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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-主要成就" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要成就"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>主要成就</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要成就-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哲学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>哲学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哲学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-领域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#领域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>领域</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-领域-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关领域子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-领域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-理論電腦科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理論電腦科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>理論電腦科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理論電腦科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-数据结构和算法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数据结构和算法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>数据结构和算法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数据结构和算法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-计算理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#计算理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>计算理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-计算理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-信息论与编码理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#信息论与编码理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>信息论与编码理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-信息论与编码理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-编程语言和编译器" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#编程语言和编译器"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>编程语言和编译器</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-编程语言和编译器-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形式化方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形式化方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>形式化方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形式化方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-计算机系统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#计算机系统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>计算机系统</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-计算机系统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-计算机体系结构与计算机工程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#计算机体系结构与计算机工程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>计算机体系结构与计算机工程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-计算机体系结构与计算机工程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-操作系统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#操作系统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>操作系统</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-操作系统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-并发、并行与分布式系统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#并发、并行与分布式系统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>并发、并行与分布式系统</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-并发、并行与分布式系统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-计算机网络" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#计算机网络"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>计算机网络</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-计算机网络-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-计算机安全和密码学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#计算机安全和密码学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>计算机安全和密码学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-计算机安全和密码学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-数据库" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数据库"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>数据库</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数据库-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-计算机应用技术" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#计算机应用技术"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>计算机应用技术</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-计算机应用技术-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-计算机图形学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#计算机图形学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>计算机图形学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-计算机图形学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科学计算" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科学计算"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>科学计算</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科学计算-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多媒体技术" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多媒体技术"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>多媒体技术</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多媒体技术-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人工智能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人工智能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>人工智能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人工智能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-软件工程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#软件工程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>软件工程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-软件工程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-学术界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#学术界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>学术界</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-学术界-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关学术界子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-学术界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-会议" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#会议"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>会议</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-会议-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-期刊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#期刊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>期刊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-期刊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-作为高等教育的二级专业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#作为高等教育的二级专业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>作为高等教育的二级专业</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-作为高等教育的二级专业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工业界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工业界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>工业界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工业界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">计算机科学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。163种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-163" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">163种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekenaarwetenskap" title="Rekenaarwetenskap – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rekenaarwetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatik" title="Informatik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Informatik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%92%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%A1%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የኮምፒውተር፡ጥናት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኮምፒውተር፡ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Informatica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="علم الحاسوب – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الحاسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="علم الكمبيوتر – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم الكمبيوتر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কম্পিউটাৰ বিজ্ঞান – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কম্পিউটাৰ বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A1tica" title="Informática – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Informática" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nformatika" title="İnformatika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnformatika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بیلگی‌سایار بیلیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیلگی‌سایار بیلیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Информатика – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Информатика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatik" title="Informatik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Informatik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infuormat%C4%97ka" title="Infuormatėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Infuormatėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyensyang_pangkompyuter" title="Siyensyang pangkompyuter – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Siyensyang pangkompyuter" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Інфарматыка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інфарматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Інфарматыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інфарматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Компютърни науки – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компютърни науки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="कंप्यूटर साइंस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कंप्यूटर साइंस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urzhiataerezh" title="Urzhiataerezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Urzhiataerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarska_nauka" title="Računarska nauka – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Računarska nauka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncies_de_la_computaci%C3%B3" title="Ciències de la computació – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciències de la computació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="زانستی کۆمپیوتەر – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانستی کۆمپیوتەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Informatica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematick%C3%A1_informatika" title="Matematická informatika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matematická informatika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inf%C3%B2rmatika" title="Infòrmatika – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Infòrmatika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfrifiadureg" title="Cyfrifiadureg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfrifiadureg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datalogi" title="Datalogi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Datalogi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatik" title="Informatik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Informatik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enformatik" title="Enformatik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Enformatik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Επιστήμη υπολογιστών – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστήμη υπολογιστών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A0tica" title="Informàtica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Informàtica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Computer science" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informadiko" title="Informadiko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Informadiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_de_la_computaci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencias de la computación – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencias de la computación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaatika" title="Informaatika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Informaatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konputazioaren_zientziak" title="Konputazioaren zientziak – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konputazioaren zientziak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhorm%C3%A1tica" title="Inhormática – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Inhormática" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="علوم رایانه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم رایانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietojenk%C3%A4sittelytiede" title="Tietojenkäsittelytiede – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietojenkäsittelytiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaatiga" title="Informaatiga – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Informaatiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teldufr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Teldufrøði – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Teldufrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatique" title="Informatique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Informatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaatik" title="Informaatik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Informaatik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatiche" title="Informatiche – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Informatiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynformatika" title="Ynformatika – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynformatika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADomheola%C3%ADocht" title="Ríomheolaíocht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríomheolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenf%C3%B2rmatik" title="Lenfòrmatik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lenfòrmatik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_da_computaci%C3%B3n" title="Ciencias da computación – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciencias da computación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheanse_co-earrooagh" title="Sheanse co-earrooagh – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheanse co-earrooagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thien-n%C3%B3_Kh%C3%B4-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Thien-nó Khô-ho̍k – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thien-nó Khô-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91" title="מדעי המחשב – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעי המחשב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कम्प्यूटर विज्ञान – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कम्प्यूटर विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo" title="Računarstvo – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Računarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enf%C3%B2matik" title="Enfòmatik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Enfòmatik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%A1studom%C3%A1ny" title="Számítástudomány – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Számítástudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ինֆորմատիկա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինֆորմատիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Informatica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains_komputer" title="Sains komputer – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sains komputer" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_komputer" title="Ilmu komputer – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Informatica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lvunarfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Tölvunarfræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölvunarfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Informatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%90%E1%93%B4%E1%90%85%E1%92%AA%E1%96%83%E1%91%A6%E1%91%95%E1%90%85%E1%91%8E%E1%94%BE%E1%94%AA%E1%91%8E%E1%93%82%E1%92%83_%E1%90%8A%E1%90%85%E1%93%9A%E1%91%A6%E1%91%8E%E1%94%A9%E1%91%A6/tusaumaqattautijjutinik_aulattijiit" title="ᑐᓴᐅᒪᖃᑦᑕᐅᑎᔾᔪᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ/tusaumaqattautijjutinik aulattijiit – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑐᓴᐅᒪᖃᑦᑕᐅᑎᔾᔪᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᔩᑦ/tusaumaqattautijjutinik aulattijiit" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="計算機科学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="計算機科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/samske" title="samske – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="samske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ინფორმატიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფორმატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatika" title="Informatika – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Informatika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasenselkimt" title="Tasenselkimt – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasenselkimt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Информатика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Информатика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarasaasialerinermik_ilisimatusarneq" title="Qarasaasialerinermik ilisimatusarneq – 格陵兰语" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Qarasaasialerinermik ilisimatusarneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A" title="វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រកុំព្យូទ័រ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រកុំព្យូទ័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಗಣಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಣಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="컴퓨터 과학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컴퓨터 과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%BBternas%C3%AE" title="Kompûternasî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kompûternasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Informatica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatika" title="Informatika – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Informatika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatik" title="Informatik – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Informatik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Informatica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatega" title="Informatega – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Informatega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatika" title="Informatika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Informatika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorzineiba" title="Datorzineiba – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Datorzineiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorzin%C4%81tne" title="Datorzinātne – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Datorzinātne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Информатикась – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Информатикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajimirindra" title="Kajimirindra – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kajimirindra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Информатике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Информатике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_komputer" title="Ilmu komputer – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ilmu komputer" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Информатика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Информатика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ശാസ്ത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ ശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Компьютерын ухаан – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Компьютерын ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯝꯄꯨꯇꯔ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯝꯄꯨꯇꯔ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains_komputer" title="Sains komputer – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sains komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A9ncia_de_la_cumputa%C3%A7on" title="Ciéncia de la cumputaçon – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ciéncia de la cumputaçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ကွန်ပျူတာသိပ္ပံပညာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ပျူတာသိပ္ပံပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nfurmateca" title="Nfurmateca – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nfurmateca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatik" title="Informatik – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Informatik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infermatika" title="Infermatika – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Infermatika" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कम्प्युटर विज्ञान – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कम्प्युटर विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कम्प्युटर विज्ञान – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कम्प्युटर विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Informatica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatikk" title="Informatikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Informatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatikk" title="Informatikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informatikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputal_sientie" title="Komputal sientie – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Komputal sientie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatique" title="Informatique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Informatique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Informatica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infoormaatiksii" title="Infoormaatiksii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Infoormaatiksii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatike" title="Informatike – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Informatike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सुशांख्य यन्त्र (कम्प्युटर) विज्ञान – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="सुशांख्य यन्त्र (कम्प्युटर) विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatyka" title="Informatyka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Informatyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anform%C3%A0tica" title="Anformàtica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anformàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="کمپیوټر ساینس – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کمپیوټر ساینس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_da_computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Ciência da computação – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciência da computação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta%C3%B1iqichaq_hamut%27ay" title="Antañiqichaq hamut'ay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antañiqichaq hamut'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatic%C4%83" title="Informatică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Informatică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatic%C3%A2" title="Informaticâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Informaticâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Информатика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Информатика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Інформатіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Інформатіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सङ्गणकविज्ञानम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सङ्गणकविज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Информатика – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Информатика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A0tica" title="Informàtica – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Informàtica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nfurm%C3%A0tica" title="Nfurmàtica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nfurmàtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Computer science" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ڪمپيوٽر سائنس – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪمپيوٽر سائنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo" title="Računarstvo – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Računarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnslkimt" title="Tasnslkimt – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnslkimt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%82%8A%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="ပၢႆးသၢႆႊၶွမ်ႇပိဝ်ႇတႃႇ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပၢႆးသၢႆႊၶွမ်ႇပိဝ်ႇတႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පරිගණක විද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිගණක විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Computer science" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda_o_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Doch" title="Veda o počítačoch – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veda o počítačoch" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo" title="Računalništvo – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Računalništvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca_kompjuterike" title="Shkenca kompjuterike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkenca kompjuterike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Информатика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Информатика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informoatik" title="Informoatik – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Informoatik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lmu_komputer" title="Élmu komputer – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Élmu komputer" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datavetenskap" title="Datavetenskap – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datavetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayansi_ya_tarakilishi" title="Sayansi ya tarakilishi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayansi ya tarakilishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கணினியியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணினியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కంప్యూటరు శాస్త్రం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంప్యూటరు శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definisaun_Sistema_Informasaun_Teknologia" title="Definisaun Sistema Informasaun Teknologia – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Definisaun Sistema Informasaun Teknologia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Информатика – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Информатика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="วิทยาการคอมพิวเตอร์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาการคอมพิวเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%92%E1%8B%A9%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5" title="ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ – 提格利尼亚语" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="提格利尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agham_pangkompyuter" title="Agham pangkompyuter – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agham pangkompyuter" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_long_komputa" title="Save long komputa – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Save long komputa" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgisayar_bilimi" title="Bilgisayar bilimi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgisayar bilimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Информатика – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Информатика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%88%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="بیلگیسايار مۈھەندیسلیغی – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بیلگیسايار مۈھەندیسلیغی" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Інформатика – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інформатика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="کمپیوٹر سائنس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمپیوٹر سائنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatika" title="Informatika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Informatika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A0tega" title="Informàtega – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Informàtega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh" title="Khoa học máy tính – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học máy tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inf%C3%B4rmatike" title="Infôrmatike – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Infôrmatike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyensya_han_komputasyon" title="Siyensya han komputasyon – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Siyensya han komputasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xam-xamu_nosukaay" title="Xam-xamu nosukaay – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xam-xamu nosukaay" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="计算机科学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ინფორმატიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინფორმატიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cfit%C3%B3nil%C3%A9t%C3%AD" title="Ìfitónilétí – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìfitónilétí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informaotica" title="Informaotica – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Informaotica" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-n%C3%A1u_kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tiān-náu kho-ha̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-náu kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦科學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電腦科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzululwazi_yesiCikizi" title="Inzululwazi yesiCikizi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inzululwazi yesiCikizi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分子物理学">分子物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体">等离子体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="弦理論">弦理論</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E7%A2%B1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="酸碱理论">酸碱理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="分析化学">分析化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="环境化学">环境化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="无机化学">无机化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="核化学">核化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有机化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="固体化学">固体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="超分子化學">超分子化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="绿色化学">绿色化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="理论化学">理论化学</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="天体化学">天体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体">晶体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">食品化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="地球化学">地球化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分子物理学">分子物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="光化学">光化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="放射化学">放射化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="立体化学">立体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="表面科学">表面科学</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="环境科学">环境科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6" title="气候学">气候学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="气象学">气象学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋学">海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="湖沼學">湖沼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="冰川学">冰川学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="大地测量学">大地测量学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="地貌学">地貌学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤学">土壤学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E5%AD%B8" title="古氣候學">古氣候學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="火山学">火山学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="古生態學">古生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A2%E7%B2%89%E5%AD%A6" title="孢粉学">孢粉学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="自然地理學">自然地理學</a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="空间科学">空间科学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学">宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="銀河系天文學">銀河系天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="行星科学">行星科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="行星地質學">行星地質學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星">恒星</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><div style="background:#ddf;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="生命科學">生命科學</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="解剖学">解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物工程学">生物工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物心理学">生物心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="生物技术">生物技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="低温生物学">低温生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">发育生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人种生物学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethnobiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人种生物学（页面不存在）">人种生物学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobiology" class="extiw" title="en:Ethnobiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethnobiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="动物行为学">动物行为学</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物学</a>(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="进化论入门" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Introduction to evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="进化论入门（页面不存在）">介绍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Introduction to evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Introduction to evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" title="遗传学入门">遗传学入门</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="老人學">老人學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="湖沼學">湖沼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋生物学">海洋生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学">古生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="放射生物學">放射生物學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Soil biology" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soil biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil biology（页面不存在）">土壤生物学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biology" class="extiw" title="en:Soil biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soil biology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="社會生物學">社會生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="毒理学">毒理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学">动物学</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><div style="background:#ddf;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">歷史學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="法学">法学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="國際關係學">國際關係學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="教育学">教育学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="科學教育">科學教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="犯罪學">犯罪學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学">人口学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="人类学">人类学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="考古学">考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人文地理学">人文地理学</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><div style="background:#ddf;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工业工程学">工业工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%B1%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="運籌學">運籌學</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">计算机科学</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="計算機工程">計算機工程</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">机器人学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程">软件工程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Web engineering" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Web engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Web engineering（页面不存在）">互联网工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Web engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Web engineering</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="机械工程">机械工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="航空航天工程">航空航天工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="電機工程學">電機工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="核工程">核工程</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化学工程">化学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物工程学">生物工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生物医学工程">生物医学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程">基因工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="矿业工程">矿业工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="农业工程">农业工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="消防工程">消防工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="軍事工程">軍事工程</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="醫療衛生科學">醫療衛生科學</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="兽医学">兽医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="牙醫學">牙醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="药学">药学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="护理学">护理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="視光學">視光學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Midwifery" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Midwifery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midwifery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midwifery（页面不存在）">助产术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwifery" class="extiw" title="en:Midwifery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Midwifery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><div style="background:#ddf;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">交叉学科</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%BA" title="科学论">科学论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Scientific modelling" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scientific modelling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_modelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific modelling（页面不存在）">科学建模</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modelling" class="extiw" title="en:Scientific modelling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scientific modelling</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Systems science" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Systems science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systems science（页面不存在）">系统科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science" class="extiw" title="en:Systems science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Systems science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="演化心理學">演化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="神经工程">神经工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="计算语言学">计算语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="网络科学">网络科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="神经信息学">神经信息学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Web science" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Web science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Web science（页面不存在）">互联网科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_science" class="extiw" title="en:Web science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Web science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用物理学">应用物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="复杂系统">复杂系统</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">数学 / 理论生物学</a></span></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生物医学工程">生物医学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA" title="控制论">控制论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92" title="城市规划">城市规划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="司法科学">司法科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="军事学">军事学</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="环境科学">环境科学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Environmental studies" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental studies（页面不存在）">环境研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental studies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Environmental social science" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_social_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental social science（页面不存在）">环境社会科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental social science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="生物倫理學">生物倫理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="社會生物學">社會生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%AD%A6" title="图书馆学">图书馆学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="文化研究">文化研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ethnic studies" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethnic studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic studies（页面不存在）">种族研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Ethnic studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethnic studies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业">林业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="農學">農學</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;"><div style="background:#ddf;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a>　<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学史</a></li></ul></div></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="基础科学">基础科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="公众科学">公众科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="边缘科学">边缘科学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Protoscience" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Protoscience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protoscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protoscience（页面不存在）">原科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoscience" class="extiw" title="en:Protoscience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Protoscience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学">伪科学</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E8%AA%8D%E5%AE%9A%E6%98%AF%E5%81%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="被認定是偽科學的主題列表">列表</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="学术自由">学术自由</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科学政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Science policy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学政策（页面不存在）">政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Science policy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Science policy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科研经费" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Funding of science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E7%BB%8F%E8%B4%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科研经费（页面不存在）">经费</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Funding of science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Funding of science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科学方法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Technoscience" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Technoscience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technoscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technoscience（页面不存在）">技科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoscience" class="extiw" title="en:Technoscience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Technoscience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="垃圾科学">垃圾科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="反科學">反科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8F%96%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="被取代的科學理論">被取代的科學理論</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="display:block;margin-top:0.7em; border-top:1px solid #bbf;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="列表级条目"><img alt="列表级条目" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float: right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:;">「计算机科学」的各地常用名稱</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">中国大陸</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">计算机科学 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">臺灣</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">電腦科學、計算機科學<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">港澳</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">計算機科學<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、電腦科學<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">新加坡</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">计算机科学、电脑科学 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">馬來西亞</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">电脑科学<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">日本</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;"><span lang="ja" title="日語文本">計算機科学</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>计算机科学</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Computer science</span>，有时<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%A9%E5%86%99" class="mw-redirect" title="缩写">缩写</a>为<span lang="en">CS</span>）是系统性研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="信息">信息</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="计算科学">计算</a>的理论基础以及它们在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="电子计算机">计算机</a>系统中如何<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="实现">实现</a>与应用的实用技术的学科。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>它通常被形容为对那些创造、描述以及转换信息的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">算法</a>处理的系统研究。计算机科学包含很多分支领域；有些强调特定结果的计算，比如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机图形学">计算机图形学</a>；而有些是探討计算问题的性质，比如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="计算复杂性理论">计算复杂性理论</a>；还有一些领域專注于怎样实现计算，比如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="程式語言理論">程式語言理論</a>是研究描述计算的方法，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="程式設計">程式设计</a>是应用特定的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="程式語言">程式語言</a>解决特定的计算问题，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%BA%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92" title="人机交互">人机交互</a>则是專注于怎样使计算机和计算变得有用、好用，以及随时随地为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>所用。 </p><p>有时公众会误以为计算机科学就是解决计算机问题的事业（比如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="信息技术">信息技术</a>），或者只是与使用计算机的经验有关，如玩游戏、上网或者文字处理。其实计算机科学所关注的，不仅仅是去理解实现类似游戏、浏览器这些软件的程序的性质，更要通过现有的知识创造新的程序或者改进已有的程序。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>尽管计算机科学（<span lang="en">computer science</span>）的名字里包含计算机这几个字，但实际上计算机科学相当数量的领域都不涉及计算机本身的研究。因此，一些新的名字被提议出来。某些重点大学的院系倾向于术语<i>计算科学</i>（<span lang="en">computing science</span>），以精确强调两者之间的不同。丹麦科学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE" title="彼得·諾爾">彼得·諾爾</a>建议使用术语"datalogy"，以反映这一事实，即科学学科是围绕着数据和数据处理，而不一定要涉及计算机。第一个使用这个术语的科学机构是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哥本哈根大学计算科学系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="UCPH Department of Computer Science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥本哈根大学计算科学系（页面不存在）">哥本哈根大学计算科学系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCPH_Department_of_Computer_Science" class="extiw" title="en:UCPH Department of Computer Science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">UCPH Department of Computer Science</span></a></span>）</span></span>，该学院成立于1969年，彼得·諾爾便是第一任教授。这个术语主要被用于北欧国家。同时，在计算技术发展初期，<a href="/wiki/ACM%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF" title="ACM通讯">《ACM通讯》</a>建议了一些针对计算领域从业人员的术语：圖靈工程師（<span lang="en">turingineer</span>），<span lang="en">turologist</span>，流程圖人（<span lang="en">flow-charts-man</span>），應用元數學家（<span lang="en">applied meta-mathematician</span>）及應用認識論者（<span lang="en">applied epistemologist</span>）。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 三个月后在同样的期刊上，<i><span lang="en">comptologist</span></i>被提出，第二年又变成了<i><span lang="en">hypologist</span></i>。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 术语<i><span lang="en">computics</span></i>也曾经被提议过。在欧洲大陆，起源于信息（<span lang="en">information</span>）和数学或者自动（<span lang="en">automatic</span>）的名字比起源于计算机或者计算（<span lang="en">computation</span>）更常见，如<span lang="fr">informatique</span>（法语），<span lang="de">Informatik</span>（德语），<span lang="la">informatika</span>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="斯拉夫语族">斯拉夫语族</a>）。 </p><p>著名计算机科学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%85%B9%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89" title="艾兹赫尔·戴克斯特拉">艾兹赫尔·戴克斯特拉</a>曾经指出：“计算机科学并不只是关于计算机，就像天文学并不只是关于望远镜一样。”（<span lang="en">"Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes."</span>）设计、部署计算机和计算机系统通常被认为是非计算机科学学科的领域。例如，研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="个人电脑硬件">计算机硬件</a>被看作是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="計算機工程">计算机工程</a>的一部分，而对于商业<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="电子计算机">计算机系统</a>的研究和部署被称为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="信息技术">信息技术</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="信息系统">信息系统</a>。然而，现如今也越来越多地融合了各类计算机相关学科的思想。计算机科学研究也经常与其它学科交叉，比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="认知科学">认知科学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="計算經濟學">经济学</a>等。 </p><p>计算机科学被认为比其它科学学科与数学的联系更加密切，一些观察者说计算就是一门数学科学。<sup id="cite_ref-Denning_cs_discipline_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denning_cs_discipline-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 早期计算机科学受数学研究成果的影响很大，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="库尔特·哥德尔">库尔特·哥德尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5" title="艾伦·图灵">艾伦·图灵</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路莎·彼得" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rózsa Péter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路莎·彼得（页面不存在）">路莎·彼得</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3zsa_P%C3%A9ter" class="extiw" title="en:Rózsa Péter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rózsa Péter</span></a></span>）</span></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9A%86%E4%BD%90%C2%B7%E9%82%B1%E5%A5%87" title="阿隆佐·邱奇">阿隆佐·邱奇</a>等数学家的研究，这两个领域在某些学科，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">数理逻辑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4%E8%AE%BA" title="范畴论">范畴论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="域理论">域理论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="代数">代数</a>，也不断有有益的思想交流。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机科学的历史（页面不存在）">计算机科学的历史</a></div> <p>早期计算机科学建立的基础得追溯到最近<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="电子计算机">电子计算机</a>的发明。那些计算固定数值任务的机器，比如<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%9B%98" title="算盘">算盘</a>，自古希腊时期即已存在，而用于加快计算的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">算法</a>更是在算盘等古老的计算仪器发明之前就已被广泛使用。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Schickard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Schickard（页面不存在）">Wilhelm Schickard</a>在1623年设计了世界上第一台机械计算器，但没有完成它的建造。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="布莱兹·帕斯卡">布莱兹·帕斯卡</a>在1642年设计并且建造了世界上第一台可以工作的机械计算器<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascal%27s_calculator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascal's calculator（页面不存在）">Pascaline</a>。1673年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="莱布尼兹">莱布尼兹</a>开始了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="步进计算器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stepped reckoner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A5%E8%BF%9B%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="步进计算器（页面不存在）">步进计算器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_reckoner" class="extiw" title="en:Stepped reckoner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stepped reckoner</span></a></span>）</span></span>的建造工作并于1694年竣工，他也因为记录了二进制系统而被认为是第一个计算机科学家和信息理论家。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="埃达·洛夫莱斯">埃达·洛夫莱斯</a>协助<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B4%9D%E5%A5%87" title="查尔斯·巴贝奇">查尔斯·巴贝奇</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="维多利亚时代">维多利亚时代</a>设计了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%A9%9F" title="差分機">差分机</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1900年左右，<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%AD%94%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="打孔机">打孔机</a>问世<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然而以上这些机器都局限在只能完成单个任务，或者充其量是所有可能任务的子集。 </p><p>到了20世纪40年代，随着更新更强大的计算机器(如<a href="/wiki/ABC%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC计算机">ABC计算机</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="电子数值积分计算机">电子数值积分计算机</a>)被发明，术语“计算机”开始用于指代那些机器而不是它们的祖先。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>计算机的概念变得更加清晰，它不仅仅用于数学运算，总的来说计算机科学的领域也扩展到了对于<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="计算">计算</a>的研究。20世纪50年代至20世纪60年代早期，计算机科学开始被确立为不同种类的学术学科。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 世界上第一个计算机科学学位点由<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B8%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="普渡大學">普渡大学</a>在1962年设立。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>随着实用计算机的出现，很多计算的应用都以它们自己的方式逐渐转变成了研究的不同领域。 </p><p>虽然最初很多人并不相信计算机可能成为科学研究的领域，但是随后的50年里也逐渐被学术界认可。<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1984_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1984-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>公司是那段时期计算机科学革命的参与者之一。在那段探索时期，IBM（International Business Machines的缩写）发布的IBM 704以及之后的IBM 709计算机被广泛使用。“不过，使用IBM电脑工作仍然是一件很沮丧的事情。如果你弄错了一条指令中的一个字母，程序将会崩溃，而你也得从头再来。”<sup id="cite_ref-Levy1984_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy1984-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>20世纪50年代后期，计算机科学学科還在发展階段，这種問題在当时是一件很常見的事情。 </p><p>随着时间的推移，计算机科学技术在可用性和有效性上都有显著提升。现代社会见证了计算机从仅仅由专业人士使用到被广大用户接受的重大转变。最初，计算机非常昂贵，要有效利用它们，某种程度上必须得由专业的计算机操作员来完成。然而，随着计算机变得普及和低廉，已经几乎不需要专人的协助，虽然某些时候援助依旧存在。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主要成就"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E6.88.90.E5.B0.B1"></span>主要成就</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：主要成就"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enigma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enigma.jpg/220px-Enigma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enigma.jpg/330px-Enigma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Enigma.jpg/440px-Enigma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德</a>军在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">二战</a>时用于加密通信的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%A0%BC%E7%8E%9B%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E6%9C%BA" title="恩尼格玛密码机">恩尼格玛密码机</a>。恩尼格玛加密信息在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="布莱切利园">布莱切利园</a>被大量破译被认为是帮助盟军在二战中获胜的重要因素。<sup id="cite_ref-kahnbook_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahnbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>虽然计算机科学被认定为一门正规学科的历史很短暂，但它对科学和社会做出了许多根本性的贡献ー事实上，计算机科学与<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="电子学">电子学</a>一样，是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="信息时代">信息时代</a>的奠基科学，也是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="資訊革命">資訊革命</a>的驱动力，被视为继<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命">工业革命</a>（公元1750-1850年）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="新石器革命">新石器革命</a>（公元前8000-5000年）之后人类技术进步的第三次重大飞跃。 </p><p>这些贡献包括： </p> <ul><li>开启“<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="數字化革命">數字化革命</a>”，包括当今的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="信息时代">信息时代</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-bgu_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgu-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>对<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="计算">计算</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%80%A7" title="可计算性">可计算性</a>的形式定义，证明了存在计算上<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%9A%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="不可判定问题">不可解</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="計算複雜性理論">难解型</a>问题。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>提出<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="程式語言">程式语言</a>的概念，作為一种使用不同的抽象層次來精确表达處理程序的工具。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%A6" title="密码学">密码学</a>领域，<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%A0%BC%E7%8E%9B%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E6%9C%BA" title="恩尼格玛密码机">恩尼格玛密码机</a>的破译被视为盟军在二战取得胜利的重要因素。<sup id="cite_ref-kahnbook_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahnbook-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="计算科学">科学计算</a>让分析实际中非常复杂的过程和场景成为可能，可以完全借助软件来进行一些实验。同时也实现了对人类思想的深入研究，使得<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="人类基因组计划">人类基因组计划</a>绘制人类基因成为可能。<sup id="cite_ref-bgu_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgu-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 还有探索<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0" title="蛋白质折叠">蛋白质折叠</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="分布式计算">分布式计算</a>项目<a href="/wiki/Folding@home" title="Folding@home">Folding@home</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="算法交易">算法交易</a>通过使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a>和其他大规模的统计和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数值分析">数值</a>方法，提高了金融市场的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="经济效率">效率</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E6%B5%81%E9%80%9A%E6%80%A7" title="市场流通性">流通性</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 高频率的算法交易也会加快<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%A7" title="波动性">波动性</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="计算机图形">计算机图形</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦成像">電腦成像</a>（CGI）在现代娱乐中无处不在，尤其是在电视、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C" title="電影製作">电影</a>、广告、动画和视频游戏中。即便是没有用到<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦成像">CGI</a>技术的电影，通常也是用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%A0%81%E7%9B%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="数码相机">数码相机</a>拍摄，或者使用数字视频编辑器<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" title="视频编辑">剪辑</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_post-processing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Video post-processing（页面不存在）">后期处理</a>过的。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BF%E7%9C%9F" title="仿真">仿真</a>各种过程，包括计算<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="流體動力學">流體動力學</a>、物理、电气和电子系统和电路，以及同人类居住地联系在一起的社会和社会形态（尤其是战争游戏，war games）。现代计算机能够对这些设计进行优化，如飞机设计。尤其在电气与电子电路设计中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="集成电路通用模拟程序">SPICE</a>软件对新的物理实现（或修改）设计具有很大帮助。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 它包含了针对<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="集成电路">集成电路</a>的基本设计软件。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>变得越来越重要，因为它变得更加高效和复杂。人工智能的应用有很多，其中一些可以在家里看到，比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%B8%E5%A1%B5%E5%99%A8" title="機器人吸塵器">機器人吸塵器</a>。它也出现在视频游戏和现代战场上的无人机、反导弹系统和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="步兵班组支援系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legged Squad Support System"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E7%8F%AD%E7%BB%84%E6%94%AF%E6%8F%B4%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="步兵班组支援系统（页面不存在）">小队支援机器人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legged_Squad_Support_System" class="extiw" title="en:Legged Squad Support System"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legged Squad Support System</span></a></span>）</span></span>中。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%BA%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92" title="人机交互">人机交互</a>将新颖的算法与设计策略相结合，可实现快速的人类绩效，低错误率，易于学习和高度满意度。研究人员利用人种学观察和自动化数据收集来了解用户需求，然后进行可用性测试来完善设计。关键的创新包括<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="直接操纵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="direct manipulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%93%8D%E7%BA%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直接操纵（页面不存在）">直接操纵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/direct_manipulation" class="extiw" title="en:direct manipulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">direct manipulation</span></a></span>）</span></span>、可选择的网页链接、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%B8%E6%8E%A7%E5%BC%8F%E8%9E%A2%E5%B9%95" title="觸控式螢幕">触摸屏</a>设计、移动应用程序和<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E" title="虚拟现实">虚拟现实</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="哲学"><span id=".E5.93.B2.E5.AD.A6"></span>哲学</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：哲学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="計算機科學的哲學">计算机科学的哲学</a></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Peter Wegner" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Wegner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Wegner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Wegner（页面不存在）">Peter Wegner</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wegner" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Wegner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Wegner</span></a></span>）</span></span>提出计算机科学可以分成三个领域：数学、工程学、科學。Amnon H. Eden提议了三种<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F" title="范式">范式</a>应用于计算机科学的各个领域：<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>“理性主义范式”，将计算机科学看作是数学的分支，在理论计算机科学中很流行，主要利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%BB%8E%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演绎推理">演绎推理</a>。</li> <li>“技术专家范式”，这类范式有着很明显的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程学">工程学</a>倾向，尤其是在软件工程领域。</li> <li>“科学范式”，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>的某些分支可以作为这类范式的代表（比如说对于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="人工生命">人工生命</a>的研究）。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="领域"><span id=".E9.A2.86.E5.9F.9F"></span>领域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：领域"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>作为一个学科，计算机科学涵盖了从算法的理论研究和计算的极限，到如何通过硬件和软件实现计算系统。<sup id="cite_ref-CSAB1997_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSAB1997-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CSAB_(%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CSAB (专业机构)（页面不存在）">CSAB</a>（以前被叫做<i>Computing Sciences Accreditation Board</i>），由<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="计算机协会">Association for Computing Machinery</a>（ACM）和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="IEEE计算机协会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="IEEE Computer Society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE计算机协会（页面不存在）">IEEE计算机协会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" class="extiw" title="en:IEEE Computer Society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">IEEE Computer Society</span></a></span>）</span></span>（IEEE-CS）的代表组成<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，确立了计算机科学学科的4个主要领域：<i>计算理论</i>，<i>算法与数据结构</i>，<i>编程方法与编程语言</i>，以及<i>计算机组成与架构</i>。CSAB还确立了其它一些重要领域，如软件工程，人工智能，计算机网络与通信，数据库系统，并行计算，分布式计算，人机交互，计算机图形学，操作系统，以及数值和符号计算。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理論電腦科學"><span id=".E7.90.86.E8.AB.96.E9.9B.BB.E8.85.A6.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>理論電腦科學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：理論電腦科學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="理论计算机科学">理论计算机科学</a></div> <p>广义的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="理论计算机科学">理论计算机科学</a>包括经典的计算理论和其它專注于更抽象、逻辑与数学方面的计算。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="数据结构和算法"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E6.8D.AE.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84.E5.92.8C.E7.AE.97.E6.B3.95"></span>数据结构和算法</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：数据结构和算法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; margin:auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cd9594a16cb898b8f2a2dff9227a385ec183392" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.032ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O(n^{2})}"></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif/96px-Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif" decoding="async" width="96" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif/144px-Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif/192px-Sorting_quicksort_anim.gif 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="214" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Singly-linked-list.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Singly-linked-list.svg/96px-Singly-linked-list.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Singly-linked-list.svg/144px-Singly-linked-list.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Singly-linked-list.svg/192px-Singly-linked-list.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="41" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SimplexRangeSearching.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SimplexRangeSearching.png/96px-SimplexRangeSearching.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SimplexRangeSearching.png/144px-SimplexRangeSearching.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SimplexRangeSearching.png/192px-SimplexRangeSearching.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="462" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:6n-graf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/96px-6n-graf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/144px-6n-graf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/192px-6n-graf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="算法分析">算法分析</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">算法</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="数据结构">数据结构</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="计算几何">计算几何</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="图论">图论</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>算法指定义良好的计算过程，它取一个或一组值作为输入，经过一系列定义好的计算过程，得到一个或一组输出。<sup id="cite_ref-算法定义_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-算法定义-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>算法是计算机科学研究的一个重要领域，也是许多其他计算机科学技术的基础。算法主要包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="数据结构">数据结构</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="计算几何">计算几何</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%AE%BA" title="图论">图论</a>等。除此之外，算法还包括许多杂项，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D" title="模式匹配">模式匹配</a>、部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">数论</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="计算理论"><span id=".E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>计算理论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：计算理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">计算理论</a></div> <p>按照<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_J._Denning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter J. Denning（页面不存在）">Peter J. Denning</a>的说法，计算机科学的最根本问题是“什么能够被有效地自动化？”<sup id="cite_ref-Denning_cs_discipline_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denning_cs_discipline-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">计算理论</a>的研究就是專注于回答这个根本问题，关于什么能够被计算，去实施这些计算又需要用到多少资源。为了试图回答第一个问题，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E8%AE%BA" title="递归论">递归论</a>检验在多种理论<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="计算模型">计算模型</a>中哪个计算问题是可解的。而<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="计算复杂性理论">计算复杂性理论</a>则被用于回答第二个问题，研究解决一个不同目的的计算问题的时间与空间消耗。 </p><p>著名的“<a href="/wiki/P/NP%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="P/NP问题">P=NP?</a>”问题，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E7%A6%A7%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%96%E9%9A%BE%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="千禧年大奖难题">千禧年大奖难题</a>之一，<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>是计算理论的一个<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开放问题" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="open problem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="開放問題">开放问题</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/open_problem" class="extiw" title="en:open problem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">open problem</span></a></span>）</span></span>。 </p> <table style="border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; margin:auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DFAexample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/96px-DFAexample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/144px-DFAexample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/192px-DFAexample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="299" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_tiles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wang_tiles.svg/96px-Wang_tiles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wang_tiles.svg/144px-Wang_tiles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wang_tiles.svg/192px-Wang_tiles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="130" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>P = NP</b> ? </td> <td><b>GNITIRW-TERCES</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blochsphere.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Blochsphere.svg/96px-Blochsphere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Blochsphere.svg/144px-Blochsphere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Blochsphere.svg/192px-Blochsphere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="315" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="自动机理论">自动机理论</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E8%AE%BA" title="递归论">递归论</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="计算复杂性理论">计算复杂性理论</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%A6" title="密码学">密码学</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="量子计算机">量子计算论</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="信息论与编码理论"><span id=".E4.BF.A1.E6.81.AF.E8.AE.BA.E4.B8.8E.E7.BC.96.E7.A0.81.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>信息论与编码理论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：信息论与编码理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="编码理论">编码理论</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节需要<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit"><b>扩充</b></a>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2013年1月</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>信息论与信息量化相关，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%99%E5%86%9C" title="克劳德·香农">克劳德·香农</a>创建，用于寻找信号处理操作的根本极限，比如压缩数据和可靠的数据存储与通讯。编码理论是对编码以及它们适用的特定应用性质的研究。编码（code）被用于数据压缩，密码学，前向纠错，近期也被用于网络编码。研究编码的目的在于设计更高效、可靠的数据传输方法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="编程语言和编译器"><span id=".E7.BC.96.E7.A8.8B.E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E5.92.8C.E7.BC.96.E8.AF.91.E5.99.A8"></span>编程语言和编译器</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：编程语言和编译器"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="编程语言理论">编程语言理论</a></div> <p>编程语言理论是计算机科学的一个分支，主要处理<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="编程语言">编程语言</a>的设计、实现、分析、描述和分类，以及它们的个体特性。它属于计算机科学学科，既受影响于也影响着<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程">软件工程</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a>。它是公认的计算机科学分支，同时也是活跃的研究领域，研究成果被发表在众多<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="学术期刊">学术期刊</a>，计算机科学以及工程出版物。 </p> <table style="border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; margin:auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma \vdash x:{\text{Int}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mo>⊢</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Int</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma \vdash x:{\text{Int}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c96ef28327313f53f6deb407cd795c885e4be57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.467ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma \vdash x:{\text{Int}}}"></span> </td> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideal_compiler.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ideal_compiler.png/96px-Ideal_compiler.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ideal_compiler.png/144px-Ideal_compiler.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ideal_compiler.png/192px-Ideal_compiler.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="842" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_add5_syntax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Python_add5_syntax.svg/96px-Python_add5_syntax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Python_add5_syntax.svg/144px-Python_add5_syntax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Python_add5_syntax.svg/192px-Python_add5_syntax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="449" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%BA" title="类型论">类型论</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91%E5%99%A8%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="编译器设计">编译器设计</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="程序设计语言">程序设计语言</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="形式化方法"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F.E5.8C.96.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>形式化方法</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：形式化方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="形式化方法">形式化方法</a></div> <p>形式化方法是一种特别的基于<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>的技术，用于<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="软件">软件</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="计算机硬件">硬件</a>系统的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="规范">形式规范</a>、开发以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81" title="形式验证">驗證</a>。在软件和硬件设计方面，形式化方法的使用动机，如同其它工程学科，是通过适当的数学分析便有助于设计的可靠性和健壮性的期望。但是，使用形式化方法会带来很高的成本，意味着它们通常只用于高可靠性系统，这种系统中<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="安全">安全</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89" title="保安">保安</a>（security）是最重要的。对于形式化方法的最佳形容是各种<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="理论计算机科学">理论计算机科学</a>基础种类的应用，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">计算机逻辑</a>演算，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="形式语言">形式语言</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="自动机">自动机</a>理论和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="形式语义学">形式语义学</a>，此外还有<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="类型系统">类型系统</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="代数数据类型">代数数据类型</a>，以及软件和硬件规范和验证中的一些问题。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="计算机系统"><span id=".E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.BA.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F"></span>计算机系统</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：计算机系统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="计算机体系结构与计算机工程"><span id=".E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.BA.E4.BD.93.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84.E4.B8.8E.E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.BA.E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B"></span>计算机体系结构与计算机工程</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：计算机体系结构与计算机工程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="计算机体系结构">计算机体系结构</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="計算機工程">计算机工程</a></div> <p>计算机系统结构，或者数字计算机组织，是一个计算机系统的概念设计和根本运作结构。它主要侧重于CPU的内部执行和内存访问地址。这个领域经常涉及计算机工程和电子工程学科，选择和互连硬件组件以创造满足功能、性能和成本目标的计算机。 </p> <table style="border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; margin:auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NOR_ANSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/NOR_ANSI.svg/96px-NOR_ANSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/NOR_ANSI.svg/144px-NOR_ANSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/NOR_ANSI.svg/192px-NOR_ANSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="50" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fivestagespipeline.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fivestagespipeline.png/96px-Fivestagespipeline.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fivestagespipeline.png/144px-Fivestagespipeline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fivestagespipeline.png/192px-Fivestagespipeline.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="282" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SIMD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SIMD.svg/96px-SIMD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SIMD.svg/144px-SIMD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/SIMD.svg/192px-SIMD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="数字电路">数字电路</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="微架構">微架构</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="多处理机">多处理机</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="操作系统"><span id=".E6.93.8D.E4.BD.9C.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F"></span>操作系统</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：操作系统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a></div><p>操作系统是管理电脑硬件与软件资源的电脑程式，同时也是电脑系统的核心与基石。作业系统需要处理如管理与配置记忆体、决定系统资源供需的优先次序、控制输入与输出装置、操作网路与管理档案系统等基本事务。作业系统也提供一个让使用者与各电脑设备互动的操作介面。 </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="并发、并行与分布式系统"><span id=".E5.B9.B6.E5.8F.91.E3.80.81.E5.B9.B6.E8.A1.8C.E4.B8.8E.E5.88.86.E5.B8.83.E5.BC.8F.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F"></span>并发、并行与分布式系统</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：并发、并行与分布式系统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7" title="并发性">并发性</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="分布式计算">分布式计算</a></div> <p>并发性（concurrency）是系统的一种性质，这类系统可以同时执行多个可能互相交互的计算。一些数学模型，如<a href="/wiki/Petri%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Petri网">Petri网</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97" title="进程演算">进程演算</a>和<a href="/wiki/PRAM%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="PRAM模型">PRAM模型</a>，被建立以用于通用并发计算。分布式系统将并发性的思想扩展到了多台由网络连接的计算机。同一分布式系统中的计算机拥有自己的私有内存，它们之间经常交换信息以达到一个共同的目的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="计算机网络"><span id=".E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.BA.E7.BD.91.E7.BB.9C"></span>计算机网络</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：计算机网络"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="计算机网络">计算机网络</a></div> <p>计算机网络是管理遍及全球的计算机连接成的网络的计算机科学分支。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="计算机安全和密码学"><span id=".E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.BA.E5.AE.89.E5.85.A8.E5.92.8C.E5.AF.86.E7.A0.81.E5.AD.A6"></span>计算机安全和密码学</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：计算机安全和密码学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="计算机安全">计算机安全</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%A6" title="密码学">密码学</a></div> <p>计算机安全是计算机技术的一个分支，其目标包括保护信息免受未经授权的访问、中断和修改，同时为系统的预期用户保持系统的可访问性和可用性。密码学是对于隐藏（加密）和破译（解密）信息的实践与研究。现代密码学主要跟计算机科学相关，很多加密和解密算法都是基于它们的计算复杂性。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="数据库"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E6.8D.AE.E5.BA.93"></span>数据库</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：数据库"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93" title="数据库">数据库</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="数据库管理系统">数据库管理系统</a></div> <p>数据库是为了更容易地组织、存储和检索大量数据。数据库由数据库管理系统管理，通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="数据模型">数据模型</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="查詢語言">查询语言</a>来存储、创建、维护和搜索数据。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节需要<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit"><b>扩充</b></a>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2013年1月</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="计算机应用技术"><span id=".E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.BA.E5.BA.94.E7.94.A8.E6.8A.80.E6.9C.AF"></span>计算机应用技术</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：计算机应用技术"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="计算机图形学"><span id=".E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.BA.E5.9B.BE.E5.BD.A2.E5.AD.A6"></span>计算机图形学</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：计算机图形学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机图形学">计算机图形学</a></div> <p>计算机图形学是对于数字视觉内容的研究，涉及图像数据的合成和操作。它跟计算机科学的许多其它领域密切相关，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="计算机视觉">计算机视觉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="图像处理">图像处理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="计算几何">计算几何</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="可视化">可视化</a>，同时也被大量运用在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%95%88" class="mw-redirect" title="特效">特效</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="电子游戏">电子游戏</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="科学计算"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.A6.E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97"></span>科学计算</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：科学计算"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="科学计算">科学计算</a>（或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="计算科学">计算科学</a>）是关注构建<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%BB%BA%E6%A8%A1" title="科学建模">数学模型</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数值分析">量化分析</a>技术的研究领域，同时通过计算机分析和解决<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>问题。在实际使用中，它通常是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F" title="计算机模拟">计算机模拟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="计算">计算</a>等形式在各个科学学科问题中的应用。 </p> <table style="border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; margin:auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenz_attractor_yb.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lorenz_attractor_yb.svg/96px-Lorenz_attractor_yb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lorenz_attractor_yb.svg/144px-Lorenz_attractor_yb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lorenz_attractor_yb.svg/192px-Lorenz_attractor_yb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quark_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Quark_wiki.jpg/96px-Quark_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Quark_wiki.jpg/144px-Quark_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Quark_wiki.jpg/192px-Quark_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naphthalene-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Naphthalene-3D-balls.png/96px-Naphthalene-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Naphthalene-3D-balls.png/144px-Naphthalene-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Naphthalene-3D-balls.png/192px-Naphthalene-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="837" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1u04-argonaute.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1u04-argonaute.png/96px-1u04-argonaute.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1u04-argonaute.png/144px-1u04-argonaute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1u04-argonaute.png/192px-1u04-argonaute.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="849" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数值分析">数值分析</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="计算物理学">计算物理学</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="计算化学">计算化学</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="多媒体技术"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E5.AA.92.E4.BD.93.E6.8A.80.E6.9C.AF"></span>多媒体技术</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：多媒体技术"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>多媒体技术是指通过计算机对文字、数据、图形、图像、动画、声音等多种媒体信息进行综合处理和管理，使用户可以通过多种感官与计算机进行实时信息交互的技术，又称为计算机多媒体技术。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="人工智能"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.B7.A5.E6.99.BA.E8.83.BD"></span>人工智能</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：人工智能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a></div> <p>这个计算机科学分支旨在创造可以解决计算问题，以及像动物和人类一样思考与交流的人造系统。无论是在理论还是应用上，都要求研究者在多个学科领域具备细致的、综合的专长，比如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="应用数学">应用数学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="符号学">符号学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="电机工程学">电机工程学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="精神哲学">精神哲学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="神经生理学">神经生理学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B" title="社会智力">社会智力</a>，用于推动智能研究领域，或者被应用到其它需要计算理解与建模的学科领域，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D" title="金融">金融</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理科學">物理科学</a>。人工智能领域开始变得正式源于<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5" title="艾伦·图灵">Alan Turing</a>这位<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="先驱">先驱</a>提出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="图灵试验">图灵试验</a>，以回答这样一个终极问题：“计算机能够思考吗？”<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; margin:auto;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png/96px-Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png/144px-Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png/192px-Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eye,_rendered_from_Eye.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Human_eye%2C_rendered_from_Eye.png/96px-Human_eye%2C_rendered_from_Eye.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Human_eye%2C_rendered_from_Eye.png/144px-Human_eye%2C_rendered_from_Eye.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Human_eye%2C_rendered_from_Eye.png/192px-Human_eye%2C_rendered_from_Eye.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Corner.png/96px-Corner.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Corner.png/144px-Corner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Corner.png/192px-Corner.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="517" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="计算机视觉">计算机视觉</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="图像处理">图像处理</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KnnClassification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KnnClassification.svg/96px-KnnClassification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KnnClassification.svg/144px-KnnClassification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KnnClassification.svg/192px-KnnClassification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="252" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_iteration_data.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Julia_iteration_data.png/96px-Julia_iteration_data.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Julia_iteration_data.png/144px-Julia_iteration_data.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Julia_iteration_data.png/192px-Julia_iteration_data.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sky.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sky.png/96px-Sky.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sky.png/144px-Sky.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sky.png/192px-Sky.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="模式识别">模式识别</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="数据挖掘">数据挖掘</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="演化计算">演化计算</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Neuron.svg/96px-Neuron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Neuron.svg/144px-Neuron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Neuron.svg/192px-Neuron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_letters_(alphabet).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/English_letters_%28alphabet%29.png/96px-English_letters_%28alphabet%29.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/English_letters_%28alphabet%29.png/144px-English_letters_%28alphabet%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/English_letters_%28alphabet%29.png/192px-English_letters_%28alphabet%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HONDA_ASIMO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HONDA_ASIMO.jpg/64px-HONDA_ASIMO.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HONDA_ASIMO.jpg/96px-HONDA_ASIMO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/HONDA_ASIMO.jpg/128px-HONDA_ASIMO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知识表示">知识表示</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="自动推理">自动推理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="自然语言处理">自然语言处理</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">机器人学</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="软件工程"><span id=".E8.BD.AF.E4.BB.B6.E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B"></span>软件工程</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：软件工程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程">软件工程</a></div> <p>软件工程是对于设计、实现和修改软件的研究，以确保软件的高质量、适中的价格、可维护性，以及能够快速构建。它是一个系统的软件设计方法，涉及工程实践到软件的应用。 </p><p>计算机科学和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程">软件工程</a>的关系是一个有争议的话题，随后关于什么是“软件工程”，计算机科学又该如何定义的争论使得情况更加混乱。<a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Parnas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Parnas（页面不存在）">David Parnas</a>从其它工程和科学学科之间的关系得到启示，宣称计算机科学的主要重点总的来说是研究计算的性质，而软件工程的主要重点是具体的计算设计，以达到实用的目的，这样便构成了两个独立但又互补的学科。<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节需要<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit"><b>扩充</b></a>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2013年1月</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="学术界"><span id=".E5.AD.A6.E6.9C.AF.E7.95.8C"></span>学术界</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：学术界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="会议"><span id=".E4.BC.9A.E8.AE.AE"></span>会议</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：会议"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机科学会议列表（页面不存在）">计算机科学会议列表</a></div> <p>SIGIR(Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval) </p><p>KDD(Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining) </p><p>AAAI(the Association for the Advance of Artificial Intelligence) </p><p>ACL(Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics) </p><p>NAACL(The North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics) 其为ACL的北美分会 </p><p>EMNLP(Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing) </p><p>IJCAI( International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="期刊"><span id=".E6.9C.9F.E5.88.8A"></span>期刊</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：期刊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="Category:计算机科学期刊">Category:计算机科学期刊</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节需要<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit"><b>扩充</b></a>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2013年1月</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="作为高等教育的二级专业"><span id=".E4.BD.9C.E4.B8.BA.E9.AB.98.E7.AD.89.E6.95.99.E8.82.B2.E7.9A.84.E4.BA.8C.E7.BA.A7.E4.B8.93.E4.B8.9A"></span>作为高等教育的二级专业</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：作为高等教育的二级专业"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangalore_India_Tech_books_for_sale_(kid_got_in_the_shot)_IMG_5255.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bangalore_India_Tech_books_for_sale_%28kid_got_in_the_shot%29_IMG_5255.jpg/220px-Bangalore_India_Tech_books_for_sale_%28kid_got_in_the_shot%29_IMG_5255.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bangalore_India_Tech_books_for_sale_%28kid_got_in_the_shot%29_IMG_5255.jpg/330px-Bangalore_India_Tech_books_for_sale_%28kid_got_in_the_shot%29_IMG_5255.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bangalore_India_Tech_books_for_sale_%28kid_got_in_the_shot%29_IMG_5255.jpg/440px-Bangalore_India_Tech_books_for_sale_%28kid_got_in_the_shot%29_IMG_5255.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>印度一個二手電腦書攤</figcaption></figure> <p><mark class="template-facttext"><span title="非常模棱两可或者十分空泛的语句">一些教授计算机科学的大学</span></mark><sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="语义模棱两可修正请求开始于2016年5月12日。"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[哪個／哪些？]</span></span></a></sup>主要进行计算和算法推理的研究。其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="计算理论">计算理论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="算法分析">算法分析</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="形式化方法">形式化方法</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B6%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="并行性（页面不存在）">并行理论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93" title="数据库">数据库</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机图形学">计算机图形学</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="系统分析">系统分析</a>等。通常也教授<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="程序设计">程序设计</a>，但仅仅将它看作是支持计算机科学其它领域的媒介，而不是高级研究的重心。 </p><p><mark class="template-facttext"><span title="非常模棱两可或者十分空泛的语句">其它一些学院、大学、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="中学">中学</a>以及职业培训</span></mark><sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="语义模棱两可修正请求开始于2016年5月12日。"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[哪個／哪些？]</span></span></a></sup>的计算机科学课程则主要侧重于训练高级编程，而不是算法和计算理论。这些课程着重教授那些对于软件工业很重要的技能。像这样的计算机编程过程通常被叫做<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程">软件工程</a>。 </p><p>然而，尽管计算机科学专业日益推动着美国经济，但是计算机科学教育依然不存在大多数美国K-12课程中。2010年10月由<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/">ACM</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140622192204/http://www.acm.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）和<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csta.acm.org/">计算机科学教师协会（CSTA）</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110608205049/http://csta.acm.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）共同发表了一篇名为<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702060623/http://www.acm.org/Runningonempty/">“Running on Empty: The Failure to Teach K-12 Computer Science in the Digital Age”</a>的报告，文中揭示了仅有14个州通过了有意义的高中计算机科学教育标准。同时，仅有9个州将高中计算机科学课程算作毕业要求的核心学科。配合“Running on Empty”这篇文章，一个新的无党派宣传联盟：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110627195938/http://www.computinginthecore.org/">Computing in the Core（CinC）</a>被建立，以影响联邦和政府政策，比如<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-5929&tab=summary">Computer Science Education Act</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110501103020/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-5929&tab=summary">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）要求政府拨款以制定计划完善计算机科学教育及支持计算机科学教师。 </p><p>在中国，“计算机科学”或“计算机科学与技术”是工科（一级门类）下的二级专业。一般可细分为三级专业： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="计算机软件">计算机软件</a>：围绕着软件开发、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程">软件工程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="编程语言">编程语言</a>等</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机应用（页面不存在）">计算机应用</a>：计算机的各种应用<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="算法">算法</a>、技术。如：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="模式识别">模式识别</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="计算机视觉">计算视觉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机图形学">计算机图形学</a>等等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="计算机体系结构">计算机体系结构</a>：关于计算机或计算机信息系统的“硬件”。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="工业界"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E4.B8.9A.E7.95.8C"></span>工业界</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：工业界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节需要<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit"><b>扩充</b></a>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2013年1月</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:计算机科学">计算机科学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint">参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="基本的計算機科學主題列表">基本的计算机科学主题列表</a>以获取更详尽的列表。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的計算機科學問題">未解決的计算机科學問題</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E8%B0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机科学家的学术家谱（页面不存在）">计算机科学家的学术家谱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="计算机科学家">计算机科学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="计算">计算</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机科学的历史（页面不存在）">计算机科学的历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中国计算机科学大事年表">中国计算机科学大事年表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6_(%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信息学 (学术领域)（页面不存在）">信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="学术计算机科学系列表（页面不存在）">学术计算机科学系列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机科学会议列表（页面不存在）">计算机科学会议列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="计算机科学家列表">计算机科学家列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%9A%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机科学中尚未解决的问题（页面不存在）">计算机科学开放问题列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机科学重要出版物列表（页面不存在）">计算机科学出版物列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%88%E9%A9%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机科学先驱列表（页面不存在）">计算机科学先驱列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="软件工程主题列表">软件工程主题列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="計算機科學的哲學">计算机科学的哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7" title="计算机领域中的女性">计算机领域中的女性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="电子计算机">计算机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%B0%BA" title="计算尺">计算尺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%9B%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="算盤">算盤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="科学家">科学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%B1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="算籌">算籌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學會議（页面不存在）">科學會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="計算機遊戲">计算机遊戲</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%89%E6%8F%AD%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="按揭计算机（页面不存在）">按揭计算机</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机程式（页面不存在）">计算机程式</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CASIO_%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CASIO 计算机（页面不存在）">CASIO 计算机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="計算機工程">计算机工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桌上型计算机（页面不存在）">桌上型计算机</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.ee.ntu.edu.tw/research1.php?sn=109">存档副本</a>. <span 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Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, CA</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-05-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottlan.edu/Lriddle/women/ada-love.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2006-02-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=A+Selection+and+Adaptation+From+Ada%27s+Notes+found+in+%22Ada%2C+The+Enchantress+of+Numbers%2C%22+by+Betty+Alexandra+Toole+Ed.D.+Strawberry+Press%2C+Mill+Valley%2C+CA&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottlan.edu%2FLriddle%2Fwomen%2Fada-love.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531112616/http://www.pattonhq.com/ibm.html">IBM Punch Cards in the U.S. Army</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-09-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pattonhq.com/ibm.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-05-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=IBM+Punch+Cards+in+the+U.S.+Army&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pattonhq.com%2Fibm.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM) 建立于1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/conference/EDSAC99/statistics.html">CAM.ac.uk</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-11-20</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903055322/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/conference/EDSAC99/statistics.html">存档</a>于2007-09-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=CAM.ac.uk&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cl.cam.ac.uk%2Fconference%2FEDSAC99%2Fstatistics.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.purdue.edu/feature/conte.html">Computer science pioneer Samuel D. Conte dies at 85</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101208200319/http://www.cs.purdue.edu/feature/conte.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） July 1, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy1984-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1984_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy1984_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Levy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Levy（页面不存在）">Levy, Steven</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution（页面不存在）">Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution</a>. Doubleday. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-385-19195-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-385-19195-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-385-19195-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.btitle=Hackers%3A+Heroes+of+the+Computer+Revolution&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-385-19195-2&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kahnbook-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kahnbook_21-0"><sup><b>21.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kahnbook_21-1"><sup><b>21.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Kahn_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Kahn (writer)（页面不存在）">David Kahn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Codebreakers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Codebreakers（页面不存在）">The Codebreakers</a>, 1967, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-684-83130-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-684-83130-9">0-684-83130-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgu-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgu_22-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgu_22-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060911104502/http://www.cis.cornell.edu/Dean/Presentations/Slides/bgu.pdf">Computer Science : Achievements and Challenges circa 2000</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2007]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.cornell.edu/Dean/Presentations/Slides/bgu.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2006-09-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+%3A+Achievements+and+Challenges+circa+2000&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cis.cornell.edu%2FDean%2FPresentations%2FSlides%2Fbgu.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Constable, R.L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.cornell.edu/cis-dean/bgu.pdf">Computer Science: Achievements and Challenges circa 2000</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. March 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-20</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721154420/http://www.cs.cornell.edu/cis-dean/bgu.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2010-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Computer+Science%3A+Achievements+and+Challenges+circa+2000&rft.au=Constable%2C+R.L.&rft.date=2000-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cornell.edu%2Fcis-dean%2Fbgu.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_Abelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hal Abelson（页面不存在）">Abelson, H.</a>; G.J. Sussman with J. Sussman. <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a> 2nd. MIT Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-262-01153-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-262-01153-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-262-01153-2</a>. <q>The computer revolution is a revolution in the way we think and in the way we express what we think. The essence of this change is the emergence of what might best be called <i>procedural epistemology</i> – the study of the structure of knowledge from an imperative point of view, as opposed to the more declarative point of view taken by classical mathematical subjects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=G.J.+Sussman+with+J.+Sussman&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Abelson&rft.btitle=Structure+and+Interpretation+of+Computer+Programs&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01153-2&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621070439/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fmoney%2F2006%2F08%2F27%2Fccsoft27.xml">Black box traders are on the march</a>. The Telegraph. August 26, 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-05-17</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2006/08/27/ccsoft27.xml">原始内容</a>存档于2008-06-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Black+box+traders+are+on+the+march&rft.date=2006-08-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fmoney%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fmoney%2F2006%2F08%2F27%2Fccsoft27.xml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kirilenko, Andrei A.; Kyle, Albert S.; Samadi, Mehrdad; Tuzun, Tugkan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/john.cochrane/teaching/35150_advanced_investments/Kyle_etal_flash_crash.pdf">The Impact of High Frequency Trading on an Electronic Market</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Papers.ssrn.com. 2017-01-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-10-02</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1556-5068</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//ssrn.com/abstract=1686004"><span title="社会科学研究网络">SSRN 1686004</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1686004"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2139/ssrn.1686004</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013211609/https://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/john.cochrane/teaching/35150_advanced_investments/Kyle_etal_flash_crash.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-10-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+High+Frequency+Trading+on+an+Electronic+Market&rft.au=Kyle%2C+Albert+S.&rft.au=Samadi%2C+Mehrdad&rft.au=Tuzun%2C+Tugkan&rft.aufirst=Andrei+A.&rft.aulast=Kirilenko&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1686004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.chicagobooth.edu%2Fjohn.cochrane%2Fteaching%2F35150_advanced_investments%2FKyle_etal_flash_crash.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1686004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Maly, Timy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/01/kickstarted-scifi-movie/">How Digital Filmmakers Produced a Gorgeous Sci-Fi Movie on a Kickstarter Budget</a>. Wired. 2013-01-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2015]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327190251/https://www.wired.com/2013/01/kickstarted-scifi-movie/">存档</a>于2020-03-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=How+Digital+Filmmakers+Produced+a+Gorgeous+Sci-Fi+Movie+on+a+Kickstarter+Budget&rft.aufirst=Timy&rft.aulast=Maly&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fkickstarted-scifi-movie%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Matthau, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/insights/2015/01/how-tech-shaped-film-making/">How Tech Has Shaped Film Making: The Film vs. Digital Debate Is Put to Rest</a>. Wired. 2015-01-08 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2015]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327190222/https://www.wired.com/insights/2015/01/how-tech-shaped-film-making/">存档</a>于2020-03-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=How+Tech+Has+Shaped+Film+Making%3A+The+Film+vs.+Digital+Debate+Is+Put+to+Rest&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Matthau&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Finsights%2F2015%2F01%2Fhow-tech-shaped-film-making%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad H. Rashid, 2016. SPICE for Power Electronics and Electric Power. CRC Press. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4398-6047-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4398-6047-2">978-1-4398-6047-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marko B. Popovic, 2019. Biomechatronics. Elsevier Science. p. 501. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-12-813041-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-12-813041-4">978-0-12-813041-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eden, Amnon H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8">Three Paradigms of Computer Science</a>. Minds and Machines. 2007-07-01, <b>17</b> (2): 135–167 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0924-6495"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0924-6495</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11023-007-9060-8"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124450/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11023-007-9060-8">存档</a>于2017-12-14） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Three+Paradigms+of+Computer+Science&rft.aufirst=Amnon+H.&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0924-6495&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Minds+and+Machines&rft.pages=135-167&rft.volume=17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11023-007-9060-8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11023-007-9060-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSAB1997-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSAB1997_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Computing Sciences Accreditation Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617030847/http://www.csab.org/comp_sci_profession.html">Computer Science as a Profession</a>. 28 May 1997 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-05-23</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csab.org/comp_sci_profession.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-06-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Computing+Sciences+Accreditation+Board&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+as+a+Profession&rft.date=1997-05-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csab.org%2Fcomp_sci_profession.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Committee on the Fundamentals of Computer Science: Challenges and Opportunities, National Research Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11106#toc">Computer Science: Reflections on the Field, Reflections from the Field</a>. National Academies Press. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-20</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-309-09301-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-309-09301-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-309-09301-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218122042/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11106#toc">存档</a>于2011-02-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Committee+on+the+Fundamentals+of+Computer+Science%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities%2C+National+Research+Council&rft.btitle=Computer+Science%3A+Reflections+on+the+Field%2C+Reflections+from+the+Field&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-309-09301-9&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Frecord_id%3D11106%23toc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120190336/http://www.csab.org/">CSAB, Inc.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-20</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csab.org/">原始内容</a>存档于2019-01-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=CSAB%2C+Inc.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csab.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-算法定义-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-算法定义_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《算法导论》1.1［美］Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein著, 潘金贵、顾铁成、李成法、叶懋译，机械工业出版社 2011年7月第1版</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claymath.org/millennium/P_vs_NP/">Clay Mathematics Institute</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130704074148/http://www.claymath.org/millennium/P_vs_NP/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） P=NP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Alan Turing. Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind. 1950年10月: 433–460. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FLIX.236.433"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Computing+Machinery+and+Intelligence&rft.au=Alan+Turing&rft.date=1950-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.pages=433-460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2FLIX.236.433&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Parnas, David Lorge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1018949113292">Software engineering programmes are not computer science programmes</a>. Annals of Software Engineering. 1998-03-01, <b>6</b> (1-4): 19–37 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1022-7091"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1022-7091</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1018949113292"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1023/a:1018949113292</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603122959/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1018949113292">存档</a>于2018-06-03） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>. <q>Rather than treat software engineering as a subfield of computer science, I treat it as an element of the set, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Software+engineering+programmes+are+not+computer+science+programmes&rft.aufirst=David+Lorge&rft.aulast=Parnas&rft.date=1998-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1022-7091&rft.issue=1-4&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Software+Engineering&rft.pages=19-37&rft.volume=6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1018949113292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1018949113292&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <dl><dt>概述</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_B._Tucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen B. Tucker（页面不存在）">Tucker, Allen B.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computerscienceh0000unse">Computer Science Handbook</a> 2nd. Chapman and Hall/CRC. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/158488360X" title="Special:网络书源/158488360X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 158488360X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Allen+B.&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+Handbook&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=158488360X&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall%2FCRC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputerscienceh0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>"Within more than 70 chapters, every one new or significantly revised, one can find any kind of information and references about computer science one can imagine. [...] all in all, there is absolute nothing about Computer Science that can not be found in the 2.5 kilogram-encyclopaedia with its 110 survey articles [...]." (Christoph Meinel, <i><a href="/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralblatt MATH">Zentralblatt MATH</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_van_Leeuwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan van Leeuwen（页面不存在）">van Leeuwen, Jan</a>. Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. The MIT Press. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0262720205" title="Special:网络书源/0262720205"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0262720205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.aulast=van+Leeuwen&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Theoretical+Computer+Science&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0262720205&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>"[...] this set is the most unique and possibly the most useful to the [theoretical computer science] community, in support both of teaching and research [...]. The books can be used by anyone wanting simply to gain an understanding of one of these areas, or by someone desiring to be in research in a topic, or by instructors wishing to find timely information on a subject they are teaching outside their major areas of expertise." (Rocky Ross, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SIGACT_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SIGACT News（页面不存在）">SIGACT News</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Ralston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Ralston（页面不存在）">Ralston, Anthony</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_D._Reilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin D. Reilly（页面不存在）">Reilly, Edwin D.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hemmendinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Hemmendinger（页面不存在）">Hemmendinger, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/ralston.cfm">Encyclopedia of Computer Science</a> 4th. Grove's Dictionaries. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/156159248X" title="Special:网络书源/156159248X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 156159248X</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608005417/https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.5555/1074100">存档</a>于2020-06-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Hemmendinger%2C+David&rft.au=Reilly%2C+Edwin+D.&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Ralston&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Science&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=156159248X&rft.pub=Grove%27s+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fralston.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>"Since 1976, this has been the definitive reference work on computer, computing, and computer science. [...] Alphabetically arranged and classified into broad subject areas, the entries cover hardware, computer systems, information and data, software, the mathematics of computing, theory of computation, methodologies, applications, and computing milieu. The editors have done a commendable job of blending historical perspective and practical reference information. The encyclopedia remains essential for most public and academic library reference collections." (Joe Accardin, Northeastern Illinois Univ., Chicago)</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>论文选集</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Knuth">Knuth, Donald E.</a> Selected Papers on Computer Science. CSLI Publications, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers+on+Computer+Science&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=CSLI+Publications%2C+Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <ul><li>"Covering a period from 1966 to 1993, its interest lies not only in the content of each of these papers — still timely today — but also in their being put together so that ideas expressed at different times complement each other nicely." (N. Bernard, <i>Zentralblatt MATH</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>文章</dt></dl> <ul><li>Peter J. Denning. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1053309&coll=&dl=ACM&CFID=15151515&CFTOKEN=6184618">Is computer science science?</a></i>, Communications of the ACM, April 2005.</li> <li>Peter J. Denning, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=971303&dl=ACM&coll=&CFID=15151515&CFTOKEN=6184618">Great principles in computing curricula</a></i>, Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 2004.</li> <li>Research evaluation for computer science, Informatics Europe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720212845/http://www.informatics-europe.org/docs/research_evaluation.pdf">report</a>. Shorter journal version: Bertrand Meyer, Christine Choppy, Jan van Leeuwen and Jorgen Staunstrup, <i>Research evaluation for computer science</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 31-34, April 2009.</li></ul> <dl><dt>课程与分类</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828002940/http://www.acm.org/class/1998/overview.html">1998 ACM Computing Classification System</a>. 1998.</li> <li>Joint Task Force of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_for_Information_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association for Information Systems（页面不存在）">Association for Information Systems</a> (AIS) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Computer_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE Computer Society（页面不存在）">IEEE Computer Society</a> (IEEE-CS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021153204/http://www.acm.org/education/curric_vols/CC2005-March06Final.pdf">Computing Curricula 2005: The Overview Report</a>. September 30, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Gibbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Gibbs（页面不存在）">Norman Gibbs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Tucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen Tucker（页面不存在）">Allen Tucker</a>. "A model curriculum for a liberal arts degree in computer science". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>, Volume 29 Issue 3, March 1986.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83112147">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>计算机科学</b>在维基百科的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:维基媒体姊妹项目"><span id="sister-projects">姊妹项目</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基词典上的<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/计算机科学">字词解释</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基共享资源上的<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_science" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Computer science">多媒体资源</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基新闻上的<a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/计算机科学">新闻</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基语录上的<a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/计算机科学">名言</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基文库上的<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/计算机科学">原始文献</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基教科书上的<a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A6%E6%9E%B6" class="extiw" title="b:Wikibooks:计算机科学书架">教科书和手册</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基学院上的<a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/计算机科学">学习资源</a></span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="开放式目录">开放目录项目</a>中的“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Computers/Computer_Science/">计算机科学</a>”</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/compsci_soc.html">Scholarly Societies in Computer Science</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110623002546/http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/compsci_soc.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffhuang.com/best_paper_awards.html">Best Papers Awards in Computer Science since 1996</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110713100135/http://jeffhuang.com/best_paper_awards.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://se.ethz.ch/~meyer/gallery/">Photographs of computer scientists</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170701061126/http://se.ethz.ch/~meyer/gallery/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Meyer">Bertrand Meyer</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>参考文献和学术搜索引擎</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/">CiteSeer<sup><i>x</i></sup></a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110305120205/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）: search engine, digital library and repository for scientific and academic papers with a focus on computer and information science.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dblp.uni-trier.de/">DBLP Computer Science Bibliography</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110612131755/http://dblp.uni-trier.de/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）: computer science bibliography website hosted at Universität Trier, in Germany.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/">The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110607123538/http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <dl><dt>Webcast</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512152252/http://lecturefox.com/computerscience/">Directory of free university lectures in Computer Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videolectures.net/Top/Computer_Science/">Collection of computer science lectures</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110428010325/http://videolectures.net/Top/Computer_Science/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317053007/http://www.oid.ucla.edu/webcasts/courses/2006-2007/2006fall/cs1">UCLA Computer Science 1 Freshman Computer Science Seminar Section 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details.php?seriesid=1906978395">Berkeley Introduction to Computers</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100614150800/http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details.php?seriesid=1906978395">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:電腦科學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:電腦科學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:電腦科學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="计算机科学的主要领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">计算机科学</a>的主要领域</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>注：该模板大致遵循<a href="/wiki/ACM_%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="ACM 电脑分类系统">ACM 电脑分类系统</a>。</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="计算机硬件">计算机硬件</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷电路板">印刷电路板</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87" title="外部设备">外部设备</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="集成电路">集成电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="超大规模集成电路">超大规模集成电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="绿色计算">绿色计算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96" title="電子設計自動化">電子設計自動化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%9E%B6%E6%9E%84" title="系统架构">系统架构</a>组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="计算机系统结构">電腦系統架構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="嵌入式系统">嵌入式系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%97%B6%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="实时计算">实时计算</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="计算机网络">网络</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="网络传输协议">网络传输协议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1" title="路由">路由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91" title="网络拓扑">网络拓扑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="网络服务">网络服务</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">软件组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AD%AF%E5%99%A8" title="直譯器">直譯器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BB%B6" title="中间件">中间件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8" title="虛擬機器">虛擬機器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="软件质量">软件质量</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="程式語言理論">软件符号</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" title="软件开发工具">工具</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="随机化算法">随机化算法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="计算几何">计算几何</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">计算数学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="离散数学">离散数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E4%B8%8E%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="信息与计算科学">信息与计算科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="数学软件">数学软件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">数理逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA" title="数论">数论</a></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="计算机辅助功能">计算机辅助功能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="用户界面">用户界面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E7%A9%BF%E6%88%B4%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="可穿戴计算机">可穿戴计算机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%82%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="普适计算">普适计算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E" title="虚拟现实">虚拟现实</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="聊天機器人">聊天機器人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7" title="并发性">并发性</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机图形学">计算机图形学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="计算机动画">计算机动画</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="可视化">可视化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93" title="渲染">渲染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87" title="修飾照片">修飾照片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="圖形處理器">圖形處理器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E" title="混合现实">混合现实</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E" title="虚拟现实">虚拟现实</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="图像处理">图像处理</a></li> <li><a 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class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文件管理系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Document management system"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文件管理系统（页面不存在）">文件管理系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_management_system" class="extiw" title="en:Document management system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Document management system</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:计算机科学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="Portal:資訊科技">主题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="WikiProject:电脑和信息技术">专题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Template:机器學習"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:机器學習（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:机器學習"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="机器学习同数据挖掘主題" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="数据挖掘">数据挖掘</a>主題</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="学习">学习</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="图灵测试">图灵测试</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="運算學習論（页面不存在）">運算學習論</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">數學模型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸模型</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">人工神经网络</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="深度学习">深度学习</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a 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style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">机器学习</a> · <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="深度学习">深度学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%81%E7%A7%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="迁移学习">迁移学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%B0%83_(%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0)" title="微调 (深度学习)">微调 (深度学习)</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="监督学习">监督学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="半监督学习">半监督学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="無監督學習">無監督學習</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="强化学习">强化学习</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Q%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="Q学习">Q学习</a> ·</span> <span 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