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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Precursors and origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Colonial North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_rum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_rum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Naval rum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_rum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Colonial Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Categorization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categorization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categorization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Regional variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Grades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production method</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_method-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production method subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fermentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ageing_and_blending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ageing_and_blending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ageing and blending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ageing_and_blending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="روم (شراب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روم (شراب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Ռոմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռոմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron" title="Ron – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ron" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(i%C3%A7ki)" title="Rom (içki) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rom (içki)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC)" title="রাম (পানীয়) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাম (পানীয়)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rym" title="Rym – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rym" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(spiritus)" title="Rom (spiritus) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rom (spiritus)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumm" title="Rumm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rumm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B9" title="Ρούμι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρούμι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron" title="Ron – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ron" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumo" title="Rumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron" title="Ron – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ron" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="رام (نوشیدنی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رام (نوشیدنی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romm" title="Romm – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Romm" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhum" title="Rhum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rhum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron" title="Ron – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ron" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%BC" title="럼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="럼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Ռոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumo" title="Rumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romm" title="Romm – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Romm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_(unjukan_mawi_alkohol)" title="Rum (unjukan mawi alkohol) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rum (unjukan mawi alkohol)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="რომი (სასმელი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომი (სასმელი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonm" title="Wonm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wonm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomium" title="Rhomium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rhomium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rums" title="Rums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas" title="Romas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_(ital)" title="Rum (ital) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rum (ital)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" title="റം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="რომი (ოშუმალი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რომი (ოშუმალი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_(%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8)" title="روم (مشروب) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روم (مشروب)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_(arak)" title="Rum (arak) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rum (arak)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ရမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_(drank)" title="Rum (drank) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rum (drank)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E9%85%92" title="ラム酒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラム酒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(brennevin)" title="Rom (brennevin) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rom (brennevin)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drikken_rom" title="Drikken rom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Drikken rom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(ichimlik)" title="Rom (ichimlik) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rom (ichimlik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(b%C4%83utur%C4%83_alcoolic%C4%83)" title="Rom (băutură alcoolică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rom (băutură alcoolică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rommi" title="Rommi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rommi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(spritdryck)" title="Rom (spritdryck) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rom (spritdryck)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="รัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(i%C3%A7ki)" title="Rom (içki) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rom (içki)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E5%A7%86%E9%85%92" title="朗姆酒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朗姆酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="ראם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%A7%E9%85%92" title="冧酒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冧酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%A7%86%E9%85%92" title="兰姆酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兰姆酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distilled alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rums" redirects here. For the student society, see <a href="/wiki/RUMS" class="mw-redirect" title="RUMS">RUMS</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rum (disambiguation)">Rum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Rum</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A_glass_of_rum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_glass_of_rum.jpg/220px-A_glass_of_rum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_glass_of_rum.jpg/330px-A_glass_of_rum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_glass_of_rum.jpg/440px-A_glass_of_rum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A glass of dark rum</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Distilled beverage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">17th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a> </span></th><td class="infobox-data">40–80%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">Proof (US)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80–160° US / 70–140° UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Colour</th><td class="infobox-data">Clear, brown, black, red or golden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flavour</th><td class="infobox-data">Sweet to dry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">sugarcane juice</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>; water</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rhum_agricole" title="Rhum agricole">rhum agricole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_miel" title="Ron miel">ron miel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafia" title="Tafia">tafia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">cachaça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">charanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">clairin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grogue" title="Grogue">grogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grog" title="Grog">grog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg/220px-Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg/330px-Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg/440px-Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3065" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Rum display in a <a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">liquor store</a> (United States, 2009)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_house_rum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Government_house_rum.jpg/220px-Government_house_rum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Government_house_rum.jpg/330px-Government_house_rum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Government_house_rum.jpg/440px-Government_house_rum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12814" data-file-height="9458" /></a><figcaption>Government House rum, manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands_Company" title="Virgin Islands Company">Virgin Islands Company</a> distillery in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a>, circa 1941</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rum</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermenting</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilling</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">sugarcane juice</a>. The distillate, a clear liquid, is often <a href="/wiki/Barrel_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel aging">aged in barrels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>. Rum originated in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> in the 17th century, but today it is produced in nearly every major sugar-producing region of the world. </p><p>Rums are produced in various grades. Light rums are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktails</a>, whereas "golden" and "dark" rums were typically consumed <a href="/wiki/Straight_up_(bartending)" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight up (bartending)">straight or neat</a>, iced ("<a href="/wiki/Bartending_terminology#On_the_rocks" title="Bartending terminology">on the rocks</a>"), or used for cooking, but are now commonly consumed with mixers. Premium rums are made to be consumed either straight or iced. </p><p>Rum plays a part in the culture of most islands of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Maritimes">the Maritime provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. It has associations with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> (where it was mixed with water or beer to make <a href="/wiki/Grog" title="Grog">grog</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> (where it was consumed as <a href="/wiki/Bumbo" title="Bumbo">bumbo</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="not found in the article body (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rum has served as a medium of economic exchange, used to help fund enterprises such as slavery via <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a>, organized <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, and military insurgencies such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and the Australian <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre,_Spring_Garden_HWY,_Barbados-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg/220px-Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg/330px-Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg/440px-Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gay_Rum" title="Mount Gay Rum">Mount Gay Rum</a> visitors centre in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> claims to be the world's oldest active rum company, with the earliest confirmed deed from 1703.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the word "rum" is unclear. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that it is related to "rumbullion", a beverage made from boiling sugar cane stalks,<sup id="cite_ref-Pacult_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacult-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly "rumbustion," which was a slang word for "uproar" or "tumult";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis200634–35_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis200634–35-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a noisy uncontrollable exuberance,<sup id="cite_ref-Pacult_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacult-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the origin of those words and the nature of the relationship are unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-oupblog_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oupblog-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis200634–35_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis200634–35-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both words surfaced in English about the same time as rum did (1651 for "rumbullion", and before 1654 "rum").<sup id="cite_ref-oupblog_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oupblog-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been various other theories: </p> <ul><li>It is often connected to the British slang adjective "rum", meaning "high quality", and indeed the collocation "rum booze" is attested.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the harshness of early rum, this is unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis200634–35_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis200634–35-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other theories consider it to be short for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">iterum</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "again; a second time", or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">arôme</i></span>, French for aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200473_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200473-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>That it comes from the large drinking glasses used by Dutch seamen known as <i><a href="/wiki/Rummer" title="Rummer">rummers</a></i>, from the Dutch word <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">roemer</i></span>, a drinking glass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200472–73_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200472–73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>That it is related to <a href="/wiki/Ramboozle" title="Ramboozle">ramboozle and rumfustian</a>, popular British drinks of the mid-17th century. However, neither was made with rum, but rather eggs, ale, wine, sugar, and various spices.</li></ul> <p>Regardless of the original source, the name was already in common use by 1654, when the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_General_Assembly" title="Connecticut General Assembly">General Court of Connecticut</a> ordered the confiscations of "whatsoever Barbados liquors, commonly called rum, kill the devil and the like".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short time later in May 1657, the <a href="/wiki/General_Court_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="General Court of Massachusetts">General Court of Massachusetts</a> also decided to make illegal the sale of strong liquor "whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong water, wine, brandy, etc".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200473_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200473-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In current usage, the name used for a rum is often based on its place of origin. </p><p>For rums from places mostly in Latin America where Spanish is spoken, the word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ron</i></span> is used. A <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ron añejo</i></span> ("aged rum") is a premium spirit. </p><p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Rhum</i></span> is the term that typically distinguishes rum made from fresh sugar cane juice from rum made from molasses in French-speaking locales like <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">rhum vieux</i></span> ("old rum") is an aged French rum that meets several other requirements. </p><p>Some of the many other names for rum are <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Nelson</a>'s blood, kill-devil, demon water, pirate's drink, navy neater, and Barbados water.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version of rum from <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> is referred to by the name <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Screech" title="Newfoundland Screech">screech</a>, while some low-grade <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> rums are called <a href="/wiki/Tafia" title="Tafia">tafia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis200614_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis200614-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors_and_origins">Precursors and origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursors and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A liquid identified as rum has been found in a tin bottle found on the Swedish warship <a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a>, which sank in 1628.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A sugar-making house under the plantation owner <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ligon" title="Richard Ligon">Richard Ligon</a> containing a furnace, a cooling basin, and a filling room has been recorded on the island of Barbados since 1673.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An early rum-like drink is <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brum_(alcoholic_drink)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brum (alcoholic drink) (page does not exist)">brum</a></i>, which has been produced by the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay people</a> for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200472_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200472-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> recorded a 14th-century account of a "very good wine of sugar(cane)" that was offered to him in the area that became modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacult_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacult-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Dembi%C5%84ska" title="Maria Dembińska">Maria Dembinska</a> states that King <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Cyprus" title="Peter I of Cyprus">Peter I of Cyprus</a>, also called Pierre I de Lusignan (9 October 1328 – 17 January 1369), brought rum with him as a gift for the other royal dignitaries at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Congress of Kraków">Congress of Kraków</a>, held in 1364.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is plausible given the position of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> as a significant producer of sugar in the Middle Ages,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the alcoholic sugar drink named rum by Dembinska may not have resembled modern distilled rums very closely. Dembinska also suggests Cyprus rum was often drunk mixed with an <a href="/wiki/Almond_milk" title="Almond milk">almond milk</a> drink, also produced in Cyprus, called <i><a href="/wiki/Orgeat_syrup" title="Orgeat syrup">soumada</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rum production has been recorded in Brazil in the 1520s.<sup id="cite_ref-referenceum_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-referenceum-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Shidhu</i>, a drink produced by fermentation of sugarcane juice, is mentioned in Sanskrit texts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Many historians now believe that rum-making found its way to the Caribbean islands along with sugarcane and its cultivation methods from Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Standage_2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standage_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional history of modern-style rum tells of its invention in the Caribbean, in the 17th century, by <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> on sugarcane plantations, who discovered that <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, a <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-product</a> of the sugar refining process, could be fermented into alcohol, and then distilled. The earliest record, in a 1651 document from Barbados, mentions the island of <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> in particular:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200470_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200470-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The chief fuddling they make in the island is Rumbullion, alias Kill-Divil, and this is made of sugar canes distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor."</p></blockquote> <p>By the late 17th century rum had replaced French <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> as the exchange alcohol of choice in the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangle trade">triangle trade</a>. Canoemen and guards on the African side of the trade, who had previously been paid in brandy, were now paid in rum.<sup id="cite_ref-Standage_2006_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standage_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_North_America">Colonial North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pirates_carrying_rum_on_shore_to_purchase_slaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Pirates_carrying_rum_on_shore_to_purchase_slaves.jpg/220px-The_Pirates_carrying_rum_on_shore_to_purchase_slaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Pirates_carrying_rum_on_shore_to_purchase_slaves.jpg/330px-The_Pirates_carrying_rum_on_shore_to_purchase_slaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Pirates_carrying_rum_on_shore_to_purchase_slaves.jpg/440px-The_Pirates_carrying_rum_on_shore_to_purchase_slaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Pirates carrying rum to shore to purchase slaves as depicted in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Pirates_Own_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Pirates Own Book (page does not exist)">The Pirates Own Book</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Ellms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Ellms (page does not exist)">Charles Ellms</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the development of rum in the Caribbean, the drink's popularity spread to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial North America</a>. To support the demand for the drink, the first rum distillery in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> was set up in 1664 on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, had a distillery three years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200474_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200474-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manufacture of rum became early colonial New England's largest and most prosperous industry.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> became a distilling center due to the technical, metalworking and <a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">cooperage</a> skills and abundant lumber; the rum produced there was lighter, more like whiskey. Much of the rum was exported, and distillers in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport of Rhode Island</a> even made an extra strong rum specifically to be used as a slave currency.<sup id="cite_ref-Standage_2006_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standage_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> rum even joined gold as an accepted currency in Europe for a period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200476_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200476-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While New England triumphed in price and consistency, Europeans still viewed the best rums as coming from the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-Standage_2006_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standage_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of rum consumption in the American colonies before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> had every man, woman, or child drinking an average of 3 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial gallon">imperial gallons</a> (14 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a>) of rum each year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETannahill1973295_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETannahill1973295-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, ever increasing demands for sugar, molasses, rum, and slaves led to a feedback loop that intensified the triangular trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETannahill1973296_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETannahill1973296-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When France banned the production of rum in their New World possessions to end the domestic competition with brandy, New England distillers were then able to undercut producers in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> by buying cut-rate molasses from French sugar plantations. The outcry from the British rum industry led to the <a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="Molasses Act 1733">Molasses Act 1733</a>, which levied a prohibitive tax on molasses imported into the Thirteen Colonies from foreign countries or colonies. Rum at this time accounted for approximately 80% of New England's exports, and paying the duty would have put the distilleries out of business: as a result, both compliance with and enforcement of the act were minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-Standage_2006_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standage_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strict enforcement of the Molasses Act's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act_1764" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar Act 1764">Sugar Act 1764</a>, may have helped cause the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETannahill1973295_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETannahill1973295-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the slave trade, rum was also used as a <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">medium of exchange</a>. For example, the slave <a href="/wiki/Venture_Smith" title="Venture Smith">Venture Smith</a> (whose history was later published) had been purchased in Africa, for four gallons of rum plus a piece of <a href="/wiki/Calico_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (fabric)">calico</a>. </p><p>In "The Doctor's Secret Journal", an account of the happenings at Fort Michilimackinac in northern Michigan from 1769 to 1772 by Daniel Morison, a surgeon's mate, noted that there was not much for the men to do and drinking rum was very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-dj_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dj-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Ensign Robert Johnstone, one of the officers, "thought proper to turn trader by selling (the) common rum to the soldiers & all others by whom he might gain a penny in this clandestine Manner." To conceal this theft, "he was observed to have filled up several Barrels of common rum with boiling water to make up the Leakage."<sup id="cite_ref-dj_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dj-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> Ensign Johnstone had no trouble selling this diluted rum. </p><p>The popularity of rum continued after the American Revolution; <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> insisting on a barrel of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> rum at his 1789 inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rum started to play an important role in the political system; candidates attempted to influence the outcome of an election through their generosity with rum. The people would attend the hustings to see which candidate appeared more generous. The candidate was expected to drink with the people to show he was independent and truly a republican.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorabaugh1981152–154_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERorabaugh1981152–154-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the restrictions on sugar imports from the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>, combined with the development of American <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskeys</a>, led to a decline in the drink's popularity in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_rum">Naval rum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Naval rum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rum_ration" title="Rum ration">Rum ration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Grog_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Royal_Navy_Grog_issue.jpg/220px-Royal_Navy_Grog_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Royal_Navy_Grog_issue.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Naval Service">Wrens</a> during World War II serving rum to a sailor from a tub inscribed "The King God Bless Him" - <a href="/wiki/Robert_Austin_(artist)" title="Robert Austin (artist)">Robert Sargent Austin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glas_Grog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Glas_Grog.jpg/220px-Glas_Grog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Glas_Grog.jpg/330px-Glas_Grog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Glas_Grog.jpg/440px-Glas_Grog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Rum <a href="/wiki/Grog" title="Grog">grog</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rum's association with piracy began with English <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>' trading in the valuable commodity. Some of the privateers became pirates and buccaneers, with a continuing fondness for rum; the association between the two was only strengthened by literary works such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPack198215_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPack198215-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The association of rum with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> began in 1655 when a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> fleet captured the island of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. With the availability of domestically produced rum, the British changed the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Ration" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Ration">daily ration</a> of liquor given to seamen from French <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a> to rum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200477_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200477-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naval rum was originally a blend mixed from rums produced in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. It was initially supplied at a strength of 100 degrees (UK) proof, 57% alcohol by volume (ABV), as that was the only strength that could be tested (by the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof#History" title="Alcohol proof">gunpowder test</a>) before the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">hydrometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sub13_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sub13-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Navy strength" is used in modern Britain to specify spirits bottled at 57% ABV.<sup id="cite_ref-sub13_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sub13-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866 the Navy fixed the issued strength at 95.5 proof (defined as "4.5 under-Proof", equal to 54.6% ABV).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the ration was originally given neat or mixed with lime juice, the practice of watering down the rum began around 1740. To help minimize the effect of the alcohol on his sailors, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a> had the rum ration watered, producing a mixture that became known as <a href="/wiki/Grog" title="Grog">grog</a>. Many believe the term was coined in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Grogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Grogram">grogram</a> cloak Admiral Vernon wore in rough weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETannahill1973273_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETannahill1973273-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Navy continued to give its sailors a daily rum ration, known as a "tot", until the practice was abolished on 31 July 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPack1982123_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPack1982123-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, a tot (totty) of rum is still issued on special occasions, using an order to "<a href="/wiki/Splice_the_mainbrace" title="Splice the mainbrace">splice the mainbrace</a>", which may only be given by a member of the royal family or, on certain occasions, the admiralty board in the UK, with similar restrictions in other Commonwealth navies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, such occasions have included royal marriages or birthdays, or special anniversaries. In the days of daily rum rations, the order to "splice the mainbrace" meant double rations would be issued. </p><p>A legend involving naval rum and <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> says that following his victory and death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>, Nelson's body was preserved in a cask of rum to allow transportation back to England. Upon arrival, however, the cask was opened and found to be empty of rum. The [pickled] body was removed and, upon inspection, it was discovered that the sailors had drilled a hole in the bottom of the cask and drunk all the rum, hence the term "Nelson's blood" being used to describe rum. It also serves as the basis for the term <a href="/wiki/Tapping_the_admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapping the admiral">tapping the admiral</a> being used to describe surreptitiously sucking liquor from a cask through a straw. The details of the story are disputed, as many historians claim the cask contained French <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, whilst others claim instead the term originated from a <a href="/wiki/Toast_(honor)" title="Toast (honor)">toast</a> to <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Admiral Nelson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200478_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200478-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations of the story, involving different notable corpses, have been in circulation for many years. The official record states merely that the body was placed in "refined spirits" and does not go into further detail.<sup id="cite_ref-Snopes_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snopes-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a> was the last naval force to give sailors a free daily tot of rum. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> still gives a rum ration on special occasions; the rum is usually provided out of the commanding officer's fund and is 150 proof (75%). The order to "splice the mainbrace" (i.e. take rum) can be given by the King as commander-in-chief, as occurred on 29 June 2010, when previous monarch <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> gave the order to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> as part of the celebration of their 100th anniversary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_Australia">Colonial Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonial Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beenleigh_Distillery_ca._1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beenleigh_Distillery_ca._1912.jpg/220px-Beenleigh_Distillery_ca._1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beenleigh_Distillery_ca._1912.jpg/330px-Beenleigh_Distillery_ca._1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Beenleigh_Distillery_ca._1912.jpg/440px-Beenleigh_Distillery_ca._1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="127" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beenleigh_Rum" title="Beenleigh Rum">Beenleigh Rum Distillery</a>, on the banks of the Albert River near Brisbane, Queensland, circa 1912</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a></div> <p>Rum became an important trade good in the early period of the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. The value of rum was based upon the lack of coinage among the population of the colony, and due to the drink's ability to allow its consumer to temporarily forget about the lack of creature comforts available in the new colony. The value of rum was such that convict settlers could be induced to work the lands owned by officers of the New South Wales Corps. Due to rum's popularity among the settlers, the colony gained a reputation for drunkenness, though their alcohol consumption was less than levels commonly consumed in England at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200226_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200226-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia was so far away from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">penal</a> colony, established in 1788, faced severe food shortages, compounded by poor conditions for growing crops and the shortage of livestock. Eventually, it was realized that it might be cheaper for <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">India</a>, instead of Britain, to supply the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. By 1817, two out of every three ships which left Sydney went to Java or <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and cargoes from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> fed and equipped the colony. Casks of Bengal Rum (which was reputed to be stronger than Jamaican Rum, and not so sweet) were brought back in the depths of nearly every ship from India. The cargoes were floated ashore clandestinely before the ships docked, by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> regiment which controlled the sales. It was against the direct orders of the governors, who had ordered the searching of every docking ship. British merchants in India grew wealthy by sending ships to Sydney "laden half with rice and half with bad spirits".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlainey1966_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlainey1966-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rum was intimately involved in the only military takeover of an Australian government, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a>. When <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a> became governor of the colony, he attempted to remedy the perceived problem of drunkenness by outlawing the use of rum as a medium of exchange. In response to Bligh's attempt to regulate the use of rum, in 1808, the New South Wales Corps marched with fixed bayonets to Government House and placed Bligh under arrest. The mutineers continued to control the colony until the arrival of Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a> in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200229_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200229-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, rum was not traditionally produced as the production processes used to make <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a> from sugarcane do not produce molasses as a by-product. Rum was not produced in India commercially until the introduction of cane sugar production processes which did. The production of spirits along with the core commodity of sugar allowed for these plantations to have high economic returns. Production expanded rapidly to meet both domestic and export markets (however exports to Great Britain were restricted by <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> policies). Rum production continued after the end of the colonial era. Today, most spirits produced in India labeled as whisky, vodka, and gin are made with a neutral rum derived base. Old Monk is the primary brand of dark rum consumed in contemporary India.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial rum production was introduced into <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> along with commercial sugar production during the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese colonial period</a>. Rum production continued under the Republic of China, however, it was neglected by <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Tobacco_and_Liquor_Corporation" title="Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation">Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation</a> which held the national liquor monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-du_Toit_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-du_Toit-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry diversified after <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/De-monopolization" class="mw-redirect" title="De-monopolization">de-monopolization</a> of the Taiwanese alcoholic beverage industry.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categorization">Categorization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Categorization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dividing rum into meaningful groupings is complicated because no single standard exists for what constitutes rum. Instead, rum is defined by the varying rules and laws of the nations producing the spirit. The differences in definitions include issues such as spirit <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic proof">proof</a>, minimum ageing, and even naming standards. </p><p>Mexico requires rum be aged a minimum of eight months; the Dominican Republic, Panama and Venezuela require two years. Naming standards also vary. Argentina defines rums as white, gold, light, and extra light. <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> use the terms white, overproof, and matured, while the United States defines rum, rum liqueur, and flavored rum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200481–82_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200481–82-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, rum is divided into dark or red rum (underproof known as UP, overproof known as OP, and triple distilled) and white rum. </p><p>Despite these differences in standards and nomenclature, the following divisions are provided to help show the wide variety of rums produced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regional variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havana_Art_Deco_(8955334332).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Havana_Art_Deco_%288955334332%29.jpg/220px-Havana_Art_Deco_%288955334332%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Havana_Art_Deco_%288955334332%29.jpg/330px-Havana_Art_Deco_%288955334332%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Havana_Art_Deco_%288955334332%29.jpg/440px-Havana_Art_Deco_%288955334332%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bacardi_Building_(Havana)" title="Bacardi Building (Havana)">Bacardi building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the Caribbean, each island or production area has a unique style. For the most part, these styles can be grouped by the language traditionally spoken. Due to the overwhelming influence of Puerto Rican rum, most rum consumed in the United States is produced in the "Spanish-speaking" style. </p> <ul><li>English-speaking areas are known for darker rums with a fuller taste that retains a greater amount of the underlying molasses flavor. Rums from the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_%26_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent & the Grenadines">Saint Vincent & the Grenadines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> are typical of this style. A version called "Rude Rum" or "John Crow Batty" is served in some places and it is reportedly much stronger in alcohol content being listed as one of the 10 strongest drinks in the world, while it might also contain other intoxicants.<sup id="cite_ref-nick_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nick-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, denoting homemade, strong rum, appears in New Zealand since at least the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jamaican rum was granted <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indication</a> protection in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-meara_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meara-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>French-speaking areas are best known for their agricultural rums (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhum_agricole" title="Rhum agricole">rhum agricole</a></i>). These rums, being produced exclusively from sugar cane juice, retain a greater amount of the original flavor of the sugar cane and are generally more expensive than molasses-based rums. Rums from <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, Guadeloupe, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> are typical of this style.</li> <li>Areas that had been formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> traditionally produce <i>añejo</i> rums with a fairly smooth taste. Rums from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> are typical of this style. Rum from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> is also of this style. The <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> produces a honey-based rum known as <i>ron miel de Canarias</i> which carries a protected geographical designation.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a> is a spirit similar to rum that is produced in Brazil. Cachaca also comes from sugar cane. Some countries, including the United States, classify cachaça as a type of rum. <a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco</a>, from Panama, is also a spirit similar to rum, which is triple distilled, similar to some <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>. </p><p>Mexico produces a number of brands of light and dark rum, as well as other less-expensive flavored and unflavored sugarcane-based liquors, such as <i>aguardiente de caña</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">charanda</a></i>. Aguardiente is also the name for unaged distilled cane spirit in some, primarily Spanish-speaking countries since their definition of rum includes at least two years of ageing in wood. </p><p>A spirit known as <i><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">aguardiente</a></i>, distilled from molasses and often infused with <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a>, with additional sugarcane juice added after distillation, is produced in Central America and northern South America.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In West Africa, and particularly in Liberia, 'cane juice' (also known as Liberian rum<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <i>CJ</i> within Liberia itself<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a cheap, strong spirit distilled from sugarcane, which can be as strong as 43% ABV (86 proof).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A refined cane spirit has also been produced in South Africa since the 1950s, simply known as <a href="/wiki/Cane_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cane (disambiguation)">cane</a> or "spook". </p><p>Within Europe, in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, a similar spirit made from <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/Tuzemak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuzemak">Tuzemak</a>. </p><p>In Germany, a cheap substitute for genuine dark rum is called <i>Rum-Verschnitt</i> (literally: blended or "cut" rum). This drink is made of genuine dark rum (often high-ester rum from Jamaica), <a href="/wiki/Rectified_spirit" title="Rectified spirit">rectified spirit</a>, and water. Very often, <a href="/wiki/Caramel_coloring" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramel coloring">caramel coloring</a> is used, too. The relative amount of genuine rum it contains can be quite low since the legal minimum is only 5%. In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, a similar rum called <i>Inländerrum</i> or domestic rum is available. However, Austrian <i>Inländerrum</i> is always a spiced rum, such as the brand <a href="/wiki/Stroh" title="Stroh">Stroh</a>; German <i>Rum-Verschnitt</i>, in contrast, is never spiced or flavored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grades">Grades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grades and variations used to describe rum depend on the location where rum was produced. Despite these variations, the following terms are frequently used to describe various types of rum: </p> <ul><li><b>Dark rums</b>, also known by their particular colour, such as brown, black, or red rums, are classes a grade darker than gold rums. They are usually made from caramelized sugar or molasses. They are generally aged longer, in heavily charred barrels, giving them much stronger flavors than either light or gold rums, and hints of spices can be detected, along with a strong molasses or caramel overtone. They commonly provide substance in rum drinks, as well as colour. In addition, dark rum is the type most commonly used in cooking. Most dark rums come from areas such as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Demerara rum" originated in <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and are infused with demerara sugar. It is named after the Demerara River that borders the country. It is known for its rich, full bodied flavour and dark colour.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Flavored rums</b> are infused with flavors of fruits, such as banana, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, orange, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Starfruit">starfruit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a>. These are generally less than 40% ABV (80 proof). They mostly serve to flavor similarly themed tropical drinks but are also often drunk neat or with ice. This infusion of flavors occurs after fermentation and distillation.</li> <li><b>Gold rums</b>, also called "amber" rums, are medium-bodied rums that are generally aged. These gain their dark colour from aging in wooden <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrels</a> (usually the charred, <a href="/wiki/White_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="White oak">white oak</a> barrels that are the byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a>). They have more flavor and are stronger tasting than light rum and can be considered midway between light rum and the darker varieties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Light rums</b>, also referred to as "silver" or "white" rums, in general, have very little flavor aside from a general sweetness. Light rums are sometimes filtered after aging to remove any colour. The majority of light rums come from <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. Their milder flavors make them popular for use in mixed drinks, as opposed to drinking them straight. Light rums are included in some of the most popular cocktails including the <a href="/wiki/Mojito" title="Mojito">Mojito</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Daiquiri" title="Daiquiri">Daiquiri</a>.</li> <li><b>Overproof rums</b> are much higher than the standard 40% ABV (80 proof), with many as high as 75% (150 proof) to 80% (160 proof) available. Two examples are <a href="/wiki/Bacardi_151" title="Bacardi 151">Bacardi 151</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pitorro" title="Pitorro">Pitorro</a> moonshine. They are usually used in mixed drinks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Premium rums</b>, as with other sipping spirits such as <a href="/wiki/Cognac_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognac (drink)">Cognac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a>, are in a special market category. These are generally from boutique brands that sell carefully produced and aged rums. They have more character and flavor than their "mixing" counterparts and are generally consumed straight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Spiced rums</b> obtain their flavors through the addition of spices and, sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a>. Most are darker in colour, and based on gold rums. Some are significantly darker, while many cheaper brands are made from inexpensive white rums and darkened with caramel colour. Among the spices added are <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, rosemary, absinthe/aniseed, pepper, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_method">Production method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Production method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike some other spirits, rum has no defined production methods. Instead, rum production is based on traditional styles that vary between locations and distillers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> is traditionally collected by sugarcane machete<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cutters who cut the cane near to the ground, where the largest concentration of sugars is found, before lopping off the green tips. A good cutter can cut three tons of cane per day on average, but this is a small fraction of what a machine can cut. Therefore, mechanised harvesting is now utilized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction">Extraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sugarcane comprises around 63% to 73% water, 12% to 16% soluble sugar, 2% to 3% non-sugars, and 11% to 16% fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To extract the water and sugar juice, the harvested cane is cleaned, sliced into small lengths, and milled (pressed). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentation">Fermentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_030523-0142_Saccharum_officinarum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Starr_030523-0142_Saccharum_officinarum.jpg/220px-Starr_030523-0142_Saccharum_officinarum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Starr_030523-0142_Saccharum_officinarum.jpg/330px-Starr_030523-0142_Saccharum_officinarum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Starr_030523-0142_Saccharum_officinarum.jpg/440px-Starr_030523-0142_Saccharum_officinarum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> is harvested to make sugarcane juice and molasses.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg/220px-Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg/330px-Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg/440px-Rhum_distillery_Madagascan_style_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption>Artisanal Rum distillery along the <a href="/wiki/Route_nationale_7_(Madagascar)" title="Route nationale 7 (Madagascar)">N7 road</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most rum is produced from molasses, which is made from sugarcane. A rum's quality is dependent on the quality and variety of the sugar cane that was used to create it. The sugar cane's quality depends on the soil type and climate that it was grown in. Within the Caribbean, much of this molasses is from Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable exception is the French-speaking islands, where sugarcane juice is the preferred base ingredient.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacult_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacult-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brazil itself, the distilled alcoholic drink derived from cane juice is distinguished from rum and called <i><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">cachaça</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a> and water are added to the base ingredient to start the fermentation process.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some rum producers allow wild yeasts to perform the fermentation, most use specific strains of yeast to help provide a consistent taste and predictable fermentation time.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dunder" title="Dunder">Dunder</a>, the yeast-rich foam from previous fermentations, is the traditional yeast source in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198254_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198254-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The yeast employed will determine the final taste and aroma profile," says Jamaican master blender <a href="/wiki/Joy_Spence" title="Joy Spence">Joy Spence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacult_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacult-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distillers that make lighter rums, such as <a href="/wiki/Bacardi" title="Bacardi">Bacardi</a>, prefer to use faster-working yeasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacult_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacult-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of slower-working yeasts causes more <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> to accumulate during fermentation, allowing for a fuller-tasting rum.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fermentation products like <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-ethyl-3-methyl_butyric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-ethyl-3-methyl butyric acid (page does not exist)">2-ethyl-3-methyl butyric acid</a> and esters like <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_butyrate" title="Ethyl butyrate">ethyl butyrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_hexanoate" title="Ethyl hexanoate">ethyl hexanoate</a> give rise to the sweetness and fruitiness of rum.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distillation">Distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fermented product is then distilled. As with all other aspects of rum production, no standard method is used for distillation. While some producers work in batches using <a href="/wiki/Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot stills</a>, most rum production is done using <a href="/wiki/Column_still" title="Column still">column still</a> distillation.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pot still output contains more <a href="/wiki/Congener_(alcohol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congener (alcohol)">congeners</a> than the output from column stills, so produces fuller-tasting rums.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacult_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacult-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ageing_and_blending">Ageing and blending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ageing and blending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many countries require rum to be <a href="/wiki/Aging_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging barrel">aged</a> for at least one year.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ageing is commonly performed in used <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">bourbon</a> casks,<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but may also be performed in other types of wooden casks or stainless-steel tanks. The ageing process determines the colour of the rum. When aged in oak casks, it becomes dark, whereas rum aged in stainless steel tanks remains virtually colourless. </p><p>Due to the tropical climate common to most rum-producing areas, rum matures at a much faster rate than is typical for whisky or brandy (i.e. achieving a similar level of maturity takes considerably less time). An indication of this higher rate is the <a href="/wiki/Barrel#Angels'_share" title="Barrel">angels' share</a>, or the amount of product lost to <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>. While products aged in France or Scotland see about a 2% loss each year, tropical rum producers may see as much as 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughan-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After ageing, rum is normally blended to ensure a consistent flavour, the final step in the rum-making process.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During blending, light rums may be filtered to remove any colour gained during ageing. For dark rums, <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a> may be added for colour. </p><p>There have been attempts to match the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">molecular composition</a> of aged rum in significantly shorter time spans with artificial ageing using heat and light.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_cuisine">In cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides <a href="/wiki/Punch_(drink)#Rum_punches" title="Punch (drink)">rum punches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktails</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cuba_libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuba libre">Cuba libre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daiquiri" title="Daiquiri">daiquiri</a> have stories of their invention in the Caribbean. <a href="/wiki/Tiki_bar" title="Tiki bar">Tiki bars</a> in the U.S. helped expand rum's horizons with inventions such as the <a href="/wiki/Mai_tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mai tai">mai tai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_iced_tea" title="Long Island iced tea">long island iced tea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Jungle Bird from Malaysia<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Zombie_(cocktail)" title="Zombie (cocktail)">zombie</a>. Other cocktails containing rum include the <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a_colada" title="Piña colada">piña colada</a>, a drink made popular in America by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Holmes" title="Rupert Holmes">Rupert Holmes</a>' song "<a href="/wiki/Escape_(The_Pi%C3%B1a_Colada_Song)" title="Escape (The Piña Colada Song)">Escape</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200480_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200480-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Mojito" title="Mojito">mojito</a>, and a precursor of the classic Spanish <a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">sangria</a> known as sangaree.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cold-weather drinks made with rum include the <a href="/wiki/Hot_toddy" title="Hot toddy">rum toddy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bartending/Cocktails/Hot_Buttered_Rum" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Bartending/Cocktails/Hot Buttered Rum">hot buttered rum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198254–55_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198254–55-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of local specialties also use rum, including <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dark_%27n%27_Stormy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark 'n' Stormy">Dark 'n' Stormy</a> (Gosling's Black Seal rum with <a href="/wiki/Ginger_beer" title="Ginger beer">ginger beer</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Painkiller_(cocktail)" title="Painkiller (cocktail)">Painkiller</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> cocktail known as the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(cocktail)" title="Hurricane (cocktail)">Hurricane</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jagertee" title="Jagertee">Jagertee</a> is a mixture of rum and black tea popular in colder parts of Central Europe and served on special occasions in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, where it is called <a href="/wiki/Gunfire_(drink)" title="Gunfire (drink)">Gunfire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ti%27_Punch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti' Punch">Ti' Punch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole</a> for "petit punch", is a traditional drink in parts of the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a>. </p><p>Rum may also be used as a base in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">syrups</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Falernum" title="Falernum">falernum</a> and most notably, <a href="/wiki/Mama_Juana" title="Mama Juana">Mamajuana</a>. </p><p>Rum is used in a number of cooked dishes as a flavoring agent in items such as <a href="/wiki/Rum_ball" title="Rum ball">rum balls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rum_cake" title="Rum cake">rum cakes</a>. It is commonly used to <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maceration (food)">macerate</a> fruit used in <a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">fruitcakes</a> and is also used in <a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">marinades</a> for some Caribbean dishes. Rum is also used in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Rumtopf" title="Rumtopf">rumtopf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bananas_Foster" title="Bananas Foster">bananas Foster</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Hard_sauce" title="Hard sauce">hard sauces</a>. Rum is sometimes mixed into <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, often with <a href="/wiki/Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a> (creating a flavor called <a href="/wiki/Rum_raisin" title="Rum raisin">rum raisin</a>), and in baking, it is occasionally used in <a href="/wiki/Joe_Frogger" title="Joe Frogger">Joe Froggers</a>, a type of cookie from New England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rum_brands" title="List of rum brands">List of rum brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rum_producers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rum producers">List of rum producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamajuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamajuana">Mamajuana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhum_agricole" title="Rhum agricole">Rhum agricole</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_cake" title="Rum cake">Rum cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocktails with rum">Rum cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_row" title="Rum row">Rum row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafia" title="Tafia">Tafia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pacult-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pacult_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacult_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacult_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacult_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacult_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacult_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pacult_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPacult2002" 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Ganou-Parfait (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.1998.00380.x">"Microbial Flora of Rum Fermentation Media"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Microbiology</i>. <b>84</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">921–</span>928. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.1998.00380.x">10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00380.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5072">1364-5072</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59361248">59361248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Microbial+Flora+of+Rum+Fermentation+Media&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E921-%3C%2Fspan%3E928&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59361248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1364-5072&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.1998.00380.x&rft.au=Fahrasmane&rft.au=Ganou-Parfait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-2672.1998.00380.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaughan-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughan_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughan_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughan_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughan_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughan_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1994" class="citation news cs1">Vaughan, Mark (1 June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309122743/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Features/CA_Feature_Basic_Template/0,2344,736,00.html">"Tropical Delights"</a>. Cigar Aficionado. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Features/CA_Feature_Basic_Template/0,2344,736,00.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tropical+Delights&rft.date=1994-06-01&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cigaraficionado.com%2FCigar%2FCA_Features%2FCA_Feature_Basic_Template%2F0%2C2344%2C736%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198254-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198254_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1982">Cooper 1982</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol2003" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Denis A. (2003). "Rum". In Lea, Andrew G.H.; Piggott, John R. (eds.). <i>Fermented Beverage Production</i>. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. <span class="nowrap">263–</span>287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0187-9_12">10.1007/978-1-4615-0187-9_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47706-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47706-5"><bdi>978-0-306-47706-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rum&rft.btitle=Fermented+Beverage+Production&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E287&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Boston%2C+MA&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0187-9_12&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47706-5&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Denis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._870/page-30.html#h-55">"Consolidated Federal Laws of Canada, Food and Drug Regulations"</a>. <i>laws.justice.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+Federal+Laws+of+Canada%2C+Food+and+Drug+Regulations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fregulations%2FC.R.C.%2C_c._870%2Fpage-30.html%23h-55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031120185725/http://www.knet.co.za/psrum/manufacturing_rum.htm">"Manufacturing Rum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knet.co.za/psrum/manufacturing_rum.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Rum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knet.co.za%2Fpsrum%2Fmanufacturing_rum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtiss" class="citation magazine cs1">Curtiss, Wayne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2017/05/brian-davis-lost-spirits-distillery-aging-rum-fast/">"One Man's Quest to Make 20-Year-Old Rum in Just Six Days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. No. 30 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=One+Man%27s+Quest+to+Make+20-Year-Old+Rum+in+Just+Six+Days&rft.issue=30+May+2017&rft.aulast=Curtiss&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fbrian-davis-lost-spirits-distillery-aging-rum-fast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubrin2010" class="citation book cs1">Dubrin, Beverly (2010). <i>Tea Culture: History, Traditions, Celebrations, Recipes & More</i>. Charlesbridge Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60734-363-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60734-363-9"><bdi>978-1-60734-363-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tea+Culture%3A+History%2C+Traditions%2C+Celebrations%2C+Recipes+%26+More.&rft.pub=Charlesbridge+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60734-363-9&rft.aulast=Dubrin&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderman2021" class="citation web cs1">Anderman, Jeff (31 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drunkardsalmanac.com/the-jungle-bird-cocktail-and-malaysia/.">"Jungle Bird Cocktail"</a>. <i>Drunkard's Almanac</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drunkard%27s+Almanac&rft.atitle=Jungle+Bird+Cocktail.&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft.aulast=Anderman&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drunkardsalmanac.com%2Fthe-jungle-bird-cocktail-and-malaysia%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue200480-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue200480_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlue2004">Blue 2004</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh2020" class="citation web cs1">Haigh, Ted (2 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imbibemagazine.com/the-history-of-sangaree-cocktails/.">"History Lesson: The Sangaree"</a>. <i>Imbibe Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imbibe+Magazine&rft.atitle=History+Lesson%3A+The+Sangaree.&rft.date=2020-09-02&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imbibemagazine.com%2Fthe-history-of-sangaree-cocktails%2F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198254–55-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper198254–55_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1982">Cooper 1982</a>, p. 54–55.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlainey1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Blainey, Geoffrey</a> (1966). <a href="/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Distance:_How_Distance_Shaped_Australia%27s_History" title="The Tyranny of Distance: How Distance Shaped Australia's History"><i>The Tyranny of Distance: How Distance Shaped Australia's History</i></a>. Sun Books, Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333338360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333338360"><bdi>978-0333338360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tyranny+of+Distance%3A+How+Distance+Shaped+Australia%27s+History&rft.pub=Sun+Books%2C+Australia&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0333338360&rft.aulast=Blainey&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlue2004" class="citation book cs1">Blue, Anthony Dias (2004). <i>The Complete Book of Spirits: A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-054218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-054218-4"><bdi>978-0-06-054218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Spirits%3A+A+Guide+to+Their+History%2C+Production%2C+and+Enjoyment&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-054218-4&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Dias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2006" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Wayne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andbottleofrumhi00curt/page/285"><i>And a bottle of rum - a history of the New World in ten cocktails</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andbottleofrumhi00curt/page/285">285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400051670" title="Special:BookSources/9781400051670"><bdi>9781400051670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+a+bottle+of+rum+-+a+history+of+the+New+World+in+ten+cocktails&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781400051670&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandbottleofrumhi00curt%2Fpage%2F285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2002" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Frank G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofaustral00clar"><i>The History of Australia</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31498-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31498-8"><bdi>978-0-313-31498-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Australia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31498-8&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Frank+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofaustral00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1982" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Rosalind (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritsliqueurs00coop"><i>Spirits & Liqueurs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HPBooks" class="mw-redirect" title="HPBooks">HPBooks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89586-194-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89586-194-8"><bdi>978-0-89586-194-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirits+%26+Liqueurs&rft.pub=HPBooks&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89586-194-8&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiritsliqueurs00coop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPack1982" class="citation book cs1">Pack, James (1982). <i>Nelson's Blood: The Story of Naval Rum</i>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-944-3"><bdi>978-0-87021-944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Blood%3A+The+Story+of+Naval+Rum&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-944-3&rft.aulast=Pack&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRorabaugh1981" class="citation book cs1">Rorabaugh, W. J. (1981). <i>The Alcoholic Republic</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195029901" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195029901"><bdi>978-0195029901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alcoholic+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0195029901&rft.aulast=Rorabaugh&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannahill1973" class="citation book cs1">Tannahill, Reay (1973). <i>Food in History</i>. Stein and Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1437-8"><bdi>978-0-8128-1437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+History&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-1437-8&rft.aulast=Tannahill&rft.aufirst=Reay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkell1999" class="citation book cs1">Arkell, Julie (1999). <i>Classic Rum</i>. Prion Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Rum&rft.pub=Prion+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Arkell&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroom2003" class="citation book cs1">Broom, Dave (2003). <i>Rum</i>. Abbeville Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rum&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Broom&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulombe2004" class="citation book cs1">Coulombe, Charles A. (2004). <i>Rum: The Epic Story of the Drink that Changed Conquered the World</i>. Citadel Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rum%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+Drink+that+Changed+Conquered+the+World&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Coulombe&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Frederick (2005). <i>Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History</i>. University Press of Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Rum%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upf.com/mkt/samples/Smith2.pdf">Introduction</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Ian (2005). <i>Rum: A Social and Sociable History of the Real Spirit of 1776</i>. Nation Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rum%3A+A+Social+and+Sociable+History+of+the+Real+Spirit+of+1776&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/story/28645/">extract</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Rum" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rum">Rum</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rum" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Rum"> Rum</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rum"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rum">"Rum" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_beverages58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu_(beverage)" title="Zu (beverage)">Zu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas_de_Mallorca" title="Hierbas de Mallorca">Hierbas de Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" 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