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Thank you for participating in this election, and congratulations to the winners! </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> <div id="mw-indicator-gold" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cover_story_articles" title="Category:Cover story articles"><img alt="Cover story article" src="/w/images/thumb/4/44/Goldenbrain.png/25px-Goldenbrain.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" style="vertical-align: baseline" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/44/Goldenbrain.png/38px-Goldenbrain.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/44/Goldenbrain.png/50px-Goldenbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Evidence against a recent creation</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From RationalWiki</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #000000; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#000000"><b><a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit"><font color="white">The divine comedy</font></a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Creationism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F2F2F2;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><img alt="Icon creationism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/a/a8/Icon_creationism.svg/100px-Icon_creationism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/a/a8/Icon_creationism.svg/150px-Icon_creationism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/a/a8/Icon_creationism.svg/200px-Icon_creationism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b>Running gags</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young</a>/<a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Creation scientists</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><font color="white">Jokes aside</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_Origin_hypothesis" title="Recent African Origin hypothesis">Recent African Origin hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><font color="white">Blooper reel</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_(fran%C3%A7ais)" title="Omnipotence (français)">Omnipotence (français)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism"><font color="white">Evolutionism</font></a> <font color="white">debunkers</font></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kent" title="Richard Kent">Richard Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuz_Zubair" title="Abuz Zubair">Abuz Zubair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Juby" title="Ian Juby">Ian Juby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Faulkner" title="Danny Faulkner">Danny Faulkner</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crenav" title="Template:Crenav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crenav" title="Template talk:Crenav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Crenav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear: right; margin-bottom: .5em; float: right; padding: .5em 0 .8em 1.4em; background: none; width: auto;"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#.3E10.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">>10,000</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Thermoluminescence_dating:_10.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Thermoluminescence dating: 10,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Dendrochronology:_11.2C500"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dendrochronology: 11,500</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Linguistics:_14.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Linguistics: 14,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Oxidizable_carbon_ratio_dating:_20.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Oxidizable carbon ratio dating: 20,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Widmanst.C3.A4tten_patterns:_.3E57.2C300"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Widmanstätten patterns: >57,300</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Mitochondrial_Eve:_99.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Mitochondrial Eve: 99,000</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#.3E100.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">>100,000</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Lack_of_DNA_in_fossils:_100.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lack of DNA in fossils: 100,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ice_layering:_145.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ice layering: 145,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Permafrost:_225.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Permafrost: 225,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Rock_varnish:_250.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Rock varnish: 250,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Weathering_rinds:_300.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Weathering rinds: 300,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Y-chromosomal_Adam:_150.2C000-200.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Y-chromosomal Adam: 150,000-200,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Fission_track_dating:_700.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Fission track dating: 700,000</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#.3E1.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">>1,000,000</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Relativistic_jets:_.3E1.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Relativistic jets: >1,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Space_weathering:_.3E1.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Space weathering: >1,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Petrified_wood:_.3E1.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Petrified wood: >1,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Naica_megacrystals:_.3E1.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Naica megacrystals: >1,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Cosmogenic_nuclide_dating:_.3E1.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cosmogenic nuclide dating: >1,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Iron-manganese_nodule_growth:_.3E1.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Iron-manganese nodule growth: >1,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Amino_acid_racemization:_.3E1.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Amino acid racemization: >1,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Stalactites:_.3E1.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Stalactites: >1,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Geomagnetic_reversals:_5.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.9</span> <span class="toctext">Geomagnetic reversals: 5,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Erosion:_6.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">3.10</span> <span class="toctext">Erosion: 6,000,000</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#.3E10.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">>10,000,000</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Milankovitch_astronomical_cycles:_23.2C030.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Milankovitch astronomical cycles: 23,030,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Sedimentary_varves:_20.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sedimentary varves: 20,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Coral:_25.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Coral: 25,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Seabed_plankton_layering:_56.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Seabed plankton layering: 56,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Baptistina_asteroid_family:_80.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Baptistina asteroid family: 80,000,000</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#.3E100.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">>100,000,000</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Continental_drift:_200.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Continental drift: 200,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Nitrogen_impurities_in_natural_diamonds:_200.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nitrogen impurities in natural diamonds: 200,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Impact_craters:_.3E313.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Impact craters: >313,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Rotation_of_the_Earth:_620.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Rotation of the Earth: 620,000,000</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#.3E1.2C000.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">>1,000,000,000</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Helioseismology:_4.2C460.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Helioseismology: 4,460,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Radioactive_decay:_4.2C540.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Radioactive decay: 4,540,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Recession_of_the_Moon:_4.2C500.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Recession of the Moon: 4,500,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Gyrochronology:_4.2C600.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Gyrochronology: 4,600,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Presolar_Grains:_7.2C000.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Presolar Grains: 7,000,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Globular_clusters:_.3E10.2C000.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Globular clusters: >10,000,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Distant_starlight:_13.2C700.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Distant starlight: 13,700,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#CMB.2C_Extreme_Redshift.2C_and_other_markers:_13.2C800.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6.8</span> <span class="toctext">CMB, Extreme Redshift, and other markers: 13,800,000,000</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#James_Webb_Space_Telescope_and_the_early_galaxies:_26.2C700.2C000.2C000"><span class="tocnumber">6.9</span> <span class="toctext">James Webb Space Telescope and the early galaxies: 26,700,000,000</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Evidence_for_a_recent_creation"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Evidence for a recent creation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#In_summary"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">In summary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The fact that young earth creationists have to form a committee for six years to argue against a scientific principle, is evidence in and of itself that the earth is old.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Greg Neyman, <a href="/wiki/Old-earth_creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-earth creationist">old-earth creationist</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>evidence against a recent creation</b> is overwhelming. With the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earthism</a>, there is no greater affront to science than <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a> (YEC). </p><p>This article collects evidences that place a <i>lower</i> limit on the age of the Universe beyond the 6,000 to 10,000 years asserted by most Young Earth creationists (YECs) and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ussher_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ussher chronology">Ussher chronology</a>. All of this evidence supports <a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">deep time</a>: the idea, considered credible by scientists since the early 1800s, that the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> (and the Universe) is millions<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></sup> or billions of years old. Modern science accepts that the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is about 4.54 billion years old and the entire <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> is around 13.77 billion years old.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 2]</a></sup> </p><p>These limits usually take the form: "Because we observe [X], which occurs at rate [Y], the universe must be <i>at least</i> [Z] years old". There are three standard creationist responses: First, creationists assert that current rates (Y) are different than past rates. It is <i>possible</i> that these rates changed — but under <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">uniformitarianism</a>, which is necessary for science to function, <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">we must assume that rates did not change <i>unless</i> there is evidence for this change</a>. Second, creationists appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">Omphalos hypothesis</a> and argue that <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">deceptively</a> created the world to appear old. This is an <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">unfalsifiable</a> hypothesis, and is unscientific. Third, creationists <a href="/wiki/Willful_ignorance" title="Willful ignorance">ignore the evidence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">deny that [X] exists altogether</a> or assert that <a href="/wiki/Blind_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind faith">belief in a Young Earth is based on faith, not science</a>. All of these answers are critically flawed; the last, of course, is <s><a href="/wiki/Not_even_wrong" title="Not even wrong">not even wrong</a></s> a naked admission of being a slave to one's own <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a> to the point of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/IRejectYourReality">complete refusal to acknowledge reality</a>. </p><p>These ages weren't <a href="/wiki/PIDOOMA" title="PIDOOMA">just made up</a> — or, worse, <a href="/wiki/Evolution_conspiracy" title="Evolution conspiracy">accepted to "give evolution enough time"</a>. Each was concluded from a range of experiments and observations made across multiple disciplines of science, including <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">palaeontology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. For YEC to be true, each of these fields would have to be incorrect about <i>almost everything</i>. Some of these reported ages have indeed been revised based on new evidence (sometimes larger, sometimes smaller), but <i>never</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Statements_that_are_wrong_on_the_level_of_a_Young_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth">orders of magnitude required by YEC</a>. </p><p>Moreover, these dating methods are <i>not</i> mutually exclusive: where their range, accuracy, and applicability overlap, the dates they produce <i>agree</i> with each other. (For example, all dating methods for the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a> agree on a 4.4-4.6 billion year-old world.) This is important especially because YECs regularly claim that <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a> is unreliable — yet radiometric dating is unnecessary to prove an old universe, because we have many methods of dating at our disposal. </p><p>What follows are <b>40 independent reasons <i>not</i> to believe in a young Earth:</b> </p> <h2><span id=">10,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".3E10.2C000">>10,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: >10,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Evidence for a minimum age of <b>10 thousand years</b>. </p> <h3><span id="Thermoluminescence_dating:_10,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Thermoluminescence_dating:_10.2C000">Thermoluminescence dating: 10,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Thermoluminescence dating: 10,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" class="extiw" title="wp:Thermoluminescence dating" rel="nofollow">Thermoluminescence dating</a>.</div> <p>Thermoluminescence dating offers a method for determining the age of objects, such as ceramics or lava, that contain crystalline minerals. These materials contain <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> that have been released from their <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a> by ambient <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, but have become trapped by imperfections in the mineral's structure. When one of these minerals is heated, the trapped electrons are discharged and produce light; researchers can measure that light and compare it with the level of surrounding radiation to establish the amount of time that has passed since the material was last heated (and its trapped electrons were last released). </p><p>Although this technique can date objects up to approximately <b>230,000 years ago</b>, it is only accurate on objects <b>300 to 10,000</b> years in age. Ten thousand years is, however, still over 4,000 years older than the creationist figure for the age of the Earth/Universe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Dendrochronology:_11,500"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dendrochronology:_11.2C500">Dendrochronology: 11,500</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dendrochronology: 11,500">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Treering.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/3/3a/Treering.jpg/165px-Treering.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/3/3a/Treering.jpg/248px-Treering.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/3/3a/Treering.jpg/330px-Treering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1347" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Treering.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Clearly defined tree rings.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendrochronology_overlap.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/b/b6/Dendrochronology_overlap.jpg/165px-Dendrochronology_overlap.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="105" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/b/b6/Dendrochronology_overlap.jpg/248px-Dendrochronology_overlap.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/b/b6/Dendrochronology_overlap.jpg/330px-Dendrochronology_overlap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="342" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendrochronology_overlap.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Building backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></sup></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></div> <p>Dendrochronology is a method of dating based on annual tree growth patterns called tree rings. Tree rings are the result of changes in the tree's growth speed over the year, because many species of trees (in normal conditions in temperate regions) grow faster in the summer and slower in the winter. Thus, a tree's age can be found by counting the rings. Dendrochronology is the only method on this list that can date events <i>precisely</i> to a single year. </p><p>Because the thickness of tree rings varies with the local seasonal weather, a sequence of tree rings of matching thicknesses that is shared by two trees is strong evidence that the corresponding rings formed at the same time. Each individual tree only covers the span of time it was alive and growing, but as lifespans of different trees may overlap and ring sequences can also be identified from trees long dead, it is possible to match up overlapping sections and work backwards. By observing and analyzing the rings of many different trees of the same species from the same area, a map of the past can be recreated. </p><p>Using standard dendrochronological methods, researchers have combined overlapping dendrochronological records from many modern and ancient oak and pine trees to identify a continuous European tree ring sequence spanning <b>11,517 years</b>, from 9494 BCE to the modern day.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></sup> This predates the 2348 BCE date that the <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">Ussher chronology</a> claims for the <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Noachic flood</a> by <b>7146 years</b>, thereby standing in direct opposition to claims of a young Earth. </p><p>Even dendrochronological dates from single individual trees contradict the recent-creation doctrine, since the oldest living trees pre-date the alleged global flood that should have killed them through either oxygen deprivation or salt toxicity. A living <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_longaeva" class="extiw" title="wp:Pinus longaeva" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Pinus longaeva">Great Basin bristlecone pine</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> nicknamed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuselah_(tree)" class="extiw" title="wp:Methuselah (tree)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Methuselah (tree)">Methuselah</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is <b>4856 years old</b>, predating the Ussher flood date by <b>485 years</b>; though not yet independently confirmed, an unnamed second living bristlecone pine has been reported to be even older, at <b>5076 years old</b> (<b>705 years</b> too old). A third recently-dead tree of the same species also belongs to this group: the bristlecone pine nicknamed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_(tree)" class="extiw" title="wp:Prometheus (tree)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Prometheus (tree)">Prometheus</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> was <b>4903 years old</b> (<b>532 years</b> too old) when it was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_(tree)#Cutting_of_the_tree" class="extiw" title="wp:Prometheus (tree)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Prometheus (tree)#Cutting of the tree">cut down</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in August of 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>Although contiguous clonal populations of several plant species have been demonstrated to be even older than this—for example, a single creosote bush ring nicknamed King Clone has been dated to approximately <b>9700 BCE</b> (about <b>7350 years</b> too old)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></sup>—only individual elements of such clonal colonies can be dendrochronologically dated, and dating the establishment of the colony's original parent generally relies on other dating methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation#Radioactive_decay:_4.2C540.2C000.2C000" title="Evidence against a recent creation">radiocarbon dating</a> or extrapolation from observed growth rates. </p> <h3><span id="Linguistics:_14,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Linguistics:_14.2C000">Linguistics: 14,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Linguistics: 14,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Linguists divide languages into groups, called families, based on descent. These groups are given names, often from their locations, and these languages derive from one common ancestor (much like biological evolution), and this common ancestor is usually named by adding "proto" before the name of the group. For example, the group including nearly all languages natively spoken in Europe, Iran and surroundings and northern India is named Indo-European, and the ancestor of this language is known as Proto-Indo-European. The locations and dates of these languages can be rather accurately guessed at from linguistic, anthropological, and archeological evidence. One example is the group of languages in the Middle East and north Africa known as Afro-Asiatic languages. They include ancient Egyptian and Akkadian, among many others. Ancient Egyptian<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></sup> and Akkadian were both written well over 4,000 years ago, and are rather different from each other, and therefore a common ancestor of the two must be older than 6,000 years.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> Through more rigorous research, linguists estimate the age of Proto-Afro-Asiatic to be anywhere from 12,000 to 18,000 years old. The fact that Egyptian, Sumerian, and several other languages were written centuries before the date of the great flood is also rather convenient.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> </p> <h3><span id="Oxidizable_carbon_ratio_dating:_20,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Oxidizable_carbon_ratio_dating:_20.2C000">Oxidizable carbon ratio dating: 20,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxidizable carbon ratio dating: 20,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Oxidizable <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> ratio dating is a method for determining the absolute age of charcoal samples with relative accuracy. This dating method works by measuring the ratio of oxidizable carbon to organic carbon. When the sample is freshly burned, there will be no oxidizable carbon because it has been removed by the combustion process. Over time this will change and the amount of organic carbon will decrease to be replaced by oxidizable carbon at a linear rate. By measuring the ratio of these two allotropes, one can determine ages of over <b>20,000 years</b> ago with a standard error under 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Widmanstätten_patterns:_>57,300"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Widmanst.C3.A4tten_patterns:_.3E57.2C300">Widmanstätten patterns: >57,300</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Widmanstätten patterns: >57,300">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern_kevinzim.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern_kevinzim.jpg/165px-Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern_kevinzim.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern_kevinzim.jpg/248px-Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern_kevinzim.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern_kevinzim.jpg/330px-Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern_kevinzim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="945" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern_kevinzim.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A Widmanstatten pattern in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeon_(meteorite)" class="extiw" title="wp:Gibeon (meteorite)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Gibeon (meteorite)">Gibeon meteorite</span></a>.<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></div></div></div><div role="note" class="hatnote">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widmanst%C3%A4tten_pattern" class="extiw" title="wp:Widmanstätten pattern" rel="nofollow">Widmanstätten pattern</a>.</div> <p>Widmanstätten patterns are crystals composed of nickel and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> that are found in some meteorites. </p><p>Widmanstatten patterns have <i>never</i> been produced in the laboratory. This is because nickel-iron crystals can only grow this large (several centimeters) when they cool at an extremely slow rate of about 100-10,000 degrees Celsius per <i>million</i> years, from a starting point of about 500-700 degrees Celsius<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-13">[11]</a></sup> to a temperature of about -73 Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup> Even at its shortest (starting at 500 degrees and cooling to -73 Celsius at 10,000 degrees per million years), this process would still take <b>57,300</b> years. The longest cooling ages have been reported at <b>10 million years</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-13">[11]</a></sup> </p><p>To date, the only creationist response is that meteorites couldn't be that hot for that long because space is cold,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></sup> which is patently absurd.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[note 3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 4]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Mitochondrial_Eve:_99,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mitochondrial_Eve:_99.2C000">Mitochondrial Eve: 99,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mitochondrial Eve: 99,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a> in sperm are in the tail (which does not enter the egg), the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> contained therein comes from the egg. Mitochondrial Eve is the most recent woman with an unbroken female line of descendants to every person on the planet. She is estimated to have lived from <b>99,000 to 234,000</b> years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3025745_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3025745-19">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poz_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poz-21">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cann_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cann-22">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>There is a male equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a>: <a href="#Y-chromosomal_Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a>. </p> <h2><span id=">100,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".3E100.2C000">>100,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: >100,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Evidence for a minimum age of <b>100 thousand years</b>. </p> <h3><span id="Lack_of_DNA_in_fossils:_100,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Lack_of_DNA_in_fossils:_100.2C000">Lack of DNA in fossils: 100,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lack of DNA in fossils: 100,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the universal carrier of genetic <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information</a>, is present in all organisms while they are alive. When they die, their DNA begins to decay under the influence of hydrolysis and oxidation. The speed of this decay varies on a number of factors. Sometimes, the DNA will be gone within one century, and in other conditions, it will persist for as many as one million years. The average amount of time detectable DNA will persist though is somewhere in the middle; given physiological salt concentrations, neutral pH, and a temperature of 15°C, it would take around <b>100,000 years</b> for all the DNA in a sample to decay to undetectable levels.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a></sup> </p><p>If fossils of the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> were less than 6,000 years old, detectable fragments of DNA should be present in a sizable percent of dinosaur fossils, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> regions where the decay of DNA can be slowed down 10-25 fold. A claim that soft tissues in a <i>Tyrannosaurus</i> fossil had been recovered in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a></sup> has since been shown to be mistaken,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a></sup> supporting the idea that dinosaur fossils are extremely old.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a></sup> More recent work appears to support Schweitzer’s claim with limited speculation on how the protein survived.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a></sup> Prior to this was a report on DNA extraction from 3.8 million-year-old ostrich egg shells.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a></sup> In 2018, various researchers published a paper finding that dinosaur bones contain a substantial microbial population, which might be the actual origin of the so called 'soft tissue'. </p> <h3><span id="Ice_layering:_145,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ice_layering:_145.2C000">Ice layering: 145,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ice layering: 145,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:802px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GISP2D1837.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/8/8b/GISP2D1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="89" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="89" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GISP2D1837.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A section of an ice core with clearly defined annual layers.</div></div></div></div> <p>Ice layering is a phenomenon that is almost universally observed in ice sheets and glaciers where the average temperature does not rise above freezing. </p><p>Annual differences in temperature and irradiation cause ice to form differently from year to year, and this generates alternating layers of light and dark ice, much like tree rings. This method is considered a relatively accurate way to measure the age of an ice sheet, as only one layer will form per year. While there have been a few cases where several layers have formed per year, these incidents do not challenge the ability of ice layering to provide a minimum age, as these false layers can be discerned from the real thing upon close inspection. </p><p>Currently, the greatest number of layers found in a single ice sheet is over 700,000, which clearly contradicts the idea of an Earth less than 10,000 years old. Even if one were to assume an absurdly high average of ten layers per year, the age demonstrated by this method would still be far greater than that suggested by young Earth creationists.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the minimum age of the Earth identified by these means is <b>160,000 years</b> (±15,000 years), which makes it excruciatingly unlikely that the ice is anything less than 145,000 years. </p> <h3><span id="Permafrost:_225,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Permafrost:_225.2C000">Permafrost: 225,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Permafrost: 225,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The formation of permafrost (frozen ground) is a slow process. Because earth is a good insulator and permafrost forms downward from the surface, it would have taken much more than the few thousand years allotted by creation theory to produce some of the deepest permafrost. In the Prudhoe Bay oil fields of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, the permafrost which extends over 600 meters into the ground is believed to have taken over <b>225,000 years</b> to reach present depth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Rock_varnish:_250,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Rock_varnish:_250.2C000">Rock varnish: 250,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rock varnish: 250,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EchoAmphitheaterNM.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/EchoAmphitheaterNM.jpg/165px-EchoAmphitheaterNM.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="271" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/EchoAmphitheaterNM.jpg/248px-EchoAmphitheaterNM.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/EchoAmphitheaterNM.jpg/330px-EchoAmphitheaterNM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="985" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:EchoAmphitheaterNM.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rock varnish (dark streaks) in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></div></div></div> <p>Rock varnish is a coating that forms on exposed surface rocks in arid environments. The varnish is formed as airborne dust accumulates on rock surfaces. This process is extremely slow; between 4 μm and 40 μm of material forms on the rock every thousand years, and instances of 40 μm of accumulation are very rare.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a></sup> Because the rate of accumulation is generally constant, measuring the depth of the varnish can provide dates for objects up to <b>250,000 years</b> old.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Weathering_rinds:_300,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Weathering_rinds:_300.2C000">Weathering rinds: 300,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Weathering rinds: 300,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Weathering rinds are layers of weathered material that develop on glacial rocks. The weathering is caused by the oxidation of magnesium and iron rich minerals, and the thickness of this layer correlates with the age of a sample. Certain weathering rinds on basalt and andesite rocks in the eastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are believed to have taken over <b>300,000 years</b> to form.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Y-chromosomal_Adam:_150,000-200,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Y-chromosomal_Adam:_150.2C000-200.2C000">Y-chromosomal Adam: 150,000-200,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Y-chromosomal Adam: 150,000-200,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a></div> <p>The Y <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a>, unlike most DNA, is inherited only from the father, which means that all DNA on the human Y chromosome comes from a single person. This does not mean that there was only one man alive at that time, but that a single man's Y-chromosomal DNA has outcompeted the other strains and is now — not taking into account smaller and less drastic mutations — the only one left. Because the only factor affecting the makeup of the DNA on the chromosome is <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>, measuring mutation rates and extrapolating them backwards can tell you roughly when this man lived. The most recent calculations put this common ancestor as having lived <b>150,000-200,000 years ago</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a></sup> </p><p>There is a female equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a>: <a href="#Mitochondrial_Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a>. </p> <h3><span id="Fission_track_dating:_700,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fission_track_dating:_700.2C000">Fission track dating: 700,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fission track dating: 700,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Fission track dating is a radiometric dating technique that can be used to determine the age of crystalline materials that contain <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. As uranium decays, it sends out atomic fragments, which leave scars or "fission tracks" in crystalline structures. Because decaying uranium emits fragments at a constant rate, the number of fission tracks correlates to the age of the object.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a></sup> This method is generally held to be accurate, as it shows a high degree of concordance with other methods such as potassium-argon dating. Yet it would also yield an age of about <b>700,000</b> years for certain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektite" class="extiw" title="wp:Tektite" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Tektite">tektites</span></a>.<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id=">1,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".3E1.2C000.2C000">>1,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: >1,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Evidence for a minimum age of <b>1 million years</b>. </p> <h3><span id="Relativistic_jets:_>1,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Relativistic_jets:_.3E1.2C000.2C000">Relativistic jets: >1,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relativistic jets: >1,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gb1508_illustration.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/9/9e/Gb1508_illustration.jpg/250px-Gb1508_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/9/9e/Gb1508_illustration.jpg/375px-Gb1508_illustration.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/9/9e/Gb1508_illustration.jpg/500px-Gb1508_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="556" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Gb1508_illustration.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A drawing of <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> GB1508 and its relativistic jet</div></div></div> <p>A relativistic jet is a jet of plasma that is ejected from some quasars and galaxy centers that have powerful magnetic fields. It is conjectured that the jets are driven by the twisting of magnetic fields in an accretion disk (the plate-like cloud of matter) found encircling many celestial objects. In supermassive bodies, immensely strong magnetic fields force plasma from the accretion disk into a jet that shoots away perpendicular to the face of the disk. In some cases, these columns of plasma have been found to extend far enough to refute the idea of a young universe. </p><p>For example, the quasar <i>PKS 1127-145</i> has a relativistic jet exceeding one million light-years in length.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a></sup> Because the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> cannot be exceeded, this column must be over <b>one million years old</b>. </p><p>Moreover, these jets are generally billions of light years from Earth, meaning they were at least a million years old several billion years ago, again due to the <a href="#Distant_starlight">distant starlight</a> problem. </p> <h3><span id="Space_weathering:_>1,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Space_weathering:_.3E1.2C000.2C000">Space weathering: >1,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Space weathering: >1,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p><i>Space weathering</i> is an effect that is observed on most asteroids. Extraterrestrial objects tend to develop a red tint as they age due to the effects of cosmic radiation and micrometeor impacts on their surfaces. Because this process proceeds at a constant rate, observing the color of an object can provide the basis for a generally reliable estimate. The ages provided by this dating technique <b>exceed millions of years</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Petrified_wood:_>1,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Petrified_wood:_.3E1.2C000.2C000">Petrified wood: >1,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Petrified wood: >1,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">petrified forest</a></div> <p>The process in which wood is preserved by permineralization, commonly known as petrification, takes extensive amounts of time. Gerald E. Teachout from the South Dakota Department of Game has written that "the mineral replacement process is very slow, probably taking <b>millions of years</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a></sup> </p><p>It is true that in the laboratory petrification can be achieved in a matter of months, but petrification is far slower in natural conditions. </p> <h3><span id="Naica_megacrystals:_>1,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Naica_megacrystals:_.3E1.2C000.2C000">Naica megacrystals: >1,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Naica megacrystals: >1,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Naica Mine of Chihuahua, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> is the home of some of the largest gypsum <a href="/wiki/Crystals" title="Crystals">crystals</a> on earth. Specimens in the area have been found to exceed 11 meters in length and 1 meter in width. Based on classical crystal growth theory, these crystals are older than <b>one million years</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:527px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG/525px-Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG" decoding="async" width="525" height="350" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG/788px-Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG/1050px-Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Naica mine crystals with miner in lower right. Don't go inside without equipment: it's at least 58° C (136° F) and your lungs have higher humidity than this cave! The crystals are also very sharp!</div></div></div></div> <h3><span id="Cosmogenic_nuclide_dating:_>1,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cosmogenic_nuclide_dating:_.3E1.2C000.2C000">Cosmogenic nuclide dating: >1,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cosmogenic nuclide dating: >1,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The influx of cosmic rays onto the earth continually produces a stream of cosmogenic nuclides in the atmosphere that will fall to the ground. By measuring the build-up of these nuclides on terrestrial surfaces, the length of time for which the surface has been exposed can be inferred. This technique can be used to date objects <b>over millions of years old</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a></sup> <br clear="left" /> </p> <h3><span id="Iron-manganese_nodule_growth:_>1,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Iron-manganese_nodule_growth:_.3E1.2C000.2C000">Iron-manganese nodule growth: >1,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Iron-manganese nodule growth: >1,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nodule.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/6/6e/Nodule.jpg/165px-Nodule.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="107" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/6/6e/Nodule.jpg/248px-Nodule.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/6/6e/Nodule.jpg/330px-Nodule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nodule.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An iron-manganese nodule</div></div></div> <p>Beryllium-10 (<sup>10</sup>Be) produced by cosmic rays shows that iron-manganese nodule growth is one of the slowest geological phenomena. It takes <b>several million years</b> to form one centimeter, and some are the size of potatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a></sup> Cosmic ray-produced <sup>10</sup>Be is produced by the interactions of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> with nitrogen and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. It then reaches the Earth via snow or rain. Since it is reactive, it gets absorbed by detritus material, within a timespan of about 300 years — very short compared to its half-life. Thusly, <sup>10</sup>Be is excellent for use in dating marine sediment. </p> <h3><span id="Amino_acid_racemization:_>1,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Amino_acid_racemization:_.3E1.2C000.2C000">Amino acid racemization: >1,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Amino acid racemization: >1,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:L-Isoleucin_-_L-Isoleucine.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/L-Isoleucin_-_L-Isoleucine.svg/165px-L-Isoleucin_-_L-Isoleucine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="86" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/L-Isoleucin_-_L-Isoleucine.svg/248px-L-Isoleucin_-_L-Isoleucine.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/L-Isoleucin_-_L-Isoleucine.svg/330px-L-Isoleucin_-_L-Isoleucine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="121" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:L-Isoleucin_-_L-Isoleucine.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Isoleucine, demonstrating its stereochemistry.</div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a> racemization dating is a technique that is used to date fossilized objects up to several million years in age. The naturally occurring amino acid <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> usually possess a <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> center with four different groups joining it: a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, the amino group, the acid group (hence the name of the class of molecule) and a side chain, which is what distinguishes amino acids. In three-dimensional space, such a molecular topology can occupy one of two configurations. Convention labels these as D or L, which are referred to as stereoisomers and are essentially mirror images of each other. The ratio of these two isomers is initially unequal. With only one exception, naturally occurring amino acids used in polypeptide synthesis are in the L form. Over time this will decay to a more balanced state in a process called <i>racemization</i>, where the ratio between L and D stereoisomers will be equal (a racemic mixture). </p><p>Measuring the degree of racemization and other known quantities can show an estimated age of the sample. This is measured fairly unambiguously by the fact that different stereoisomers rotate plane polarised light in opposite directions (it is this interaction that determines the D and L labels) and so a ratio can be determined by contrasting an unknown sample with a pure D or L sample and a racemic mixture. By measuring the racemization of the amino acid isoleucine, for example, objects can be dated up to <b>several million years</b> old.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a></sup> </p><p>While it is true that there can be great variability in the rate at which amino acids undergo racemization, the changes in humidity, temperature, and acidity required to make the oldest known samples conform to a young earth (under 6,000 years) view are completely unreasonable. Such conditions would destroy all traces of the amino acids rather than just leave a racemic mixture of the molecules behind. </p> <h3><span id="Stalactites:_>1,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Stalactites:_.3E1.2C000.2C000">Stalactites: >1,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Stalactites: >1,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalactite.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/d/d9/Stalactite.jpg/165px-Stalactite.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/d/d9/Stalactite.jpg/248px-Stalactite.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/d/d9/Stalactite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="360" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalactite.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A stalactite</div></div></div> <p>A stalactite is a mineral deposit that is usually — though not exclusively — found in limestone caves. They are formed on the ceilings of caverns by the slow deposition of calcium carbonate and other minerals as they drip, in solution, over the stalactite. These formations take extremely lengthy periods to form; the average growth rate is not much more than 0.1 mm per year (10 centimeters, or 4 inches, every thousand years). With such a slow rate of formation, if the earth were less than ten thousand years old we would expect to see the largest stalactites being not much longer than one meter.<sup id="cite_ref-HGATYEA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGATYEA-44">[40]</a></sup> In fact stalactites frequently reach from the ceiling to the floor of large caverns. </p><p>It is true that cases of accelerated growth have been observed in some stalactites, but rapid growths are only temporary, as the rapidly growing stalactites quickly deplete the surrounding limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-HGATYEA_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGATYEA-44">[40]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Geomagnetic_reversals:_5,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Geomagnetic_reversals:_5.2C000.2C000">Geomagnetic reversals: 5,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Geomagnetic reversals: 5,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomagnetic reversal">Geomagnetic reversal</a></div> <p>A geomagnetic reversal is a change in the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field. The frequency at which these reversals occur varies greatly, but they usually happen once every <b>50,000 to 800,000</b> years, and generally take thousands of years. This fact is obviously inconsistent with the notion of a young Earth. Moreover, the age of a reversal can be estimated by extrapolation along the sea-floor magnetic strips, assuming constant spreading rates, once a chronology of strips is constructed—which has been done for a segment <b>5 million years</b> old. And, beyond that, around 171 reversals are geologically documented, which (assuming a low 50,000 years per reversal) would make the Earth at least <b>8.5 million years old</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCC_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCC-45">[41]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Erosion:_6,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Erosion:_6.2C000.2C000">Erosion: 6,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Erosion: 6,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedar_Ridge,_Grand_Canyon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/500px-Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="104" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/750px-Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg/1000px-Cedar_Ridge%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11060" data-file-height="2308" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedar_Ridge,_Grand_Canyon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>View of O'Neil Butte and surrounding areas in the Grand Canyon</div></div></div></div> <p>Many places on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> show evidence of erosion taking place over very long time periods. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, for instance, would have taken <b>millions of years</b> to form using the normal rate of erosion seen in water (general scientific consensus had been <b>6 million years</b>, but new research reported <b>17 million years</b> as the time it took to form).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id=">10,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".3E10.2C000.2C000">>10,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: >10,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Evidence for a minimum age of <b>10 million years</b>. </p> <h3><span id="Milankovitch_astronomical_cycles:_23,030,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Milankovitch_astronomical_cycles:_23.2C030.2C000">Milankovitch astronomical cycles: 23,030,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Milankovitch astronomical cycles: 23,030,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_precession.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth_precession.svg/300px-Earth_precession.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth_precession.svg/450px-Earth_precession.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth_precession.svg/600px-Earth_precession.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="764" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_precession.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Illustration showing the precession of Earth's rotational axis</div></div></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a> are cycles of variation of the influx of sunlight, cycles caused by orbit and spin precession effects. Not only does the Earth's spin precess, but also the Earth's orbit. Its perihelion precesses forward and its orbit pole precesses backward, but in complicated quasi-periodic Spirograph patterns that also involve its orbit eccentricity varying. Combined with its spin precession, we have three main kinds of effects: </p> <ul><li>Perihelion Precession: over about 20,000 years, the Earth's perihelion time precesses through the seasons.</li> <li>Obliquity (Axial Tilt): over about 40,000 years, the Earth's orbit precession makes the Earth's obliquity vary between about 22.1 and 24.5 degrees. It is currently 23.44 degrees and decreasing.</li> <li>Eccentricity: over about 100,000 and 400,000 years, the Earth's eccentricity varies from nearly circular to as much as 0.0679 with an average of 0.034. It is currently 0.017 and decreasing.</li></ul> <p>These variations affect climate by making high-latitude summers sometimes hot, making them melt glaciers fast, and sometimes mild, making them melt glaciers slowly, letting them accumulate over the years. This explains the successful correlation between Milankovitch cycles and continental glaciers' comings and goings during the Pleistocene, the last 2.5 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png/300px-MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="313" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png/450px-MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png/600px-MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1044" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:MilankovitchCyclesOrbitandCores.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Temperature data from ice cores indicate periodic climactic changes that are partly explained by changes in solar radiation strength caused by Milankovitch cycles, serving as additional evidence of their validity.</div></div></div> <p>This work has been extended much further back in time. At first, one might ask if it is possible to do so. But from some calculations, the Earth's spin precession rate has been declining as its rotation rate has declined, but its orbit-precession rates have remained unchanged over at least 500 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a></sup> In fact, astronomical cycles have been used to improve the timescale from the Oligocene-Miocene boundary to the present. That boundary is now dated at 23.03 million years, to within 40,000 years. It has been more difficult to do that for the earlier <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>, the Mesozoic, and especially the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, since good cyclic sedimentary deposits have been more patchy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a></sup> However, it has been possible to find evidence of astronomical cycles in some 1.4-billion-year-old (mid-Proterozoic) sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Sedimentary_varves:_20,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sedimentary_varves:_20.2C000.2C000">Sedimentary varves: 20,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sedimentary varves: 20,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Baendertone.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baendertone.JPG/300px-Baendertone.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baendertone.JPG/450px-Baendertone.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Baendertone.JPG/600px-Baendertone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1296" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Baendertone.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Varves excavated from Brandenburg, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></div></div> <p>Varves are laminated layers of sedimentary rock that are most commonly laid down in glacial lakes. In the summer, light colored coarse sediment is laid down, while in the winter, as the water freezes and calms, fine dark silt is laid down. This cycle produces alternating bands of dark and light which are clearly discernible and represent, as a pair, one full year. As is consistent with the old earth view, many millions of varves have been found in some places. The Green River formation in eastern <a href="/wiki/Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah">Utah</a> is home to an estimated <b>twenty million years' worth</b> of sedimentary layers. </p><p>The creationist response is that, instead of once per year, these varves formed many hundreds of times per year. There is, however, much evidence against accelerated formation of varves. </p> <ul><li>Pollen in varves is much more concentrated in the upper part of the dark layer, which is thought to represent Spring. This is what would be expected if varves formed only once per year because pollen is much more common at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a></sup></li> <li>In Lake Suigetsu, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, there is a seasonal die-off of diatoms <i>(calcareous algae)</i> that will form layers in the bottom of the lake along with the sedimentary varves. If the 29 thousand varves in the lake formed more than once per year, there should be several sediment layers for every layer of deceased algae. However, for every one white layer of algae in Lake Suigetsu, there is only one varve.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a></sup></li> <li>The varve thickness in the Green River formation correlates with both the 11-year sunspot cycle and the 21,000-year orbital cycle of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a></sup></li></ul> <h3><span id="Coral:_25,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Coral:_25.2C000.2C000">Coral: 25,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Coral: 25,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Corals are marine organisms that slowly deposit and grow upon the residues of their calcareous remains. These corals and residues gradually become structures known as coral reefs. This process of growth and deposition is extremely slow, and some of the larger reefs have been "growing" for hundreds of thousands of years. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority estimates that corals have been growing on the Great Barrier Reef for <b>25 million years</b>, and that coral reef structures have existed on the Great Barrier Reef for at least <b>600,000 years</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Seabed_plankton_layering:_56,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Seabed_plankton_layering:_56.2C000.2C000">Seabed plankton layering: 56,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Seabed plankton layering: 56,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Fossils of dead plankton that layer on the ocean floor are used to gauge temperatures from the past, based on the chemical changes of Crenarchaeota, a primitive phylum of microbe. Much like <a href="#Ice_layering">ice layering</a> and <a href="#Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a>, researchers drill through the ocean floor to extract samples which indicate annual temperature fluctuations in the plankton fossils, or "chemical rings" as it were. A 2004 pioneering expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> Ocean near the North Pole collected samples dating back to over <b>56 million years</b> of temperature dating.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Baptistina_asteroid_family:_80,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Baptistina_asteroid_family:_80.2C000.2C000">Baptistina asteroid family: 80,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Baptistina asteroid family: 80,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Baptistina asteroid family is a cluster of asteroids with similar orbits. This group was produced by a collision of an asteroid 60 kilometers in diameter with an asteroid 170 kilometers in diameter. Researchers from the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and the University of Prague have traced the orbits of these asteroids back from their current locations and estimated that the original collision happened 160 (±20) million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a></sup> 2011 data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer has revised the collision date to <b>80 million years ago</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span id=">100,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".3E100.2C000.2C000">>100,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: >100,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Evidence for a minimum age of <b>100 million years</b>. </p> <h3><span id="Continental_drift:_200,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Continental_drift:_200.2C000.2C000">Continental drift: 200,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Continental drift: 200,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg/250px-Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg/375px-Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg/500px-Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="446" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fossil areas across landmasses.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></div> <p>Based on the continuity of fossil deposits and other geological formations between the South American and African tectonic plates, as well as additional wider bands of continuity across these two continents as well as India, Antarctica, and Australia, there is much evidence that at some point in history these landmasses were part of the same contiguous supercontinent. Because tectonic drift is an incredibly slow process, the separation of these landmasses would have taken millions of years. With modern technology, this can be accurately quantified. Satellite data has shown that South America and Africa are moving apart at a rate of roughly 2 cm per year (roughly the speed of fingernail growth), which means that for these diverging continents to have been together at some point in history, as all the evidence shows, the drift must have been going on for at least <b>200 million years</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCC_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCC-45">[41]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Nitrogen_impurities_in_natural_diamonds:_200,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nitrogen_impurities_in_natural_diamonds:_200.2C000.2C000">Nitrogen impurities in natural diamonds: 200,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nitrogen impurities in natural diamonds: 200,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DiamanteEZ.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DiamanteEZ.jpg/165px-DiamanteEZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DiamanteEZ.jpg/248px-DiamanteEZ.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DiamanteEZ.jpg/330px-DiamanteEZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="458" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:DiamanteEZ.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Diamonds are <s>forever</s> at least 200,000,000 years</div></div></div> <p>Nitrogen is the most common impurity in natural <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, sometimes by as much as 1% by mass. Recently formed diamonds, however, have very little nitrogen content. A major way synthetic diamonds are distinguished from natural ones is on the basis of nitrogen permeation. It takes long periods and high pressures for the nitrogen atoms to be squeezed into the diamond lattice. Research on the kinetics of the nitrogen aggregation at the University of Reading have suggested that a certain type of diamond, I<sub>a</sub> diamonds, spend <b>200-2000 million years</b> in the upper mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Impact_craters:_>313,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact_craters:_.3E313.2C000.2C000">Impact craters: >313,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Impact craters: >313,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The number of impact craters can provide a probable lower limit on the age of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Asteroid strikes that can produce craters on the order of kilometers across are extremely infrequent occurrences; the chance of an asteroid with an Earth-crossing orbit actually striking the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> has been estimated at <i>2.5 x 10<sup>−9</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup></i>, and when multiplied by the estimated number of Earth-crossing asteroids this approximates about one collision for every 313,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a></sup> If this frequency is correct, the number of impact craters on Earth were it only a few thousand years old should be very few. The most logical number of observable >1km impact craters for a young Earth would in fact be something like <i>zero</i> — a number that is completely at odds with the observable evidence, since over one hundred such craters have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MeteorCraterPanorama.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/a/a0/MeteorCraterPanorama.jpg/500px-MeteorCraterPanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="100" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/a/a0/MeteorCraterPanorama.jpg/750px-MeteorCraterPanorama.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/a/a0/MeteorCraterPanorama.jpg/1000px-MeteorCraterPanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="320" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:MeteorCraterPanorama.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A crater 1,200 meters in diameter.</div></div></div></div> <p>Even if creationists were to present some scenario in which many dozens of large asteroids could hit the Earth in less than 6,000 years, there are still tremendous problems with this idea. The largest asteroid impacts are some of the most catastrophic events the world has ever seen. In <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> there is a crater 500 km in diameter which is calculated to have been caused by an asteroid 48 km in diameter roughly 250 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a></sup> How the life we see today could have survived such an incident (if it had occurred in the last 6,000 years) is a serious problem for YECs; an asteroid impact that big would have led to the extinction of all medium to large size species, an event that — given the creationist model: short time frame, no evolution — the world would still not have recovered from. </p> <h3><span id="Rotation_of_the_Earth:_620,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Rotation_of_the_Earth:_620.2C000.2C000">Rotation of the Earth: 620,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Rotation of the Earth: 620,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Rotation_of_the_Earth" title="Rotation of the Earth">Rotation of the Earth</a></div> <p>Because the Earth's rotation slows about 0.005 seconds per year, the last time a year had 400 days (or days of 22.7 hours) should be about <b>370 million years</b> ago; <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometrically dated</a> coral from 370 million years ago shows evidence of approximately 22 hours in a day.<sup id="cite_ref-HGATYEA_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGATYEA-44">[40]</a></sup> Additionally, radiometrically dated tidal rhythmites from <b>620 million years</b> ago fit the rate of Earth's slowing rotation even more strongly. </p> <h2><span id=">1,000,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".3E1.2C000.2C000.2C000">>1,000,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: >1,000,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Evidence for a minimum age of <b>1 billion years</b>. </p> <h3><span id="Helioseismology:_4,460,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Helioseismology:_4.2C460.2C000.2C000">Helioseismology: 4,460,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Helioseismology: 4,460,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The composition of the Sun changes as it ages. The differing composition changes the way sound waves behave inside the Sun. Using helioseismic methods (models of pressure waves in the sun), the age of the Sun can be inferred. Using this method, an Italian team came up with an age of <b>4.57 ± 0.11 billion years</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Radioactive_decay:_4,540,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Radioactive_decay:_4.2C540.2C000.2C000">Radioactive decay: 4,540,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Radioactive decay: 4,540,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_dating.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/3/33/Carbon_dating.gif/300px-Carbon_dating.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/3/33/Carbon_dating.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="243" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_dating.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Radiocarbon dating.</div></div></div><div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive decay</a></div> <p>Radioactive decay is the constant predictable decay of unstable atoms into more stable isotopes or elements. Measurements of atomic decay are generally considered one of the most accurate ways of measuring the age of an object, and these measurements form the basis for the scientifically accepted age of the Earth. There are many different variations of the radiometric dating technique such as radiocarbon, argon-argon, iodine-xenon, lanthanum-barium, lead-lead, lutetium-hafnium, neon-neon, potassium-argon, rhenium-osmium, rubidium-strontium, samarium-neodymium, uranium-lead, uranium-lead-helium, uranium-thorium, and uranium-uranium, of which every single one will date objects <b>far older than 10,000 years</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a></sup> </p><p>Because radiometric dating is one of the most commonly used methods of determining age, these techniques are under constant attack from young earth supporters. A few creationists, armed with only a cursory knowledge and a desire to think that they're better than scientific "experts", may misunderstand radiometric dating and just <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_incredulity" title="Argument from incredulity">not believe</a> it works. This is often accompanied by ignoring the high concordance of radiometric methods. </p><p>However, the most frequently used method of attack is to give examples of objects of known ages that were dated incorrectly. These instances are by far the exception rather than the rule and are usually due to unforeseen contamination or other errors that can be quickly identified and compensated for. This is not "cheating" and forcing results to conform to expectations as many young earth creationists may claim; ignoring outliers is a common practice in any context where measurements are taken, in order to achieve the most accurate results possible. If it is "cheating", then cleaning your camera lens to get a better and clearer picture would also be cheating. </p><p>Uranium-lead dating is based on the idea that because <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> and uranium-238 (both common isotopes) turn into lead, and we know how long it takes for both of these isotopes to do so, we can calculate the age of something by comparing the amount of uranium in that something to the amount of lead.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a></sup> Scientists who are dating the Earth commonly use zircons, which are durable and contain trace amounts of uranium. <a href="/wiki/Clair_Patterson" title="Clair Patterson">Clair Patterson</a> was the first person to use this technique to figure out the age of the Earth, achieving a result very near the current age of <b>4.54 billion years</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a></sup> Uranium-Lead dating has a minimum age of over <b>700 million</b> years for uranium-235 and <b>4.5 billion</b> years for uranium-238<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Recession_of_the_Moon:_4,500,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Recession_of_the_Moon:_4.2C500.2C000.2C000">Recession of the Moon: 4,500,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Recession of the Moon: 4,500,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_and_the_Moon_photographed_from_Mars_orbit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Earth_and_the_Moon_photographed_from_Mars_orbit.jpg/225px-The_Earth_and_the_Moon_photographed_from_Mars_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Earth_and_the_Moon_photographed_from_Mars_orbit.jpg/338px-The_Earth_and_the_Moon_photographed_from_Mars_orbit.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Earth_and_the_Moon_photographed_from_Mars_orbit.jpg/450px-The_Earth_and_the_Moon_photographed_from_Mars_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_and_the_Moon_photographed_from_Mars_orbit.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Earth and the Moon photographed from Mars. Everything you've ever known is in this picture.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_the_Moon" title="Recession of the Moon">Recession of the Moon</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="South African">South African</a> rocks studied by geologist Ken Eriksson contain ancient tidal deposits indicating that at some point in the past, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> orbited "25-percent closer to Earth than it does today."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a></sup> The distance between the Earth and the Moon is 384,403 kilometers, so for Ken Eriksson's work to fit with a YEC timescale the Earth would have to have been receding at a speed greater than 15 kilometers per year. However, the Moon is currently receding from the Earth at a rate of 3.8 centimeters per year. </p><p>More recent work on Precambrian sediments gives more precise numbers. From Neoproterozoic (620 million years ago) "tidal rhythmites" in Elatina and Reynella, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the Moon's major axis had a value 0.965 ± 0.005 times its present-day value. That implies an average recession rate of 2.17 ± 0.31 cm/yr, a little more than half the present-day rate of 3.82 ± 0.07 cm/yr. Going back further to banded iron formations in Western Australia in the Paleoproterozoic (2450 Mya), one finds a major-axis ratio of 0.906 ± 0.029, and an average recession rate of 1.24 ± 0.71 cm/yr over most of the Proterozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-GW_Earth_Moon_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GW_Earth_Moon-70">[66]</a></sup> So for whatever reason, the Moon is now outspiraling relatively rapidly, something that makes creationist-style extrapolation of it unjustified. </p><p>Ultimately, the recession of the moon is entirely concordant with its radiometrically recorded age of <b>4.5 billion years</b>. </p> <h3><span id="Gyrochronology:_4,600,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Gyrochronology:_4.2C600.2C000.2C000">Gyrochronology: 4,600,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Gyrochronology: 4,600,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>There is a mathematical relationship between a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>'s mass, the rate at which it spins and the star's age. Stars spin at a lower rate as they age. The mathematical model has been tested against over 30 stars whose age was previously known using other techniques and is shown to be accurate within 10% for stars in the <b>1 billion to 4.6 billion years</b> old range.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Presolar_Grains:_7,000,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Presolar_Grains:_7.2C000.2C000.2C000">Presolar Grains: 7,000,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Presolar Grains: 7,000,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Presolar grains are small grains (on the order of micrometers or smaller) that originated in a time before the sun was formed. The unique environment of each star gives it its own unique isotopic signatures that differ from that of our solar system and the galactic average, which is how their presolar origin is determined.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a></sup> A January 2020 study of the Murchison meteorite found silicon carbide grains that ranged in age from only a few million years older than the sun to as old as 7 billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Globular_clusters:_>10,000,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Globular_clusters:_.3E10.2C000.2C000.2C000">Globular clusters: >10,000,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Globular clusters: >10,000,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Globular_Cluster_M53.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Globular_Cluster_M53.jpg/165px-Globular_Cluster_M53.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="132" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Globular_Cluster_M53.jpg/248px-Globular_Cluster_M53.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Globular_Cluster_M53.jpg/330px-Globular_Cluster_M53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Globular_Cluster_M53.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Globular Cluster M53</div></div></div> <p>Stars can't be any older than the universe that they occupy. Finding the age of the oldest stars or groupings of stars is thus one way to determine a minimum age for the Universe. Old stars can be found in globular clusters — groupings of a few hundred thousand to one million stars or so. </p><p>Fortunately, the lifetime of a star is related to its mass. Massive stars burn out quickly; those that are 10 times more massive than the Sun burn out in 20 million years. Stars half as massive as the sun can last 20 billion years. </p><p>If we assume that the stars in a given globular cluster formed at roughly the same time, and that there was a reasonable distribution of stellar masses in the cluster initially (reasonable assumptions, based on what is known about star formation), then we can get an estimate of its age by examining the stars it contains. We can estimate star masses by evaluating their luminosities and distances from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>. If we observe no stars more massive than ten solar masses, indicating that all of those big stars burned all of their fuel and became something else, then the cluster must be at least 20 million years old. If we saw clusters containing only stars half as massive as the sun or less, then the cluster would have to be at least 20 billion years old.<sup id="cite_ref-WMAP_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMAP-74">[70]</a></sup> </p><p>The oldest observable globular clusters contain stars of 0.7 solar masses or less, which places them <b>between 11 and 18 billion years old.</b> Uncertainties in distances prevent greater precision.<sup id="cite_ref-WMAP_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMAP-74">[70]</a></sup> Taking the lower estimate of 11 billion years for the age of these clusters, the universe must be even older than that, since it took time for the cluster to form in the first place. Taking the cluster formation time into account pushes the lower limit for the age of the universe based on the age of globular clusters to <b>12-13 billion years.</b> Even if we hedge on that estimate, we can be confident that according to scientific evidence, the universe has existed for more than 10 billion years. </p><p>According to this estimate, the scientific evidence differs from the YEC assertion of the universe's age by a factor of about 1 million. </p> <h3><span id="Distant_starlight:_13,700,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Distant_starlight:_13.2C700.2C000.2C000">Distant starlight: 13,700,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Distant starlight: 13,700,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:452px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JWSTDeepField.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/9/97/JWSTDeepField.jpeg/450px-JWSTDeepField.jpeg" decoding="async" width="450" height="459" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/9/97/JWSTDeepField.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="599" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:JWSTDeepField.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Deep Field view of the universe, taken in 2022 by the <a href="/wiki/NASA#James_Webb_Telescope" title="NASA">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, showing light that has been in the cosmic vacuum of space for billions of years, not thousands. Also shown is Gravitational Lensing as predicted by <a href="/wiki/Relativity" title="Relativity">Relativity</a></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Starlight_problem" title="Starlight problem">Starlight problem</a></div> <p>The fact that distant starlight can be seen from Earth has always been a major problem for the young Earth idea. Because the speed of light is finite, what you are actually seeing when you look at an object is an image of that object <i>from the past</i>. "From the past" here has a few caveats regarding the <a href="/wiki/Relativity" title="Relativity">relativity</a> of our concept of the past, the future, and now. In the BBC <i>Horizon</i> program <i>What Time Is It?</i> noted physicist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Cox" title="Brian Cox">Brian Cox</a> suggested that, as information cannot travel faster than light, and that time and space are relative, it can be considered that the stars actually <i>are</i> what they look like "now", in a manner of speaking. Either way, though, the bottom line is still the same; the light has travelled a certain distance, for a certain time, before arriving on Earth to be seen by our eyes or telescopes. We can use this data to put a minimum time on the existence of the Universe, by looking at how long some light has been travelling. </p><p>On Earth, the delay caused by the speed of light is incredibly minor — when you look at an object a mile away, the light has been travelling for five microseconds. When you look at <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">the star closest to the Earth</a>, you are seeing light that has been in transit for 8.3 minutes. It's more noticeable with sound and distant objects, but only because the light from things such as distant explosions or jet fighters is so much faster. There's still a delay and transit time for the information that says whatever made the light/sound must have been around that long ago to produce it. </p><p>On the cosmic scale of things, this delay is far from minor and really is noticeable. When astronomers look at the second closest star to the Earth (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" class="extiw" title="wp:Proxima Centauri" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>) which is roughly four light years away,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a></sup> they are seeing the star as it was four years ago from our perspective. When astronomers look at objects in the region of space known as the "Hubble ultra deep field", they are seeing the stars there as they were over <b>ten billion years ago</b>. Light we are receiving from these fields has been travelling for ten billion years, and the universe must have, therefore, existed long enough for that transit time to take place. </p><p>The farthest distance that deep-space telescopes can see is somewhere in the region of 13.7 billion light-years (approximately); this implies that light has taken around 13.7 billion years to travel across the universe to reach us. Thus, one concludes that the universe is at least <b>13.7 billion years old</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a></sup> </p><p>Therein lies the problem for young Earth creationism: if the universe is only 6,000 years old, how can objects billions of light-years away — and therefore billions of years old — be seen? </p><p>There are a few creationist "zingers" to solve this problem, but are almost exclusively centered on <a href="/wiki/Science_stopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Science stopper">pretending the problem doesn't exist</a>. One is <a href="/wiki/Omphalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Omphalism">omphalism</a>, which suggests the light was already in place and on its way 6,000 years ago, which is basically like saying that "6,000 years ago, the world was created 14 billion years ago", which is a form of <a href="/wiki/Last_Thursdayism" title="Last Thursdayism">Last Thursdayism</a>. They also like time dilation fields and <a href="/wiki/C-decay" title="C-decay">changing the speed of light</a>, but this requires a lot of <a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">Goddidit</a> to make it work, as there is zero evidence for why the speed of light should change. There are a lot of issues surrounding changing fundamental physical constants such as <i>c</i>, namely that according to E=mc<sup>2</sup>, increasing <i>c</i> to make the world 6,000 years old would lead to normal radioactive decay blowing the planet up. <i>Qualified</i> astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Jason_Lisle" title="Jason Lisle">Jason Lisle</a> came up with the "<a href="/wiki/Anisotropic_synchrony_convention" title="Anisotropic synchrony convention">anisotropic synchrony convention</a>", which exploits how to reliably measure of the speed of light, but suffers from <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">special pleading</a> in that it assumes a highly unlikely physical reality deriving from a mathematical quirk is <i>literally true</i> — and there is <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_Razor" class="mw-redirect" title="Occam's Razor">no additional evidence</a> for such a thing. </p> <h3><span id="CMB,_Extreme_Redshift,_and_other_markers:_13,800,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="CMB.2C_Extreme_Redshift.2C_and_other_markers:_13.2C800.2C000.2C000">CMB, Extreme Redshift, and other markers: 13,800,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: CMB, Extreme Redshift, and other markers: 13,800,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2012.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/400px-WMAP_2012.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/600px-WMAP_2012.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/800px-WMAP_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2012.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Mapping the Cosmic Microwave Background reveals temperature fluctuations across the newly-formed universe. The hot spots became dense clusters of galaxies.</div></div></div> <p>The Cosmic Microwave Background is residual light left over from the very beginnings of the universe when the temperature finally cooled enough to let Hydrogen atoms deionize. The distance between us and the CMB is 13.8 billion light-years, again supporting the points in the previous section that the Universe has to be at least 13.8 billion years old. </p><p>Again, there are the creationist "zingers", but the only remaining "theory" of c-decay is disproved by the extreme redshift at the CMB. The amount of redshift light experiences is directly related to the Hubble expansion of the universe. Currently, the value of this expansion is 46 miles per second per megaparsec, which approximates the value of redshift at the CMB. The CMB itself experiences redshift of approximately 1100, which was obtained by dividing the energy that Hydrogen releases during ionization by the current observed energy of the light it emitted. In order to explain this with c-decay, that redshift would have had to occur in a timeframe 2 million times shorter. This means, as redshift is a linear relationship because it is a one-dimensional function, that things 1 megaparsec away would be moving away from us at 92 million miles per second. That's 494c already at triple the distance of the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a>. Because things that are moving away from us at a speed greater than c would not be visible, nothing farther away than 6600 light-years would be visible<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[note 5]</a></sup>. </p><p>Now creationists can say that the speed of light decayed from approximately 2.1 million times its current value, but this comes with some issues. The speed of light is intrinsically tied to the square root of the values of electric and magnetic permeability in the vacuum. In order to have the light be 2 million times faster, the product of the two values would have to be 4 trillion times larger. Now, because these 2 constants are also intrinsically tied to the strength of the electromagnetic force, c-decay bullshittery would cause all stars to stop working, all molecules to dissociate, all electrons to fall into nuclei, all nuclei to rip themselves apart, massive amounts of Hawking radiation, all the problems that come with fiddling with the fine-structure constant, and all quarks to rip themselves out of their protons and neutrons. Basically, c-decay in this situation would require the universe to destroy itself as soon as it was created. Even if the stars were created out there, they would just stop working in seconds. And then, all of this doesn't mention that such a speed of expansion would require the vacuum itself to contain enough energy to rip itself apart within Planck times, or that if one goes by the<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[note 6]</a></sup>. </p><p>Besides what has noted above, and as described <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang#Other_arguments_supporting_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="Big Bang">here</a>, other markers as stellar evolution support an age of the Universe similar to the one estimated by studying the CMB. If you wanted to cram 13.8 billion light-years into just a couple thousand years, that means by virtue of the famous equation E=mc<sup>2</sup> stars (the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> included) would evolve so fast that they would be <i><b>far</b></i> more luminous and less lasting than any known one (and that assuming emitting so much energy would not mean they'd go supernova, as such extreme luminosities <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddington_limit" class="extiw" title="wp:Eddington limit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Eddington limit">would easily overcome their gravities</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>), which would meant a <i>very</i> different Universe. </p><p>Of course, most creationists (like most laypeople) wouldn't really be able to follow the physics outlined above and so would just blink at it without understanding it. The difference, of course, is that the general public doesn't have a denialist agenda and would conclude that the experts probably know what they're talking about. Creationists, on the other hand, would take advantage of the difficulty of the science and conclude "tl;dr, so it doesn't count!", assuming of course that besides considering Genesis much simpler thus far more reasonable they simply did not ignore science and chose the Bible as the latter unlike the former is the Word of God™. They can then use ungodly amounts of Goddidit to get around this situation, so sure, yeah, the universe is only 6000 years old. </p> <h3><span id="James_Webb_Space_Telescope_and_the_early_galaxies:_26,700,000,000"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="James_Webb_Space_Telescope_and_the_early_galaxies:_26.2C700.2C000.2C000">James Webb Space Telescope and the early galaxies: 26,700,000,000</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: James Webb Space Telescope and the early galaxies: 26,700,000,000">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) poses a new conundrum as is able to see fully formed galaxies occuring when the universe was <b>merely</b> 500 million years old. These <i>impossible galaxies</i> (as the are termed) have lead to a new theory that posits the universe could be twice as old as previsouly thought<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a></sup>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Evidence_for_a_recent_creation">Evidence for a recent creation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Evidence for a recent creation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><a href="/wiki/File:Tumbleweed.gif" class="image"><img alt="Tumbleweed.gif" src="/w/images/2/2f/Tumbleweed.gif" decoding="async" width="550" height="100" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="100" /></a> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_summary">In summary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: In summary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/wiki/File:If_We_Assume.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/d/d7/If_We_Assume.jpg/400px-If_We_Assume.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="511" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/d/d7/If_We_Assume.jpg/600px-If_We_Assume.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/d/d7/If_We_Assume.jpg/800px-If_We_Assume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="2192" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:If_We_Assume.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A useful graphical summary.</div></div></div> <p>Should you desire to believe in Young-Earth Creationism, you must <a href="/wiki/Willful_ignorance" title="Willful ignorance">willfully ignore</a> or <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">deny</a>: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a>:</b> Astrophysics is essential to determination of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> which generates the <a href="/wiki/Starlight_problem" title="Starlight problem">starlight problem</a>. In order for the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> outside of the Earth to be seen, either the speed of light has to be changing or light had to have started <i>en route</i> to Earth already. The former is not supported by modern science or any observational evidence, and even semi-coherent theories regarding an <a href="/wiki/Anisotropic_synchrony_convention" title="Anisotropic synchrony convention">anisotropic synchrony convention</a> or <a href="/wiki/C-decay" title="C-decay">c-decay</a> can't account for the massive change needed. The latter is a case of <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">special pleading</a> and can lead to <a href="/wiki/Last_Thursdayism" title="Last Thursdayism">Last Thursdayism</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a>:</b> The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) — a background level of very cold, low frequency radiation, <i>billions of light-years away</i>, predicted to exist by the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>" model and discovered and researched intensively throughout the latter half of the 20th century.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton">Newtonian</a> mechanics:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a> (as described by Newton) itself contradicts YEC belief.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[note 7]</a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Relativity" title="Relativity">Relativity</a>:</b> If <i>c</i> is not constant as YECs claim, then all of the relativistic equations would go out the window.</li> <li><b>Nuclear physics:</b> the decay rates of certain isotopes are known and are used in <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>. YEC beliefs often require these well-established rates to change by, for lack of a better term, <a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">stuff</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a>:</b> Since one can derive the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vacuum_permeability" class="extiw" title="wp:vacuum permeability" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: vacuum permeability">vacuum permeability</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vacuum_permittivity" class="extiw" title="wp:vacuum permittivity" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: vacuum permittivity">vacuum permittivity</span></a>,<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> unpredictable changes in speed of light pretty much renders the predictive power of electromagnetism nil.</li> <li><b>Quantum Fluctuations:</b> C-decay requires such a high vacuum energy that space itself would be ingloriously unstable, leading to the formation of vacuum decay bubbles. An energy of 10^5 ergs per cubic meter is far above the calculated vacuum metastability limit for vacuum decay.</li> <li><b>Transport phenomena</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Fluid mechanics (momentum transfer) is pretty much incompatible with the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">global flood</a>.</li> <li>Heat transfer is pretty much incompatible with all the variations of ideas that require <a href="/wiki/Hydroplate_theory" title="Hydroplate theory">water under earth's crusts</a>, or in case of radiative heat transfer, <a href="/wiki/White_hole_cosmology" title="White hole cosmology">White hole cosmology</a> and anything that involves a different speed of light or radioactive material giving radiation at a significantly different rate.</li> <li>Mass transfer would also have to be ignored, due to phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation#Nitrogen_impurities_in_natural_diamonds" title="Evidence against a recent creation">diffusion of impurities</a> or crystal/sediment formation.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Reaction kinetics:</b> The rate that amino acids undergo racemisation (conversion to an equal mix of stereoisomers) is a well-known process that occurs at a specific rate. It can therefore be used as a dating method and has shown biological molecules to be far older than 6,000 years.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a>:</b> All of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics">laws of thermodynamics</a> are violated in a creation event.</li> <li><b>Materials science:</b> Tribology is the study of wear and friction in materials in relative motion to each other. The well-documented rates and mechanisms of wear and erosion preclude the rapid formation of geological features, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, as claimed by young Earth creationists.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Botany">Botany</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a>, which is accurate to a handful of years, has dated trees that go back ten thousand years at least, long before most YEC proponents say the universe even existed.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[note 8]</a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a>:</b> For obvious reasons. This throws out morphology, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, and comparative anatomy. (Let's not even discuss <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nylon-eating_bacteria" class="extiw" title="wp:nylon-eating bacteria" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: nylon-eating bacteria">nylon-eating bacteria</span></a>.<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a>:</b> the discovery of the genetic code was one of the biggest confirmations of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> and went a great way to explain the empirical observations such as <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Mendel's Laws</a>. The supposed dichotomy between <a href="/wiki/Microevolution_and_macroevolution" title="Microevolution and macroevolution">"macroevolution" and "microevolution"</a> can only exist if there are two forms of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, one that mutates and another that is immune to mutation — otherwise there is no barrier between the two. This is not borne out in observations.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology" class="extiw" title="wp:Immunology" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Immunology">Immunology</span></a>:<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></b> Disease-causing <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> mutate and become immune to our attempts at destroying or immunizing against them. This is one of the more powerful and very much real observations of evolution that supposedly doesn't happen in the YEC belief-system. See <a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA drug resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lenski#Lenski.27s_long-term_E._Coli_evolution_experiment_and_intelligent_design" title="Richard Lenski">Richard Lenski's lab results</a>.</li> <li><b>Psychology/Neuroscience:</b> Humans and other animals use an unnecessarily slow memory-recall procedure. This would not occur if humans were intelligently designed (useful explanation here<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>:</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry" class="extiw" title="wp:Trigonometry" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Trigonometry">Trigonometry</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is incompatible with <a href="/wiki/C-decay" title="C-decay">c-decay</a>, one of a very few explanations for the <a href="/wiki/Starlight_problem" title="Starlight problem">starlight problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a></sup></li> <li><b>Computer Science</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cellular_automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular automata">Cellular automata</a>:</b> Self-reproducing molecules are cellular automata which combine themselves using a few simple rules to cause emergent properties. If cellular automata (which are Turing-complete) are ignored, the entire corpus of computability theory has to be ignored.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a>:</b> The ocean floor alone shows that there were over 180 geomagnetic reversals, while none have occurred in the roughly 2,000 years that humanity had compasses.</li> <li><b>Geomorphology:</b> Uplift causes mountain ranges to form, a process that can be observed to occur at a fixed rate.</li> <li><b>Hydrology:</b> None of the features of the Earth show any evidence of a global flood.</li> <li><b>Petrology:</b> Rocks and crystal structures take considerably longer than 6,000 years to form.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a>:</b> Tectonic plates are known to move at a certain rate, postulating that some pieces of land were once connected at some point — something observed and confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>.</li> <li><b>Seismology:</b> Seismic tomography shows that some subducting plates can reach the core-mantle boundary nearly 3000 km below Earth's surface, showing that the plates have been moving for millions of years.</li> <li><b>Stratigraphy:</b> Rock layering through sedimentation takes a long damn time. Although creationists bizarrely like to attribute this to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Flood">Global Flood</a>, a single event cannot explain layering.</li> <li><b>Volcanology:</b> There are a lot of volcanoes which clearly haven't erupted in the past 6,000 years. It also takes at minimum tens of thousands of years for there to be enough volcanic buildup for islands like <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> to form.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a>:</b> The biomass must be trapped underground for hundreds of thousands to millions of years to transform into coal and oil.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">Palaeontology</a>:</b> Self-explanatory. There is a massive amount of evidence from palaeontology that only works and makes sense given a very, very old Earth.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrology" class="extiw" title="wp:Metrology" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Metrology">Metrology</span></a>:<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></b> Modern measurement defines distance based on the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> and time based on <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. If <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starlight_problem" title="Starlight problem">starlight problem</a> are to be said invalid, one might as well throw out these definitions.</li> <li><b>Humanities:</b> Okay, we'll be honest. These don't need to be included. But for anyone who chooses not to trust hard science anyway: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[note 9]</a></sup> and even <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> each assumes, or actually <i>requires</i>, more than six thousand years of human existence. Proto-writing appears to have started on its way to evolving into <a href="/wiki/Writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing">writing</a> systems by the 7<sup>th</sup> or 6<sup>th</sup> millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a></sup> Historians can and have identified kings operating more than 6,000 years ago; archeologists document artifacts hundreds of thousands of years old; science has developed since humans started talking to each other.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div style="clear: right; float:right; border:solid #ff8500 1px; margin: 1px 0; width:250px; padding:2px; background:#ffff80;"> <table cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;text-align:center"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_fun.svg" class="image"><img alt="Icon fun.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_fun.svg/50px-Icon_fun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="/w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_fun.svg/75px-Icon_fun.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_fun.svg/100px-Icon_fun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:9pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;color:red;">For those of you in the mood, <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a> has a <i>fun</i> article about <i><a href="/wiki/Fun:Statements_that_are_wrong_on_the_level_of_a_Young_Earth" title="Fun:Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth">Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth</a></i>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear: right; float:right; border:solid #ff8500 1px; margin: 1px 0; width:250px; padding:2px; background:#ffff80;"> <table cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:45px;height:45px;text-align:center"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_fun.svg" class="image"><img alt="Icon fun.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_fun.svg/50px-Icon_fun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" srcset="/w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_fun.svg/75px-Icon_fun.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/5/5c/Icon_fun.svg/100px-Icon_fun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:9pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;color:red;">For those of you in the mood, <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a> has a <i>fun</i> article about <i><a href="/wiki/Fun:Evidence_for_a_recent_creation" title="Fun:Evidence for a recent creation">Evidence for a recent creation</a></i>. </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/101_evidences_for_a_young_age_of_the_Earth_and_the_universe" title="101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe">101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Thursdayism" title="Last Thursdayism">Last Thursdayism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_wrongness" title="Fractal wrongness">Fractal wrongness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>Chris Stassen (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html">The Age of the Earth</a></li> <li>Possible material: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061102181146/http://globalecology.stanford.edu/DGE/CIWDGE/SCOPE%20Books%20Web%20Archive/SCOPE%2039/SCOPE_39_3.2_Jannasch_181-190.pdf">Sulphur Emission and Transformations at Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ageofrocks.wordpress.com/100-reasons-the-earth-is-old/">100 reasons the Earth is old</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimates in the millions of years were common at the time, but the process of nuclear fusion was not yet known: this created intractable problems due to geological discoveries on Earth suggesting a lifespan of at least 300 million years, but no estimate being able to get the sun's age above 20 million.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The formation of an entire planet is a <i>process</i> spanning millions of years. Suggesting the Earth is 4.54 billion years old does not imply a sudden point of creation — merely that the process that formed the planet began around that time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Space is a vacuum, and vacuums are good insulators. Ask thermos manufacturers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">That space is "cold" is tricky, since there's very little matter to be any temperature, and with diffuse enough particles there's not really a difference between that particle's temperature and their speed. Is an interstellar oxygen molecule traveling 17,000 km/s very hot or just very fast? Answer: yes. What people usually mean about space being cold is the average radiation temperature of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background#Pillar_2:_Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation">CMB</a>, which is a few Kelvin. Which basically means if you put a baseball in intergalactic space very far from anything else, it would cool until the energy it emitted was the same as the energy it got from the CMB -- a few Kelvin. If you're closer to other things -- a <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">star</a> for instance -- space can be quite warm. The Earth is also suspended in "cold" space, but is a relatively warm 278 Kelvin (the black-body temperature for the ~340 W/m<sup>2</sup> the Earth radiates). Asteroids, like the Earth, are relatively close to the sun to receive thermal radiation far hotter than the CMB, and likewise can't cool down except by radiation, which is a poor way of cooling off. That's why the ISS relies on boiling ammonia to stay cool, and the Apollo astronauts used boiling water, basically bringing their own way to convect heat so they didn't have to rely on radiation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Which includes a number of objects visible to the naked eye, as some very luminous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho_Cassiopeiae" class="extiw" title="wp:Rho Cassiopeiae" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Rho Cassiopeiae">stars</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Centauri" class="extiw" title="wp:Omega Centauri" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Omega Centauri">star clusters</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and even galaxies as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_Clouds" class="extiw" title="wp:Magellanic Clouds" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Magellanic Clouds">Magellanic Clouds</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> or the already mentioned Andromeda.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to mention the effects of such decay itself which, had it happened <i>and</i> the Universe more or less as we know it managed to form and survive even in such scenario, would have left observable evidence behind especially had light pressed the brake pedal to the metal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a>, although initially <s>creat</s>postulated as a <a href="/wiki/Poe%27s_Law" title="Poe's Law"> parody</a>, turns out to be a necessary part of <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Some try to counter that trees can grow two rings in a year, which is true for some species on occasion, but other long-living species, like the bristlecone pine, are known to actually <i>skip</i> rings every once in a while. Even if we only had species that could occasionally grow extra rings, YEC would require a <i>consistent</i> rate of two to three rings per year since creation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oh come on! Do you think any linguist accepts that languages diversified in a single day to prevent the workers of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> from understanding each other?</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldearth.org/romans120.htm">Biblical Interpretation and Theology: Romans 1:20 — Clear Support for an Old Earth</a> by Greg Neyman (29 December 2004) <i>Old Earth Ministries</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Berger (2001)."<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ati.ac.at/~vanaweb/papers/archview.pdf">Thermoluminescence dating</a></span>"(ATOMINSTITUT). Retrieved on September 30, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geol.lu.se/dendro/en/dating.htm">How does dendrochronological age determination work</a> Geologiska institutionen, Lunds Universitet (archived from 10 Sep 2016 11:49:04 UTC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Becker, Bernd; Kromer, Bernd (29 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003101829390052K">"The continental tree-ring record-absolute chronology, calibration and climatic change at 11 ka"</a>. <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i> <b>103</b>: 67-71. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="wp:Digital object identifier" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Digital object identifier">doi</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-0182%2893%2990052-K">10.1016/0031-0182(93)90052-K</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 November 2020</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+continental+tree-ring+record-absolute+chronology%2C+calibration+and+climatic+change+at+11+ka&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Becker%2C%26%2332%3BBernd&rft.au=Kromer%2C%26%2332%3BBernd&rft.date=29+April+1993&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=67-71&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0031-0182%2893%2990052-K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2F003101829390052K&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Becker, Bernd (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/an-11000year-german-oak-and-pine-dendrochronology-for-radiocarbon-calibration/4DDD82ECC7E4E5C73089C24F9A7CD51E">"An 11,000-year German oak and pine dendrochronology for radiocarbon calibration"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i> <b>35</b> (1): 201-213. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="wp:Digital object identifier" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Digital object identifier">doi</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200013898">10.1017/S0033822200013898</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 June 2021</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+11%2C000-year+German+oak+and+pine+dendrochronology+for+radiocarbon+calibration&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Becker%2C%26%2332%3BBernd&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=201-213&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0033822200013898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2Fan-11000year-german-oak-and-pine-dendrochronology-for-radiocarbon-calibration%2F4DDD82ECC7E4E5C73089C24F9A7CD51E&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Peter M. Brown (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210519191548/http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm">"OLDLIST, a database of old trees"</a>. Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm">the original</a> on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 June 2021</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=OLDLIST%2C+a+database+of+old+trees&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Peter+M.+Brown&rft.au=Peter+M.+Brown&rft.date=May+2019&rft.pub=Rocky+Mountain+Tree-Ring+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20210519191548%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmtrr.org%2Foldlist.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Vasek, Frank (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07648.x">"Creosote bush: long-lived clones in the Mojave Desert"</a>. <i>American Journal of Botany</i> <b>67</b> (2): 246-255. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="wp:Digital object identifier" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Digital object identifier">doi</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1980.tb07648.x">10.1002/j.1537-2197.1980.tb07648.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 June 2021</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Creosote+bush%3A+long-lived+clones+in+the+Mojave+Desert&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.aulast=Vasek&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Vasek%2C%26%2332%3BFrank&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=246-255&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1980.tb07648.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fj.1537-2197.1980.tb07648.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CG/CG010.html">Claim CG010: The oldest living thing (a bristlecone pine) is younger than 4,900 years, supporting a recent date for a worldwide cataclysm.</a> edited by Mark Isaak (2004) <i>The Talk Origins Archive</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mitchell, Larkin (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.archaeology.org/9903/newsbriefs/egypt.html">"Earliest Egyptian Glyphs"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Earliest+Egyptian+Glyphs&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Larkin&rft.au=Mitchell%2C%26%2332%3BLarkin&rft.date=April+1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F9903%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fegypt.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas S. Frink (1995). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eprida.com/hydro/ecoss/background/applicationofocr.pdf">APPLICATION OF THE OXIDIZABLE CARBON RATIO (OCR) DATING PROCEDURE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PEDOGENIC RESEARCH</a></span>. Accessed November 2, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_13-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_13-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, J. I., E. R. D. Scott, and N. L. Chabot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009281909000038">"Iron meteorites: Crystallization, thermal history, parent bodies, and origin."</a> Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry 69.4 (2009): 293-325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/51-asteroids-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html">Asteroids: Fun Facts and Information About Asteroids</a> by Charles Q. Choi (March 16, 2017 09:38pm ET) <i>Space.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/Asteroids2.html">The Origin of Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Trans-Neptunian Objects</a> <i>Center for Scientific Creation</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro Soares et al 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(09)00163-3">Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock.</a> and its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.cell.com/AJHG/mmcs/journals/0002-9297/PIIS0002929709001633.mmc1.pdf">Supplemental Data.</a> <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>, Volume 84, Issue 6, 740–759, 4 June 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3025745-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3025745_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" id="CITEREFCann_RL.2C_Stoneking_M.2C_Wilson_AC1987">Cann RL, Stoneking M, Wilson AC (1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution". <i>Nature</i> <b>325</b> (6099): 31–36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.325...31C">1987Natur.325...31C</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3025745">3025745</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+and+human+evolution&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Cann+RL%2C+Stoneking+M%2C+Wilson+AC&rft.au=Cann+RL%2C+Stoneking+M%2C+Wilson+AC&rft.date=1987&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=6099&rft.pages=31%E2%80%9336&rft_id=info:bibcode/1987Natur.325...31C&rft_id=info:pmid/3025745&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Soares P, Ermini L, Thomson N (June 2009). "Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock". <i>Am. J. Hum. Genet.</i> <b>84</b> (6): 740–59. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19500773">19500773</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Correcting+for+purifying+selection%3A+an+improved+human+mitochondrial+molecular+clock&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.aulast=Soares+P%2C+Ermini+L%2C+Thomson+N&rft.au=Soares+P%2C+Ermini+L%2C+Thomson+N&rft.date=June+2009&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=740%E2%80%9359&rft_id=info:pmid/19500773&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/245/new_molecular_clock_aids_dating_of_human_migration_history">University of Leeds – New 'molecular clock' aids dating of human migration history</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poz-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-poz_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, Snyder M, Quintana-Murci L, Kidd JM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD (August 2013). 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"Genetics. Y weigh in again on modern humans". <i>Science</i> <b>341</b> (6145): 465–467. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908212">23908212</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genetics.+Y+weigh+in+again+on+modern+humans&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Cann+RL&rft.au=Cann+RL&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6145&rft.pages=465%E2%80%93467&rft_id=info:pmid/23908212&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Hofreiter, David Serre, Hendrik N. Poinar,Melanie Kuch and Svante Pääbo (2001). "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://email.eva.mpg.de/~paabo/pdf1/HofreiterAncDNA_NatRev2001.pdf">ANCIENT DNA</a></span>" Accessed November 22, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leesem, Don (March 24, 2005). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7285683/">Scientists recover <i>T. rex</i> soft tissue</a></span> Accessed August 22, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esciencenews.com/articles/2008/07/29/new.research.challenges.notion.dinosaur.soft.tissues.still.survive">New research challenges notion that dinosaur soft tissues still survive</a> (retrieved 12 February 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldhous, Peter (18 May 1996). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15020302.800-science--dinosaur-dna-fails-new-test-of-time.html">Dinosaur DNA fails new test of time</a>"</span> Accessed November 22, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/01/scientists-retrieve-80-million-year-old-dinosaur-protein-milestone-paper">Scientists retrieve 80-million-year-old dinosaur protein in 'milestone' paper</a> by Robert F. Service (Jan. 31, 2017, 11:00 AM) <i>Science</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/09/oldest-ever-proteins-extracted-38-million-year-old-ostrich-shells">Oldest-ever proteins extracted from 3.8-million-year-old ostrich shells</a> by Ann Gibbons (Sep. 16, 2016 , 12:45 PM) (retrieved 18 November 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Brinkman (1995). "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/icecores.html">Ice Core Dating</a></span>"(TalkOrigins). Accessed October 8, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Virgil J. Lunardini (1995)."<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/search/asset/1001315">Permafrost Formation Time</a></span>"(US Army Corps of Engineers).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanzhuo Liu and Wallace S. Broecker (2000). "How fast does rock varnish grow?". <i>Geology</i> <b>28:</b> 183-186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanzhuo Liu. "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090731140731/http://www.vmldatinglab.com/">Rock Varnish Microlamination (VML) Dating</a></span>"(VML Dating Lab). Accessed October 19, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryn Hubbard, Neil F. Glasser (2005). "Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology". John Wiley and Sons, United States. Page 355. ISBN 0470844264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haplogroup-a.com/Ancient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf">"An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree". <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i> <b>92</b> (3): 454</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110218030149/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/dating/dat_fission.html">Fission track</a></span>"(Minnesota state university).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johns, Warren H. (1977). "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grisda.org/origins/04076.htm">THE IMPACT OF TEKTITES UPON AN ESTIMATED 700,000 YEAR HISTORY OF DEEP-SEA DEPOSITS</a></span>"(Geoscience Research Institute). Retrieved on September 30, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Cowen (2002)."<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/x-ray-universe-quasars-jet-goes-distance?mode=magazine&context=337">X-Ray Universe: Quasar's jet goes the distance</a></span>". Science News <b>161</b>: 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Jedicke, David Nesvorny , Robert Whiteley, Z eljko Ivezic & Mario Juric.(2004) "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~davidn/papers/sloan1.pdf">An age–colour relationship for main-belt S-complex asteroids</a></span>" Nature <b>429</b>: 275-277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Teachout, Gerald E. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.northern.edu/natsource/earth/Petrif1.htm">"PETRIFIED WOOD OF SOUTH DAKOTA".</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fermín Otálora, Angels Canals, Carlos Ayora, Roberto Villasuso, Juan Manuel García-Ruiz (2007). "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org/library/garciaruiznaica.pdf">Formation of natural gypsum megacrystals in Naica, Mexico</a></span>". Geology <b>35</b>: 327-330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manz, Lorraine. <span class="plainlinks">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/Newsletter/nl02s/PDF/insitu.pdf">In-situ Cosmogenic Nuclides: Their Role in Studying the Age and Evolution of Landscapes, or what "as old as the hills" really means</a>".</span> Accessed January 21, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_078_03_0268_0278_0.pdf">Ocean research in India: Perspective from space</a> by P. S. Desai (2000) <i>Current Science</i> 78(3):268-278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael D. Petraglia, Ravi Korisettar (1998). <i>Early Human Behaviour in Global Context.</i> Routledge Education. Page 63. ISBN 0415117631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HGATYEA-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HGATYEA_44-0">40.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HGATYEA_44-1">40.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HGATYEA_44-2">40.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave E. Matson (1994-2002). "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hovind/howgood-yea2.html">How Good Are Those Young-Earth Arguments?</a></span>"(Talk.Origins). Accessed October 6, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCC-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SCC_45-0">41.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SCC_45-1">41.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie R. Godfrey (1983). "<a href="/wiki/Scientists_Confront_Creationism" title="Scientists Confront Creationism">Scientists Confront Creationism</a>". W. W. Norton & Company, Canada. Pages 35-36. ISBN 0393301540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/07/science/07canyon.html">Grand Canyon Still Grand but Older</a> by John Noble Wilford (March 7, 2008) <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/194/4270/1121">Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages</a> by J.D. Hays, John Imbrie, and N.J. Shackleton, Science magazine, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379106002381">Glacial variability over the last two million years: an extended depth-derived agemodel, continuous obliquity pacing, and the Pleistocene progression</a>, Peter Huybers, Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/255/5044/560.short">Stability of the Astronomical Frequencies Over the Earth's History for Paleoclimate Studies</a> by A. Berger, M.F. Loutre, J. Laskar, Science magazine, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/00241160410006483/abstract">Geologic Time Scale 2004 – why, how, and where next! - Lethaia - Wiley Online Library</a>, by Felix Gradstein and James Ogg, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth-time.org/hinnovogg.pdf">Cyclostratigraphy and the Astronomical Time Scale</a> by Linda Hinnov and James Ogg, 2007, hosted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth-time.org">Earth-Time</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/12/E1406.abstract">Orbital forcing of climate 1.4 billion years ago</a> by Shuichang Zhang et al., PNAS, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glenn R. Morton (2002). "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120212200521/http://home.entouch.net/dmd/pollen.htm">Pollen Order Presents Problems for the Flood</a></span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiroyuki Hitagawai, Johannes van Derplicht (1998). "<span class="="plainlinks""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.library.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o==http%3A%2F%2Fradiocarbon.library.arizona.edu%2FVolume40%2FNumber1%2Fazu_radiocarbon_v40_n1_505_515_v.pdf">A 40,000-YEAR VARVE CHRONOLOGY FROM LAKE SUIGETSU, JAPAN: EXTENSION OF THE C-14 CALIBRATION CURVE</a></span>". Radiocarbon <b>40</b>: 505-515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John R. Dyni (26 June 2000). "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/varve.ev.pdf">VERIFICATION THAT GREEN RIVER VARVES ARE ANNUAL LAYERS</a></span>". Accessed October 14, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onboard.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/48233/Reef-Facts-01.pdf">A “big picture” view of the Great Barrier Reef</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/01/news/pole.php">Seabed fossils reveal a much warmer Arctic</a> by Andrew C. Revkin (June 1, 2006) <i>International Herald Tribute</i> (archived from June 5, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherriff, Lucy (September 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/06/dino_killer/">"Dino-killing asteroid traced back 160m years".</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/">The Register</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plotner, Tammy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/89050/did-asteroid-baptistina-kill-the-dinosaurs-think-other-wise">"Did Asteroid Baptistina Kill the Dinosaurs? Think other WISE..."</a> <i>Universe Today.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Evans, Zengdu Qi (1981). <span class="plainlinks">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/pss/2397370">The kinetics of the aggregation of of nitrogen atoms in diamond</a>".</span> Proceedings of the Royal Society, London. A 381, 159-178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoemaker, Eugene M (1983). "<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1983AREPS..11..461S&data_type==PDF_HIGH&whole_paper==YES&type==PRINTER&filetype==.pdf">Asteroid and comet bombardment of the earth</a></span>". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences <b>11</b>: 461-494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unb.ca/passc/ImpactDatabase/CIDiameterSort2.htm">Impact Structures listed by Diameter</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorder, Pam F. "<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/erthboom.htm">BIG BANG IN ANTARCTICA — KILLER CRATER FOUND UNDER ICE</a></span>"(OSU Research). Accessed October 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Bonanno1, H. Schlatt, and L. Patern. <span class="plainlinks">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option==article&access==bibcode&bibcode==2002A%2526A...390.1115BPDF">The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS</a></span>". Accessed January 12, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Stassen (1996-2005)."<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html">The Age of the Earth</a></span>"(TalkOrigins). Accessed October 9, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.about.com/od/geotime_dating/a/uraniumlead.htm">Uranium-Lead Dating</a> by Andrew Alden (February 28, 2017) <i>Thoughtco</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/cosmos-a-spacetime-odyssey/"><i>Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Uranium_238_235.htm">Uranium 238 and 235: A radioactive and strategic element</a> <i>Radioactivity.EU.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planetearth/moonwhack_main_000901.html">"Torn Away: The Moon's Violent Birth".</a></span> <i>space.com</i>. Accessed August 9, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GW_Earth_Moon-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GW_Earth_Moon_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999RG900016/abstract">Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit — Williams — 2010 — <i>Reviews of Geophysics</i> — Wiley Online Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.phys.org/news/2015-01-stars-reveal-ages.html">Stars Reveal Ages</a></span>" (2015, January 13), from Phys.Org)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.ucf.edu/~yfernandez/psjc/spring08/12-apr2/bw.pdf">Ancient Stardust in the Laboratory</a> by Thomas J. Bernatowicz & Robert M. Walker (December 1997) <i>Physics Today</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/oldest-material-on-earth.html">7 Billion-Year-Old Stardust Is Oldest Material Found on Earth</a> by Mindy Weisberger (January 14, 2020) <i>Live Science</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMAP-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WMAP_74-0">70.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WMAP_74-1">70.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101age.html">WMAP Cosmology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun — which is, in turn, the closest star to the Earth — and a member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" class="extiw" title="wp:Alpha Centauri" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</span></a>,<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> together with AC A and AC B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/universe-age-size-measured-100302.html">Galactic Lenses Confirm Universe’s Age, Size</a> (March 2, 2010 11:44am ET) <i>Space.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://phys.org/news/2023-08-universe-theory-believed.html">https://phys.org/news/2023-08-universe-theory-believed.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bRvt0InhYk&list=PL5975FF2FEECF90D3">the argument against gravity for YEC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/atheism/comments/3vplt7/interesting_information_that_opposes_intelligent/">Interesting information that opposes intelligent design</a> (06 Dec 2015) <i>reddit</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvcl.mit.edu/SUNSeminar/sternberg_memory_s66.pdf">High-Speed Scanning in Human Memory</a> by Saul Sternberg (1996). <i>Science</i> 153(3736):652-654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRmJbP25m-Y">Trigonometry disproves C-decay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/coal/">Coal</a> <i>National Geographic</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/9404-mysterious-origin-supply-oil.html">The Mysterious Origin and Supply of Oil</a> by Ker Than (October 11, 2005) <i>Live Science</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-writing" class="extiw" title="wp:Proto-writing" rel="nofollow">Proto-writing</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Oswald, Godfrey (2017). <i>Library World Records</i> (3 ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 140. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476627724" title="Special:BookSources/9781476627724">9781476627724</a>. "The earliest date for proto-writing in China, which is most likely older than the 7,000-year-old proto-writing in Mesopotamia [...] dates back at last 6,000 B.C., and is more than 8,000 years old."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+World+Records&rft.aulast=Oswald&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft.au=Oswald%2C%26%2332%3BGodfrey&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B140&rft.edition=3&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.isbn=9781476627724&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="creationism-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#000000; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crebox" title="Template:Crebox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crebox" title="Template talk:Crebox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Crebox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism"><span id="creationism-navbox" style="color:white">creationism</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_creationism" title="Category:Types of creationism"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Types of creationism:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">Day-age creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Progressive_creation" title="Progressive creation">Progressive creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_creationism" title="Hare Krishna creationism">Hare Krishna creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Category:Evidence against a recent creation"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Evidence against a recent creation:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Creationism_and_social_history" title="Creationism and social history">Creationism and social history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">Petrified forest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Starlight_problem" title="Starlight problem">Starlight problem</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rotation_of_the_Earth" title="Rotation of the Earth">Rotation of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> • <a href="/wiki/K-Pg_extinction_event" title="K-Pg extinction event">K-Pg extinction event</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timeline" title="Geologic timeline">Geologic timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" title="Fossil record">Fossil record</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_transitional_forms" title="List of transitional forms">List of transitional forms</a> • <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_Origin_hypothesis" title="Recent African Origin hypothesis">Recent African Origin hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bird_evolution" title="Bird evolution">Bird evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" title="History of the Earth">History of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" title="Age of the Earth">Age of the Earth</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationist_claims" title="Category:Creationist claims"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Creationist claims:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Do_you_want_to_be_descended_from_a_monkey%3F" title="Do you want to be descended from a monkey?">Do you want to be descended from a monkey?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_religion" title="Evolution and religion">Evolution and religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_morality" title="Evolution and morality">Evolution and morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/C-decay" title="C-decay">C-decay</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter_argument" title="Peanut butter argument">Peanut butter argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_and_academic_freedom" title="Intelligent design and academic freedom">Intelligent design and academic freedom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_was_wrong_before" title="Science was wrong before">Science was wrong before</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_doesn%27t_know_everything" title="Science doesn't know everything">Science doesn't know everything</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_plate_tectonics" title="Catastrophic plate tectonics">Catastrophic plate tectonics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hydroplate_theory" title="Hydroplate theory">Hydroplate theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_bukkake_hypothesis" title="Lunar bukkake hypothesis">Lunar bukkake hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creationist_mathematics" title="Creationist mathematics">Creationist mathematics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee_argument" title="Bumblebee argument">Bumblebee argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wedge_Strategy" title="Wedge Strategy">Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/101_evidences_for_a_young_age_of_the_Earth_and_the_universe" title="101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe">101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_sightings" title="Noah's Ark sightings">Noah's Ark sightings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_conspiracy" title="Evolution conspiracy">Evolution conspiracy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_the_Moon" title="Recession of the Moon">Recession of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rotation_of_the_Earth" title="Rotation of the Earth">Rotation of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dust" title="Lunar dust">Lunar dust</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_radioactivity" title="Lunar radioactivity">Lunar radioactivity</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_hole_cosmology" title="White hole cosmology">White hole cosmology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haji_Yearam" title="Haji Yearam">Haji Yearam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galactocentricity" title="Galactocentricity">Galactocentricity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Historical_and_operational_science" title="Historical and operational science">Historical and operational science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_inconsistency_of_arithmetic" title="Proof of the inconsistency of arithmetic">Proof of the inconsistency of arithmetic</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_creationist_claims" title="List of creationist claims">List of creationist claims</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/De-evolution" title="De-evolution">De-evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Microevolution_and_macroevolution" title="Microevolution and macroevolution">Microevolution and macroevolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/In_the_Beginning:_Compelling_Evidence_for_Creation_and_the_Flood" title="In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood">In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Borel%27s_Law" title="Borel's Law">Borel's Law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_denialism" title="Dinosaur denialism">Dinosaur denialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_flood" title="Category:Global flood"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Global flood:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_bukkake_hypothesis" title="Lunar bukkake hypothesis">Lunar bukkake hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_sorting_by_the_global_flood" title="Fossil sorting by the global flood">Fossil sorting by the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hydroplate_theory" title="Hydroplate theory">Hydroplate theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah_(film)" title="Noah (film)">Noah (film)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Didit_fallacy" title="Didit fallacy">Didit fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:God%27s_Love" title="Fun:God's Love">God's Love</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_sightings" title="Noah's Ark sightings">Noah's Ark sightings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haji_Yearam" title="Haji Yearam">Haji Yearam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parasites_during_the_global_flood" title="Parasites during the global flood">Parasites during the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Life_and_the_global_flood" title="Life and the global flood">Life and the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood_chronology" title="Global flood chronology">Global flood chronology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">Petrified forest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_design_creationism" title="Category:Intelligent design creationism"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Intelligent design creationism:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability_of_creationism" title="Falsifiability of creationism">Falsifiability of creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cdesign_proponentsists" title="Cdesign proponentsists">Cdesign proponentsists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_and_academic_freedom" title="Intelligent design and academic freedom">Intelligent design and academic freedom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Wonders_of_Creation_Reveal_God%27s_Glory" title="The Wonders of Creation Reveal God's Glory">The Wonders of Creation Reveal God's Glory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biological_Information:_New_Perspectives" title="Biological Information: New Perspectives">Biological Information: New Perspectives</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seeking_God_in_Science:_An_Atheist_Defends_Intelligent_Design" title="Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design">Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_A._Davison" title="John A. Davison">John A. Davison</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_Under_the_Microscope:_A_Scientific_Critique_of_the_Theory_of_Evolution" title="Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution">Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Darwin:_A_Vedic_Study_of_Darwinism_and_Intelligent_Design" title="Rethinking Darwin: A Vedic Study of Darwinism and Intelligent Design">Rethinking Darwin: A Vedic Study of Darwinism and Intelligent Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mind_and_Cosmos:_Why_the_Materialist_Neo-Darwinian_Conception_of_Nature_Is_Almost_Certainly_False" title="Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False">Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False</a> • <a href="/wiki/Providence_Lost:_A_Critique_of_Darwinism" title="Providence Lost: A Critique of Darwinism">Providence Lost: A Critique of Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Darwin_Myth:_The_Life_and_Lies_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Darwin Myth: The Life and Lies of Charles Darwin">The Darwin Myth: The Life and Lies of Charles Darwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Life%27s_Origin:_Reassessing_Current_Theories" title="The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories">The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Human_Nature:_A_Zen_Buddhist_Looks_at_Evolution" title="The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution">The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Darwinism_Under_The_Microscope:_How_Recent_Scientific_Evidence_Points_To_Divine_Design" title="Darwinism Under The Microscope: How Recent Scientific Evidence Points To Divine Design">Darwinism Under The Microscope: How Recent Scientific Evidence Points To Divine Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Darwinism" title="The End of Darwinism">The End of Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ask_Darwinists" title="Ask Darwinists">Ask Darwinists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polonium_halos" title="Polonium halos">Polonium halos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Filter" title="Explanatory Filter">Explanatory Filter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_asexually-reproducing_plants" title="Flowers of asexually-reproducing plants">Flowers of asexually-reproducing plants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moody_Institute_of_Science" title="Moody Institute of Science">Moody Institute of Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_nerve" title="Laryngeal nerve">Laryngeal nerve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suboptimal_design" title="Suboptimal design">Suboptimal design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Evolution:_A_Scientific_Critique_of_Neo-Darwinism" title="Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism">Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Expelled:_Leader%27s_Guide" title="Expelled: Leader's Guide">Expelled: Leader's Guide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Banana_argument" title="Banana argument">Banana argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vault-Co" title="Vault-Co">Vault-Co</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_alternatives" title="Category:Intelligent alternatives"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">"Intelligent" alternatives:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scientific_storkism" title="Scientific storkism">Scientific storkism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pastafarianism" title="Pastafarianism">Pastafarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Scientific_Geoterrapinism" title="Fun:Scientific Geoterrapinism">Scientific Geoterrapinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Wedgie_strategy" title="Fun:Wedgie strategy">Wedgie strategy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Teach_the_controversy" title="Category:Teach the controversy"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Teach the controversy:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Santorum_Amendment" title="Santorum Amendment">Santorum Amendment</a> • <a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_Bill_1227" title="Missouri House Bill 1227">Missouri House Bill 1227</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate_Bill_89" title="Indiana Senate Bill 89">Indiana Senate Bill 89</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Academic Freedom Act">Academic Freedom Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Louisiana Academic Freedom Act">Louisiana Academic Freedom Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_monkey_bill" title="Tennessee monkey bill">Tennessee monkey bill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/School_vouchers" title="School vouchers">School vouchers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">Teach the controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Science" title="Truth in Science">Truth in Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/McLean_v._Arkansas_Board_of_Education" title="McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education">McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationists" title="Category:Creationists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Creationists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stein" title="Ben Stein">Ben Stein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barry_Setterfield" title="Barry Setterfield">Barry Setterfield</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/B.H._Shadduck" title="B.H. Shadduck">B.H. Shadduck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harun_Yahya" title="Harun Yahya">Harun Yahya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Wright" title="Wendy Wright">Wendy Wright</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieland" title="Carl Wieland">Carl Wieland</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Ankerberg" title="John Ankerberg">John Ankerberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cuozzo" title="Jack Cuozzo">Jack Cuozzo</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russ_Miller" title="Russ Miller">Russ Miller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brother_Stair" title="Brother Stair">Brother Stair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nelson" title="Paul Nelson">Paul Nelson</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Nienhuis" title="James Nienhuis">James Nienhuis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Art_Robinson" title="Art Robinson">Art Robinson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_O%27Reilly" title="Alan O'Reilly">Alan O'Reilly</a> • <a href="/wiki/PPSIMMONS" title="PPSIMMONS">PPSIMMONS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hank_Hanegraaff" title="Hank Hanegraaff">Hank Hanegraaff</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wagner" title="Charlie Wagner">Charlie Wagner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roy_Spencer" title="Roy Spencer">Roy Spencer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grover_Norquist" title="Grover Norquist">Grover Norquist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Ann Coulter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Booker" title="Christopher Booker">Christopher Booker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Minichiello_Williams" title="Andrea Minichiello Williams">Andrea Minichiello Williams</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bethell" title="Tom Bethell">Tom Bethell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Monton" title="Bradley Monton">Bradley Monton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Langan" title="Christopher Langan">Christopher Langan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kent" title="Richard Kent">Richard Kent</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ljiljana_%C4%8Coli%C4%87" title="Ljiljana Čolić">Ljiljana Čolić</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abuz_Zubair" title="Abuz Zubair">Abuz Zubair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scott_Huse" title="Scott Huse">Scott Huse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barry_Arrington" title="Barry Arrington">Barry Arrington</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grant_Jeffrey" title="Grant Jeffrey">Grant Jeffrey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Janet_Porter" title="Janet Porter">Janet Porter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Clifford" title="Alan Clifford">Alan Clifford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wise" title="Kurt Wise">Kurt Wise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKilliam" title="Kenneth McKilliam">Kenneth McKilliam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bradlee_Dean" title="Bradlee Dean">Bradlee Dean</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross" title="Hugh Ross">Hugh Ross</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Simmons" title="Geoffrey Simmons">Geoffrey Simmons</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Le_Fanu" title="James Le Fanu">James Le Fanu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Nevin" title="Norman Nevin">Norman Nevin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Johnston" title="Shaun Johnston">Shaun Johnston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Issac_Bourne" title="Issac Bourne">Issac Bourne</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_C._Sanford" title="John C. Sanford">John C. Sanford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fazale_Rana" title="Fazale Rana">Fazale Rana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wiker" title="Benjamin Wiker">Benjamin Wiker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dower" title="Hugh Dower">Hugh Dower</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Spetner" title="Lee Spetner">Lee Spetner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ludwig" title="Mark Ludwig">Mark Ludwig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hayward" title="Alan Hayward">Alan Hayward</a> • <a href="/wiki/Werner_Gitt" title="Werner Gitt">Werner Gitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Fix" title="William Fix">William Fix</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Giertych" title="Maciej Giertych">Maciej Giertych</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_C._Landon" title="John C. Landon">John C. Landon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cargill" title="Barbara Cargill">Barbara Cargill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snow" title="Philip Snow">Philip Snow</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Jopp" title="Ken Jopp">Ken Jopp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tipler" title="Frank Tipler">Frank Tipler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Nelson" title="Richard William Nelson">Richard William Nelson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Todd_Friel" title="Todd Friel">Todd Friel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Sorensen" title="Bob Sorensen">Bob Sorensen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Windchy" title="Eugene Windchy">Eugene Windchy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berit_Kjos" title="Berit Kjos">Berit Kjos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_McLuhan" title="Robert McLuhan">Robert McLuhan</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_C._Deutsch" title="George C. Deutsch">George C. Deutsch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_McKitrick" title="Ross McKitrick">Ross McKitrick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Neiman" title="Daniel Neiman">Daniel Neiman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyatt" title="Ron Wyatt">Ron Wyatt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Allen" title="Desmond Paul Allen">Desmond Paul Allen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jay_Wile" title="Jay Wile">Jay Wile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ian_Juby" title="Ian Juby">Ian Juby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Peake" title="Anthony Peake">Anthony Peake</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Ball" title="Tim Ball">Tim Ball</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sheik_Feiz_Muhammad" title="Sheik Feiz Muhammad">Sheik Feiz Muhammad</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cremo" title="Michael Cremo">Michael Cremo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Milloy" title="Steve Milloy">Steve Milloy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christine_O%27Donnell" title="Christine O'Donnell">Christine O'Donnell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bara" title="Mike Bara">Mike Bara</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins">John Hawkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chris_Carter" title="Chris Carter">Chris Carter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larry_Pratt" title="Larry Pratt">Larry Pratt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dutko" title="Bob Dutko">Bob Dutko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fuller" title="Steve Fuller">Steve Fuller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denyse_O%27Leary" title="Denyse O'Leary">Denyse O'Leary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Babu_G._Ranganathan" title="Babu G. Ranganathan">Babu G. Ranganathan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Baugh" title="Carl Baugh">Carl Baugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Humans_Are_Free" title="Humans Are Free">Humans Are Free</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Bruner" title="Mary Lou Bruner">Mary Lou Bruner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Educate-yourself.org" title="Educate-yourself.org">Educate-yourself.org</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Andrew Schlafly</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> • <a href="/wiki/VenomFangX" title="VenomFangX">VenomFangX</a> • <a href="/wiki/Todd_Akin" title="Todd Akin">Todd Akin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Broun" title="Paul Broun">Paul Broun</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Manning" title="James Manning">James Manning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shockofgod" title="Shockofgod">Shockofgod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brad_Stine" title="Brad Stine">Brad Stine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Pat Toomey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_Axe" title="Josh Axe">Josh Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Dembski" title="William Dembski">William Dembski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presents_Of_God_Ministry" title="Presents Of God Ministry">Presents Of God Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Allister" title="Jim Allister">Jim Allister</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whale.to" title="Whale.to">Whale.to</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Otto" title="Jonathan Otto">Jonathan Otto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Becky_Fischer" title="Becky Fischer">Becky Fischer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wilcock" title="David Wilcock">David Wilcock</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Sr." title="Jerry Falwell Sr.">Jerry Falwell Sr.</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dice" title="Mark Dice">Mark Dice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Don_McLeroy" title="Don McLeroy">Don McLeroy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Hagee" title="John Hagee">John Hagee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fallin" title="Mary Fallin">Mary Fallin</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Vigilant_Christian" title="The Vigilant Christian">The Vigilant Christian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a> • <a href="/wiki/WND" title="WND">WND</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">Media Research Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beale" title="Theodore Beale">Theodore Beale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Got_Questions" title="Got Questions">Got Questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._L._Wysong" title="R. L. Wysong">R. L. Wysong</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steven_Anderson" title="Steven Anderson">Steven Anderson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Abrera" title="Bernard d'Abrera">Bernard d'Abrera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Tawhidi" title="Mohammad Tawhidi">Mohammad Tawhidi</a> • <a href="/wiki/CJ_Pearson" title="CJ Pearson">CJ Pearson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christian_Apologetics_and_Research_Ministry" title="Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry">Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hovind" title="Eric Hovind">Eric Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turek" title="Frank Turek">Frank Turek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones_(slovensky)" title="Alex Jones (slovensky)">Alex Jones (slovensky)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Charlie Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Owen_Benjamin" title="Owen Benjamin">Owen Benjamin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Steven Crowder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Warren" title="Rick Warren">Rick Warren</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr." title="Jerry Falwell Jr.">Jerry Falwell Jr.</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Holden" title="Ted Holden">Ted Holden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">E. Calvin Beisner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kate_Tieje" title="Kate Tieje">Kate Tieje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Denton" title="Michael Denton">Michael Denton</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Independent_Fundamentalist_Baptist_Movement" title="New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Movement">New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cahill" title="Mark Cahill">Mark Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Jim Inhofe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Birdsong" title="Gary Birdsong">Gary Birdsong</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canada_Free_Press" title="Canada Free Press">Canada Free Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a> • <a href="/wiki/Miroljub_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Miroljub Petrović">Miroljub Petrović</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Colson" title="Chuck Colson">Chuck Colson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Jones" title="Stephen E. Jones">Stephen E. Jones</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tom Tancredo</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._W._Jackson" title="E. W. Jackson">E. W. Jackson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Stitt" title="Kevin Stitt">Kevin Stitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turley" title="Steve Turley">Steve Turley</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zachary_K._Hubbard" title="Zachary K. Hubbard">Zachary K. Hubbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> • <a href="/wiki/Butch_Hartman" title="Butch Hartman">Butch Hartman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Feuerstein" title="Joshua Feuerstein">Joshua Feuerstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Christopher Rufo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sweden" title="Peter Sweden">Peter Sweden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mission:_America" title="Mission: America">Mission: America</a> • <a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Tatum" title="Brandon Tatum">Brandon Tatum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fundie_schools" title="Category:Fundie schools"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Fundie schools:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bryan_College" title="Bryan College">Bryan College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_College" title="Patrick Henry College">Patrick Henry College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Bible_University" title="Patriot Bible University">Patriot Bible University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fundie_school" title="Fundie school">Fundie school</a> • <a href="/wiki/College_Credit_for_Creationism" title="College Credit for Creationism">College Credit for Creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Master%27s_University" title="The Master's University">The Master's University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boston_Baptist_College" title="Boston Baptist College">Boston Baptist College</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College" title="San Diego Christian College">San Diego Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pacific_University" title="Columbia Pacific University">Columbia Pacific University</a> • <a href="/wiki/TRACS" title="TRACS">TRACS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_University" title="Cornerstone University">Cornerstone University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Christian_College" title="Pensacola Christian College">Pensacola Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hyles-Anderson_College" title="Hyles-Anderson College">Hyles-Anderson College</a> • <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Los_Angeles" title="University of South Los Angeles">University of South Los Angeles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Theological_Seminary" title="Cambridge Theological Seminary">Cambridge Theological Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haven_University" title="Haven University">Haven University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Baptist_University_and_Seminary" title="Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary">Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Eden_School_of_Natural_Health" title="New Eden School of Natural Health">New Eden School of Natural Health</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Central_University" title="Georgia Central University">Georgia Central University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_Theological_Seminary" title="Andersonville Theological Seminary">Andersonville Theological Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Baptist_College" title="Ambassador Baptist College">Ambassador Baptist College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Illegal_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Illegal schools in the United Kingdom">Illegal schools in the United Kingdom</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Discovery_Institute" title="Category:Discovery Institute"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Discovery Institute:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">Teach the controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Of_Pandas_and_People" title="Of Pandas and People">Of Pandas and People</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wedge_Strategy" title="Wedge Strategy">Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Text_of_The_Wedge_Strategy" title="Text of The Wedge Strategy">Text of The Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Explore_Evolution" title="Explore Evolution">Explore Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Berlinski" title="David Berlinski">David Berlinski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biologic_Institute" title="Biologic Institute">Biologic Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wells" title="Jonathan Wells">Jonathan Wells</a> • <a href="/wiki/Expelled:_No_Intelligence_Allowed" title="Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed">Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Egnor" title="Michael Egnor">Michael Egnor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Axe" title="Douglas Axe">Douglas Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Day" title="Academic Freedom Day">Academic Freedom Day</a> • <a href="/wiki/Casey_Luskin" title="Casey Luskin">Casey Luskin</a> • <a href="/wiki/What_is_intelligent_design%3F" title="What is intelligent design?">What is intelligent design?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Behe:_The_Edge_of_Evolution,_Interview" title="Behe: The Edge of Evolution, Interview">Behe: The Edge of Evolution, Interview</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Human_Origins" title="Science and Human Origins">Science and Human Origins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Wedgie_strategy" title="Fun:Wedgie strategy">Wedgie strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Project_Steve" title="Project Steve">Project Steve</a> • <a href="/wiki/BIO-Complexity" title="BIO-Complexity">BIO-Complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Texas_Board_of_Education" title="Texas Board of Education">Texas Board of Education</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Weikart" title="Richard Weikart">Richard Weikart</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a> • <a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" title="Human exceptionalism">Human exceptionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Predictions" title="Darwin's Predictions">Darwin's Predictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Meyer" title="Stephen Meyer">Stephen Meyer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson" title="Howard Ahmanson">Howard Ahmanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Mulder" title="Melvin Mulder">Melvin Mulder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Complex_Specified_Information" title="Complex Specified Information">Complex Specified Information</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Behe" title="Michael Behe">Michael Behe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Johnson" title="Phillip Johnson">Phillip Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joel_Brind" title="Joel Brind">Joel Brind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-materialist_neuroscience" title="Non-materialist neuroscience">Non-materialist neuroscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Academic Freedom Act">Academic Freedom Act</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Answers_in_Genesis" title="Category:Answers in Genesis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Answers in Genesis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis_Dawkins_interview_controversy" title="Answers in Genesis Dawkins interview controversy">Answers in Genesis Dawkins interview controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bodie_Hodge" title="Bodie Hodge">Bodie Hodge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Affirmations_and_Denials_Essential_to_a_Consistent_Christian_(Biblical)_Worldview" title="Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview">Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis-Creation_Ministries_International%27s_Statement_of_Faith" title="Answers in Genesis-Creation Ministries International's Statement of Faith">Answers in Genesis-Creation Ministries International's Statement of Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_Outline_Their_Global_Religious_Agenda" title="Atheists Outline Their Global Religious Agenda">Atheists Outline Their Global Religious Agenda</a> • <a href="/wiki/12_Arguments_Evolutionists_Should_Avoid" title="12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid">12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal" title="Answers Research Journal">Answers Research Journal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ark_Encounter" title="Ark Encounter">Ark Encounter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Lisle" title="Jason Lisle">Jason Lisle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Museum" title="Creation Museum">Creation Museum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Davis" title="Buddy Davis">Buddy Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye_debates_Ken_Ham" title="Bill Nye debates Ken Ham">Bill Nye debates Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ham_Hightail" title="Ham Hightail">Ham Hightail</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:0%;">  </td> <td style="width:0%;">  </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:#000000; width:10%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Answers_Research_Journal" title="Category:Answers Research Journal"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Answers Research Journal:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_2" title="Answers Research Journal volume 2">Answers Research Journal volume 2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_3" title="Answers Research Journal volume 3">Answers Research Journal volume 3</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_5" title="Answers Research Journal volume 5">Answers Research Journal volume 5</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_1" title="Answers Research Journal volume 1">Answers Research Journal volume 1</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_6" title="Answers Research Journal volume 6">Answers Research Journal volume 6</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_4" title="Answers Research Journal volume 4">Answers Research Journal volume 4</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal" title="Answers Research Journal">Answers Research Journal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_7" title="Answers Research Journal volume 7">Answers Research Journal volume 7</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_8" title="Answers Research Journal volume 8">Answers Research Journal volume 8</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_9" title="Answers Research Journal volume 9">Answers Research Journal volume 9</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_10" title="Answers Research Journal volume 10">Answers Research Journal volume 10</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_11" title="Answers Research Journal volume 11">Answers Research Journal volume 11</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_12" title="Answers Research Journal volume 12">Answers Research Journal volume 12</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_13" title="Answers Research Journal volume 13">Answers Research Journal volume 13</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_14" title="Answers Research Journal volume 14">Answers Research Journal volume 14</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Category:Institute for Creation Research"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Institute for Creation Research:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/RATE" title="RATE">RATE</a> • <a href="/wiki/Your_Origins_Matter" title="Your Origins Matter">Your Origins Matter</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Bergman" title="Jerry Bergman">Jerry Bergman</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College" title="San Diego Christian College">San Diego Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Humphreys" title="Russell Humphreys">Russell Humphreys</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/TRACS" title="TRACS">TRACS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Institute" title="Alpha Omega Institute">Alpha Omega Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Lisle" title="Jason Lisle">Jason Lisle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Danny_Faulkner" title="Danny Faulkner">Danny Faulkner</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_DeWitt" title="David DeWitt">David DeWitt</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&oldid=2694163">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Evidence_against_a_recent_creation&oldid=2694163</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cover_story_articles" title="Category:Cover story articles">Cover story articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism">Creationism</a></li><li><a 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