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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleolithic_to_Mesolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic_to_Mesolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Paleolithic to Mesolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic_to_Mesolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic_to_Copper_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic_to_Copper_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neolithic to Copper Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_to_Copper_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianization_and_post-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianization_and_post-Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christianization and post-Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>High Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The 14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Switzerland" title="Category:History of Switzerland">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of <span class="fn org label">Switzerland</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faden,_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nouvelle carte de la Suisse dans laquelle sont exactement distingues les treize cantons, leurs allies, et leurs sujets."><img alt="Nouvelle carte de la Suisse dans laquelle sont exactement distingues les treize cantons, leurs allies, et leurs sujets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/150px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/225px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/300px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10159" data-file-height="7685" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prehistory">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a> (200 BC – AD 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alemannia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian Kingdom">Burgundy</a> (400–900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Burgundy</a> (900–1300)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a> (1291–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a> (1516–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Ancien Régime</a> (1648–1798)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Transitional period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> (1798–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland#Restoration" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a> (1814–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland#Regeneration" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Regeneration</a> (1830–1847)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World Wars</a> (1914–1945)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Swiss Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Switzerland" title="LGBT history in Switzerland">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Territorial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Switzerland" title="Template:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>early history of Switzerland</b> begins with the earliest settlements up to the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rule, which in 1291 gave rise to the independence movement in the central <a href="/wiki/Swiss_cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss cantons">cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland#Prehistory" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture in Switzerland § Prehistory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolithic_to_Mesolithic">Paleolithic to Mesolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleolithic to Mesolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></div> <p>A hand-axe fashioned by <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> has been found in <a href="/wiki/Pratteln" title="Pratteln">Pratteln</a>, which has been dated to 300,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> presence is known from the Grotte de Cotencher in <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, dating to 70,000 years ago<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the caves of <a href="/wiki/Wildkirchli" title="Wildkirchli">Wildkirchli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Alps" title="Appenzell Alps">Appenzell Alps</a>, dated to about 40,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/European_early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="European early modern humans">Anatomically modern humans</a> reached Central Europe 30,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Currat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Currat-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most of what is now Switzerland was covered by glaciers during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm glaciation</a>). The ice-free parts, northern Switzerland along the <a href="/wiki/High_Rhine" title="High Rhine">High Rhine</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Aar_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aar basin">Aar basin</a>, were exposed to <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>. Human habitation in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a> can be shown for the beginning <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wetzikon-Robenhausen" title="Wetzikon-Robenhausen">Wetzikon-Robenhausen</a> beginning around 10,000 years ago. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PN-NE-MZ_venus-originale_ya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus of Monruz, c. 9000 BC"><img alt="Venus of Monruz, c. 9000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PN-NE-MZ_venus-originale_ya.jpg/87px-PN-NE-MZ_venus-originale_ya.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PN-NE-MZ_venus-originale_ya.jpg/130px-PN-NE-MZ_venus-originale_ya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PN-NE-MZ_venus-originale_ya.jpg/173px-PN-NE-MZ_venus-originale_ya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2126" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Monruz" title="Venus of Monruz">Venus of Monruz</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9000</span> BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_to_Copper_Age">Neolithic to Copper Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neolithic to Copper Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic</a> reached the Swiss plateau before 7,000 years ago (late 6th millennium BC), dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a>. The area was relatively densely populated, as is attested to by the many archeological findings from that period. Remains of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">pile dwellings</a> have been found in the shallow areas of many lakes, attributed to archaeological cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Cortaillod_culture" title="Cortaillod culture">Cortaillod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pfyn_culture" title="Pfyn culture">Pfyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horgen_culture" title="Horgen culture">Horgen</a>. Artifacts dated to the 5th millennium BC were discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Schnidejoch" title="Schnidejoch">Schnidejoch</a> in 2003 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-Indo-European population of the Alpine region is typified by <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a>, an individual of the late 4th millennium BC found in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Alps">Austrian Alps</a> (some 25 km east of the <a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Switzerland_border" title="Austria–Switzerland border">Swiss border</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a> marks the transition from the Chalcolithic to the early Bronze Age. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modell_Pfyn_Breitenloo_P1020773.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pfyn culture settlement at Breitenloo, c. 3700 BC"><img alt="Pfyn culture settlement at Breitenloo, c. 3700 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Modell_Pfyn_Breitenloo_P1020773.jpg/120px-Modell_Pfyn_Breitenloo_P1020773.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Modell_Pfyn_Breitenloo_P1020773.jpg/180px-Modell_Pfyn_Breitenloo_P1020773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Modell_Pfyn_Breitenloo_P1020773.jpg/240px-Modell_Pfyn_Breitenloo_P1020773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pfyn_culture" title="Pfyn culture">Pfyn culture</a> settlement at Breitenloo, c. 3700 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neolithic implements, pottery and foodstuffs, Cortaillod culture"><img alt="Neolithic implements, pottery and foodstuffs, Cortaillod culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg/120px-HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg/180px-HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg/240px-HMB_Essen_und_Kochger%C3%A4t_Jungsteinzeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neolithic implements, pottery and foodstuffs, Cortaillod culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lat%C3%A9nium-pointe-cristal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crystal arrowhead, Cortaillod culture, c. 3500 BC"><img alt="Crystal arrowhead, Cortaillod culture, c. 3500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lat%C3%A9nium-pointe-cristal.jpg/93px-Lat%C3%A9nium-pointe-cristal.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lat%C3%A9nium-pointe-cristal.jpg/139px-Lat%C3%A9nium-pointe-cristal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lat%C3%A9nium-pointe-cristal.jpg/185px-Lat%C3%A9nium-pointe-cristal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crystal arrowhead, <a href="/wiki/Cortaillod_culture" title="Cortaillod culture">Cortaillod culture</a>, c. 3500 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Stuttgart_Neolithikum_156.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden wheel fragment, Horgen culture"><img alt="Wooden wheel fragment, Horgen culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Stuttgart_Neolithikum_156.jpg/120px-Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Stuttgart_Neolithikum_156.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Stuttgart_Neolithikum_156.jpg/180px-Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Stuttgart_Neolithikum_156.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Stuttgart_Neolithikum_156.jpg/240px-Landesmuseum_W%C3%BCrttemberg_Stuttgart_Neolithikum_156.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden wheel fragment, Horgen culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_percee_Traves_dolmen_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Megalithic dolmen, Horgen culture"><img alt="Megalithic dolmen, Horgen culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pierre_percee_Traves_dolmen_2.JPG/120px-Pierre_percee_Traves_dolmen_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pierre_percee_Traves_dolmen_2.JPG/180px-Pierre_percee_Traves_dolmen_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pierre_percee_Traves_dolmen_2.JPG/240px-Pierre_percee_Traves_dolmen_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">Megalithic</a> dolmen, <a href="/wiki/Horgen_culture" title="Horgen culture">Horgen culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldberg_axe_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alpine copper axe, 4th millennium BC"><img alt="Alpine copper axe, 4th millennium BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Goldberg_axe_1.jpg/85px-Goldberg_axe_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Goldberg_axe_1.jpg/127px-Goldberg_axe_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Goldberg_axe_1.jpg/170px-Goldberg_axe_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alpine copper axe, 4th millennium BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25,_Sion,_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthropomorphic stele, Sion, Bell Beaker culture, c. 2700 BC"><img alt="Anthropomorphic stele, Sion, Bell Beaker culture, c. 2700 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg/92px-Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg/137px-Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg/183px-Anthropomorphic_stele_no_25%2C_Sion%2C_Petit-Chasseur_necropolis_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anthropomorphic stele, <a href="/wiki/Le_Petit-Chasseur" title="Le Petit-Chasseur">Sion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2700 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_jewellery_Switzerland_2700_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper necklace and ornaments, c. 2700 BC"><img alt="Copper necklace and ornaments, c. 2700 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copper_jewellery_Switzerland_2700_BC.jpg/120px-Copper_jewellery_Switzerland_2700_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copper_jewellery_Switzerland_2700_BC.jpg/180px-Copper_jewellery_Switzerland_2700_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Copper_jewellery_Switzerland_2700_BC.jpg/240px-Copper_jewellery_Switzerland_2700_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copper necklace and ornaments, c. 2700 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></div> <p>In the 3rd millennium BC, Switzerland lay on the south-western outskirts of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded Ware">Corded Ware</a> horizon, entering the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a>) in step with Central Europe, in the late centuries of the 3rd millennium. The Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_culture" title="Rhône culture">Rhône culture</a> in western Switzerland (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200</span>-1500 BC) developed from the Bell Beaker culture and was closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a> in central Europe. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>-1300 BC) in the Middle Bronze Age, and the <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> in the Late Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300 BC</span>). Settlements included <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">lakeside villages</a> and fortified settlements on elevated sites. </p><p>The <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehand_von_Pr%C3%AAles" class="extiw" title="de:Bronzehand von Prêles">Bronze Hand of Prêles</a> dating from the 16th-15th century BC, is a unique find from the Tumulus culture period.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described as "the earliest metal representation of a human body part ever found in Europe",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it may have been a ritual object, or mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Vexillum" title="Vexillum">standard</a> like similar metal hands known from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly a <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">prosthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was found in a grave along with a bronze hair-ring, pin and dagger. The hand had a golden bracelet or cuff decorated with solar motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dagger, Unetice/Rhône culture c. 2000 BC"><img alt="Dagger, Unetice/Rhône culture c. 2000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg/120px-Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg/180px-Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg/240px-Dagger-P4140344-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dagger, <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_culture" title="Rhône culture">Rhône</a> culture <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo,armi_e_oggetti_da_una_tomba_del_1800_ac_circa,_da_thun_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thun-Renzenbühl axe, c. 1800 BC"><img alt="Thun-Renzenbühl axe, c. 1800 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo%2Carmi_e_oggetti_da_una_tomba_del_1800_ac_circa%2C_da_thun_02.JPG/65px-Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo%2Carmi_e_oggetti_da_una_tomba_del_1800_ac_circa%2C_da_thun_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo%2Carmi_e_oggetti_da_una_tomba_del_1800_ac_circa%2C_da_thun_02.JPG/98px-Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo%2Carmi_e_oggetti_da_una_tomba_del_1800_ac_circa%2C_da_thun_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo%2Carmi_e_oggetti_da_una_tomba_del_1800_ac_circa%2C_da_thun_02.JPG/131px-Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo%2Carmi_e_oggetti_da_una_tomba_del_1800_ac_circa%2C_da_thun_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_culture" title="Rhône culture">Thun-Renzenbühl axe</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eschenz_gold_cup_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eschenz gold cup, Tumulus culture, c. 1600 BC"><img alt="Eschenz gold cup, Tumulus culture, c. 1600 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eschenz_gold_cup_1.jpg/120px-Eschenz_gold_cup_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eschenz_gold_cup_1.jpg/180px-Eschenz_gold_cup_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Eschenz_gold_cup_1.jpg/240px-Eschenz_gold_cup_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eschenz" title="Eschenz">Eschenz</a> gold cup, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldschale_Altstetten_-_2_von_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altstetten gold bowl, Urnfield culture, c. 1000 BC"><img alt="Altstetten gold bowl, Urnfield culture, c. 1000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Goldschale_Altstetten_-_2_von_10.jpg/120px-Goldschale_Altstetten_-_2_von_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Goldschale_Altstetten_-_2_von_10.jpg/180px-Goldschale_Altstetten_-_2_von_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Goldschale_Altstetten_-_2_von_10.jpg/240px-Goldschale_Altstetten_-_2_von_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldschale_von_Altstetten" class="extiw" title="de:Goldschale von Altstetten">Altstetten</a> gold bowl, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo_finale,_due_spade,_1300-800_ac_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze swords, Urnfield culture, 10th century BC"><img alt="Bronze swords, Urnfield culture, 10th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo_finale%2C_due_spade%2C_1300-800_ac_ca..JPG/120px-Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo_finale%2C_due_spade%2C_1300-800_ac_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo_finale%2C_due_spade%2C_1300-800_ac_ca..JPG/180px-Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo_finale%2C_due_spade%2C_1300-800_ac_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo_finale%2C_due_spade%2C_1300-800_ac_ca..JPG/240px-Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo_finale%2C_due_spade%2C_1300-800_ac_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2982" data-file-height="2496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze swords, Urnfield culture, 10th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urnfield_culture_pottery_inlaid_with_tin_foil,_Switzerland,_c._1000_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pottery inlaid with tin foil, Urnfield culture, c. 1000 BC"><img alt="Pottery inlaid with tin foil, Urnfield culture, c. 1000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Urnfield_culture_pottery_inlaid_with_tin_foil%2C_Switzerland%2C_c._1000_BC.jpg/120px-Urnfield_culture_pottery_inlaid_with_tin_foil%2C_Switzerland%2C_c._1000_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Urnfield_culture_pottery_inlaid_with_tin_foil%2C_Switzerland%2C_c._1000_BC.jpg/180px-Urnfield_culture_pottery_inlaid_with_tin_foil%2C_Switzerland%2C_c._1000_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Urnfield_culture_pottery_inlaid_with_tin_foil%2C_Switzerland%2C_c._1000_BC.jpg/240px-Urnfield_culture_pottery_inlaid_with_tin_foil%2C_Switzerland%2C_c._1000_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pottery inlaid with <a href="/wiki/Tin_foil" title="Tin foil">tin foil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HMB_Bronzezeit_Wasserfunde_Bern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="River and lake finds from Bern, Urnfield culture"><img alt="River and lake finds from Bern, Urnfield culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HMB_Bronzezeit_Wasserfunde_Bern.jpg/120px-HMB_Bronzezeit_Wasserfunde_Bern.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HMB_Bronzezeit_Wasserfunde_Bern.jpg/180px-HMB_Bronzezeit_Wasserfunde_Bern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/HMB_Bronzezeit_Wasserfunde_Bern.jpg/240px-HMB_Bronzezeit_Wasserfunde_Bern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">River and lake finds from Bern, Urnfield culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Age_lake_settlement_at_Cortaillod-Est,_Switzerland._Lat%C3%A9nium_museum.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake settlement at Cortaillod-Est"><img alt="Lake settlement at Cortaillod-Est" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bronze_Age_lake_settlement_at_Cortaillod-Est%2C_Switzerland._Lat%C3%A9nium_museum.png/120px-Bronze_Age_lake_settlement_at_Cortaillod-Est%2C_Switzerland._Lat%C3%A9nium_museum.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bronze_Age_lake_settlement_at_Cortaillod-Est%2C_Switzerland._Lat%C3%A9nium_museum.png/180px-Bronze_Age_lake_settlement_at_Cortaillod-Est%2C_Switzerland._Lat%C3%A9nium_museum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bronze_Age_lake_settlement_at_Cortaillod-Est%2C_Switzerland._Lat%C3%A9nium_museum.png/240px-Bronze_Age_lake_settlement_at_Cortaillod-Est%2C_Switzerland._Lat%C3%A9nium_museum.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lake settlement at <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortaillod-Est" class="extiw" title="fr:Cortaillod-Est">Cortaillod-Est</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_people" title="Rhaetian people">Rhaetian people</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holzstatue_von_Eschenz_Kopie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Holzstatue_von_Eschenz_Kopie.jpg/109px-Holzstatue_von_Eschenz_Kopie.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Holzstatue_von_Eschenz_Kopie.jpg/164px-Holzstatue_von_Eschenz_Kopie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Holzstatue_von_Eschenz_Kopie.jpg/218px-Holzstatue_von_Eschenz_Kopie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>Celtic wooden statue from <a href="/wiki/Eschenz" title="Eschenz">Eschenz</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historische_Karte_CH_Helvet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Historische_Karte_CH_Helvet.png/220px-Historische_Karte_CH_Helvet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Historische_Karte_CH_Helvet.png/330px-Historische_Karte_CH_Helvet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Historische_Karte_CH_Helvet.png/440px-Historische_Karte_CH_Helvet.png 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Map of late Iron Age Switzerland on the eve of the Roman conquest, indicating tribal territories, large settlements and oppida</figcaption></figure> <p>The Swiss plateau lay in the western part of the Early Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it participated in the early <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> (named for the type site at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Lake Neuchâtel">Lake Neuchâtel</a>) which arose out of the Hallstatt background from the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the final centuries BC, the Swiss plateau and Ticino were settled by <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Celtic">Continental Celtic</a> speaking peoples (<a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>): the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vindelici" title="Vindelici">Vindelici</a> inhabited the western and eastern part of the Swiss plateau, respectively, and the <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a> area by the <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a>. The interior Alpine valleys of eastern Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>) were inhabited by the non-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Raetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetians">Raetians</a>. </p><p>The distribution of La Tène culture burials in Switzerland indicates that the Swiss plateau between <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a> was relatively densely populated. Settlement centres existed in the <a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a> valley between <a href="/wiki/Thun" title="Thun">Thun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, and between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Zurich" title="Lake Zurich">Lake Zurich</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reuss_(river)" title="Reuss (river)">Reuss</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> and the regions around <a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a> also seem to have been well-populated; however, those lay outside the Helvetian borders. </p><p>Almost all the Celtic <i><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppida</a></i> were built in the vicinity of the larger rivers of the Swiss plateau. About a dozen oppida are known in Switzerland (some twenty including uncertain candidate sites), not all of which were occupied during the same time. For most of them, no contemporary name has survived; in cases where a pre-Roman name has been recorded, it is given in brackets.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest were the one in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>-Engehalbinsel (presumably <i>Brenodurum</i>, the name recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Bern_zinc_tablet" title="Bern zinc tablet">Bern zinc tablet</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), on the <a href="/wiki/Aare_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aare (river)">Aare</a>, and the one in <a href="/wiki/Rheinau,_Switzerland" title="Rheinau, Switzerland">Altenburg-Rheinau</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. Of intermediate size were those of Bois de Châtel, <a href="/wiki/Avenches" title="Avenches">Avenches</a> (abandoned with the foundation of <i>Aventicum</i> as the capital of the Roman province), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jensberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jensberg (page does not exist)">Jensberg</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Petinesca" title="Petinesca">vicus Petinesca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Vully" title="Mont Vully">Mont Vully</a>, all within a day's march from the one in Bern, the <a href="/wiki/Oppidum_Z%C3%BCrich-Lindenhof" title="Oppidum Zürich-Lindenhof">Oppidum Zürich-Lindenhof</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Zurich" title="Lake Zurich">Lake Zurich</a>–<a href="/wiki/Limmat" title="Limmat">Limmat</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sihl" title="Sihl">Sihl</a> triangled <a href="/wiki/Lindenhof_hill" title="Lindenhof hill">Lindenhof hill</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Oppidum_Uetliberg" title="Oppidum Uetliberg">Oppidum Uetliberg</a>, overlooking the Sihl and Lake Zurich shore. Smaller oppida were at <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> (<i>Genava</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> (<i>Lousonna</i>) on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sermuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sermuz (page does not exist)">Sermuz</a> on the upper end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Lake Neuchâtel">Lake Neuchâtel</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Eppenberg-W%C3%B6schnau" title="Eppenberg-Wöschnau">Eppenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windisch,_Switzerland" title="Windisch, Switzerland">Windisch</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vindonissa" title="Vindonissa">Vindonissa</a></i>) along the lower Aar, and at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont_Chaibeuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont Chaibeuf (page does not exist)">Mont Chaibeuf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mont_Terri" title="Mont Terri">Mont Terri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a>, the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Rauraci" title="Rauraci">Rauraci</a>. </p><p>A female who died in about 200 B.C found buried in a carved tree trunk during a construction project at the Kern school complex in March 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Aussersihl" title="Aussersihl">Aussersihl</a>. Archaeologists revealed that she was approximately 40 years old when she died and likely carried out little physical labor when she was alive. A sheepskin coat, a belt chain, a fancy wool dress, a scarf and a pendant made of glass and amber beads were also discovered with the woman.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Et%C3%A0_del_ferro,_recipiente_greco_da_Gr%C3%A4chwil_vicino_Meikirch,_570_ac._ca_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Grächwil hydria (Greek import), Hallstatt culture, 570 BC"><img alt="Grächwil hydria (Greek import), Hallstatt culture, 570 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_recipiente_greco_da_Gr%C3%A4chwil_vicino_Meikirch%2C_570_ac._ca_01.JPG/98px-Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_recipiente_greco_da_Gr%C3%A4chwil_vicino_Meikirch%2C_570_ac._ca_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_recipiente_greco_da_Gr%C3%A4chwil_vicino_Meikirch%2C_570_ac._ca_01.JPG/148px-Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_recipiente_greco_da_Gr%C3%A4chwil_vicino_Meikirch%2C_570_ac._ca_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_recipiente_greco_da_Gr%C3%A4chwil_vicino_Meikirch%2C_570_ac._ca_01.JPG/197px-Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_recipiente_greco_da_Gr%C3%A4chwil_vicino_Meikirch%2C_570_ac._ca_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A4chwil" title="Grächwil">Grächwil hydria</a> (Greek import), <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, 570 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hallstatt_culture_gold.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold jewellery, Hallstatt culture, c. 550 BC"><img alt="Gold jewellery, Hallstatt culture, c. 550 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hallstatt_culture_gold.jpg/95px-Hallstatt_culture_gold.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hallstatt_culture_gold.jpg/143px-Hallstatt_culture_gold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hallstatt_culture_gold.jpg/191px-Hallstatt_culture_gold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="2476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold jewellery, Hallstatt culture, c. 550 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Et%C3%A0_del_ferro,_cintura_a_catena,_200_ac_ca.,_da_tiefenau_berna.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewellery, La Tène culture"><img alt="Jewellery, La Tène culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_cintura_a_catena%2C_200_ac_ca.%2C_da_tiefenau_berna.JPG/120px-Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_cintura_a_catena%2C_200_ac_ca.%2C_da_tiefenau_berna.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_cintura_a_catena%2C_200_ac_ca.%2C_da_tiefenau_berna.JPG/180px-Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_cintura_a_catena%2C_200_ac_ca.%2C_da_tiefenau_berna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_cintura_a_catena%2C_200_ac_ca.%2C_da_tiefenau_berna.JPG/240px-Et%C3%A0_del_ferro%2C_cintura_a_catena%2C_200_ac_ca.%2C_da_tiefenau_berna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="2562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewellery, <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HMB_Keltenschmuck_M%C3%BCnsingen-Rain_Grab_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewellery, La Tène culture"><img alt="Jewellery, La Tène culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HMB_Keltenschmuck_M%C3%BCnsingen-Rain_Grab_12.jpg/120px-HMB_Keltenschmuck_M%C3%BCnsingen-Rain_Grab_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HMB_Keltenschmuck_M%C3%BCnsingen-Rain_Grab_12.jpg/180px-HMB_Keltenschmuck_M%C3%BCnsingen-Rain_Grab_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HMB_Keltenschmuck_M%C3%BCnsingen-Rain_Grab_12.jpg/240px-HMB_Keltenschmuck_M%C3%BCnsingen-Rain_Grab_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewellery, <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Vully_Maquette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mont Vully oppidum, La Tène culture"><img alt="Mont Vully oppidum, La Tène culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mont_Vully_Maquette.jpg/120px-Mont_Vully_Maquette.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mont_Vully_Maquette.jpg/180px-Mont_Vully_Maquette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mont_Vully_Maquette.jpg/240px-Mont_Vully_Maquette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Vully_(site_arch%C3%A9ologique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Mont Vully (site archéologique)">Mont Vully</a> oppidum, La Tène culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lat%C3%A9nium-oreille-carnyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carnyx ornament, La Tène culture, c. 200 BC"><img alt="Carnyx ornament, La Tène culture, c. 200 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lat%C3%A9nium-oreille-carnyx.jpg/120px-Lat%C3%A9nium-oreille-carnyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lat%C3%A9nium-oreille-carnyx.jpg/180px-Lat%C3%A9nium-oreille-carnyx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lat%C3%A9nium-oreille-carnyx.jpg/240px-Lat%C3%A9nium-oreille-carnyx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a> ornament, La Tène culture, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_La_Tene_Sacrificial_Site_(28472054990).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake depositions at La Tène"><img alt="Lake depositions at La Tène" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iron_Age_La_Tene_Sacrificial_Site_%2828472054990%29.jpg/80px-Iron_Age_La_Tene_Sacrificial_Site_%2828472054990%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iron_Age_La_Tene_Sacrificial_Site_%2828472054990%29.jpg/120px-Iron_Age_La_Tene_Sacrificial_Site_%2828472054990%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Iron_Age_La_Tene_Sacrificial_Site_%2828472054990%29.jpg/160px-Iron_Age_La_Tene_Sacrificial_Site_%2828472054990%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lake depositions at <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_(archaeological_site)" title="La Tène (archaeological site)">La Tène</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latenium_Celtic_bridge_mg_2221.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed Celtic Bridge at La Tène, 3rd century BC"><img alt="Reconstructed Celtic Bridge at La Tène, 3rd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Latenium_Celtic_bridge_mg_2221.jpg/120px-Latenium_Celtic_bridge_mg_2221.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Latenium_Celtic_bridge_mg_2221.jpg/180px-Latenium_Celtic_bridge_mg_2221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Latenium_Celtic_bridge_mg_2221.jpg/240px-Latenium_Celtic_bridge_mg_2221.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstructed Celtic Bridge at La Tène, 3rd century BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Switzerland in the Roman era</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png/300px-Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png/450px-Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png/600px-Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Switzerland during the Roman era</figcaption></figure> <p>In 58 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> tried to evade migratory pressure from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> by moving into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, but were stopped and defeated at <a href="/wiki/Bibracte" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a> (near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s armies and then sent back. In 15 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> and Drusus conquered the Alps, and the region became integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-EBonline_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBonline-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Helvetii settlement area became part first of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> and later of the province of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, while the eastern part was integrated into the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>. </p><p>The following 300 years saw extensive Roman settlement, including the construction of a road network and the founding of many settlements and cities. The center of Roman occupation was at <i>Aventicum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Avenches" title="Avenches">Avenches</a>), other cities were founded at <i>Arbor Felix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arbon,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbon, Switzerland">Arbon</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Raurica" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaiseraugst" title="Kaiseraugst">Kaiseraugst</a> near Basel), <i>Basilea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>), <i>Curia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>), <i>Genava</i> (<a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>), <i>Lousanna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>), <i>Octodurum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Martigny,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Martigny, Switzerland">Martigny</a>, controlling the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">pass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_St._Bernard_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Great St. Bernard Pass">Great St. Bernard</a>), <i>Salodurum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>), <i>Turicum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>) and other places. <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Military garrisons</a> existed at <i>Tenedo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zurzach" title="Zurzach">Zurzach</a>) and <i>Vindonissa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Windisch,_Switzerland" title="Windisch, Switzerland">Windisch</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EBonline_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBonline-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans also developed the <a href="/wiki/Great_St_Bernard_Pass" title="Great St Bernard Pass">Great St. Bernard Pass</a> beginning in the year 47, and in 69 part of the legions of <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> used it to traverse the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. The passes were expanded from dirt trails to narrow paved roads.<sup id="cite_ref-EBonline_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBonline-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 101 and 260, the legions moved out of the region, allowing trade to expand. In Raetia, Roman culture and language became dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-EBonline_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBonline-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 2,000 years later, some of the population of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> still speak <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> which is descended from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>. </p><p>In 259, <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> tribes overran the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Germanic_Limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Germanic Limes">Limes</a> and caused widespread devastation of Roman cities and settlements. The Roman empire managed to reestablish the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> as the border, and the cities on Swiss territory were rebuilt. However, it was now a frontier province, and consequently the new Roman cities were smaller and much more fortified. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_column_-_Nyon,_Vaud,_Switzerland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman remains at Nyon"><img alt="Roman remains at Nyon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Roman_column_-_Nyon%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland.jpg/90px-Roman_column_-_Nyon%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Roman_column_-_Nyon%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland.jpg/135px-Roman_column_-_Nyon%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Roman_column_-_Nyon%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland.jpg/180px-Roman_column_-_Nyon%2C_Vaud%2C_Switzerland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman remains at <a href="/wiki/Noviodunum_(Switzerland)" title="Noviodunum (Switzerland)">Nyon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman theatre of Augusta Raurica"><img alt="Roman theatre of Augusta Raurica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg/120px-Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg/180px-Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg/240px-Theater_Kaiseraugst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="2068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman theatre of <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Raurica" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Treasure_-_Roman_Museum_-_Augusta_Raurica_-_August_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver treasure of Kaiseraugst"><img alt="Silver treasure of Kaiseraugst" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Silver_Treasure_-_Roman_Museum_-_Augusta_Raurica_-_August_2013.JPG/120px-Silver_Treasure_-_Roman_Museum_-_Augusta_Raurica_-_August_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Silver_Treasure_-_Roman_Museum_-_Augusta_Raurica_-_August_2013.JPG/180px-Silver_Treasure_-_Roman_Museum_-_Augusta_Raurica_-_August_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Silver_Treasure_-_Roman_Museum_-_Augusta_Raurica_-_August_2013.JPG/240px-Silver_Treasure_-_Roman_Museum_-_Augusta_Raurica_-_August_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silberschatz_von_Kaiseraugst" class="extiw" title="de:Silberschatz von Kaiseraugst">Silver treasure of Kaiseraugst</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achillesplatte_Augusta_Raurica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver plate from Augusta Rarica"><img alt="Silver plate from Augusta Rarica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Achillesplatte_Augusta_Raurica.jpg/120px-Achillesplatte_Augusta_Raurica.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Achillesplatte_Augusta_Raurica.jpg/180px-Achillesplatte_Augusta_Raurica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Achillesplatte_Augusta_Raurica.jpg/240px-Achillesplatte_Augusta_Raurica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4396" data-file-height="3155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver plate from Augusta Rarica</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AVENTICUM_Suisse_Franck_Devedjian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanctuary at Aventicum (Avenches), reconstruction"><img alt="Sanctuary at Aventicum (Avenches), reconstruction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AVENTICUM_Suisse_Franck_Devedjian.jpg/120px-AVENTICUM_Suisse_Franck_Devedjian.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AVENTICUM_Suisse_Franck_Devedjian.jpg/180px-AVENTICUM_Suisse_Franck_Devedjian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AVENTICUM_Suisse_Franck_Devedjian.jpg/240px-AVENTICUM_Suisse_Franck_Devedjian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Aventicum" title="Aventicum">Aventicum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avenches" title="Avenches">Avenches</a>), reconstruction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenches_VD_-_R%C3%B6mische_Amphitheater_und_Schloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amphitheatre at Avenches"><img alt="Amphitheatre at Avenches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Avenches_VD_-_R%C3%B6mische_Amphitheater_und_Schloss.jpg/120px-Avenches_VD_-_R%C3%B6mische_Amphitheater_und_Schloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Avenches_VD_-_R%C3%B6mische_Amphitheater_und_Schloss.jpg/180px-Avenches_VD_-_R%C3%B6mische_Amphitheater_und_Schloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Avenches_VD_-_R%C3%B6mische_Amphitheater_und_Schloss.jpg/240px-Avenches_VD_-_R%C3%B6mische_Amphitheater_und_Schloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amphitheatre at Avenches</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianization_and_post-Roman_era">Christianization and post-Roman era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christianization and post-Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a></div> <p>In the late Roman period in the 3rd and 4th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of the region began. Legends of Christian martyrs such as <a href="/wiki/Felix_and_Regula" title="Felix and Regula">Felix and Regula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> probably are based on events that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution of Christians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> around 298. The story of the <a href="/wiki/Theban_Legion" title="Theban Legion">Theban Legion</a>, which was martyred near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Maurice-en-Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Maurice-en-Valais">Saint Maurice-en-Valais</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, figures into the histories of many towns in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-EBonline_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBonline-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first bishoprics were founded in the 4th and 5th centuries in <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Basel">Basel</a> (documented in 346), <a href="/wiki/Martigny,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Martigny, Switzerland">Martigny</a> (doc. 381, moved to <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Sion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Sion">Sion</a> in 585), <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> (doc. 441), and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chur" title="Bishop of Chur">Chur</a> (doc. 451). There is evidence from the 6th century for a bishopric in <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lausanne" title="Bishop of Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, which may have been moved from Avenches. </p><p>With the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, Germanic tribes moved in. <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> settled in the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> valley and the Alps south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a>; while in the north, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemannic</a> settlers crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in 406 and slowly assimilated the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> population, or made it retreat into the mountains. Burgundy became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish</a> kingdom in 534; two years later, the dukedom of <a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a> followed suit. </p><p>The Burgundy kings furthered the Christianization through newly founded monasteries, e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Romainm%C3%B4tier_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Romainmôtier Abbey">Romainmôtier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agaunum" title="Agaunum">St. Maurice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> in 515. In the Alaman part, only isolated Christian communities continued to exist; the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic faith</a> including the worship of <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wuodan</a> was prevalent. The Irish monks <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gall" title="Saint Gall">Gallus</a> re-introduced Christian faith in the early 7th century. The <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Konstanz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Konstanz">Bishopric of Konstanz</a> also was founded at that time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switzerland_in_the_Middle_Ages">Switzerland in the Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Switzerland in the Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alamannien_Hochburgund_ca_1000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Alamannien_Hochburgund_ca_1000.png/300px-Alamannien_Hochburgund_ca_1000.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Alamannien_Hochburgund_ca_1000.png/450px-Alamannien_Hochburgund_ca_1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Alamannien_Hochburgund_ca_1000.png/600px-Alamannien_Hochburgund_ca_1000.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2107" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Upper Burgundy</a> around 1000 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f6b93e; color:black;"> </span> Alemannia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6dbd4e; color:black;"> </span> Upper Burgundy</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> kings, the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal society">feudal system</a> proliferated, and monasteries and bishoprics were important bases for maintaining the rule. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> of 843 assigned the western part of modern Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Upper Burgundy</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, and the eastern part (<a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a>) to the eastern kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> that would become the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The boundary between <a href="/wiki/Alamania" title="Alamania">Alamania</a>, ruled by Louis, and western <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, ruled by Lothar, ran along the lower <a href="/wiki/Aare" title="Aare">Aare</a>, turning towards the south at the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, passing west of <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> along the upper <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône (river)">Rhône</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gotthard_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gotthard Pass">Saint Gotthard Pass</a>. </p><p>Louis the German in 853 granted his lands in the <a href="/wiki/Reuss_(river)" title="Reuss (river)">Reuss</a> valley to the monastery of St Felix and Regula in Zürich (modern day <a href="/wiki/Fraum%C3%BCnster" title="Fraumünster">Fraumünster</a>) of which his daughter Hildegard was the first abbess.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend this occurred after a <a href="/wiki/Stag" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag">stag</a> bearing an illuminated <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> between his <a href="/wiki/Antlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Antlers">antlers</a> appeared to him in the marshland outside the town, at the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Zürich">Lake Zürich</a>. However, there is evidence that the monastery was already in existence before 853. The Fraumünster is across the river from the Grossmünster, which according to legend was founded by Charlemagne himself, as his horse fell to his knees on the spot where the martyrs <a href="/wiki/Felix_and_Regula" title="Felix and Regula">Felix and Regula</a> were buried. </p><p>When the land was granted to the monastery, it was exempt from all feudal lords except the king and later the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> (a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">Imperial immediacy</a>; in German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsfreiheit</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsunmittelbarkeit</i></span>). The privileged position of the abbey (reduced taxes and greater autonomy) encouraged the other men of the valley to put themselves under the authority of abbey. By doing so they gained the advantages of the Imperial immediacy and grew used to the relative freedom and autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only source of royal or imperial authority was the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">advocatus</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vogt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt">Vogt</a></i></span> of the abbey which was given to one family after another by the emperor as a sign of trust. </p><p>In the 10th century, the rule of the Carolingians waned: <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> destroyed <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in 917 and <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> in 926, and <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> ravaged the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> after 920 and sacked the monastery of St. Maurice in 939. The <a href="/wiki/Conradines" title="Conradines">Conradines</a> (von <a href="/wiki/Wetterau" title="Wetterau">Wetterau</a>) started a long time rule over <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a> during this time. Only after the victory of king <a href="/wiki/Otto_I_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I the Great">Otto I</a> over the Magyars in 955 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a> were the Swiss territories reintegrated into the empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Middle_Ages">High Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: High Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schweiz_um_1200.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schweiz_um_1200.png/300px-Schweiz_um_1200.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schweiz_um_1200.png/450px-Schweiz_um_1200.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Schweiz_um_1200.png/600px-Schweiz_um_1200.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>Dominions around 1200:<br /> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ff6666; color:#ff6666;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#44aa44; color:#44aa44;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A4hringer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zähringer">Zähringer</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ff66ff; color:#ff66ff;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a></span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ffff66; color:#ffff66;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Kyburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Kyburg">Kyburg</a></span> Savoy and the Transjurane Zähringen possessions were part of the <a href="/wiki/Arelat" class="mw-redirect" title="Arelat">Arelat</a> in the 13th century; Savoy was detached from the Arelat in 1361</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png/220px-Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png/330px-Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png/440px-Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arelat" class="mw-redirect" title="Arelat">Arelat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a> in the 12th and early 13th century. In northeastern Burgundy, what is now <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Switzerland">French-speaking Switzerland</a>, the spheres of influence of France and the Holy Roman Empire overlapped. <a href="/wiki/Berthold_II,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Berthold II, Duke of Swabia">Berthold II</a> lost his title as the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia" title="Duke of Swabia">Duke of Swabia</a> in 1098, and called himself "Duke of Zähringen" from 1100. His son <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen">Conrad I</a> was the rival of <a href="/wiki/Renaud_III,_Count_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaud III, Count of Burgundy">Renaud III of Mâcon</a> for the government of the Arelat. Renaud prevailed, though he had to cede large parts of the eastern Transjuranian lands to Conrad, who was made "rector of Burgundy" in 1127 against, setting a precedent of western Switzerland being considered a territory separate from the rest of Burgundy.</figcaption></figure> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_III_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph III of Burgundy">Rudolph III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arelat_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Arelat kingdom">Arelat kingdom</a> (r. 993–1032) gave the Valais as his fiefdom to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Sion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Sion">Bishop of Sion</a> in 999, and when Burgundy and thus also the Valais became part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1032, the bishop was also appointed count of the Valais. The Arelat mostly existed on paper throughout the 11th to 14th centuries, its remnants passing to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval France">France</a> in 1378, but without its Swiss portions, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a> having come under <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A4hringer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zähringer">Zähringer</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rule already by the 12th century, and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a> was detached from the Arelat just before its dissolution, in 1361. </p><p>The dukes of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">Zähringen</a> founded many cities, the most important being <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a> in 1120, <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a> in 1157, and <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> in 1191. The Zähringer dynasty ended with the death of <a href="/wiki/Berchtold_V_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Berchtold V of Zähringen">Berchtold V</a> in 1218, and their cities subsequently thus became <i>independent</i>, while the dukes of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kyburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kyburg">Kyburg</a> competed with the house of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> over control of the rural regions of the former Zähringer territory. When the house of Zähringen died out in 1218 the office of Vogt over the Abbey of St Felix and Regula in Zürich was granted to the Habsburgs, however it was quickly revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of the Habsburg dynasty gained momentum when their main local competitor, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kyburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kyburg">Kyburg dynasty</a>, died out and they could thus bring much of the territory south of the Rhine under their control. Subsequently, they managed within only a few generations to extend their influence through <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a> in south-eastern Germany to <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> rule, the alpine passes in Raetia and the <a href="/wiki/St._Gotthard_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Gotthard Pass">St. Gotthard Pass</a> gained importance. Especially the latter became an important direct route through the mountains. The construction of the "<a href="/wiki/Devil%E2%80%99s_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil’s Bridge">Devil’s Bridge</a>" (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Teufelsbrücke</i></span></i>) across the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schöllenenschlucht</i></span></i> in 1198 led to a marked increase in traffic on the mule track over the pass. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> accorded the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsfreiheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfreiheit">Reichsfreiheit</a></i> to <a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a> in 1240<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <i>Freibrief von Faenza</i> in an attempt to place the important pass under his direct control, and his son and for some time co-regent Henry VII had already given the same privileges to the valley of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a> in 1231 (the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freibrief von Hagenau</i></span></i>). <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a> was <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i></span></i> <i>reichsfrei</i>, since most of its territory belonged to monasteries, which had become independent even earlier in 1173 under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I "Barbarossa"</a> and in 1213 under Frederick II. The city of Zürich became <i>reichsfrei</i> in 1218. </p><p>While some of the "Forest Communities" (<i>Waldstätten</i>, i.e. Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden) were <i>reichsfrei</i> the Habsburgs still claimed authority over some villages and much of the surrounding land. While Schwyz was <i>reichsfrei</i> in 1240, the castle of <a href="/wiki/Neuhabsburg_Castle" title="Neuhabsburg Castle">Neu Habsburg</a> was built in 1244 to help control <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lucerne" title="Lake Lucerne">Lake Lucerne</a> and restrict the neighboring Forest Communities.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1245 Frederick II was <a href="/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">Council of Lyon</a>. When the Habsburgs took the side of the pope, some of the Forest Communities took Frederick's side. At this time the castle of Neu Habsburg was attacked and damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Frederick failed against the Pope, those who had taken his side were threatened with excommunication and the Habsburgs gained additional power. In 1273 the rights to the Forest Communities were sold by a cadet branch of the Habsburgs to the head of the family, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Germany">Rudolf I</a>. A few months later he became <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>, a title that would become Holy Roman Emperor. Rudolph was therefore the ruler of all the <i>reichsfrei</i> communities as well as the lands that he ruled as a Habsburg. </p><p>He instituted a strict rule in his homelands and raised the taxes tremendously to finance wars and further territorial acquisitions. As king, he finally had also become the direct <a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">liege lord</a> of the Forest Communities, which thus saw their previous independence curtailed. On 16 April 1291 Rudolph bought all the rights over the town of Lucerne and the abbey estates in Unterwalden from <a href="/wiki/Murbach_Abbey" title="Murbach Abbey">Murbach Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. The Forest Communities saw their trade route over Lake Lucerne cut off and feared losing their independence. When Rudolph died on 15 July 1291 the Communities prepared to defend themselves. On 1 August 1291 an Everlasting League was made between the Forest Communities for mutual defense against a common enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Valais, increasing tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Sion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops of Sion">bishops of Sion</a> and the Counts of Savoy led to a war beginning in 1260. The war ended after the Battle at the <i>Scheuchzermatte</i> near <a href="/wiki/Leuk" title="Leuk">Leuk</a> in 1296, where the Savoy forces were crushed by the bishop's army, supported by forces from <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>. After the peace of 1301, Savoy kept only the lower part of the Valais, while the bishop controlled the upper Valais. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_14th_century">The 14th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historische_Karte_CH_1315.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Historische_Karte_CH_1315.png/220px-Historische_Karte_CH_1315.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Historische_Karte_CH_1315.png/330px-Historische_Karte_CH_1315.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Historische_Karte_CH_1315.png/440px-Historische_Karte_CH_1315.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption>The Habsburg possessions in Switzerland (pink) and the core territories of the Swiss Confederacy (yellow/orange) as of 1315.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Pass" title="Gotthard Pass">Gotthard Pass</a> in the 13th century, the territory of <a href="/wiki/Central_Switzerland" title="Central Switzerland">Central Switzerland</a>, primarily the valley of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, had gained great strategical importance and was granted <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsfreiheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfreiheit">Reichsfreiheit</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> emperors. This became the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a>, which during the 1330s to 1350s grew to incorporate its core of "eight cantons" (<i>Acht Orte</i>) </p><p>The 14th century in the territory of modern Switzerland was a time of transition from the old feudal order administrated by regional families of lower nobility (such as the houses of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bubenberg (page does not exist)">Bubenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eschenbach,_Lucerne" title="Eschenbach, Lucerne">Eschenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkenstein,_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Falkenstein, Rhineland-Palatinate">Falkenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Freiburg" title="Counts of Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Frohburg" title="House of Frohburg">Frohburg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%BCnenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grünenberg (page does not exist)">Grünenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greifenstein" title="Greifenstein">Greifenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Homberg" title="House of Homberg">Homberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kyburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kyburg">Kyburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landenberg" title="Landenberg">Landenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Rapperswil" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Rapperswil">Rapperswil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Toggenburg" title="Counts of Toggenburg">Toggenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">Zähringen</a> etc.) and the development of the great powers of the late medieval period, primarily the first stage of the meteoric rise of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, which was confronted with rivals in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a>. The free <a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">imperial cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-bishopric">prince-bishoprics</a> and monasteries were forced to look for allies in this unstable climate, and entered a series of pacts. Thus, the multi-polar order of the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, while still visible in documents of the first half of the 14th century such as the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_armorial" title="Zürich armorial">Zürich armorial</a> gradually gave way to the politics of the Late Middle Ages, with the Swiss Confederacy wedged between <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Habsburg Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> had taken an unfortunate stand against Habsburg in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schosshalde" title="Battle of Schosshalde">battle of Schosshalde</a> in 1289, but recovered enough to confront Fribourg (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCmmenenkrieg" title="Gümmenenkrieg">Gümmenenkrieg</a>) and then to inflict a decisive defeat on a coalition force of Habsburg, Savoy and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Basel" title="Prince-Bishopric of Basel">Basel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laupen" title="Battle of Laupen">battle of Laupen</a> in 1339. At the same time, Habsburg attempted to gain influence over the cities of <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, with riots or attempted coups reported for the years 1343 and 1350 respectively. This situation led the cities of Lucerne, Zürich and Bern to attach themselves to the Swiss Confederacy in 1332, 1351, and 1353 respectively. </p><p>As elsewhere in Europe, Switzerland suffered a crisis in the middle of the century, triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> followed by social upheaval and <a href="/wiki/Moral_panics" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral panics">moral panics</a>, often directed <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of the Jews">against the Jews</a> as in the <a href="/wiki/Basel_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel massacre">Basel massacre</a> of 1349. To this was added the catastrophic <a href="/wiki/1356_Basel_earthquake" title="1356 Basel earthquake">1356 Basel earthquake</a> which devastated a wide region, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> was destroyed almost completely in the ensuing fire. </p><p>The balance of power remained precarious during the 1350s to 1380s, with Habsburg trying to regain lost influence; <a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert II, Duke of Austria">Albrecht II</a> besieged Zürich unsuccessfully, but imposed an unfavourable peace on the city in the treaty of Regensburg. In 1375, Habsburg tried to regain control over the <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a> with the help of <i><a href="/wiki/Gugler" title="Gugler">Gugler</a></i> mercenaries. After a number of minor clashes (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%B6renberg" title="Battle of Sörenberg">Sörenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A4fels" title="Battle of Näfels">Näfels</a>), it was with the decisive Swiss victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach" title="Battle of Sempach">battle of Sempach</a> 1386 that this situation was resolved. Habsburg moved its focus eastward and while it continued to grow in influence (ultimately rising to the most powerful dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a>), it lost all possessions in its ancestral territory with the Swiss annexation of the Aargau in 1416, from which time the Swiss Confederacy stood for the first time as a political entity controlling a contiguous territory. </p><p>Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, the citizenry was also divided into a pro-Habsburg and an anti-Habsburg faction, known as <i>Sterner</i> and <i>Psitticher</i>, respectively. The citizens of greater Basel bought most of the privileges from the bishop in 1392, and from this time on, though Basel nominally remained the domain of the prince-bishops until the Reformation, it was de facto governed by its city council, which since 1382 had been dominated by the city's guilds. Similarly, the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> granted the citizenry substantial political rights in 1387. </p><p>Other parts of western Switzerland remained under the control of Burgundy and Savoy throughout the 14th century; the <a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Vaud" title="Barony of Vaud">Barony of Vaud</a> was incorporated into Savoy in 1359 and was annexed by Bern only in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformation">Swiss Reformation</a>, in 1536. In the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sion" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion">bishop of Sion</a>, allied with <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VI,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy">Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy</a>, was in conflict over the <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a>-settled upper Valais during the 1340s. Amadeus pacified the region in 1352, but there was renewed unrest in 1353. In 1355, the towns of the upper Valais formed a defensive pact and negotiated a compromise peace treaty in 1361. This lasted until a renewed uprising in response to the 1383 accession of <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VII,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy">Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy</a>. Amadeus invaded the Valais in 1387, but after his death in a hunting accident, his mother, Bonne de Bourbon, made peace with the Seven Tithings of the upper Valais, restoring the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante</a> of 1301. From this time, the upper Valais was mostly independent de facto, preparing the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_des_Sept-Dizains" class="mw-redirect" title="République des Sept-Dizains">Republican structure</a> that would emerge in the early modern period. In the <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>, similar structures of local self-government arose at the same time, with the <a href="/wiki/League_of_God%27s_House" title="League of God's House">League of God's House</a> founded in 1367, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Grey_League" title="Grey League">Grey League</a> in 1395, both in response to the expansion of the House of Habsburg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Guillaume_Loys_de_Bochat" title="Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat">Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_Lake_Zurich" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around Lake Zurich">Prehistoric pile dwellings around Lake Zurich</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeologie.bl.ch/entdecken/fundstelle.php?fsid=4">Archäologie Baselland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/jaw-dropping_meet-a-neanderthal-woman-from-one-of-europe-s-oldest-cave-sites/44248602">Swiss Info - Meet a Neanderthal Woman from one of Europe's Oldest Cave Sites</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wildkirchli</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D12768.php"><span title="Wildkirchli in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F12768.php"><span title="Wildkirchli in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I12768.php"><span title="Wildkirchli in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Currat-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Currat_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Before between 1,300 and 1,200 generations ago according to a simulation in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurrat,_M.Excoffier,_L.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Currat, M.; Excoffier, L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC532389">"Modern Humans Did Not Admix with Neanderthals during Their Range Expansion into Europe"</a>. <i>PLOS Biol</i>. <b>2</b> (12): e421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020421">10.1371/journal.pbio.0020421</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC532389">532389</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15562317">15562317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biol&rft.atitle=Modern+Humans+Did+Not+Admix+with+Neanderthals+during+Their+Range+Expansion+into+Europe&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e421&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC532389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15562317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020421&rft.au=Currat%2C+M.&rft.au=Excoffier%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC532389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/File:CurratExcoffierNeandethalmtDNA.png" title="File:CurratExcoffierNeandethalmtDNA.png">Figure 2</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (2006-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912123224/http://www.nzz.ch/2006/01/18/vm/newzzEILL9E47-12.html">"5000 Jahre alter Pfeilbogen im Berner Oberland gefunden"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/NZZ" class="mw-redirect" title="NZZ">NZZ</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzz.ch/2006/01/18/vm/newzzEILL9E47-12.html">the original</a> on 2009-09-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5000+Jahre+alter+Pfeilbogen+im+Berner+Oberland+gefunden&rft.date=2006-01-18&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2F2006%2F01%2F18%2Fvm%2FnewzzEILL9E47-12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span> In a later <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzz.ch/2006/01/18/vm/newzzEILL9E47-12.html">NZZ article</a> (21 August 2008), the date is revised to c.4500BC instead of c.3000BC <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-ff5c3a342559b1415cdf6aaeeb9a7664">"Photo of the Bronze Hand of Prêles"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+of+the+Bronze+Hand+of+Pr%C3%AAles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqph.cf2.quoracdn.net%2Fmain-qimg-ff5c3a342559b1415cdf6aaeeb9a7664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219220618/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/bronze-hand-ancient-switzerland-archaeology">"3,500-Year-Old Hand is Europe's Earliest Metal Body Part"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/bronze-hand-ancient-switzerland-archaeology">the original</a> on February 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=3%2C500-Year-Old+Hand+is+Europe%27s+Earliest+Metal+Body+Part&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fbronze-hand-ancient-switzerland-archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaerBrunnerBallmerSenn2021" class="citation web cs1">Schaer, Andrea; Brunner, Mirco; Ballmer, Ariane; Senn, Marianne; Bär, Barbara; Meller, Harald (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/51155651">"Das bronzezeitliche Grab und die Bronzehand von Prêles. Ergebnisse der Table Ronde vom 30.Oktober 2019 in Bern"</a>. <i>Hefte zur Archäologie im Kanton Bern Nr. 8</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hefte+zur+Arch%C3%A4ologie+im+Kanton+Bern+Nr.+8&rft.atitle=Das+bronzezeitliche+Grab+und+die+Bronzehand+von+Pr%C3%AAles.+Ergebnisse+der+Table+Ronde+vom+30.Oktober+2019+in+Bern&rft.date=2021-01&rft.aulast=Schaer&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Brunner%2C+Mirco&rft.au=Ballmer%2C+Ariane&rft.au=Senn%2C+Marianne&rft.au=B%C3%A4r%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Meller%2C+Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F51155651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/63690-oldest-metal-hand-europe.html">"Was This Man a Bronze-Age Cyborg? His Metal Hand May Have Been a Prosthetic"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Was+This+Man+a+Bronze-Age+Cyborg%3F+His+Metal+Hand+May+Have+Been+a+Prosthetic&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F63690-oldest-metal-hand-europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrowWilkin2022" class="citation book cs1">Garrow, Duncan; Wilkin, Neil (2022). <i>The World of Stonehenge</i>. London: British Museum Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07141-2349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-07141-2349-3"><bdi>978-07141-2349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Stonehenge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-07141-2349-3&rft.aulast=Garrow&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft.au=Wilkin%2C+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Müller-Scheeßel, <i> Die Hallstattkultur und ihre räumliche Differenzierung. Der West- und Osthallstattkreis aus forschungsgeschichtlicher Sicht</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edunet.ch/classes/marin/la_tene.htm">La Tène site description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207123052/http://www.edunet.ch/classes/marin/la_tene.htm">Archived</a> 2009-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andres Furger-Gunti: Die Helvetier: Kulturgeschichte eines Keltenvolkes. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zürich 1984, pp. 50–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erz.be.ch/site/index/kultur/archaeologie/archaeologie-fundstellen/archaeologie-fundstellen-bernroemerbad.htm">Bern, Engehalbinsel, Römerbad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152507/http://www.erz.be.ch/site/index/kultur/archaeologie/archaeologie-fundstellen/archaeologie-fundstellen-bernroemerbad.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuly_20192019" class="citation web cs1">July 2019, Laura Geggel-Associate Editor 30 (30 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/66056-iron-age-celtic-woman-burial.html">"Iron Age Celtic Woman Wearing Fancy Clothes Buried in This 'Tree Coffin' in Switzerland"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=This+Iron+Age+Celtic+Woman+Was+Buried+in+a+Hollowed-Out+Tree+Trunk&rft.aulast=Solly&rft.aufirst=Meilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Firon-age-celtic-woman-was-buried-hollowed-out-tree-trunk-180972773%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/ueber_das_departement/medien/medienmitteilungen/2019/juli/190705a.html">"Kelte trifft Keltin: Ergebnisse zu einem aussergewöhnlichen Grabfund - Stadt Zürich"</a>. <i>www.stadt-zuerich.ch</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stadt-zuerich.ch&rft.atitle=Kelte+trifft+Keltin%3A+Ergebnisse+zu+einem+aussergew%C3%B6hnlichen+Grabfund+-+Stadt+Z%C3%BCrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-zuerich.ch%2Fhbd%2Fde%2Findex%2Fueber_das_departement%2Fmedien%2Fmedienmitteilungen%2F2019%2Fjuli%2F190705a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBonline-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBonline_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBonline_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBonline_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBonline_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBonline_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/577225/Switzerland/257014/Roman-Switzerland">Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Roman Switzerland</a> accessed November 13, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Switzerland/History/Origins"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Origins">"Switzerland/History/Origins" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Switzerland%2FHistory%2FOrigins&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Im Hof, U.: <i>Geschichte der Schweiz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, 1974/2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-017051-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-017051-1">3-17-017051-1</a></li> <li>Schwabe & Co.: <i>Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7965-2067-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7965-2067-7">3-7965-2067-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Origins" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Switzerland/History/Origins">Origins of the Confederation, up to 1291</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/swiss-history-summary.html">Overview of the History of Switzerland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Switzerland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Major topics</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img 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