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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Proton" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Proton" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Proton" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Proton" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Huraian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huraian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Huraian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huraian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penamaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penamaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Penamaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penamaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teori_awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teori_awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Teori awal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teori_awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penemuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penemuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Penemuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penemuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_moden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_moden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sejarah moden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_moden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ciri-ciri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Ciri-ciri</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kestabilan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kestabilan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kestabilan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kestabilan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jisim_menurut_aspek_kuantum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jisim_menurut_aspek_kuantum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Jisim menurut aspek kuantum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jisim_menurut_aspek_kuantum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proton_dalam_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proton_dalam_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proton dalam kimia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proton_dalam_kimia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Proton dalam kimia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proton_dalam_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nombor_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nombor_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nombor atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nombor_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ion_hidrogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ion_hidrogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ion hidrogen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ion_hidrogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan_praktikal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan_praktikal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kegunaan praktikal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan_praktikal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 151 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بروتون – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(fizika)" title="Proton (fizika) – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proton (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B4ng-ch%C3%BA" title="Iông-chú – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iông-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروطون – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prooton" title="Prooton – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prooton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πρωτόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%B3n" title="Prótón – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prótón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="પ્રોટોન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રોટોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양성자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պրոտոն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-protons" title="Ii-protons – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-protons" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INelesi" title="INelesi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INelesi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3teind" title="Róteind – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róteind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרוטון – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C9%94%C9%94" title="Protɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Protɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პროტონი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="برٛۆن – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="برٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoton" title="Pwoton – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ໂປຣຕອນ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂປຣຕອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protons" title="Protons – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonas" title="Protonas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obukontanyo(Protons)" title="Obukontanyo(Protons) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Obukontanyo(Protons)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutun" title="Prutun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prutun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4t%C3%B4na" title="Prôtôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôtôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Cék-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ပရိုတွန် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proton (deeltje)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E5%AD%90" title="陽子 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="陽子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirootoonii" title="Pirootoonii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pirootoonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروټون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotan" title="Pruotan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pruotan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ton" title="Próton – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Próton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purutun" title="Purutun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purutun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutuni" title="Prutuni – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٽان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotoon" title="Borotoon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="پرۆتۆن – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="நேர்மின்னி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprutun" title="Aprutun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aprutun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్రోటాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రోటాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروٹون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proodon" title="Proodon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Proodon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feppsaal" title="Feppsaal – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Feppsaal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" title="质子 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="质子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פראטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Prótọ̀nù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Prótọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotuons" title="Pruotuons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruotuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Proton" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proton"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Proton"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Proton" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Proton" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&oldid=6379466" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Proton&id=6379466&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProton"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProton"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Proton"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Proton&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proton" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2294" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana ini mengenai zarah dalam fizik atom.  Untuk syarikat automobil Malaysia, sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Proton_(syarikat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (syarikat)">Proton (syarikat)</a>.  Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton_(nyahkekaburan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proton (nyahkekaburan) (laman tidak wujud)">Proton (nyahkekaburan)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 20em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 110%;" colspan="2"><center><i><b>Proton</b></i></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><center><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Quark_structure_proton.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/150px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/225px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/300px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="695" /></a></span></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><center><small>Susun atur <a href="/wiki/Kuark" title="Kuark">kuark-kuark</a> dalam proton.</small></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Pengelasan:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">Barion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Komposisi:</b></td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Kuark_naik" title="Kuark naik">kuark naik</a> (u), 1 <a href="/wiki/Kuark_turun" title="Kuark turun">kuark turun</a> (d) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kumpulan:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_asas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi asas (laman tidak wujud)">Interaksi</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graviti" title="Graviti">Graviti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keelektromagnetan" title="Keelektromagnetan">keelektromagnetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daya_nukleus_lemah" title="Daya nukleus lemah">daya nukleus lemah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Daya_nukleus_kuat" title="Daya nukleus kuat">kuat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Antizarah" title="Antizarah">Antizarah</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiproton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiproton (laman tidak wujud)">Antiproton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Pengasas teori:</b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Prout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Prout (laman tidak wujud)">William Prout</a> (1815) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ditemui:</b></td> <td>Diperhatikan sebagai H<sup>+</sup> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Goldstein (laman tidak wujud)">Eugen Goldstein</a> (1886). Dikenal pasti dan dinamakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1917–1920). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Simbol:</b></td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">p</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">p<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">N<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>, <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sub></span>H<sup>+</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jisim_tak_berubah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jisim tak berubah (laman tidak wujud)">Jisim</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Physconst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Physconst (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Physconst</a><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7002938272088160000♠</span>938.272<span style="margin-left:.25em;">088</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">16</span>(29) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronvolt (laman tidak wujud)">MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000100727646662099♠</span>1.007<span style="margin-left:.25em;">276</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">466</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">621</span>(53) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_atomic_mass_unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unified atomic mass unit (laman tidak wujud)">u</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_hayat_min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa hayat min (laman tidak wujud)">Masa hayat min</a>:</b></td> <td>> <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7029210000000000000♠</span>2.1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>29</sup> tahun</span> (stabil) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cas_elektrik" title="Cas elektrik">Cas elektrik</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6981160217648700000♠</span>+1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementary charge (laman tidak wujud)"><i>e</i></a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6981160217663400000♠</span>1.602<span style="margin-left:.25em;">176</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">634</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">C</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jejari_cas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jejari cas (laman tidak wujud)">Jejari cas</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6999841400000000000♠</span>0.8414(19) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Femtometre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Femtometre (laman tidak wujud)">fm</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momen_dwikutub_elektrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momen dwikutub elektrik (laman tidak wujud)">Momen dwikutub elektrik</a>:</b></td> <td>< <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6976540000000000000♠</span>5.4<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−24</sup> <i>e</i>⋅cm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keterkutuban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keterkutuban (laman tidak wujud)">Keterkutuban elektrik</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6997119999999999999♠</span>1.20(6)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup> fm<sup>3</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momen_magnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momen magnet (laman tidak wujud)">Momen magnet</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6974141060679736000♠</span>1.410<span style="margin-left:.25em;">606</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">797</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">36</span>(60)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−26</sup> <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>⋅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tesla_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tesla (unit) (laman tidak wujud)">T</a><sup>−1</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6997152103220230000♠</span>1.521<span style="margin-left:.25em;">032</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">202</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">30</span>(46)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magneton_Bohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magneton Bohr (laman tidak wujud)">μ<sub>B</sub></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000279284734463000♠</span>2.792<span style="margin-left:.25em;">847</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">344</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">63</span>(82) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magneton_nuklear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magneton nuklear (laman tidak wujud)">μ<sub>N</sub></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keterkutuban_magnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keterkutuban magnet (laman tidak wujud)">Keterkutuban magnet</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6996190000000000000♠</span>1.9(5)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup> fm<sup>3</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Spin_(fizik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (fizik)">Spin</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="display:none;">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">Isospin</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="display:none;">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pariti_(fizik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pariti (fizik) (laman tidak wujud)">Pariti</a>:</b></td> <td>+1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Terkondensasi</b></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Isospin" title="Isospin">I</a></i>(<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jumlah_momentum_sudut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jumlah momentum sudut (laman tidak wujud)">J</a></i><sup><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pariti_(fizik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pariti (fizik) (laman tidak wujud)">P</a></i></sup>) = <span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="display:none;">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span>(<span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="display:none;">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span><sup>+</sup>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Proton</b> (<a 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.script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڤروتون</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>) dalam fizik merupakan sejenis <a href="/wiki/Zarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarah">zarah</a> subatomik yang mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Cas_elektrik" title="Cas elektrik">cas elektrik</a> a unit asas positif (1.602 × 10<sup>−19</sup> coulomb) dengan <a href="/wiki/Jisim" title="Jisim">jisim</a> 938.3 MeV/c<sup>2</sup> (1.6726 × 10<sup>−27</sup> kg), atau kira-kira 1836 kali jisim <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>. Ia dijumpai di dalam setiap atom tetapi pada masa yang sama, ia juga masih berada dalam keadaan yang stabil dengan hanya dirinya sendiri dan mempunyai identiti kedua seperti ion <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> , H+. Zarah proton ini sendiri mempunyai 3 zarah asas termasuk 2 <a href="/wiki/Kuark_naik" title="Kuark naik">kuark naik</a> dan 1 <a href="/wiki/Kuark_turun" title="Kuark turun">kuark turun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cottingham_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cottingham-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Huraian">Huraian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Huraian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Huraian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proton ialah <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> 1/2 <a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a> dan mengandungi 3 kuark<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">barion</a>. 2 kuark naik dan 1 kuark turun ditempatkan di dalam proton akibat daripada daya yang sangat kuat, disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluon</a>. </p><p>Proton dan <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> adalah nukleon yang diikat oleh daya nuklear di dalam <a href="/wiki/Nukleus" class="mw-disambig" title="Nukleus">nukleus</a> atom. Nukleus <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> yang paling biasa bagi atom hidrogen adalah proton tunggal (atom ini tidak mempunyai neutron). Nukleus hidrogen yang lebih berat (seperti <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>) mengandungi neutron. Atom-atom lain mengandungi 2 atau lebih proton dan sebilangan neutron. Bilangan proton di dalam nukleus menentukan sifat kimia atom tersebut dan seterusnya elemen kimia yang mana yang diwakilinya; pada asasnya, kedua-dua bilangan neutron dan proton di dalam nukleus menentukan isotop tertentu bagi sesuatu elemen. Proton bercas positif. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penamaan">Penamaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Penamaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penamaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proton dinamakan berdasarkan perkataan Yunani, πρῶτον yang bermaksud “pertama,“ dan diusulkan oleh penemu proton, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>. Perkataan ini mula digunakan dalam bidang saintifik sejak 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Pais1986_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pais1986-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teori_awal">Teori awal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Teori awal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Teori awal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konsep zarah seperti hidrogen sebagai bahan binaan atom-atom lain berkembang dalam masa yang lama. Sejak 1815, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Prout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Prout (laman tidak wujud)">William Prout</a> mencadangkan usul bahawa semua atom terdiri daripada atom hidrogen yang dipanggil olehnya sebagai <i>protyle</i> berdasarkan tafsiran mudah jisim-jisim atom pada masa itu, tetapi menjadi lapuk apabila nilai jisim atom yang lebih tepat diketahui. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penemuan">Penemuan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Penemuan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penemuan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> sering kali dikaitkan dengan penemuan proton. Pada tahun 1918, Rutherford menyedari bahawa apabila <a href="/wiki/Zarah_alfa" title="Zarah alfa">zarah alfa</a> ditembak ke atas gas <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, pengesan sinarannya mempamerkan tanda-tanda kehadiran nukleus hidrogen. Rutherford mengesahkan bahawa hidrogen ini hanya boleh hadir daripada gas nitrogen tersebut, dan maka dengan itu nitrogen mengandungi nukleus hidrogen. Dia kemudiannya mencadangkan bahawa nukleus hidrogen, yang diketahui mempunyai nombor atom 1 adalah zarah asas. </p><p>Sebelum Rutherford, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Goldstein (laman tidak wujud)">Eugen Goldstein</a> telah meneliti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinar_terusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinar terusan (laman tidak wujud)">sinar terusan</a>, yang mengandungi ion-ion bercas positif. Selepas penemuan elektron oleh <a href="/wiki/J.J._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J. Thompson">J.J.Thompson</a>, Goldstein mencadangkan bahawa memandangkan atom adalah bersifat neutral dari segi cas elektriknya, sudah pasti terdapat zarah bercas positif dalam sesuatu atom dan dia berusaha mengkajinya. Dia menggunakan sinar terusan yang diperhatikan bergerak melawan arah aliran elektron dalam <a href="/wiki/Tiub_sinar_katod" title="Tiub sinar katod">tiub sinar katod</a>. Apabila elektron tersebut dialihkan dari zarah-zarah dalam tiub sinar katod, ia menjadi zarah bercas positif dan bergerak ke arah katod. Kebanyakkan zarah bercas tersebut melintasi katod, lalu ia ditebuk dan menghasilkan sinaran di atas kaca tersebut. Pada saat ini, Goldstein percaya bahawa dia telah menjumpai proton. Apabila dia mengira nisbah cas kepada jisim zarah baru ini, nilainya adalah berlainan apabila gas yang digunakan ditukar (dalam kes elektron, nilai yang dijumpai adalah sama walaupun gas yang digunakan dalam tiub sinar katod adalah berbeza). Sebabnya adalah sangat mudah. Apa yang disangkakan proton oleh Goldstein ialah sebenarnya ion. Beliau berputus asa dengan tugas ini dan berjanji yang “dia akan kembali.“ Namun, dia mengendahkan janjinya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sejarah_moden">Sejarah moden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah moden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah moden"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kini, proton lazim digunakan dalam pemecut bagi tujuan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_proton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi proton (laman tidak wujud)">terapi proton</a> serta uji kaji <a href="/wiki/Fizik_zarah" title="Fizik zarah">fizik zarah</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Pelanggar_Hadron_Besar" title="Pelanggar Hadron Besar">Pelanggar Hadron Besar</a>. </p><p>Kajian terkini menujukkan bahawa ribut petir boleh menghasilkan proton dengan tenaga mencecah puluhan MeV. Pada Julai 2017, para pengkaji menentukan jisim proton pada nilai <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000100727646658300♠</span>1.007<span style="margin-left:.25em;">276</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">466</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">583</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+15<br />−29</span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_jisim_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unit jisim atom (laman tidak wujud)">unit jisim atom</a></span> (nilai +15 dan -29 masing-masing ialah nilai ketidaktentuan statistik dan sistematik), lebih rendah dari nilai asal berdasarkan maklumat pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=CODATA_2014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CODATA 2014 (laman tidak wujud)">CODATA 2014</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Popkin20172_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popkin20172-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heisse20172_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heisse20172-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri">Ciri-ciri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kestabilan">Kestabilan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Kestabilan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kestabilan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jika diperhatikan, proton adalah stabil dan secara teorinya, <a href="/wiki/Setengah_hayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Setengah hayat">setengah hayat</a> yang paling minimum bagi proton ialah 1×10<sup>36</sup> tahun. Para saintis secara umumnya menganggarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pereputan_proton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pereputan proton (laman tidak wujud)">pereputan proton</a> tetap berlaku, walaupun eksperimen-eksperimen yang dijalankan sehingga kini hanya memperoleh keputusan limit serendah 1035 tahun bagi jangkahayat proton. Dalam erti kata lain, pereputan proton tidak pernah disaksikan oleh sesiapa dan purata jangka hayat paling rendah proton berdasarkan eksperimen (2.1×10<sup>29</sup> tahun) diberikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balai_Pencerap_Sudbury_Neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balai Pencerap Sudbury Neutrino (laman tidak wujud)">Balai Pencerap Sudbury Neutrino</a>. Walau bagaimanapun, proton telah diketahui boleh bertukar kepada neutron melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_penawanan_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses penawanan elektron (laman tidak wujud)">proses penawanan elektron</a>. Proses ini tidak berlaku secara spontan tetapi hanya apabila tenaga yang cukup disalurkan. Persamaan bagi proses ini ialah :- </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} ^{+}+\mathbf {e} ^{-}\rightarrow \mathbf {n} +{\nu }_{e}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} ^{+}+\mathbf {e} ^{-}\rightarrow \mathbf {n} +{\nu }_{e}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/474995c3c8295edc7ce84f23a3d90f882ea51855" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.046ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} ^{+}+\mathbf {e} ^{-}\rightarrow \mathbf {n} +{\nu }_{e}\,}"></span> </p><p>“p” ialah proton, </p><p>“e” ialah elektron, </p><p>“n” ialah neutron, dan </p><p>“ν<sub>e</sub>“ ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektron neutrino (laman tidak wujud)">elektron neutrino</a> </p><p>Neutron juga boleh ditukarkan semula kepada proton melalui <a href="/wiki/Pereputan_beta" title="Pereputan beta">proses pereputan beta</a>, satuk bentuk yang biasa dalam pereputan radioaktif. Dalam pada itu, neutron bebas mereput melalui kaedah ini dengan purata jangka hayat hanya kira-kira 15 minit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jisim_menurut_aspek_kuantum">Jisim menurut aspek kuantum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Jisim menurut aspek kuantum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jisim menurut aspek kuantum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kromodinamik_kuantum" title="Kromodinamik kuantum">kromodinamik kuantum</a> (QCD), teori moden daya nukleus, kebanyakan jisim proton dan proton dihuraikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Kerelatifan_khas" title="Kerelatifan khas">kerelatifan khas</a>. Jisim proton ialah kira-kira 80 ke 100 kali ganda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jisim_rehat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jisim rehat (laman tidak wujud)">jisim rehat</a> kuark-kuark yang membentuk proton, dan jisim rehat gluon ialah sifar. Tenaga lebihan kuark dan gluon dalam kawasan proton, jika dibandingkan jisim rehat kuark dan gluon itu sendiri, merangkumi hampir 99% jisim proton. Oleh itu, jisim rehat proton ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jisim_tak_varian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jisim tak varian (laman tidak wujud)">jisim tak varian</a> sistem pergerakan kuark dan gluon yang membentuk proton, bahkan, tenaga zarah-zarah yang tidak berjisim itu juga dikira sebagai sebahagian daripada jisim rehat sistem. </p><p>Dua istilah biasanya digunakan dalam perihal jisim kuark yang membentuk proton, iaitu jisim kuark tunggal (<i>current quark mass</i>), jisim kuark itu sendiri, dan jisim kuark juzuk (<i>constituent quark mass</i>), jisim kuark tunggal dan medan zarah gluon yang mengelilingi kuark.<sup id="cite_ref-Waston2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waston2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jisim-jisim ini biasanya mempunyai nilai yang berbeza. Meskipun gluon secara sendirinya tidak berjisim, gluon memiliki tenaga, secara khususnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_pengikat_kromodinamik_kuantum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga pengikat kromodinamik kuantum (laman tidak wujud)">tenaga pengikat kromodinamik kuantum</a> (QCBE), dan tenaga ini merangkumi kebanyaka jisim proton. Proton memiliki jisim sebanyak kira-kira 938 MeV/c<sup>2</sup>, dengan jisim tiga kuark tunggal hanya sebanyak 9.4 MeV/c<sup>2</sup>, dan oleh itu, kebanyakan baki jisim boleh dijelaskan oleh QCBE gluon.<sup id="cite_ref-Weise1984_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weise1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ball2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dinamik dalaman proton adalah rumit kerana perkara ini ditentukan oleh gluon-gluon dan interaksi dengan peluwap vakum. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromodinamik_kuantum_kekisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromodinamik kuantum kekisi (laman tidak wujud)">Kromodinamik kuantum kekisi</a> memberi cara untuk mengira jisim proton daripada teori secara prinsip. Kiraan terkini mendakwa bahawa jisim dapat ditentukan dengan julat ketepatan melebihi 4% hingga 1%,<sup id="cite_ref-SMAnswers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMAnswers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fodor2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fodor2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi masih berkontroversi kerana kiraan tidak boleh dilakukan dengan nilai jisim kuark yang sangat rendah. Hal ini bermakna nilai diperoleh melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstrapolasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstrapolasi (laman tidak wujud)">ekstrapolasi</a> yang boleh menjurus kepada ralat sistematik.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdrisat2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdrisat2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selain itu, terdapat beberapa kaedah lain dalam kajian tentang struktur proton seperti konsep <i>skyrmion</i>, kaedah AdS/QCD yang menerapkan teori benang gluon,<sup id="cite_ref-Erlich2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erlich2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> konsep-konsep berkaitan QCD, dan peratuan penambahan QCD yang membenarkan kiraan nilai jisim kasar.<sup id="cite_ref-Calangelo2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calangelo2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proton_dalam_kimia">Proton dalam kimia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Proton dalam kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Proton dalam kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nombor_atom">Nombor atom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Nombor atom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nombor atom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Nombor_atom" title="Nombor atom">Nombor atom</a></div> <p>Dalam kimia, bilangan proton dalam nukleus atom suatu unsur dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Nombor_atom" title="Nombor atom">nombor atom</a>, dan menentukan unsur kimia atom tersebut. Sebagai contoh, nombor atom <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> ialah 7, bermakna setiap atom nitrogen memiliki tujuh proton dan semua atom dengan tujuh proton ialah atom nitrogen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ion_hidrogen">Ion hidrogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Ion hidrogen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ion hidrogen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proton dalam bidang kimia biasanya dikait dengan ion hidrogen, H<sup>+</sup>. Memandangkan nombor atom hidrogen ialah 1, suatu ion hidrogen tidak mempunyai elektron dan oleh itu, hanya memiliki nukleus tunggal yang terdiri daripada satu proton (dan tiada proton sekiranya merujuk kepada isotop hidrogen paling umum, <a href="/wiki/Atom_hidrogen" title="Atom hidrogen">protium</a>). Proton ini hanya merangkumi 1/64,000 jejari atom hidrogen, dan oleh itu, amat reaktif. Proton yang bebas ini memiliki jangka hayat yang sangat singkat dalam sistem-sistem kimia seperti dalam cecair dan bertindak balas dengan sebarang awan elektron daripada mana-mana molekul. Dalam sebatian akueus, ion hidrogen membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_hidronium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion hidronium (laman tidak wujud)">ion hidronium</a>, H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, yang dilarutkan dengan lebih lanjut oleh molekul-molekul air menjadi ion-ion seperti [H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> and [H<sub>9</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]<sup>+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Headrick2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headrick2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perpindahan ion hidrogen dalam <a href="/wiki/Tindak_balas_asid-bes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tindak balas asid-bes">tindak balas asid-bes</a> dikenali sebagai perpindahan proton. Dalam hal ini, asid bertindak sebagai penderma proton dan bes bertindak sebagai penerima proton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kegunaan_praktikal">Kegunaan praktikal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegunaan praktikal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegunaan praktikal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam bidang perubatan, proton digunakan dalam satu kaedah untuk merawat barah, iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapi_proton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapi proton (laman tidak wujud)">terapi proton</a>. Kaedah ini dilihat lebih selamat berbandingkan kaedah <a href="/wiki/Radioterapi" title="Radioterapi">radioterapi</a> lain kerana julat kedalaman kulit yang terkena dos adalah rendah, dan tidak banyak kebocoran radiasi dos. Proton dalam bidang perubatan boleh dihasilkan dengan menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklotron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklotron (laman tidak wujud)">siklotron</a>, sejenis <a href="/wiki/Pemecut_zarah" title="Pemecut zarah">pemecut zarah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidron_(kimia)" title="Hidron (kimia)">Hidron (kimia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_zarah" title="Senarai zarah">Senarai zarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_fermion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan fermion (laman tidak wujud)">Medan fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuark" title="Kuark">Kuark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_kuark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model kuark (laman tidak wujud)">Model kuark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pereputan_proton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pereputan proton (laman tidak wujud)">Pereputan proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukleus_atom" title="Nukleus atom">Nukleus atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinar_katod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinar katod (laman tidak wujud)">Sinar katod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarah_subatom" title="Zarah subatom">Zarah subatom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CODATA2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"2018 CODATA recommended values" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html">https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cottingham-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cottingham_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.N.Cottingham and D.A.Greenwood "An Introduction to Nuclear Physics", Cambridge University Press (1986), p.19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adair, Robert K.: "The Great Design: Particles, Fields, and Creation.", page 214. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pais1986-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pais1986_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFPais1986" class="citation book cs1">Pais, A. (1986). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwardboundofmat00pais_0"><i>Inward Bound</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwardboundofmat00pais_0/page/296">296</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0198519974" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0198519974"><bdi>0198519974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inward+Bound&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0198519974&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finwardboundofmat00pais_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span> Pais believed the first science literature use of the word <i>proton</i> occurs in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Physics at the British Association". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>. <b>106</b> (2663): 357–358. 1920. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1920Natur.106..357.">1920Natur.106..357.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F106357a0">10.1038/106357a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Physics+at+the+British+Association&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2663&rft.pages=357-358&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F106357a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1920Natur.106..357.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popkin20172-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Popkin20172_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin2017" class="citation news cs1">Popkin, Gabriel (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/surprise-proton-lighter-we-thought">"Surprise! The proton is lighter than we thought"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Surprise%21+The+proton+is+lighter+than+we+thought&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F07%2Fsurprise-proton-lighter-we-thought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heisse20172-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heisse20172_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHeißeKöhler-LangesRauHou2017" class="citation journal cs1">Heiße, F.; Köhler-Langes, F.; Rau, S.; Hou, J.; Junck, S.; Kracke, A.; Mooser, A.; Quint, W.; Ulmer, S.; Werth, G.; Blaum, K.; Sturm, S. (18 July 2017). "High-Precision Measurement of the Proton's Atomic Mass". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review Letters (laman tidak wujud)">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>119</b> (3): 033001. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1706.06780">1706.06780</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvL.119c3001H">2017PhRvL.119c3001H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.119.033001">10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.033001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28777624">28777624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=High-Precision+Measurement+of+the+Proton%27s+Atomic+Mass&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=033001&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1706.06780&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28777624&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.119.033001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PhRvL.119c3001H&rft.aulast=Hei%C3%9Fe&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=K%C3%B6hler-Langes%2C+F.&rft.au=Rau%2C+S.&rft.au=Hou%2C+J.&rft.au=Junck%2C+S.&rft.au=Kracke%2C+A.&rft.au=Mooser%2C+A.&rft.au=Quint%2C+W.&rft.au=Ulmer%2C+S.&rft.au=Werth%2C+G.&rft.au=Blaum%2C+K.&rft.au=Sturm%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waston2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waston2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2004" class="citation book cs1">Watson, A. (2004). <i>The Quantum Quark</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. m/s. 285–286. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-82907-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-82907-6"><bdi>978-0-521-82907-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quantum+Quark&rft.pages=285-286&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82907-6&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2003_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Timothy Paul (2003). <i>Hidden Worlds: Hunting for Quarks in Ordinary Matter</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003hwhq.book.....S">2003hwhq.book.....S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-691-05773-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-691-05773-6"><bdi>978-0-691-05773-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Worlds%3A+Hunting+for+Quarks+in+Ordinary+Matter&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003hwhq.book.....S&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05773-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weise1984-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weise1984_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWeiseGreen1984" class="citation book cs1">Weise, W.; Green, A. M. (1984). <i>Quarks and Nuclei</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Scientific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Scientific (laman tidak wujud)">World Scientific</a>. m/s. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-9971-966-61-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-9971-966-61-4"><bdi>978-9971-966-61-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quarks+and+Nuclei&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-9971-966-61-4&rft.aulast=Weise&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Green%2C+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ball2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBall2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, Philip (20 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081120/full/news.2008.1246.html">"Nuclear masses calculated from scratch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1246">10.1038/news.2008.1246</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">Aug 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Nuclear+masses+calculated+from+scratch&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1246&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F081120%2Ffull%2Fnews.2008.1246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds2009_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Mark (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/1410.htm">"Calculating the Mass of a Proton"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=CNRS_International_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CNRS International Magazine (laman tidak wujud)">CNRS International Magazine</a></i> (13). <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2270-5317">2270-5317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNRS+International+Magazine&rft.atitle=Calculating+the+Mass+of+a+Proton&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2009-04&rft.issn=2270-5317&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cnrs.fr%2Fen%2F1410.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMAnswers-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMAnswers_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/38788/title/Standard_model_gets_right_answer_for_proton,_neutron_masses">this news report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416132731/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/38788/title/Standard_model_gets_right_answer_for_proton,_neutron_masses">Diarkibkan</a> 2009-04-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and links</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fodor2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fodor2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDurrFodorFrisonHoelbling2008" class="citation journal cs1">Durr, S.; Fodor, Z.; Frison, J.; Hoelbling, C.; Hoffmann, R.; Katz, S.D.; Krieg, S.; Kurth, T.; Lellouch, L.; Lippert, T.; Szabo, K.K.; Vulvert, G. (2008). "Ab Initio Determination of Light Hadron Masses". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science (laman tidak wujud)">Science</a></i>. <b>322</b> (5905): 1224–1227. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0906.3599">0906.3599</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...322.1224D">2008Sci...322.1224D</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.249.2858">10.1.1.249.2858</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1163233">10.1126/science.1163233</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19023076">19023076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ab+Initio+Determination+of+Light+Hadron+Masses&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=5905&rft.pages=1224-1227&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...322.1224D&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.249.2858%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19023076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1163233&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0906.3599&rft.aulast=Durr&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Fodor%2C+Z.&rft.au=Frison%2C+J.&rft.au=Hoelbling%2C+C.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+R.&rft.au=Katz%2C+S.D.&rft.au=Krieg%2C+S.&rft.au=Kurth%2C+T.&rft.au=Lellouch%2C+L.&rft.au=Lippert%2C+T.&rft.au=Szabo%2C+K.K.&rft.au=Vulvert%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perdrisat2007-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perdrisat2007_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPerdrisatPunjabiVanderhaeghen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Perdrisat, C. F.; Punjabi, V.; Vanderhaeghen, M. (2007). "Nucleon electromagnetic form factors". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_in_Particle_and_Nuclear_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics (laman tidak wujud)">Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics</a></i>. <b>59</b> (2): 694–764. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0612014">hep-ph/0612014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PrPNP..59..694P">2007PrPNP..59..694P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ppnp.2007.05.001">10.1016/j.ppnp.2007.05.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Particle+and+Nuclear+Physics&rft.atitle=Nucleon+electromagnetic+form+factors&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=694-764&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0612014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ppnp.2007.05.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PrPNP..59..694P&rft.aulast=Perdrisat&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft.au=Punjabi%2C+V.&rft.au=Vanderhaeghen%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erlich2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erlich2008_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Joshua, Erlich (Disember 2008). "Recent Results in AdS/QCD". Proceedings, 8th Conference on Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum, September 1–6, 2008, Mainz, Germany.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calangelo2000-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calangelo2000_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPietroAlex2000" class="citation book cs1">Pietro, Colangelo; Alex, Khodjamirian (Oktober 2000). "QCD Sum Rules, a Modern Perspective". Dalam M., Shifman (penyunting). <i>At the Frontier of Particle Physics: Handbook of QCD</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Scientific_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Scientific Publishing (laman tidak wujud)">World Scientific Publishing</a>. m/s. 1495–1576. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0010175">hep-ph/0010175</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001afpp.book.1495C">2001afpp.book.1495C</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.346.9301">10.1.1.346.9301</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812810458_0033">10.1142/9789812810458_0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-981-02-4445-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-981-02-4445-3"><bdi>978-981-02-4445-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=QCD+Sum+Rules%2C+a+Modern+Perspective&rft.btitle=At+the+Frontier+of+Particle+Physics%3A+Handbook+of+QCD&rft.pages=1495-1576&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001afpp.book.1495C&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.346.9301%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789812810458_0033&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-ph%2F0010175&rft.isbn=978-981-02-4445-3&rft.aulast=Pietro&rft.aufirst=Colangelo&rft.au=Alex%2C+Khodjamirian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Headrick2005-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Headrick2005_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHeadrickDikenWaltersHammer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Headrick, J. M.; Diken, E. G.; Walters, R. S.; Hammer, N. I.; Christie, R. A.; Cui, J.; Myshakin, E. M.; Duncan, M. A.; Johnson, M. A.; Jordan, K. D. (2005). "Spectral Signatures of Hydrated Proton Vibrations in Water Clusters". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science (laman tidak wujud)">Science</a></i>. <b>308</b> (5729): 1765–1769. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1765H">2005Sci...308.1765H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1113094">10.1126/science.1113094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15961665">15961665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Spectral+Signatures+of+Hydrated+Proton+Vibrations+in+Water+Clusters&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=5729&rft.pages=1765-1769&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15961665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1113094&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...308.1765H&rft.aulast=Headrick&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Diken%2C+E.+G.&rft.au=Walters%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Hammer%2C+N.+I.&rft.au=Christie%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Cui%2C+J.&rft.au=Myshakin%2C+E.+M.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+K.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AProton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/11px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Kategori berkenaan <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Protons">Proton</a> di Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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