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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descritzione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descritzione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Descritzione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descritzione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istabilidade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istabilidade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Istabilidade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istabilidade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quarks_e_sa_massa_de_su_protone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarks_e_sa_massa_de_su_protone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Quarks e sa massa de su protone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarks_e_sa_massa_de_su_protone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raju_de_càrriga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raju_de_càrriga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Raju de càrriga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raju_de_càrriga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protones_in_sa_chìmica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protones_in_sa_chìmica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Protones in sa chìmica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protones_in_sa_chìmica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protones in sa chìmica subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protones_in_sa_chìmica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nùmeru_atòmicu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nùmeru_atòmicu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nùmeru atòmicu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nùmeru_atòmicu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ione_idrògenu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ione_idrògenu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ione idrògenu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ione_idrògenu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protones_pro_risonàntzia_magnètica_nucleare_(RMN)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protones_pro_risonàntzia_magnètica_nucleare_(RMN)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Protones pro risonàntzia magnètica nucleare (RMN)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protones_pro_risonàntzia_magnètica_nucleare_(RMN)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Espositzione_a_sos_protones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espositzione_a_sos_protones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Espositzione a sos protones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espositzione_a_sos_protones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiprotones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiprotones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Antiprotones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiprotones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bidide_puru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bidide_puru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bidide puru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bidide_puru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riferimentos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riferimentos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Riferimentos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riferimentos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligàmenes_esternos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligàmenes_esternos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ligàmenes esternos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligàmenes_esternos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Ìnditze" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 limbas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tedescu isvìtzeru" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedescu isvìtzeru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – aragonesu" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بروتون – àrabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروطون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – asturianu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(fizika)" title="Proton (fizika) – azerbaigianu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proton (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotuons" title="Pruotuons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruotuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – bielorussu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorussu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – bùlgaru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bùlgaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটন – bengalesu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – brètone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="brètone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – bosnìacu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnìacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – buginesu" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó – catalanu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Cék-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – cebuanu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="پرۆتۆن – curdu tzentrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdu tzentrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tzecu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tzecu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – ciuvàsciu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvàsciu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – gallesu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – danesu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tedescu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedescu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πρωτόνιο – grecu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – inglesu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – ispagnolu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispagnolu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prooton" title="Prooton – èstone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prooton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="èstone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi – bascu" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bascu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – persianu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – finlandesu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proodon" title="Proodon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Proodon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – frantzesu" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantzesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – frisone setentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone setentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – frisone otzidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone otzidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%B3n" title="Prótón – irlandesu" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prótón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – galitzianu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galitzianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="પ્રોટોન – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રોટોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרוטון – ebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – croatu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croatu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoton" title="Pwoton – crèolu haitianu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crèolu haitianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – ungheresu" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungheresu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պրոտոն – armenu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – interlìngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlìngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – indonesianu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3teind" title="Róteind – islandesu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róteind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – italianu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E5%AD%90" title="陽子 – giaponesu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="陽子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giaponesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotan" title="Pruotan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pruotan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – giavanesu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პროტონი – georgianu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprutun" title="Aprutun – cabilu" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aprutun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C9%94%C9%94" title="Protɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Protɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – kazacu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자 – coreanu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양성자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="برٛۆن – kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="برٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – coloniesu" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="coloniesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – curdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – chirghisu" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="chirghisu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – latinu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – lussemburghesu" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obukontanyo(Protons)" title="Obukontanyo(Protons) – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Obukontanyo(Protons)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – limburghesu" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – lìgure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lìgure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutun" title="Prutun – lombardu" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prutun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ໂປຣຕອນ – laotianu" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂປຣຕອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonas" title="Protonas – lituanu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protons" title="Protons – lètone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lètone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4t%C3%B4na" title="Prôtôna – malgàsciu" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôtôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgàsciu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – matzèdone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="matzèdone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – mòngolu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mòngolu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – malesu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ပရိုတွန် – burmesu" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tedescu bassu" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="tedescu bassu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – nepalesu" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – nepal bhasa" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nepal bhasa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje) – olandesu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proton (deeltje)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – norvegesu nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegesu nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – norvegesu bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegesu bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – otzitanu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="otzitanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirootoonii" title="Pirootoonii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pirootoonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – polacu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروټون – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ton" title="Próton – portoghesu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Próton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purutun" title="Purutun – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purutun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – rumenu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – russu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutuni" title="Prutuni – sitzilianu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitzilianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٽان – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය – singalesu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – islovacu" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="islovacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – islovenu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="islovenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotoon" title="Borotoon – sòmalu" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="sòmalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – albanesu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – sundanesu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – isvedesu" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="isvedesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="நேர்மின்னி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్రోటాన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రోటాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – tagicu" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagicu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน – tailandesu" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – turcu" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tàtaru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – uiguru" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – ucrainu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروٹون – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – uzbecu" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – vènetu" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènetu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feppsaal" title="Feppsaal – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Feppsaal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" title="质子 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="质子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – calmucu" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-protons" title="Ii-protons – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-protons" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פראטאן – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Prótọ̀nù – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Prótọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – tzinesu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="tzinesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B4ng-ch%C3%BA" title="Iông-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iông-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – cantonesu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonesu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INelesi" title="INelesi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INelesi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modìfica sos ligàmenes interlinguìsticos" class="wbc-editpage">Modìfica sos ligàmenes</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nùmene-logos"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Càstia su cuntenutu de sa pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cuntierra:Protone" rel="discussion" title="Cuntierras a propòsitu de su cuntenutu de sa pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Cuntierras</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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title="Ligàmene a s'elementu connètidu de s'archìviu de datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elementu Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cua</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dae Wikipedia, s'entziclopedia lìbera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sc" dir="ltr"><p>Su <b>protone</b> est una partighedda subatòmica cun càrriga elètrica positiva de 1 e (1,6 × 10-19 C). Su protone si classìficat comente a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baryon (sa pàgina no esistit)">bariòne</a>, e nd'est cumpostu dae tres quarks (uud). S'antipartighedda chi currispondet, s'antiprotone, tenet sas matessi caraterìsticas de su protone ma cun càrriga elètrica negativa. </p><p>Paris cun sos neutrones, sos protones faghent parte de su nùcleu atòmicu, mentras chi sos eletrones si moent a s'ambiente suo. Su nùmeru atòmicu (<b>Z</b>) benit dadu dae sa cantidade de protones presente in su nùcleu. Su nùcleu de s'isòtopu prus comunu de s'idrògenu est formadu dae belle unu protone. In <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica" title="Chìmica">chìmica</a> e biochìmica, s'utilizat su tèrmine protone pro si refèrrere a su ione de s'idrògenu in sorvente de abba. </p><p>Su protone est istàbile pro isse etotu. In carchi tipu pagu comunos de disintegratzione radioativa s'emitent protones lìberos, e su resurtadu de sa pudrigadura de neutrones lìberos in àteras disintegratziones. Comente a protone lìberu, tenet sa fatzilidade de collire un'eletrone e si cunvertire in idrògenu neutru, su cale podet reagire chimicamente cun meda fatzilidade. Protones lìberos podent esìstere in plasmas, sos rajos còsmicos o in su bentu solare. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istòria"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In su 1886, Eugen Goldstein at iscobertu sos rajos anòdicos e at dimustradu chi fiant partigheddas cun càrriga positiva (iones) produidos partinde dae sos gas. In variare sos gas chi b'aiat intro de sos tubos, osservaiat chi teniant balores diferentes de relatzione intre càrriga e massa, pro custu non s'at pòdidu identificare sa càrriga positiva cun una partighedda, a diferèntzia de sas càrrigas negativas de sos eletrones, iscobertas pro Joseph John Thomson. </p><p>Appustis de s'iscoberta de su nùcleu atòmicu pro Ernest Rutherford su <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a>, Antonius Van den Broek at propostu chi su logu de cada elementu de sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taula_peri%C3%B2dica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taula periòdica (sa pàgina no esistit)">taula periòdica</a> (su nùmeru atòmicu suo) fiat eguale a sa càrriga nucleare sua. Custu est istadu cunfirmadu in manera isperimentale dae Henry Moseley, in su 1913, utilizende ispetros de rajos X. In su 1917 (in esperimentos publicados su <a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1919</a>), Rutherford at dimustradu chi su nùcleu de idrògenu fiat presente in àteros nùcleos, resurtadu generale chi si descriet comente s'iscoberta de su protone.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S'est abbigiadu chi, bombardende partigheddas alfa in gas nitrògenu puru, sos rilevadores lughentes suos mustraiant sos signos de sos nùcleos de idrògenu. Rutherford at determinadu chi s'idrògenu petzi podiat bènnere de su nitrògenu e chi, duncas, depiant cuntènnere nùcleos de idrògenu. Unu nùcleu de idrògenu s'isfaghiat pro s'efetu de sa partighedda alfa, e formaiat un'àtomu de ossìgenu -17 in su protzessu. Custu est istadu su primu esperimentu de reatziones nucleares: 14N + α → 17O + p. Su nùcleu de idrògenu est, duncas, presente in àteros nùcleos comente una partighedda elementare, cuddu chi Rutherford at numenadu su <i>protone</i>, poi de su singulare neutru de sa paràula grega chi signìficat 'primu', πρῶτον. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descritzione">Descritzione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Descritzione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Descritzione"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sos protones sunt cumpostos dae tres quarks de 1/2 spin, e si classìficant comente a bariònes (unu subtipus de hadrones).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sos duos quarks supra e unu quark a bassu de sos protones si mantenent unidos dae s'interatzione nucleare forte.<sup id="cite_ref-Cottingham_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cottingham-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Su protone tenet una distributzione de càrriga positiva e derruet in manera esponentziale cund una mèdia de ràjos cuadratos de belle 0,8 fm.<sup id="cite_ref-Basdevant2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basdevant2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sos proto<b>n</b>es e sos neutrones sunt nucleones, unidos in su nùcleu dae s<b>a</b> fortza nucleare forte. S'isòtopu prus comunu de s'idrògenu est unu nùcleu cund unu protone. Sos nùcleos de sos isòtopos de idrògenu pesante (deuteri e triti) cuntenent unu protone e unu o duos neutrones, pare pare. Totu sos àteros tipos de àtomos sunt cumpostos dae duos o prus protones e diferente nùmeru de neutrones. Su nùmeru de protones in su nùcleu determinat sas propiedades chìmicas de s'àtomu e, duncas, s'elementu chìmicu si rapresentat pro su nùmeru de protones in unu nùcleu (Z). Pro determinare sos isòtopos de un'elementu, s'impreat puru su nùmeru de neutrones (N) summende totu sos nucleones, e si connoschet comente a <i>nùmeru màssicu</i> (A). Duncas, pro classificare sos isòtopos de un'elementu s'utilizat sa notatzione ZAXx.<span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; line-height:1.2em; vertical-align:-0.4em; font-size:70%; text-align:left;"><br /> <br /> </span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istabilidade">Istabilidade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Istabilidade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Istabilidade"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa disintegratzione ispontànea de sos protones lìberos mai est istada osservada, pro custu si cunsìderat su protone comente una partighedda istàbile. Però, carchi teorias de manna unificatzione de sa fìsica de partigheddas annùntziant chi su protone tenet unu tempus de vida de s'òrdine de 1036 annos, e sas chircas isperimentales ant istabilidu lìmites inferiores de sa vida mesa de su protone pro diversos produtos de disintegratzione. </p><p>Sos esperimentos in su rilevadore de partigheddas Super-Kamiokande, a su <a href="/wiki/Giappone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giappone">Giapone</a>, at dadu comente a lìmites inferiores de vida mesa de unu protone 6,6×1033 annos e est istadu osservadu dae s'emissione de sa decadèntzia de un'antimonio e piòne neutru, e 8,2 × 1033 annos de sa decadèntzia de unu positrone e unu pióne neutru.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>p → e<sup>+</sup> + π0</dd> <dd>p → μ + π0</dd></dl> <p>Unu àteru esperimentu in s'Osservatòriu de Neutrinos de Sudbury, in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, at osservadu sos rajos gamma chi risultant de sos nùcleos avantzados derivados dae sa disintegratzione de unu protone de s'ossìgenu-16. Custu esperimentu est istadu disinnadu pro sebestare sas disintegratziones de calesi siat tipos de partighedda, e s'at istabilidu unu lìmite inferiore pro sa vida de su protone de 2,1 x 1029 annos.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puru est ischidu chi sos protones si trasformant in neutrones durante su protzessu de catura de eletrones (puru mentovada disintegratzione beta contrària). In sos protones lìberos, custu protzessu non si produit ispontaneamente, ma cando s'alimentant de energia s'ecuatzione est: </p> <dl><dd>p+ <sup>+</sup> e- → n + νe</dd></dl> <p>Su protzessu est reversìbile, sos neutrones podent cunvertire de nou in protones pro sa disintegratzione beta, una forma comuna de sa disintegratzione radioativa. Difatis, unu neutrone lìberu s'isfaghet de custa manera cun una vida mesa de unos 15 minutos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quarks_e_sa_massa_de_su_protone">Quarks e sa massa de su protone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Quarks e sa massa de su protone" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Quarks e sa massa de su protone"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sa cromodinàmica cuàntica, sa teoria moderna de sa fortza nucleare, sa majore parte de sa massa de su protone e su neutrone s'ispiegat pro sa relatividade ispetziale. Sa massa de su protone est belle otanta bias prus manna de sa summa de sas massas in reposu de sos quarks chi lu cumponent, mentras chi sos gluones tenent massa in reposu zero. S'energia extra de sos quarks e gluones in nd'una regione intro de unu protone, in cunfrontu cun s'energia de sos quarks e gluones in su bòidu cuànticu, nde rapresentat prus de su 98% de sa massa. </p><p>Sa dinàmica interna de su protone est complessa, ca sunt determinados dae su cuncàmbiu de quarks e gluons, e s'interatzione cun diferentes cundensados a bòidu. Sa rete cuàntica oferit una manera de carculare sa massa de su protone diretamente de sa teoria de sa pretzisione, in printzìpiu. Sos càrculos prus reghentes afirmant chi sa massa si determinat cun una pretzisione de 4%, sena duda una pretzisione de 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fodor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fodor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custas afirmatziones sunt ogetu de briga, ca sos càrculos galu non si podent fàghere cun sos quarks comente sa lughe comente lu sunt in su mundu reale. Custu signìficat chi sas preditziones s'agatant in unu protzessu de estrapolatzione, chi nche podet introdùere faddinas sistemàticas. Est difìtzile ischire si custas faddinas si controllant in manera giusta, ca sas cantidades chi si cumparant cun sos esperimentos sunt sas massas de sos hadrones, chi si connoschent dae in antis.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdrisat_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdrisat-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custos càrculos de massas reghentes si realizant pro superordinadores, e comente at signaladu Boffi e Pasquini: "galu fartat una descritzione a sa minuda de s'istrutura de su nucleó, ca [...] su cumportamentu rechedet unu tratamentu non pertorbativu e/o numèricu...".<sup id="cite_ref-Boffi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boffi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raju_de_càrriga"><span id="Raju_de_c.C3.A0rriga"></span>Raju de càrriga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Raju de càrriga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Raju de càrriga"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Su balore atzetadu a livellu internatzionale dae su raju de càrriga de sos protones est 0,8768 fm (bidais òrdines de magnitùdine pro cunfrontu cun àteras medidas). Custu balore si fundat supra mesuras relatadas cun unu protone e un'eletrone. </p><p>Su 5 de trìulas <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>, un'iscuadra internatzionale de ricercadores est istadu capatzu de fàghere mesuras in unu protone e una càrriga negativa de muones. Appustis de una larga e atenta anàlisi de sas mesuras, s'iscuadra est arribada a sa congruida chi sa raighina cuadrada mesa de su raju de càrriga de unu protone est 0,84184(67) fm, chi diferèntziat in 5,0 deviatziones istandard de sa CODATA, balore de 0.8768(69) fm".<sup id="cite_ref-Radius_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radius-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S'iscuadra de chirca internatzionale chi at otentu custu resurtadu in su Paul-Scherrer-Istitutu (PSI), a Villiger (<a href="/wiki/Isv%C3%ACtzera" title="Isvìtzera">Isvìtzera</a>), includet iscientziados de s'Istitutu Max Planck de Òtica Cuàntica (MPQ) de Garching, sa Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) de <a href="/wiki/Monaco_de_Baviera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaco de Baviera">Mònacu</a> e s'Istitutu für Strahlwerkzeuge (IFWS) de s'Universidade de Stuttgart (ambas de <a href="/wiki/Germania" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania">Germània</a>), e s'Universidade de <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portogallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Portogallo">Portugallu.</a><sup id="cite_ref-ars_technica_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars_technica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intentant ispiegare s'iscuncordàntzia intre sos càrculos e sos esperimentos. In casu de no osservare faddinas, si torrat a esaminare sos resurtados de sos duos anteriores esperimentos de arta pretzisione de sas medidas e càrculos complicados. Si non s'agatant faddinas, diat pòdere èssere netzessàriu torrare a esaminare su mundu de sa teoria fundamentale prus pretzisa e fàghere mègius preditziones: s'electrodinàmica cuàntica.<sup id="cite_ref-nanotechnology_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanotechnology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protones_in_sa_chìmica"><span id="Protones_in_sa_ch.C3.ACmica"></span>Protones in sa chìmica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Protones in sa chìmica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Protones in sa chìmica"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nùmeru_atòmicu"><span id="N.C3.B9meru_at.C3.B2micu"></span>Nùmeru atòmicu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Nùmeru atòmicu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Nùmeru atòmicu"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In chìmica, su nùmeru de protones in su nùcleu de un'àtomu si connoschet comente su <i>nùmeru atòmicu</i> (<b>Z</b>), chi determinat s'elementu chìmicu a su cale apartenet s'àtomu. Pro esempru, su nùmeru atòmicu de su clor est 17, cosa chi signìficat chi cada àtomu de clor tenet 17 protones e chi totu sos àtomos cun 17 protones sunt àtomos de clor. Sas propiedades chìmicas de cada àtomu si determinat dae su nùmeru de eletrones, chi pro sos àtomos neutros est eguale a sa cantidade de protones ca sa càrriga totale nd'est zero. Pro esempru, un'àtomu de clor neutru tenet 17 protones e 17 eletrones, mentras unu ione de cloro Cl- tenet 17 protones e 18 eletrones, pro custu risultadu una càrriga totale de -1. </p><p>Totu sos àtomos de un'elementu dadu non sunt in manera netzessària idènticos, dae chi su nùmeru de neutrones podet variare pro formare sos diferentes isòtopos, e sos livellos de energia podent variare in sa formatzione de diferentes isòmeros nucleares. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ione_idrògenu"><span id="Ione_idr.C3.B2genu"></span>Ione idrògenu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Ione idrògenu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Ione idrògenu"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica" title="Chìmica">chìmica</a>, su tèrmine <i>protone</i> si referit a su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cati%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catió (sa pàgina no esistit)">catione</a> de idrògenu, H+. Bidu chi su nùmeru atòmicu de s'idrògenu est 1, un'ione de idrògenu non tenet eletrones e currispondet a unu nùcleu a nudu, chi cunsistet de unu solu protone. In custu cuntestu, un'emitente de protones est un'àtzidu, mentras chi unu retzidore de protones est una base. Su matessi protone est unas 1.800 bias prus minore de un'àtomu de idrògenu e duncas, est a manera estrema reativu. Su protone lìberu tenet una vida curtza meda in sos sistemas chìmicos, ca reagit a lestru cun calesi siat molècula disponìbile. In una solutzione de abba chi costituit su ione hidroniu (H3O+), in chi su protone est unidu dae manera covalente a una molècula de abba. In custu casu, si narat chi s'hidroniu est idratadu, ma puru podent esìstere ispètzies de idratatzione superiora, pro narrere [H5O2]+ e [H9O4]+.<sup id="cite_ref-Headrick_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headrick-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sos isòtopos de s'idrògenu sunt sos ùnicos chi retzint unu nùmene ispetzìficu. Sos iones produidos dae s'eliminatzione de sos eletrones de un'àtomu de deuterio si connoschet comente unu deuterone. Sos <i>iones</i> de càrriga negativa H- si connoschent comente ione <i>hidruro.</i> D- si connoschet comente <i>ione</i> <i>deuteri.</i> Su tritiu s'utilizat pro s'etichetadura isotòpica de sos cumpostos orgànicos. Sos iones de tritiu sunt pagu istudados in chìmica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protones_pro_risonàntzia_magnètica_nucleare_(RMN)"><span id="Protones_pro_rison.C3.A0ntzia_magn.C3.A8tica_nucleare_.28RMN.29"></span>Protones pro risonàntzia magnètica nucleare (RMN)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Protones pro risonàntzia magnètica nucleare (RMN)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Protones pro risonàntzia magnètica nucleare (RMN)"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In chìmica, su tèrmine <i>RMN de su protone</i> si referit a sa pompiadura de idrògenu-1 in sos nùcleos (pro sa majoria orgànicos) de sas molèculas pro sa risonàntzia magnètica nucleare. Custu mètodu utilizat s'u spin de su protone, chi tenet su balore de 1/2. Su nùmene si referit a s'esame de sos protones chi si produint in su proti (idrògenu -1 àtomu) in sos cumpostos, e no ìmplicat chi sos protones lìberos esistant in su cumpostu in istùdiu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Espositzione_a_sos_protones">Espositzione a sos protones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Espositzione a sos protones" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Espositzione a sos protones"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Sos esperimentos in sa superfìtzie lunare de su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Programa_Apollo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Programa Apollo (sa pàgina no esistit)">Programma Apollo</a> at determinadu chi prus de su 95% de sas partigheddas in su bentu solare sunt sos eletrones e protones, in tzifras belle eguales.<sup id="cite_ref-LPI_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Sigomente s'ispetròmetru de bentu solare faghet mesuras continas, s'at pòdidu medire comente su campu magnèticu de sa Terra demada s'arribu de sas partigheddas de bentu solare. Pro a curtzu de sos tres duos de cada òrbita, sa Luna s'agatat foras su campu magnèticu de sa Terra. In custos momentos, sa densidade de protones tìpica est de 10 a 20 protones/cm3, cun sa majoria de sos protones cun lestresas de intre 400 e 650 km/s. Durende guasi chimbe dies de cada mese, sa Luna s'agatat intro de sa coa geomagnètica de sa Terra, e in generale non si podent sebestare sas partigheddas de su bentu solare. Pro su restu de cada òrbita lunare, sa Luna s'agatat in una regione de transitzione connota comente a <i>imbòligu magnèticu</i>, in su chi su campu magnèticu de sa Terra tocat su bentu solare, ma no l'escluet de su totu. In custa regione, su flussu de partigheddas est minimada, cun lestresas tìpicas de protones de 250 a 450 km/s. Durante sa note lunare, s'espectròmetre si bidet amparadu dae su bentu solare pro sa matessi Luna e nemmancu si podent medire sas partigheddas de bentu solare. </p></blockquote><p>Sa chirca s'at fatu pro ischire sos efetos de sa tassa de dose de protones in sa salude umana, comente normalmente s'agatant in sos biàgios ispatziales.<sup id="cite_ref-BNL_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biblioteca_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblioteca-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prus in s'ispetzìficu, b'at isperas pro identificare cales cromosomas si guastant e pro definire comente si disvilupat su cancru pro s'espositzione de protones. Unu àteru istùdiu analizat sa determinatzione de sos "efetos de s'espositzione a s'irradiatzione de protones in sos puntos finales neuroquímics e de cumportamentu, includende·nche dopaminas funtzionales, sas amfetaminas e s'imparu ispatziale e sa memòria, medida dae su labirintu de Morris". Sa càrriga elètrica chi retzit unu naviu ispatziale a causa de su bombardamentu interplanetàriu de protones puru s'at propostu pro s'istùdiu suo.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> B'at medas prus istùdios chi si referint a sos biàgios ispatziales, includende·nche sos rajos còsmicos galàticos e sos possìbiles efetos suos in sa salude, e protones solares in casu de espositzione. </p><p>Sos esperimentos de sos biàgios ispatziales ant dimustradu sa gravidade de sos dannos moleculares induidos dae iones pesados in sos microorganismos, inclùdidos s'artemia e sas cistes.<sup id="cite_ref-Planel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiprotones">Antiprotones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Antiprotones" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Antiprotones"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa simmetria-CPT ponet fortes impedimentos a sas propiedades relativas de sas partigheddas e antipartigheddas e, duncas, est aberta a proas rigorosas. Pro esempru, sas càrrigas de sos protones e antiprotones depent summare zero pròpiu. Custa egualidade est istada proada in 1 a 108. S'egualidade de sas massas puru s'at proadu in 1 a 108. Mediante su serramentu de antiprotones in nd'una trampa penning, s'egualidade de sa càrriga a massa de su protone e s'antiprotone s'at proadu in 1 de 6x109.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Su momentu magnèticu de s'antiprotone s'at medidu cun una faddina de 8×10-3 in magnetrons Bohr, e s'at averiguadu èssere eguale e contrària a sa de su protone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bidide_puru">Bidide puru</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Bidide puru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Bidide puru"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Disintegratzione de su protone.</li> <li>Cadena protone-protone.</li> <li>Modellu de quarks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Idrogeno">Idrògenu</a>.</li> <li>Protonòfor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riferimentos">Riferimentos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Riferimentos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Riferimentos"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood, and F.G. Herring. <i>General Chemistry</i>. 8a ed..  Pearson- Prentice Hall, Madrid, 2002, p. 41. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/8483220431">ISBN 8483220431</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.au=R.H.+Petrucci%2C+W.S.+Harwood%2C+and+F.G.+Herring&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=8a+ed.&rft.pub=Pearson-+Prentice+Hall%2C+Madrid&rft.pages=41&rft.isbn=8483220431"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.K. Adair. <i>The Great Design: Particles, Fields, and Creation</i>.  <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1989, p. 214.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Design%3A+Particles%2C+Fields%2C+and+Creation&rft.au=R.K.+Adair&rft.date=1989&rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.pages=214"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cottingham-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cottingham_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W.N. Cottingham, D.A. Greenwood. <i>An Introduction to Nuclear Physics</i>.  <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1986, p. 19.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Nuclear+Physics&rft.au=W.N.+Cottingham%2C+D.A.+Greenwood&rft.date=1986&rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.pages=19"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basdevant2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Basdevant2_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.-L. Basdevant, J. Rich, M. Spiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/?id=OFx7P9mgC9oC&pg=PA375&dq=helium+%22nuclear+structure%22"><i>Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics</i></a>.  <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_(publisher)">Springer</a>, 2005, p. 155. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-387-01672-4">ISBN 0-387-01672-4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+in+Nuclear+Physics&rft.au=J.-L.+Basdevant%2C+J.+Rich%2C+M.+Spiro&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=%5B%5BSpringer+%28publisher%29%7CSpringer%5D%5D&rft.pages=155&rft.isbn=0-387-01672-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2F%3Fid%3DOFx7P9mgC9oC%26pg%3DPA375%26dq%3Dhelium%2B%2522nuclear%2Bstructure%2522"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Nishino <i>et al.</i> (Kamiokande collaboration) «Search for Proton Decay via :p → e<sup>+</sup> + π<sup>0</sup> and :p → μ + π<sup>0</sup> in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector». <i><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>, 102, 2009, pàg. 141801. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhRvL.102n1801N/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:2009PhRvL.102n1801N">2009PhRvL.102n1801N</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI">DOI</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801">10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S.N. Ahmed <i>et al.</i> (<a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNO">SNO Collaboration</a>) «Constraints on nucleon decay via <i>invisible</i> modes from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory». <i><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>, 92, 2004, pàg. 102004. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0310030">hep-ex/0310030</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..92j2004A/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:2004PhRvL..92j2004A">2004PhRvL..92j2004A</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI">DOI</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.102004" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.102004">10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.102004</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15089201">15089201</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Error en el <i><b>títol</b></i> o la <i><b>url</b></i>.«».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fodor-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fodor_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Dürr, Z. Fodor, J. Frison, C. Hoelbling, R. Hoffmann, S. D. Katz, S. Krieg, T. Kurth, L. Lellouch, T. Lippert, K. K. Szabo, and G. Vulvert «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/322/5905/1224/DC1/1"><i>Ab Initio</i> Determination of Light Hadron Masses</a>». <i>Science</i>, 322, 5905, 21-11-2008, pàg. 1224. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...322.1224D/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:2008Sci...322.1224D">2008Sci...322.1224D</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI">DOI</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1126/science.1163233" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1126/science.1163233">10.1126/science.1163233</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19023076">19023076</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perdrisat-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Perdrisat_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. F. Perdrisat, V. Punjabi, M. Vanderhaeghen «Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors». <i>Prog Part Nucl Phys</i>, 59, 2007, pàg. 694–764. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0612014">hep-ph/0612014</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PrPNP..59..694P/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:2007PrPNP..59..694P">2007PrPNP..59..694P</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI">DOI</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2007.05.001" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2007.05.001">10.1016/j.ppnp.2007.05.001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boffi-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Boffi_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigfrido Boffi & Barbara Pasquini «Generalized parton distributions and the structure of the nucleon». <i>Riv Nuovo Cim</i>, 30, 2007. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv">arXiv</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.2625">0711.2625</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NCimR..30..387B/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:2007NCimR..30..387B">2007NCimR..30..387B</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI">DOI</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1393/ncr/i2007-10025-7" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1393/ncr/i2007-10025-7">10.1393/ncr/i2007-10025-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radius-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Radius_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randolf Pohl, Aldo Antognini, François Nez, Fernando D. Amaro, François Biraben, João M. R. Cardoso, Daniel S. Covita, Andreas Dax, Satish Dhawan, Luis M. P. Fernandes, Adolf Giesen, Thomas Graf, Theodor W. Hänsch, Paul Indelicato, Lucile Julien, Cheng-Yang Kao, Paul Knowles, Eric-Olivier Le Bigot, Yi-Wei Liu, José A. M. Lopes, Livia Ludhova, Cristina M. B. Monteiro, Françoise Mulhauser, Tobias Nebel, Paul Rabinowitz, et al. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/abs/nature09250.html"><i>The size of the proton</i></a>». <i>Nature</i>, 466, 7303, 08-07-2010, pàg. 213–216. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.466..213P/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:2010Natur.466..213P">2010Natur.466..213P</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI">DOI</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1038/nature09250" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1038/nature09250">10.1038/nature09250</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20613837">20613837</a> [Consulta: 9 juliol 2010].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars_technica-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ars_technica_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=18428">New proton measurements may throw physics a curve</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=42905">The Proton Just Got Smaller</a>». <i>Photonics.Com</i>, 12-07-2010 [Consulta: 7 setembre 2011].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nanotechnology-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nanotechnology_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=18428">Researchers Observes Unexpectedly Small Proton Radius in a Precision Experiment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Headrick-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Headrick_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Headrick, J.M.; Diken, E.G.; Walters, R. S.; Hammer, N. I.; Christie, R.A.; Cui, J.; Myshakin, E.M.; Duncan, M.A.; Johnson, M.A.; Jordan, K.D. «Spectral Signatures of Hydrated Proton Vibrations in Water Clusters». <i>Science</i>, 308, 5729, 2005, pàg. 1765–69. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1765H/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:2005Sci...308.1765H">2005Sci...308.1765H</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI">DOI</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1126/science.1113094" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1126/science.1113094">10.1126/science.1113094</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15961665">15961665</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPI-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LPI_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/experiments/swc/">Apollo 11 Mission</a>».  <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a>, 2009. [Consulta: 12 juny 2009].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNL-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BNL_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=07-X17">Space Travel and Cancer Linked? Stony Brook Researcher Secures NASA Grant to Study Effects of Space Radiation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081126121719/http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=07-X17">Archiviadu</a> su 26 santandria 2008 in s'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Archive (sa pàgina no esistit)">Internet Archive</a>.».  <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, 12-12-2007. [Consulta: 12 juny 2009].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblioteca-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-biblioteca_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Shukitt-Hale, A. Szprengiel, J. Pluhar, B.M. Rabin, and J.A. Joseph. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca.universia.net/ficha.do?id=43176300">The effects of proton exposure on neurochemistry and behavior</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725132049/http://biblioteca.universia.net/ficha.do?id=43176300">Archiviadu</a> su 25 trìulas 2011 in s'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Archive (sa pàgina no esistit)">Internet Archive</a>.».  <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier">Elsevier</a>/<a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSPAR">COSPAR</a>. [Consulta: 12 juny 2009].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N.W. Green and A.R. Frederickson. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/39501/1/05-0657.pdf">A Study of Spacecraft Charging due to Exposure to Interplanetary Protons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527113425/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/39501/1/05-0657.pdf">Archiviadu</a> su 27 maju 2010 in s'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Archive (sa pàgina no esistit)">Internet Archive</a>.».  <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. [Consulta: 12 juny 2009].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Planel_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Planel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/?id=rnUFZ24RUdYC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=space+colonization+proton+exposure&q="><i>Space and life: an introduction to space biology and medicine</i></a>.  <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press">CRC Press</a>, 2004, p. 135–138. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0415317592">ISBN 0415317592</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+and+life%3A+an+introduction+to+space+biology+and+medicine&rft.au=H.+Planel&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BCRC+Press%5D%5D&rft.pages=135%E2%80%93138&rft.isbn=0415317592&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2F%3Fid%3DrnUFZ24RUdYC%26pg%3DPA132%26lpg%3DPA132%26dq%3Dspace%2Bcolonization%2Bproton%2Bexposure%26q%3D"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Gabrielse «Antiproton mass measurements». <i><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Mass_Spectrometry">International Journal of Mass Spectrometry</a></i>, 251, 2–3, 2006, pàg. 273–280. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IJMSp.251..273G/abstract" class="extiw" title="bibcode:2006IJMSp.251..273G">2006IJMSp.251..273G</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOI">DOI</a>: <a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2006.02.013" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2006.02.013">10.1016/j.ijms.2006.02.013</a>.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligàmenes_esternos"><span id="Lig.C3.A0menes_esternos"></span>Ligàmenes esternos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Càmbia sa setzione: Ligàmenes esternos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modìfica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ligàmenes esternos"><span>modìfica su còdighe de orìgine</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov">Particle Data Group</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cern.ch/lhc/">Gran Colisionador de Hadrons</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Bogadu dae "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protone&oldid=175936">https://sc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protone&oldid=175936</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria cuada: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Template_Webarchive_-_lig%C3%A0menes_a_s%27Internet_Archive" title="Categoria:Template Webarchive - ligàmenes a s'Internet Archive">Template Webarchive - ligàmenes a s'Internet Archive</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ùrtima modìfica su 12 Fre 2022, a is 22:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Su testu est a disponimentu segundu sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">litzèntzia Atributzione Creative Commons-Cumpartzi a sa pròpia manera</a>; si podent aplicare prus cunditziones galu. 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