Glen's Vodka">Glen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isensua" title="Isensua">Isensua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smirnoff" title="Smirnoff">Smirnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Olives_Vodka" title="Three Olives Vodka">Three Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Vodka" title="Virgin Vodka">Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivar_Vodka" title="Vladivar Vodka">Vladivar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keglevich" title="Keglevich">Keglevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kors_Vodka" title="Kors Vodka">Kors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VKA_Vodka" title="VKA Vodka">VKA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEroc" title="Cîroc">Cîroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Bleu" title="Dragon Bleu">Dragon Bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Goose_(vodka)" title="Grey Goose (vodka)">Grey Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_XO_Vodka" title="Jean-Marc XO Vodka">Jean-Marc XO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kors_Vodka" title="Kors Vodka">Kors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariette_(vodka)" title="Mariette (vodka)">Mariette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_vodka" title="Pinnacle vodka">Pinnacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliakov_(vodka)" title="Poliakov (vodka)">Poliakov</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Spirits" title="Magic Spirits">Magic Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachmaninoff_(vodka)" title="Rachmaninoff (vodka)">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodka_Gorbatschow" title="Wodka Gorbatschow">Wodka Gorbatschow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaranoff" title="Zaranoff">Zaranoff</a></li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bols_(brand)" title="Bols (brand)">Bols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Spirit_Vodka" title="Bong Spirit Vodka">Bong Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketel_One" title="Ketel One">Ketel One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(vodka)" title="Ursus (vodka)">Ursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gogh_Vodka" title="Van Gogh Vodka">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_(vodka)" title="Vox (vodka)">Vox</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xellent_Swiss_Vodka" title="Xellent Swiss Vodka">Xellent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">North<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oso_Negro" title="Oso Negro">Oso Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_Villa_Lobos" title="Vodka Villa Lobos">Vodka Villa Lobos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Head_Vodka" title="Crystal Head Vodka">Crystal Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_vodka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl vodka">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Ice_(vodka)" title="Polar Ice (vodka)">Polar Ice</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anestasia_Vodka" title="Anestasia Vodka">Anestasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_vodka" title="Bacon vodka">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_%26_Blair" title="Boyd & Blair">Boyd & Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_Vodka" title="Cinco Vodka">Cinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Vodka" title="Cirrus Vodka">Cirrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique_(vodka)" title="Clique (vodka)">Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubra_(vodka)" title="Dubra (vodka)">Dubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Distillery" title="Firefly Distillery">Firefly Distillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleischmann%27s_Vodka" title="Fleischmann's Vodka">Fleischmann's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Teton_Vodka" title="Grand Teton Vodka">Grand Teton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar_1_Vodka" title="Hangar 1 Vodka">Hangar 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Bros." title="Leopold Bros.">Leopold Bros.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_vodka" title="Lotus vodka">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_(vodka)" title="Nikolai (vodka)">Nikolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orloff_vodka" title="Orloff vodka">Orloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popov_(vodka)" title="Popov (vodka)">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savvy_Vodka" title="Savvy Vodka">Savvy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKYY_vodka" title="SKYY vodka">SKYY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_One_Organic_Vodka" title="Square One Organic Vodka">Square One Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George_Spirits" title="St. George Spirits">St. George Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svedka" title="Svedka">Svedka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%27s_Vodka" title="Tito's Vodka">Tito's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Vodka" title="Trump Vodka">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%84D" title="VÄD">VÄD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_14" title="Vodka 14">Vodka 14</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australasia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li>Bombora</li> <li>CooranBong</li> <li>DOT AU</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vodkas" title="Category:Vodkas">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vodka" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Vodka">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vodkas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vodkas">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_beverages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/11px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/17px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/22px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Vodka</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vodka" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Vodka">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vodka" class="extiw" title="c:Vodka">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4252002-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Vodka"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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