Politics & Political Systems Browse - Page 9

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="topicbrowse-desktop ui-ie7 ui-ie"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js" /> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.png" /> <meta name="description" content="This general category includes a selection of more specific topics." /> <meta name="keywords" content="Politics & Political Systems" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.britannica.com/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/9" /> <title>Politics & Political Systems Browse - Page 9 | Britannica</title> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel"> window.$UI = {}; window.Constants = {"LICENSE_URL": "/bps/license","DEFAULT_TEST_VERSION": "A","DEFAULT_STATE": "XX","QUIZ_URL": "/quiz","SPOTLIGHT_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/spotlight","CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT": "text/plain;charset=UTF-8","TOPIC_FACTS_DATA_URL": "/facts","QUIZ_BROWSE_IMAGE_QUIZZES": "images","TOPIC_MEDIA_PATH": "/images-videos","USER_PROFILE_URL": "/user","DEBUG_URL": "/debug","ONE_GOOD_FACT_URL": "/one-good-fact","ERROR_404_URL": "/error404","PROCON_CITED_IN_THE_NEWS_URL": "/procon/ProCon-in-the-News","PROCON_URL": "/procon","TOPIC_PAGE_CONTENT_AJAX_URL": "/topic-content/page","INFINITE_SCROLL_PREFIX_URL": "/scroll","TOPIC_TOP_QUESTION_BROWSE_URL": "/questions","CC_USD": "USD","domain": "britannica.com","SURVEY_URL": "/survey","CATEGORY_BROWSE_URL": "/browse","STORY_BROWSE_URL": "/stories","COUNTRY_US": "US","OPEN_MEDIA_OVERLAY_PARAMETER": "/media","NEWSLETTER_SUBSCRIPTION_URL": "/newsletter-subscription","MAINTENANCE_ERROR_URL": "https://maintenance.eb.com","IMARS_EDITOR_ID": "12365882","PROFILE_EB_EDITOR_URL": "/editor","WEB_INF_RESOURCES_PATH": "WEB-INF/resources","AI_ABOUT_PAGE_URL": "/about-britannica-ai","TOPIC_ADDITIONAL_INFO_PATH": "/additional-info","SUDOKU_GAME_URL": "/games/sudoku","CC_INR": "INR","ARTICLE_PRINT_URL": "/print/article","FIRST_EDITION_URL": "/subscriber/firstedition","WW1_PORTAL_URL": "/discover/World-War-I","MENDEL_COOKIE": "__mendel","DEMYSTIFIED_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/demystified","LIST_BROWSE_URL": "/list/browse","PROFILE_EXPERT_URL": "/contributor","ASSEMBLY_IMAGE_URL": "/image/assembly","DAY_IN_HISTORY_URL": "/on-this-day","DEFAULT_CURRENCY": "USD","CONTENT_TYPE_XML": "text/xml;charset=UTF-8","PORTAL_FINANCE_BROWSE_URL_PREFIX": "/money/browse","MONEY_IMARS_CATEGORY": "13000","AJAX_PREFIX_URL": "/ajax","TOPIC_BROWSE_URL": "/topic-browse","MARKETING_CONTENT": "/marketing-content","ENV_RUNTIME": "runtime","GALLERY_URL": "/gallery","topicUrlClassesList": "topic|animal|art|biography|event|place|plant|science|sports|technology|procon","CONTENT_TYPE_HTML": "text/html;charset=UTF-8","ENV_LOCAL": "override","MEDIA_OVERLAY_URL": "/media-overlay","CHATBOT_PAGE_URL": "/chatbot","NEWSLETTER_PAGE_URL": "/newsletters","ENV_DEV": "development","MEDIA_URL": "/media","TOPIC_TOP_QUESTION_URL": "/question","PORTAL_FINANCE_URL_PREFIX": "/money","PODCASTS_URL": "/podcasts","STAND_ALONE_VIDEO_URL": "/video","MORE_ON_THIS_DAY_URL": "/more-on-this-day","TOPIC_QUOTES_URL": "/quotes","SEARCH_PAGE_URL": "/search","PROCON_CLASS": "PROCON","KUSTOM_MENDEL_APPLICATION_ID": "1","TOPIC_CONTENT_AJAX_URL": "/topic-content/topic","ENV_BRANCH": "branch","ERROR_URL": "/error","MAIN_VERSION": "mainVersion","DEFAULT_S3_REGION": "US_EAST_1","TOPIC_COLLECTION_URL": "/summary","LOGINBOX_URL": "/auth/loginbox","ONE_GOOD_FACT_BROWSE_URL": "/one-good-fact/all-good-facts","QUIZ_BROWSE_URL": "/quiz/browse","BIO_BROWSE_URL": "/browse/biographies","LIST_URL": "/list","TIGHTROPE_QUIZ_URL": "/quiz/tightrope","ALPHA_BROWSE_URL": "/sitemap","CONTENT_TYPE_JSON": "application/json","DICTIONARY_URL": "/dictionary","COBRAND_IMAGE_URL": "/image/cobrand","PROCON_IN_THE_NEWS_URL": "/procon/pro-and-con-issues-in-the-news","PROCON_BROWSE_URL": "/procon","QUIZ_BROWSE_VOCAB_QUIZZES": "vocabulary-quizzes","SUBMISSION_URL": "/submission","EB_LOG_OUT": "/auth2/logout","ENV_PRODUCTION": "production","EXPLORE_PORTAL_URL": "/explore","TOPIC_AJAX_URL": "/ajax/topic","TOPIC_SUMMARY_BROWSE_URL": "/summaries","WTFACT_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/wtfact","VIDEO_CHANNEL_URL": "/videos","GALLERY_BROWSE_URL": "/gallery/browse","CACHE_URL": "/cache","PROCON_ABOUT_URL": "/procon/About-ProCon","COMPANION_BROWSE_URL": "/stories/companion","MEDIA_FOLDER": "/eb-media","SHOW_ALL_CONTRIBUTORS": "/additional-info#contributors","BRITANNICA_EDITORS_ID": "4419","ENV_CACHE_DISABLED": "mendelCache","CALCULATORS_BROWSE_URL": "/calculators","STORY_URL": "/story","DEFAULT_COUNTRY": "US","NAVBAR_URL": "/ajax/navbar","EB_LOGIN_URL": "/auth/eb-login","NEW_ARTICLES_URL": "/new-articles",}; window.CDN = "https://cdn.britannica.com"; window.CAM_LOGIN_URL = "https://cam.britannica.com"; window.CAM_SIGN_UP_URL = "https://cam.britannica.com/registration" window.Mendel = { "config" : { "domain": "britannica.com", "page": "TopicBrowse", "videoPlayerId": "UyMCoK2v", "sharedUrl": "https://www.britannica.com/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/9", "amuselabsUrl": "https://cdn3.amuselabs.com", "resourcesPrefixUrl": "https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/[url]?v=3.130.14", "date": 20241124, "userInfo": { "type": "ANONYMOUS" ,"currency": "AUUS" ,"country": "SG" ,"state": "XX" ,"timezone": "Asia/Singapore" ,"bcomId": "6485772339187247117" ,"hasAds": true ,"testVersion": "A" ,"adsTestVersion": "A" ,"consumerId": "" ,"instId": "" ,"consumerUserName": "" ,"instUserName": "" ,"cognito": null }, "tvs":{ "r":[25,25,25,25], "a": [25,25,25,25]}, "isLoggedInAsUser": false, "isPhone": false, "isDesktop": true, "logoutUrl": "/auth2/logout", "selfServiceUrl": "https://myaccount.britannica.com", "cdnUrl": "https://cdn.britannica.com", "chatbotApi": "https://www.britannica.com/chat-api", "fetchOffset": 800, "mendelCookieName": "__mendel", "mendelCookie": {"surveyShown":false,"visitedTopicId":0,"currentDate":20241124}, "autocompleteToSearchPage": false }, "GA": {"leg":"A","adLeg":"A","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"TopicBrowse","gisted":false,"pageNumber":9,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} }; </script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1887621861548296"/ <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@britannica" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg?v=3.130.14" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This general category includes a selection of more specific topics."/> <meta property="og:type" content="WEBSITE"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Politics & Political Systems Browse - Page 9 | Britannica"/> <meta property="og:description" content="This general category includes a selection of more specific topics."/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopedia Britannica" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.britannica.com/browse/Politics-Political-Systems"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg?v=3.130.14" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="" /> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init opengraph"> Mendel.openGraph = {"type":"WEBSITE","title":"Politics & Political Systems Browse - Page 9","description":"This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.","imageUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg?v=3.130.14","pageUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/browse/Politics-Political-Systems"}</script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/" > <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/vendor-bundle.css?v=3.130.14" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/mendel-css.css?v=3.130.14" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/topic-browse-page.css?v=3.130.14" rel="stylesheet" /> <script type="text/javascript"> if (self !== top) { top.location = self.location; } // if ('scrollRestoration' in history) { history.scrollRestoration = 'manual'; } </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/at.js?v=3.130.14" async ></script> <script> dataLayer = []; </script> <script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5W6NC8'); </script> </head> <body data-leg="A" class="a-z-topics-browse user-ANONYMOUS user-ads md-desktop leg-ab-ie">  <script>Mendel.config.adProvider='ay';</script> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/15510053/CMP_1x1', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-ad-1709766812090-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script async defer src="https://launchpad-wrapper.privacymanager.io/0ccc6fe8-1870-4ad8-b47b-6d029ac116fc/launchpad-liveramp.js"></script> <script async src="https://JRyhoywLYXNLYMAhs.ay.delivery/manager/JRyhoywLYXNLYMAhs" type="text/javascript" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" ></script><div class="ie-warning d-flex align-items-center align-self-center justify-content-center site-alert bg-orange"> <div> You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please <a class="text-white text-underscore" href="https://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience and security. </div> </div> <script id="json-navbar-info" type="application/json"> {"topSectionLinks":[{"title":"Ask the Chatbot","url":"/chatbot","navbarId":"CHATBOT"},{"title":"Games & Quizzes","url":"/quiz/browse","navbarId":"QUIZZES"},{"title":"ProCon","url":"/procon","navbarId":"PROCON"},{"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society","selected":true,"navbarId":"HISTORY"},{"title":"Science & Tech","url":"/Science-Tech","navbarId":"SCIENCE"},{"title":"Biographies","url":"/Biographies","navbarId":"BIOS"},{"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature","navbarId":"ANIMALS"},{"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/Geography-Travel","navbarId":"GEOGRAPHY"},{"title":"Arts & Culture","url":"/Arts-Culture","navbarId":"ART"},{"title":"Money","url":"/money","navbarId":"MONEY"},{"title":"Videos","url":"/videos","navbarId":"VIDEOS"}],"selectedSuperCategory":{"id":5,"title":"History & Society","url":"History-Society","description":"Explore history and society; accidents and disasters; the age of revolutions; the ancient world; historic dynasties; global exploration; the middle ages; the modern world; prehistory; US history; world history; wars and battles; sociology; religion and philosophy; humanities; ethics; anthropology; festivals and holidays; human rights; human migration; international relations; politics, law, and government","keywords":"accidents and disasters; the age of revolutions; the ancient world; historic dynasties; global exploration; the middle ages; the modern world; prehistory; US history; world history; wars and battles; sociology; religion and philosophy; humanities; ethics; anthropology; festivals and holidays; human rights; human migration; international relations; politics, law, and government","classId":"HISTORY","sortOrder":1},"selectedNavbarLink":{"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society","selected":true,"navbarId":"HISTORY"}} </script> <script id="json-hamburger-menu" type="application/json"> {"britannicaMenu1":[{"title":"Home","url":"/"},{"title":"ProCon","url":"/procon"},{"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society"},{"title":"Science & Tech","url":"/Science-Tech"},{"title":"Biographies","url":"/Biographies"},{"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature"},{"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/Geography-Travel"},{"title":"Arts & Culture","url":"/Arts-Culture"},{"title":"Money","url":"/money"}],"britannicaMenu2":[{"title":"Games & Quizzes","url":"/quiz/browse"},{"title":"Videos","url":"/videos"},{"title":"On This Day","url":"/on-this-day"},{"title":"One Good Fact","url":"/one-good-fact"},{"title":"Dictionary","url":"/dictionary"},{"title":"New Articles","url":"/new-articles"}],"browseByCategory":[{"title":{"id":5,"title":"History & Society","url":"/History-Society"},"links":[{"title":"Lifestyles & Social Issues","url":"/browse/Lifestyles-Social-Issues"},{"title":"Philosophy & Religion","url":"/browse/Philosophy-Religion"},{"title":"Politics, Law & Government","url":"/browse/Politics-Law-Government"},{"title":"World History","url":"/browse/World-History"}]},{"title":{"id":6,"title":"Science & Tech","url":"/Science-Tech"},"links":[{"title":"Health & Medicine","url":"/browse/Health-Medicine"},{"title":"Science","url":"/browse/Science"},{"title":"Technology","url":"/browse/Technology"}]},{"title":{"id":3,"title":"Biographies","url":"/Biographies"},"links":[{"title":"Browse Biographies","url":"/browse/biographies"}]},{"title":{"id":1,"title":"Animals & Nature","url":"/Animals-Nature"},"links":[{"title":"Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates","url":"/browse/Birds-Reptiles-Vertebrates"},{"title":"Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates","url":"/browse/Bugs-Mollusks-Invertebrates"},{"title":"Environment","url":"/browse/Environment"},{"title":"Fossils & Geologic Time","url":"/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time"},{"title":"Mammals","url":"/browse/Mammals"},{"title":"Plants","url":"/browse/Plants"}]},{"title":{"id":4,"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/Geography-Travel"},"links":[{"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"/browse/Geography-Travel"}]},{"title":{"id":2,"title":"Arts & Culture","url":"/Arts-Culture"},"links":[{"title":"Entertainment & Pop Culture","url":"/browse/Entertainment-Pop-Culture"},{"title":"Literature","url":"/browse/Literature"},{"title":"Sports & Recreation","url":"/browse/Sports-Recreation"},{"title":"Visual Arts","url":"/browse/Visual-Arts"}]}],"browseByFeature":[{"title":"Companions","url":"/stories/companion"},{"title":"Demystified","url":"/stories/demystified"},{"title":"Image Galleries","url":"/gallery/browse"},{"title":"Lists","url":"/list/browse"},{"title":"Podcasts","url":"/podcasts"},{"title":"Spotlight","url":"/stories/spotlight"},{"title":"Summaries","url":"/summary"},{"title":"The Forum","url":"/stories/the-forum"},{"title":"Top Questions","url":"/question"},{"title":"#WTFact","url":"/stories/wtfact"}],"moreFromBritannica":[{"title":"Britannica Kids","url":"https://kids.britannica.com/","newTab":true}],"menuType":"DEFAULT"} </script> <header id="header" class="bg-navy-dark"> <div class="global-nav-top-bar"> <div class="grid gx-0 h-100 justify-content-between align-items-center container-lg mx-auto p-0 position-relative"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="d-flex align-items-center justify-self-start js-toggle js-toggle-hamburger btn btn-link link-white btn-sm rounded-0 p-10"> <div class="hamburger-tooltip"> <em class="material-icons d-inline-block font-24" id="nav-toggle" data-icon="menu"></em> </div> <em class="material-icons d-inline-block font-24 global-nav-search-icon" id="nav-search-icon" data-icon="search" ></em> </button> <a href="/" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center ml-10"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png" alt="Encyclopedia Britannica" class="global-nav-logo global-nav-logo-left" /> </a> <div class="global-nav-top-search-bar global-nav-top-search-container global-nav-search-container" id="global-nav-top-search-bar"> <form method="get" action="/search" id="global-nav-search" class="md-search-form m-0 global-nav-search-bar-small"> <div class="search-box position-relative col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="global-nav-search-query">Search Britannica</label> <input name="query" id="global-nav-search-query" placeholder="Search Britannica..." class="form-control form-control-lg rounded-lg font-16 search-query pl-20 pr-70 shadow-sm" maxlength="200" autocomplete="off" aria-label="Search Britannica" /> <button class="search-reset-btn btn btn-link px-10 position-absolute top-0 h-100 d-none" type="reset"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="close"></em> </button> <button class="search-submit btn btn-link text-blue px-10 position-absolute top-0 right-0 h-100" type="submit" disabled> <span class="sr-only">Click here to search</span> <em class="material-icons search-icon" data-icon="search"></em> </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <a href="/" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png" alt="Encyclopedia Britannica" class="global-nav-center global-nav-logo non-homepage-logo" /> </a> <form method="get" action="/search" id="global-nav-search" class="md-search-form m-0 global-nav-search-bar-small global-nav-center search global-nav-center-search-container"> <div class="search-box position-relative col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="global-nav-search-query">Search Britannica</label> <input name="query" id="global-nav-search-query" placeholder="Search Britannica..." class="form-control form-control-lg rounded-lg font-16 search-query pl-20 pr-70 shadow-sm" maxlength="200" autocomplete="off" aria-label="Search Britannica" /> <button class="search-reset-btn btn btn-link px-10 position-absolute top-0 h-100 d-none" type="reset"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="close"></em> </button> <button class="search-submit btn btn-link text-blue px-10 position-absolute top-0 right-0 h-100" type="submit" disabled> <span class="sr-only">Click here to search</span> <em class="material-icons search-icon" data-icon="search"></em> </button> </div> </form> <div class="col-35 col-sm-auto text-right order-3 mr-lg-15 align-items-center d-flex justify-content-end"> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block"> <SPAN class="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP2 marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP2"><a href="https://subscription.britannica.com/subscribe?partnerCode=BP_Black_Friday_AUUS" class="subscribe-link btn btn-sm btn-outline-white-orange py-5 mr-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Subscribe </a></SPAN></div> <div class="d-inline-block d-md-none mr-5 mr-sm-10"> <SPAN class="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_MOBILE marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_MOBILE"><a href="https://subscription.britannica.com/subscribe?partnerCode=BP_Black_Friday_AUUS" class="subscribe-link btn btn-xs btn-orange-dark p-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Subscribe </a></SPAN></div> <button class="js-toggle-user-dropdown js-toggle btn btn-sm btn-link link-white rounded-0 px-md-15 pl-5 pr-5"> <span class="d-none d-md-inline-block mr-5">Login</span> <em class="material-icons d-inline-block d-md-none font-16 font-sm-20" data-icon="account_circle"></em> <div class="d-none dropdown-menu-subscription-link">https://subscription.britannica.com/subscribe?partnerCode=BP_Black_Friday_AUUS</div> <em class="material-icons inactive-icon d-inline-block font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_down"></em> <em class="material-icons active-icon d-inline-block font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_up"></em> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-none hamburger-menu-subscription-link"><DIV class="marketing-HAMBURGER_MENU_CTA marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HAMBURGER_MENU_CTA"><a href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=hamburger-menu&utm_campaign=black-friday-2024" class="subscribe-link btn btn-sm btn-orange py-5" target="_blank"> Subscribe <span class="d-none d-md-inline"> Now</span> </a></DIV></div> <div id="global-nav-react"> <div class="d-none"> <ul> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/procon">ProCon</a></li> <li><a href="/History-Society">History & Society</a></li> <li><a href="/Science-Tech">Science & Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/Biographies">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/Animals-Nature">Animals & Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/Arts-Culture">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/money">Money</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/quiz/browse">Games & Quizzes</a></li> <li><a href="/videos">Videos</a></li> <li><a href="/on-this-day">On This Day</a></li> <li><a href="/one-good-fact">One Good Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/new-articles">New Articles</a></li> </ul> <a href="/History-Society">History & Society</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Lifestyles-Social-Issues">Lifestyles & Social Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Philosophy-Religion">Philosophy & Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Politics-Law-Government">Politics, Law & Government</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/World-History">World History</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Science-Tech">Science & Tech</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Health-Medicine">Health & Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Technology">Technology</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Biographies">Biographies</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/biographies">Browse Biographies</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Animals-Nature">Animals & Nature</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Birds-Reptiles-Vertebrates">Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Bugs-Mollusks-Invertebrates">Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Fossil-Geologic-Time">Fossils & Geologic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Mammals">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Plants">Plants</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a></li> </ul> <a href="/Arts-Culture">Arts & Culture</a> <ul> <li><a href="/browse/Entertainment-Pop-Culture">Entertainment & Pop Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Sports-Recreation">Sports & Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/browse/Visual-Arts">Visual Arts</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/stories/companion">Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/demystified">Demystified</a></li> <li><a href="/gallery/browse">Image Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/list/browse">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/spotlight">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/summary">Summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/the-forum">The Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/question">Top Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/wtfact">#WTFact</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://kids.britannica.com/">Britannica Kids</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <div class="bg-navy-dark"> <div class="container-lg p-0 d-flex justify-content-center global-nav-categories-bar overflow-hidden"> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 global-nav-slider category-snap-slider"> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex font-14 overflow-hidden text-nowrap mx-5"> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-CHATBOT " href="/chatbot">Ask the Chatbot</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-QUIZZES " href="/quiz/browse">Games & Quizzes</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-PROCON " href="/procon">ProCon</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-HISTORY selected selected" href="/History-Society">History & Society</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-SCIENCE " href="/Science-Tech">Science & Tech</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-BIOS " href="/Biographies">Biographies</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-ANIMALS " href="/Animals-Nature">Animals & Nature</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-GEOGRAPHY " href="/Geography-Travel">Geography & Travel</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-ART " href="/Arts-Culture">Arts & Culture</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-MONEY " href="/money">Money</a> <a class="nav-bar-category mx-5 category-link-VIDEOS " href="/videos">Videos</a> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> </button> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="md-page-wrapper"> <div id="content" class="md-content"> <div class="bg-navy-dark text-white text-center pt-30 pb-20"> <div class="container"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement" : [ { "@type" : "ListItem", "position" : 1, "item" : { "@id" : "https://www.britannica.com/browse/Politics-Law-Government", "name": "Politics, Law & Government" } } , { "@type" : "ListItem", "position" : 2, "item" : { "@id" : "https://www.britannica.com/browse/Politics-Political-Systems", "name": "Politics & Political Systems" } } ] } </script> <nav class="breadcrumb justify-content-center"> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/" class="link-white">Home</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Politics-Law-Government">Politics, Law & Government</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="link-white" href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems">Politics & Political Systems</a> </span> </nav> <h1 class="font-serif mt-30 mb-20">Politics & Political Systems, LIS-MUS</h1> <div class="font-serif grid"> <div class="col-sm-70 col-sm-offset-15"> This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.</div> </div> <a class="link-white font-weight-bold d-inline-block mt-30" href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems">Back To Politics & Political Systems Page</a> </div> </div> <div class="container mt-30"> <h2 class="label my-30">Politics & Political Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title</h2> <div class="grid top g-10 mb-40"> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/1">176-BAR</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/2">BAR-CIV</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/3">CIV-DEF</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/4">DEF-EMP</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/5">EMS-FüH</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/6">GAN-IND</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/7">IND-LAB</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/8">LAB-LIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center bg-orange"> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 link-white pe-none" href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/9">LIS-MUS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/10">MUT-ORG</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/11">ORL-PRO</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/12">PUB-SOC</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/13">SOC-TRU</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/14">TUC-UTI</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/15">UTO-éMI</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid g-20"> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-presidents-of-Indonesia-2067024" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of presidents of Indonesia</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> This is a chronologically ordered list of presidents of... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-presidents-of-Kenya-2067027" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of presidents of Kenya</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> This is a chronologically ordered list of the presidents of... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/list-of-presidents-of-Mexico-1830608" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of presidents of Mexico</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mexico’s constitution of 1917 established economic and political principles for the country, including the role...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-presidents-of-South-Korea-2050294" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of presidents of South Korea</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> This is a chronologically ordered list of presidents of South Korea, from the earliest to the most... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Presidents-of-the-United-States-1846696" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of presidents of the United States</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> As the head of the government of the United States, the president is arguably the most powerful government official...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-prime-ministers-of-Canada-1800352" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of prime ministers of Canada</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Though the titular head of Canada is the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (represented locally by a governor-general),...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-prime-ministers-of-Denmark-2070887" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of prime ministers of Denmark</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> This is a chronologically ordered list of the prime ministers of Denmark. The office of prime minister was inaugurated...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/list-of-prime-ministers-of-Great-Britain-and-the-United-Kingdom-1800350" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of prime ministers of Great Britain and the United Kingdom</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> The office of prime minister developed in Britain in the 18th century, when King George I ceased attending meetings...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-prime-ministers-of-India-1832692" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of prime ministers of India</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> India’s head of state is the president, whose powers are largely nominal and ceremonial. Effective executive power...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-prime-ministers-of-Israel-2049993" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of prime ministers of Israel</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> This is a list of prime ministers of Israel organized chronologically from earliest to most... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-prime-ministers-of-Italy-2067327" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of prime ministers of Italy</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> This is a chronologically ordered list of the prime ministers of... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-prime-ministers-of-Japan-1812632" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of prime ministers of Japan</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> The office of prime minister of Japan was established in the 1880s during the Meiji Restoration. Originally chosen...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/list-of-prime-ministers-of-New-Zealand-1804874" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of prime ministers of New Zealand</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> New Zealand has a parliamentary form of government based on the British model. The head of government is the prime...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-prime-ministers-of-Norway-2068238" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of prime ministers of Norway</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> This is a chronologically ordered list of prime ministers of Norway, dating from the 1905 dissolution of its union...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-Spanish-monarchs-2070695" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of Spanish monarchs</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> This is a chronologically ordered list of monarchs of Spain, including the medieval kingdoms of Asturias, Leon,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-the-smallest-countries-by-area" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of the smallest countries by area</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> How small is small? For some of the world’s countries, the answer is very, very small, even teeny tiny. Vatican...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-the-total-areas-of-the-worlds-countries-dependencies-and-territories-2130540" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of the world’s largest countries and dependencies by area</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> There are nearly 200 countries in the world, but when it comes to which is the largest, there is no competition....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-US-presidential-elections-in-which-the-winner-lost-the-popular-vote" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of U.S. presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> The vast majority of adult citizens in the United States have the right to vote in local, state, and federal elections....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-US-presidents-who-experienced-chronic-helath-problems-while-in-office" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of U.S. presidents who experienced chronic health problems while in office</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> The job of president of the United States is one of the most challenging in the world and can take a heavy toll...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/place/list-of-US-states-by-date-of-admission-to-the-Union-2130026" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of U.S. states’ dates of admission to the union</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> This is a list of the states of the United States of America and the dates on which they achieved statehood, ordered...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-1"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-of-United-States-presidential-elections-2080835" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list of United States presidential elections</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> The United States is rare among democracies in that the role of president is not primarily ceremonial, as it is...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/list-system" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>list system</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> list system, a method of voting for several electoral candidates, usually members of the same political party,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/literacy-test" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>literacy test</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> literacy test, exam for assessing a person’s ability to read and write. In addition to evaluating students in the...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/lobbying" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lobbying</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lobbying, any attempt by individuals or private interest groups to influence the decisions of government; in its...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/local-government" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>local government</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> local government, authority to determine and execute measures within a restricted area inside and smaller than...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/local-government/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/local-government/Characteristics-of-local-government" style="text-decoration: underline">Autonomy, Services, Financing</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/local-government/Areas-and-authorities" style="text-decoration: underline">Municipalities, Counties, Districts</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/local-government/Finance-and-local-freedom" style="text-decoration: underline">Taxation, Autonomy, Services</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/local-option" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>local option</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> local option, in the United States, provision of a state law leaving localities free to forbid or to license certain...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Locofoco-Party" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Locofoco Party</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Locofoco Party, in U.S. history, radical wing of the Democratic Party, organized in New York City in 1835. Made...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Lok-Janshakti-Party" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lok Janshakti Party</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lok Janshakti Party (LJP), regional political party in Bihar state, eastern India. It also has had a small presence...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/lord-president-of-the-council" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>lord president of the council</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> lord president of the council, in the United Kingdom, one of the great officers of state and a member of the ministry...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/House-of-Lords" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lords, House of</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> House of Lords, the upper chamber of Great Britain’s bicameral legislature. Originated in the 11th century, when...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Lost-Cause" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lost Cause</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lost Cause, an interpretation of the American Civil War viewed by most historians as a myth that attempts to preserve...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/loyalist" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>loyalist</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> loyalist, colonist loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution. Loyalists constituted about one-third...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Lycurgus-Spartan-lawgiver" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lycurgus</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lycurgus was traditionally the lawgiver who founded most of the institutions of ancient Sparta. Scholars have been...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/Lytton-Commission" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Lytton Commission</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Lytton Commission, (1931–32), investigation team that was led by V.A.G.R. Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton, and...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/lan-Swedish-political-division" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>län</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> län, administrative subdivision (county) of Sweden; see... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Macartney-Embassy" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Macartney Embassy</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Macartney Embassy, British mission that traveled to China in 1792–93 in an attempt to secure more favourable trade...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/MAGA-movement" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>MAGA movement</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> MAGA movement, nativist political movement that emerged in the United States during the 2016 presidential campaign...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Major-Rulers-of-France-1804872" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Major Rulers of France</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> During its long history, France has gone through numerous types of government. Under the Fifth Republic, France’s...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/majoritarianism" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>majoritarianism</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> majoritarianism, the idea that the numerical majority of a population should have the final say in determining...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Malayan-Peoples-Anti-Japanese-Army" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), guerrilla movement formed originally to oppose the Japanese occupation...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-2"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/mandarin" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>mandarin</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> mandarin, in imperial China, a public official of any of nine grades or classes that were filled by individuals...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/mandate-League-of-Nations" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>mandate</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> mandate, an authorization granted by the League of Nations to a member nation to govern a former German or Turkish...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/Manifest-Destiny" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Manifest Destiny</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Manifest Destiny, in U.S. history, the supposed inevitability of the continued territorial expansion of the boundaries...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/event/Manifest-Destiny/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/event/Manifest-Destiny/The-end-of-Manifest-Destiny" style="text-decoration: underline">Expansion, Westward Movement, End</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/manifesto" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>manifesto</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> manifesto, a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. A manifesto advances a set of ideas,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Maoism" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Maoism</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Maoism, doctrine composed of the ideology and methodology for revolution developed by Mao Zedong and his associates...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Mapai" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mapai</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mapai, early and major labour party in Palestine–Israel that in 1930 became the central partner in the Israel Labour...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Mapam" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mapam</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mapam, left-wing labour party in Israel and in the World Zionist Organization, founded in 1948 by the ha-Shomer...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/March-First-Movement" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>March First Movement</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> March First Movement, series of demonstrations for Korean national independence from Japan that began on March...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Marine-One" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Marine One</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Marine One, any aircraft of the U.S. Marine Corps transporting the president of the United States. Strictly speaking,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Marxism" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Marxism</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Marxism, a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Marxism/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Marxism/Analysis-of-society" style="text-decoration: underline">Class, Capitalism, Dialectic</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Marxism/Class-struggle" style="text-decoration: underline">Class Struggle, Capitalism, Revolution</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Marxism/German-Marxism-after-Engels" style="text-decoration: underline">German Socialism, Revisionism, Leninism</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Marxism/Russian-and-Soviet-Marxism" style="text-decoration: underline">Russian, Soviet, Theory</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Marxism/The-dictatorship-of-the-proletariat" style="text-decoration: underline">Proletariat, Revolution, Socialism</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Marxism/Variants-of-Marxism" style="text-decoration: underline">Dialectical, Historical, Materialism</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/Marxism/Marxism-in-the-West" style="text-decoration: underline">Socialism, Capitalism, Revolution</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/The-Masses" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Masses, The</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> The Masses, American monthly journal of arts and politics, socialist in its outlook. It was known for its innovative...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/Matteotti-Crisis" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Matteotti Crisis</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Matteotti Crisis, political confrontation between liberals and the Fascist government of Italy after the assassination...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/May-Fourth-Movement" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>May Fourth Movement</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> May Fourth Movement, intellectual revolution and sociopolitical reform movement that occurred in China in 1917–21....... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/May-Thirtieth-Incident" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>May Thirtieth Incident</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> May Thirtieth Incident, (1925), in China, a nationwide series of strikes and demonstrations precipitated by the...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/mayor" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>mayor</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> mayor, in modern usage, the head of a municipal government. As such, the mayor is almost invariably the chairman...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/mayor-and-council-system" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>mayor and council system</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> mayor and council system, municipal government in which a locally elected council is headed by a mayor, either...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/McCarthyism" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>McCarthyism</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> McCarthyism, name given to the period of time in American history that saw U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/McCutcheon-v-Federal-Election-Commission" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on April 2, 2014, struck...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/event/McCutcheon-v-Federal-Election-Commission/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/event/McCutcheon-v-Federal-Election-Commission/Plurality-opinion" style="text-decoration: underline">Campaign Finance, Plurality, Limits</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/mediation-international-relations" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>mediation</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> mediation, a practice under which, in a conflict, the services of a third party are utilized to reduce the differences...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Mein-Kampf" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mein Kampf</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mein Kampf, political manifesto written by Adolf Hitler. It was his only complete book, and the work became the...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-3"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Members-of-the-US-House-of-Representatives-1935163" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Members of the U.S. House of Representatives</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> The House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the bicameral United States Congress, established in 1789...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Members-of-the-US-Senate-1935165" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Members of the U.S. Senate</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> The Senate is one of the two houses of the bicameral United States Congress, established in 1789 by the Constitution...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Menshevik" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Menshevik</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Menshevik, member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which evolved into...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/money/meritocracy" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>meritocracy</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> meritocracy, political, social, or economic system in which individuals are assigned to positions of power, influence,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/metic" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>metic</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> metic, in ancient Greece, any of the resident aliens, including freed slaves. Metics were found in most states...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/Mfecane" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mfecane</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mfecane, series of Zulu and other Nguni wars and forced migrations of the second and third decades of the 19th...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/MI5" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>MI5</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> MI5, intelligence agency charged with internal security and domestic counterintelligence activities of the United...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/MI6" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>MI6</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> MI6, British government agency responsible for the collection, analysis, and appropriate dissemination of foreign...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/micronation" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>micronation</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> micronation, entity that claims to be an independent state but whose sovereignty is not recognized by the international...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/middle-power" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>middle power</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> middle power, in international relations, a state that holds a position in the international power spectrum that...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/military-dictatorship" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>military dictatorship</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> military dictatorship, form of government in which the military exerts total control of a country, usually after...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/military-intelligence" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>military intelligence</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> military intelligence, in military science, information concerning an enemy or an area. The term is also used for...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/military-intelligence/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/military-intelligence/Types-of-intelligence" style="text-decoration: underline">Signals, Human, Imagery</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Military-League-Greek-history" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Military League</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Military League, group of young Greek army officers who, emulating the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress,...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/military-rule" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>military rule</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> military rule, political regime in which the military as an organization holds a preponderance of power. The term...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/military-rule/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/topic/military-rule/Mechanisms-and-impacts-of-military-rule" style="text-decoration: underline">Mechanisms, Impacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Millenary-Petition" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Millenary Petition</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Millenary Petition, moderate request for changes in certain practices within the Church of England, presented to...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/ministerial-responsibility" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>ministerial responsibility</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> ministerial responsibility, a fundamental constitutional principle in the British Westminster parliamentary system...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Minseito" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Minseitō</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Minseitō, prominent pre-World War II Japanese political party that first came to power in 1929 and then vied with...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/mir-Russian-community" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>mir</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> mir, in Russian history, a self-governing community of peasant households that elected its own officials and controlled...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/missile-gap" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>missile gap</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> missile gap, term popularized during the late 1950s and early 1960s referring to the perception by U.S. government...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/money/Mississippi-Bubble" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mississippi Bubble</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mississippi Bubble, a financial scheme in 18th-century France that triggered a speculative frenzy and ended in...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-4"></span> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Mississippi-Freedom-Democratic-Party" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), political party formed in 1964 as an alternative to the dominantly...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Mizrahi" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mizraḥi</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mizraḥi, (Hebrew: “Spiritual Centre”), religious movement within the World Zionist Organization and formerly a...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Moderate-Party" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Moderate Party</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Moderate Party, centre-right Swedish political party. The Moderate Party was founded in 1904 as the Conservative...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/Molasses-Act" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Molasses Act</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Molasses Act, (1733), in American colonial history, a British law that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Mollen-Commission" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mollen Commission</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mollen Commission, commission created by New York City Mayor David Dinkins in 1994 to assess the extent of corruption...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Moms-for-Liberty" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Moms for Liberty</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Moms for Liberty (MFL), conservative political organization that seeks to influence school policies and curricula...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/money/monetary-policy" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>monetary policy</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> monetary policy, measures employed by governments to influence economic activity, specifically by manipulating...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/Monroe-Doctrine" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Monroe Doctrine</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Monroe Doctrine, (December 2, 1823), cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy enunciated by Pres. James Monroe in his...... </div> <ul class="mt-10 font-14 pl-20 mb-0"> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/event/Monroe-Doctrine/Introduction" style="text-decoration: underline">Introduction</a> </li> <li class="mb-3"> <a href="/event/Monroe-Doctrine/Application-and-extension-of-the-Monroe-Doctrine" style="text-decoration: underline">US Foreign Policy, Latin America, Expansion</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Montagnard-French-history" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Montagnard</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Montagnard, any of the radical Jacobin deputies in the National Convention during the French Revolution. Noted...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/event/Montagu-Chelmsford-Report" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Montagu-Chelmsford Report</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Montagu-Chelmsford Report, set of recommendations made to the British Parliament in 1918 that became the theoretical...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Moore-v-Harper" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Moore v. Harper</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Moore v. Harper, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court rejected (6–3) the “independent state legislature theory,”...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Moral-Majority" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Moral Majority</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Moral Majority, American political organization that was founded in 1979 by Jerry Falwell, a religious leader and...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Mossad" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mossad</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mossad, (Hebrew: “Central Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations”), one of the three major intelligence...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Movement-of-the-Fifth-Republic" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Movement of the Fifth Republic</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Movement of the Fifth Republic (MVR), nationalist Venezuelan political party established to support the presidential...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Movement-Toward-Socialism-political-party-Venezuela" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Movement Toward Socialism</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), leftist Venezuelan political party. (Read George Bernard Shaw’s 1926 Britannica...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Mugwump" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Mugwump</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Mugwump, in U.S. politics, member of a reform-oriented faction of the Republican Party that refused to support...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/multilateralism" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>multilateralism</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> multilateralism, process of organizing relations between groups of three or more states. Beyond that basic quantitative...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/municipality" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>municipality</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> municipality, in the United States, urban unit of local government. A municipality is a political subdivision of...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/municipio" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>municipio</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> municipio, in the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America, a local civil administrative subdivision recognized by the...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25"> <div class="card h-100"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/topic/Muslim-League" class="font-weight-bold font-16"><invertedtitle>Muslim League</invertedtitle></a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Muslim League, political group that led the movement calling for a separate Muslim nation to be created at the...... </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100"> <span class="adm-5"></span> </div> </div> <h2 class="label my-30">Politics & Political Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title</h2> <div class="grid bottom g-10 mb-40"> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/1">176-BAR</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/2">BAR-CIV</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/3">CIV-DEF</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/4">DEF-EMP</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/5">EMS-FüH</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/6">GAN-IND</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/7">IND-LAB</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/8">LAB-LIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center bg-orange"> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 link-white pe-none" href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/9">LIS-MUS</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/10">MUT-ORG</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/11">ORL-PRO</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/12">PUB-SOC</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/13">SOC-TRU</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/14">TUC-UTI</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems/15">UTO-éMI</a> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="breadcrumb my-30"> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a href="/" class="">Home</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="" href="/browse/Politics-Law-Government">Politics, Law & Government</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-item "> <a class="" href="/browse/Politics-Political-Systems">Politics & Political Systems</a> </span> </nav> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <footer class="md-footer footer-wrapper hide-on-edit"> <div class="footer-bck"> <DIV class="marketing-FOOTER_NEWSLETTER marketing-content" data-marketing-id="FOOTER_NEWSLETTER"><div class="md-footer-newsletter-form pt-10 mb-30 mx-15 mx-sm-120"> <div class="font-18"> <strong>History at your fingertips –</strong> Sign up here to see what happened On This Day, every day in your inbox! </div> <div class="p-30"> <div class="newsletter-form-container"> <form class="newsletter-form" method="post" action="/newsletter-subscription/EB_ON_THIS_DAY"> <div class="form-group grid d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="col-sm-50 col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="enter-your-email">Enter your email</label> <input id="enter-your-email" type="email" name="email" class="form-control font-18 p-10" placeholder="Enter your email" pattern="[a-z0-9._%+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,4}$" required> </div> <div class="col-sm-auto col-100 mt-5 mt-sm-0"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-outline-white" style="width: 100%; height:100%;">Subscribe</button> </div> </div> <div class="text-white pt-30 text-opacity"> By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.<br> Click here to view our <a class="link-white text-decoration-underline" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy2" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Privacy Notice</a>. Easy unsubscribe links are provided in every email. </div> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="Footer" /><input type="hidden" name="campaign" value="Mendel" /><input type="hidden" name="medium" value="Box" /></form> <div class="md-subscribed hidden text-white"> <div class="my-10">Thank you for subscribing!</div> <div>Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div></DIV> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle d-flex justify-content-center colored" data-value="connect" > <div class="share-label text-uppercase hidden-xs">Stay Connected</div> <a class="social-icon facebook justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="social-icon x justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="x" href="https://x.com/britannica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>X</span></a> <a class="social-icon youtube justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/encyclopaediabritannica" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>YouTube</span></a> <a class="social-icon instagram justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/britannica/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>Instagram</span></a> <a class="social-icon pinterest justify-content-center d-flex align-items-center align-self-center" data-provider="pinterest" href="https://www.pinterest.com/britannica/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <svg height="30" width="30" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="" role="img"><path d="M0 12c0 5.123 3.211 9.497 7.73 11.218-.11-.937-.227-2.482.025-3.566.217-.932 1.401-5.938 1.401-5.938s-.357-.715-.357-1.774c0-1.66.962-2.9 2.161-2.9 1.02 0 1.512.765 1.512 1.682 0 1.025-.653 2.557-.99 3.978-.281 1.189.597 2.159 1.769 2.159 2.123 0 3.756-2.239 3.756-5.471 0-2.861-2.056-4.86-4.991-4.86-3.398 0-5.393 2.549-5.393 5.184 0 1.027.395 2.127.889 2.726a.36.36 0 0 1 .083.343c-.091.378-.293 1.189-.332 1.355-.053.218-.173.265-.4.159-1.492-.694-2.424-2.875-2.424-4.627 0-3.769 2.737-7.229 7.892-7.229 4.144 0 7.365 2.953 7.365 6.899 0 4.117-2.595 7.431-6.199 7.431-1.211 0-2.348-.63-2.738-1.373 0 0-.599 2.282-.744 2.84-.282 1.084-1.064 2.456-1.549 3.235C9.584 23.815 10.77 24 12 24c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12S18.627 0 12 0 0 5.373 0 12"></path></svg> </a> </div> <br/> <div class="container"> <ul class="list-unstyled legal-links"> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">About Us & Legal Info</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/contact/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy2" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html2" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/diversity" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Diversity</a></li> </ul> <div class="mt-20">©2024 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</div> </div> </div> </footer> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script>  <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"TopicBrowse","templateName":null,"pageNumber":9,"pagesTotal":15,"pageId":null,"pageLength":100,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.130.14"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/topic-browse-page.js?v=3.130.14' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"A","adLeg":"A","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"TopicBrowse","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":null,"gisted":false,"pageNumber":9,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Politics & Political Systems Browse - Page 9 | Britannica