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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उच्च स्तरीय क्रमादेशन भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उच्च स्तरीय क्रमादेशन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89" title="لغة برمجة عالية المستوى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة برمجة عالية المستوى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উচ্চস্তরের প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উচ্চস্তরের প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-ch%C3%A2n_th%C3%AAng-sek_gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD" title="Ko-chân thêng-sek giân-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-chân thêng-sek giân-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8E" title="Мова праграмавання высокага ўзроўню – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мова праграмавання высокага ўзроўню" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Език за програмиране от високо ниво – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Език за програмиране от високо ниво" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programski_jezik_visokog_nivoa" title="Programski jezik visokog nivoa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Programski jezik visokog nivoa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenguatge_de_programaci%C3%B3_d%27alt_nivell" title="Llenguatge de programació d'alt nivell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llenguatge de programació d'alt nivell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%AD_programovac%C3%AD_jazyk" title="Vyšší programovací jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyšší programovací jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6here_Programmiersprache" title="Höhere Programmiersprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höhere Programmiersprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rgkeel" title="Kõrgkeel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrgkeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Γλώσσα προγραμματισμού υψηλού επιπέδου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα προγραμματισμού υψηλού επιπέδου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje_de_alto_nivel" title="Lenguaje de alto nivel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguaje de alto nivel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altnivela_programlingvo" title="Altnivela programlingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Altnivela programlingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="زبان برنامه‌نویسی سطح بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان برنامه‌نویسی سطح بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langage_de_programmation_de_haut_niveau" title="Langage de programmation de haut niveau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langage de programmation de haut niveau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_ardleibh%C3%A9il" title="Teanga ardleibhéil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga ardleibhéil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaxe_de_alto_nivel" title="Linguaxe de alto nivel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguaxe de alto nivel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%89_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="고급 프로그래밍 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고급 프로그래밍 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उच्च स्तरीय क्रमादेशन भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उच्च स्तरीय क्रमादेशन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programski_jezik_visoke_razine" title="Programski jezik visoke razine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Programski jezik visoke razine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_pemrograman_tingkat_tinggi" title="Bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%C3%B0ra_forritunarm%C3%A1l" title="Æðra forritunarmál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Æðra forritunarmál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggio_di_programmazione_ad_alto_livello" title="Linguaggio di programmazione ad alto livello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linguaggio di programmazione ad alto livello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שפת תכנות עילית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפת תכנות עילית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მაღალი დონის პროგრამირების ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაღალი დონის პროგრამირების ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsta_l%C4%ABme%C5%86a_programm%C4%93%C5%A1anas_valoda" title="Augsta līmeņa programmēšanas valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augsta līmeņa programmēšanas valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguagg_a_volt_nivell" title="Lenguagg a volt nivell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lenguagg a volt nivell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magas_szint%C5%B1_programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv" title="Magas szintű programozási nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magas szintű programozási nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Сложени програмски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сложени програмски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഉന്നത തല ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉന്നത തല ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_pengaturcaraan_aras_tinggi" title="Bahasa pengaturcaraan aras tinggi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa pengaturcaraan aras tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Дээд түвшний програмчлалын хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дээд түвшний програмчлалын хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%96%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="高水準言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高水準言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yniv%C3%A5spr%C3%A5k" title="Høynivåspråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høynivåspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83_%D0%BA%D3%B1%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Кугу кӱкшытан программлымаш йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугу кӱкшытан программлымаш йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਉੱਚ-ਪੱਧਰੀ ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਚ-ਪੱਧਰੀ ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wysokiego_poziomu" title="Język wysokiego poziomu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wysokiego poziomu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_alto_n%C3%ADvel" title="Linguagem de programação de alto nível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguagem de programação de alto nível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joqar%C4%B1_d%C3%A1rejedegi_programmalast%C4%B1r%C4%B1w_tili" title="Joqarı dárejedegi programmalastırıw tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Joqarı dárejedegi programmalastırıw tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Высокоуровневый язык программирования – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высокоуровневый язык программирования" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heich-level_programmin_leid" title="Heich-level programmin leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Heich-level programmin leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="High-level programming language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokonivojski_programski_jezik" title="Visokonivojski programski jezik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Visokonivojski programski jezik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Програмски језик високог нивоа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Програмски језик високог нивоа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programski_jezik_visoke_razine" title="Programski jezik visoke razine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Programski jezik visoke razine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korkean_tason_ohjelmointikieli" title="Korkean tason ohjelmointikieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korkean tason ohjelmointikieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gniv%C3%A5spr%C3%A5k" title="Högnivåspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Högnivåspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาโปรแกรมระดับสูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาโปรแกรมระดับสูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Забони барноманависии сатҳи боло – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони барноманависии сатҳи боло" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мова програмування високого рівня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мова програмування високого рівня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہائی لیول پروگرامنگ زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائی لیول پروگرامنگ زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Programming language that abstracts details of computing hardware</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>high-level programming language</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> with strong <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">abstraction</a> from the details of the <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Low-level_programming_language" title="Low-level programming language">low-level programming languages</a>, it may use <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> <i>elements</i>, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable than when using a lower-level language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level" a programming language is.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, a high-level programming language using a <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> was commonly called an <i><a href="/wiki/Autocode" title="Autocode">autocode</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kleith_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of autocodes are <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kleith2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleith2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first high-level programming language designed for computers was <a href="/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BCl" title="Plankalkül">Plankalkül</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was not implemented in his time, and his original contributions were largely isolated from other developments due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, aside from the language's influence on the "Superplan" language by <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rutishauser" title="Heinz Rutishauser">Heinz Rutishauser</a> and also to some degree <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>. The first significantly widespread high-level language was <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, a machine-independent development of IBM's earlier <a href="/wiki/Autocode" title="Autocode">Autocode</a> systems. The <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> family, with <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a> defined in 1958 and <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a> defined in 1960 by committees of European and American computer scientists, introduced <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursion</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Nested_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nested functions">nested functions</a> under <a href="/wiki/Lexical_scope" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical scope">lexical scope</a>. ALGOL 60 was also the first language with a clear distinction between <a href="/wiki/Call_by_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Call by value">value</a> and <a href="/wiki/Call_by_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Call by name">name-parameters</a> and their corresponding <a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">semantics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ALGOL also introduced several <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> concepts, such as the <code>while-do</code> and <code>if-then-else</code> constructs and its <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> was the first to be described in formal notation – <i><a href="/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Backus–Naur form">Backus–Naur form</a></i> (BNF). During roughly the same period, <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">records</a> (also called structs) and <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> introduced a fully general <a href="/wiki/Lambda_abstraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda abstraction">lambda abstraction</a> in a programming language for the first time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-level_programming_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"High-level language" refers to the higher level of abstraction from <a href="/wiki/Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a>. Rather than dealing with registers, memory addresses, and call stacks, high-level languages deal with variables, arrays, <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a>, complex arithmetic or <a href="/wiki/Boolean_expression" title="Boolean expression">Boolean expressions</a>, subroutines and functions, loops, <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">threads</a>, locks, and other abstract computer science concepts, with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> over optimal program efficiency. Unlike low-level <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly languages</a>, high-level languages have few, if any, language elements that translate directly into a machine's native <a href="/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode">opcodes</a>. Other features, such as string handling routines, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented language</a> features, and file input/output, may also be present. One thing to note about high-level programming languages is that these languages allow the programmer to be detached and separated from the machine. That is, unlike low-level languages like assembly or machine language, high-level programming can amplify the programmer's instructions and trigger a lot of data movements in the background without their knowledge. The responsibility and power of executing instructions have been handed over to the machine from the programmer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abstraction_penalty">Abstraction penalty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-level_programming_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Abstraction penalty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-level languages intend to provide features that standardize common tasks, permit rich debugging, and maintain architectural agnosticism; while low-level languages often produce more efficient code through <a href="/wiki/Program_optimization" title="Program optimization">optimization</a> for a specific <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">system architecture</a>. <i>Abstraction penalty</i> is the cost that high-level programming techniques pay for being unable to optimize performance or use certain hardware because they don't take advantage of certain low-level architectural resources. High-level programming exhibits features like more generic data structures and operations, run-time interpretation, and intermediate code files; which often result in execution of far more operations than necessary, higher memory consumption, and larger binary program size.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, code which needs to run particularly quickly and efficiently may require the use of a lower-level language, even if a higher-level language would make the coding easier. In many cases, critical portions of a program mostly in a high-level language can be hand-coded in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>, leading to a much faster, more efficient, or simply reliably functioning <a href="/wiki/Program_optimisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Program optimisation">optimised program</a>. </p><p>However, with the growing complexity of modern <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> architectures, well-designed compilers for high-level languages frequently produce code comparable in efficiency to what most low-level programmers can produce by hand, and the higher abstraction may allow for more powerful techniques providing better overall results than their low-level counterparts in particular settings.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-level languages are designed independent of a specific computing <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">system architecture</a>. This facilitates executing a program written in such a language on any computing system with compatible support for the Interpreted or <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT</a> program. High-level languages can be improved as their designers develop improvements. In other cases, new high-level languages evolve from one or more others with the goal of aggregating the most popular constructs with new or improved features. An example of this is <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a> which maintains backward compatibility with <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, meaning that programs and libraries written in Java will continue to be usable even if a programming shop switches to Scala; this makes the transition easier and the lifespan of such high-level coding indefinite. In contrast, low-level programs rarely survive beyond the <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">system architecture</a> which they were written for without major revision. This is the engineering 'trade-off' for the 'Abstraction Penalty'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relative_meaning">Relative meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-level_programming_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relative meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/High-level_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/High-level programming language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of high-level programming languages in active use today include <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and many others. </p><p>The terms <i>high-level</i> and <i>low-level</i> are inherently relative. Some decades ago,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (July 2023)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a>, and similar languages, were most often considered "high-level", as it supported concepts such as expression evaluation, <a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">parameterised</a> recursive functions, and data types and structures, while <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> was considered "low-level". Today, many programmers might refer to C as low-level, as it lacks a large <a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">runtime-system</a> (no garbage collection, etc.), basically supports only scalar operations, and provides direct memory addressing; it therefore, readily blends with assembly language and the machine level of <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPUs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>. Also, in the introduction chapter of <a href="/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" title="The C Programming Language">The C Programming Language</a> (second edition) by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, C is described as "not a very high level" language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assembly language may itself be regarded as a higher level (but often still one-to-one if used without <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a>) representation of <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a>, as it supports concepts such as constants and (limited) expressions, sometimes even variables, procedures, and <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine code</a>, in turn, is inherently at a slightly higher level than the <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> or <a href="/wiki/Micro-operation" title="Micro-operation">micro-operations</a> used internally in many processors.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution_modes">Execution modes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-level_programming_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Execution modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/High-level_programming_language" title="Special:EditPage/High-level programming language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Execution+modes%22">"Execution modes"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Execution+modes%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Execution+modes%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Execution+modes%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Execution+modes%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Execution+modes%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are three general modes of execution for modern high-level languages: </p> <dl><dt>Interpreted</dt> <dd>When code written in a language is <a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted</a>, its syntax is read and then executed directly, with no compilation stage. A program called an <i>interpreter</i> reads each program statement, following the program flow, then decides what to do, and does it. A hybrid of an interpreter and a compiler will compile the statement into machine code and execute that; the machine code is then discarded, to be interpreted anew if the line is executed again. Interpreters are commonly the simplest implementations of the behavior of a language, compared to the other two variants listed here.</dd> <dt>Compiled</dt> <dd>When code written in a language is <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled</a>, its syntax is transformed into an executable form before running. There are two types of compilation: <dl><dt>Machine code generation</dt> <dd>Some compilers compile source code directly into <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a>. This is the original mode of compilation, and languages that are directly and completely transformed to machine-native code in this way may be called <i>truly compiled</i> languages. See <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>.</dd> <dt>Intermediate representations</dt> <dd>When code written in a language is compiled to an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">intermediate representation</a>, that representation can be optimized or saved for later execution without the need to re-read the source file. When the intermediate representation is saved, it may be in a form such as <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>. The intermediate representation must then be interpreted or further compiled to execute it. <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machines</a> that execute bytecode directly or transform it further into machine code have blurred the once clear distinction between intermediate representations and truly compiled languages.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Source-to-source translated or transcompiled</dt> <dd>Code written in a language may be translated into terms of a lower-level language for which native code compilers are already common. <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and the language <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> are common targets for such translators. See <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(Scheme_implementation)" title="Chicken (Scheme implementation)">Chicken</a> Scheme, and <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a> as examples. Specifically, the generated C and C++ code can be seen (as generated from the Eiffel language when using the <a href="/wiki/EiffelStudio" title="EiffelStudio">EiffelStudio</a> IDE) in the EIFGENs directory of any compiled Eiffel project. In Eiffel, the <i>translated</i> process is referred to as transcompiling or transcompiled, and the Eiffel compiler as a transcompiler or <a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">source-to-source compiler</a>.</dd></dl> <p>Note that languages are not strictly <i>interpreted</i> languages or <i>compiled</i> languages. Rather, implementations of language behavior use interpreting or compiling. For example, <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> have both been interpreted (even though they were more typically compiled). Similarly, Java shows the difficulty of trying to apply these labels to languages, rather than to implementations; Java is compiled to bytecode which is then executed by either interpreting (in a <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM)) or compiling (typically with a just-in-time compiler such as <a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot</a>, again in a JVM). Moreover, compiling, transcompiling, and interpreting is not strictly limited to only a description of the compiler artifact (binary executable or IL assembly). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-level_language_computer_architecture">High-level language computer architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-level_programming_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High-level language computer architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternatively, it is possible for a high-level language to be directly implemented by a computer – the computer directly executes the HLL code. This is known as a <i><a href="/wiki/High-level_language_computer_architecture" title="High-level language computer architecture">high-level language computer architecture</a></i> – the <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a> itself is designed to be targeted by a specific high-level language. The <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_large_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Burroughs large systems">Burroughs large systems</a> were target machines for <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-level_programming_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070826224349/http://www.ittc.ku.edu/hybridthreads/glossary/index.php">"HThreads - RD Glossary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ittc.ku.edu/hybridthreads/glossary/index.php">the original</a> on 26 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HThreads+-+RD+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ittc.ku.edu%2Fhybridthreads%2Fglossary%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kleith-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kleith_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLondon1968" class="citation book cs1">London, Keith (1968). "4, Programming". <i>Introduction to Computers</i>. 24 Russell Square London WC1: Faber and Faber Limited. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571085938" title="Special:BookSources/0571085938"><bdi>0571085938</bdi></a>. <q>The 'high' level programming languages are often called autocodes and the processor program, a compiler.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%2C+Programming&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Computers&rft.place=24+Russell+Square+London+WC1&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Limited&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0571085938&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kleith2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kleith2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLondon1968" class="citation book cs1">London, Keith (1968). "4, Programming". <i>Introduction to Computers</i>. 24 Russell Square London WC1: Faber and Faber Limited. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571085938" title="Special:BookSources/0571085938"><bdi>0571085938</bdi></a>. <q>Two high level programming languages which can be used here as examples to illustrate the structure and purpose of autocodes are COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formular Translation).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%2C+Programming&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Computers&rft.place=24+Russell+Square+London+WC1&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Limited&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0571085938&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Giloi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Giloi (page does not exist)">Giloi, Wolfgang, K.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Giloi" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Giloi">de</a>]</span> (1997). "Konrad Zuse's Plankalkül: The First High-Level "non von Neumann" Programming Language". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 17–24, April–June, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/85.586068">(abstract)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although it lacked a notion of <a href="/wiki/Call_by_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Call by reference">reference-parameters</a>, which could be a problem in some situations. Several successors, including <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_W" title="ALGOL W">ALGOL W</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modula" title="Modula">Modula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> thus included reference-parameters (The related C-language family instead allowed addresses as <code>value</code>-parameters).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSurana_P2006" class="citation journal cs1">Surana P (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lispnyc.org/meeting-assets/2007-02-13_pinku/SuranaThesis.pdf">"Meta-Compilation of Language Abstractions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217154926/http://lispnyc.org/meeting-assets/2007-02-13_pinku/SuranaThesis.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meta-Compilation+of+Language+Abstractions.&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Surana+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flispnyc.org%2Fmeeting-assets%2F2007-02-13_pinku%2FSuranaThesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuketayev" class="citation web cs1">Kuketayev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111091710/http://www.adtmag.com/joop/article.aspx?id=4597">"The Data Abstraction Penalty (DAP) Benchmark for Small Objects in Java"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adtmag.com/joop/article.aspx?id=4597">the original</a> on 11 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Data+Abstraction+Penalty+%28DAP%29+Benchmark+for+Small+Objects+in+Java.&rft.au=Kuketayev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adtmag.com%2Fjoop%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D4597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChatzigeorgiouStephanides2002" class="citation book cs1">Chatzigeorgiou; Stephanides (2002). "Evaluating Performance and Power Of Object-Oriented Vs. Procedural Programming Languages". In Blieberger; Strohmeier (eds.). <i>Proceedings - 7th International Conference on Reliable Software Technologies - Ada-Europe'2002</i>. Springer. p. 367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evaluating+Performance+and+Power+Of+Object-Oriented+Vs.+Procedural+Programming+Languages&rft.btitle=Proceedings+-+7th+International+Conference+on+Reliable+Software+Technologies+-+Ada-Europe%272002&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Chatzigeorgiou&rft.au=Stephanides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManuel_CarroJosé_F._MoralesHenk_L._MullerG._Puebla2006" class="citation journal cs1">Manuel Carro; José F. Morales; Henk L. Muller; G. Puebla; M. Hermenegildo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clip.dia.fi.upm.es/papers/carro06:stream_interpreter_cases.pdf">"High-level languages for small devices: a case study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Compilers, Architecture and Synthesis for Embedded Systems</i>. ACM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+2006+International+Conference+on+Compilers%2C+Architecture+and+Synthesis+for+Embedded+Systems&rft.atitle=High-level+languages+for+small+devices%3A+a+case+study&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Manuel+Carro&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+F.+Morales&rft.au=Henk+L.+Muller&rft.au=G.+Puebla&rft.au=M.+Hermenegildo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clip.dia.fi.upm.es%2Fpapers%2Fcarro06%3Astream_interpreter_cases.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKernighanRitchie1988" class="citation book cs1">Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025180501/https://books.google.com/books?id=FGkPBQAAQBAJ"><i>The C Programming Language: 2nd Edition</i></a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780131103627" title="Special:BookSources/9780131103627"><bdi>9780131103627</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C+Programming+Language%3A+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780131103627&rft.aulast=Kernighan&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGkPBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHyde,_Randall.2010" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, Randall. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYHtTvQ-ObIC"><i>The art of assembly language</i></a> (2nd ed.). San Francisco: No Starch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593273019" title="Special:BookSources/9781593273019"><bdi>9781593273019</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635507601">635507601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+assembly+language&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F635507601&rft.isbn=9781593273019&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Randall.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYHtTvQ-ObIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChu1975" class="citation cs2">Chu, Yaohan (1975), "Concepts of High-Level Language Computer Architecture", <i>High-Level Language Computer Architecture</i>, Elsevier, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-174150-1.50007-0">10.1016/b978-0-12-174150-1.50007-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780121741501" title="Special:BookSources/9780121741501"><bdi>9780121741501</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concepts+of+High-Level+Language+Computer+Architecture&rft.btitle=High-Level+Language+Computer+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-174150-1.50007-0&rft.isbn=9780121741501&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Yaohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-level+programming+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-level_programming_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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