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dateTime="2024-11-22T14:00:00.000Z" class="sc-b42e7a8f-2 bGezbH">22 November 2024</time><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-3 cFXrjb"></div></div><div data-testid="byline-new-contributors" class="sc-b42e7a8f-12 fcCDwR"><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-5 evAEAB"><div><span class="sc-b42e7a8f-7 khDNZq">Isabelle Gerretsen</span><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-8 jtKrhe"><span><a href="https://twitter.com/izzygerretsen" target="_blank" class="sc-b42e7a8f-10 cSeenu">@izzygerretsen</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-b42e7a8f-4 cVwCpL"></div></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR"><div data-testid="hero-image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9psc1.jpg.webp" alt="Ezra Acayan / Getty Images Would polluters paying for climate damages ever alleviate the harm done? (Credit: Ezra Acayan / Getty Images)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Ezra Acayan / Getty Images</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Would polluters paying for climate damages ever alleviate the harm done? (Credit: Ezra Acayan / Getty Images)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><b id="should-rich-countries-and-fossil-fuel-companies-pay-for-the-climate-losses-and-damages-they-have-caused?" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Should rich countries and fossil fuel companies pay for the climate losses and damages they have caused?</b></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">There have been a huge number of deadly weather events in 2024. Floods, heatwaves, droughts, storms and wildfires have wreaked havoc on climate vulnerable countries including <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cseindia.org/climate-india-2024-an-assessment-of-extreme-weather-events-12460" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">India</a>, <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czj98v31jjdo" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Brazil</a>, <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cy43zgyd15vo" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Nigeria</a>, the <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg5j1k8w8qo" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Philippines</a>, and through much of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/conflict-poverty-and-water-management-issues-exposing-vulnerable-communities-in-africa-to-extreme-floods-that-are-now-common-events-because-of-climate-change/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">West and Central Africa</a>, claiming lives and destroying homes and livelihoods.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdxvnk10xz2o" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Climate change is making severe events more frequent</a>. Another country to face huge climate damage in recent years: Pakistan. In August 2022, the country was <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-62719659" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">devastated by catastrophic flooding</a>.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The unprecedented monsoon rains <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-17/pakistan-braces-for-more-floods-after-death-toll-crosses-1-500" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">killed more than 1,500 people</a> and left the inundated country with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-09/un-chief-seeks-aid-as-pakistan-flood-losses-exceed-30-billion" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">economic damages exceeding $30bn</a> (£27bn). Within a month, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-likely-increased-extreme-monsoon-rainfall-flooding-highly-vulnerable-communities-in-pakistan/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">a scientific study had concluded</a> the high rainfall was "likely increased" by climate change.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The link between greenhouse gas emissions and extreme weather events already happening today <a target="_blank" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">is now well established</a>. Events such as Pakistan's floods, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-increased-rainfall-associated-with-tropical-cyclones-hitting-highly-vulnerable-communities-in-madagascar-mozambique-malawi/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Madagascar cyclones</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/100/6/bams-d-17-0233.1.xml" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Somalia's drought</a> are becoming <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-i/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">more intense and more frequent due to climate change</a>. They have led to death and destruction and left countries facing immense economic damages, <a target="_blank" href="https://debtjustice.org.uk/press-release/lower-income-countries-spend-five-times-more-on-debt-than-dealing-with-climate-change" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">plunging them into debt</a> and diverting funds away from other critical areas, such as healthcare and education.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_1" id="dotcom-mid_1" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">What's more, these impacts are only set to get worse. If global temperatures were to rise by 2.9C, the average GDP of the world's 65 most climate-vulnerable countries will <a target="_blank" href="https://mediacentre.christianaid.org.uk/climate-change-could-cause-64-gdp-hit-to-worlds-vulnerable-countries/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">fall by 20% by 2050 and 64% by 2100</a>.</p></div><div data-component="callout-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 eLrdPC"><section class="sc-e11d1f0-0 eVThlc"><div class="sc-e11d1f0-1 kDQByp"><p class="sc-e11d1f0-3 enuiUn">The US states making polluters pay</p><div class="sc-e11d1f0-2 ewSByo"><div class="sc-e11d1f0-4 fzKnud"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">In May 2024, Vermont became the first US state to require oil and gas companies to pay for the climate damages they have caused, after signing <a target="_blank" href="https://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2024/S.259?_gl=1*17opp2k*_ga*NTcxNDcyMDI1LjE3MjcwODU4ODY.*_ga_V9WQH77KLW*MTcyNzA4NTg4NS4xLjEuMTcyNzA4NjAwMS4wLjAuMA.." class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">the Climate Superfund Act into law</a>. The law mandates polluting companies to be financially accountable for their share of climate impacts. New York is currently deliberating a similar mechanism, which would <a target="_blank" href="https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=&leg_video=&bn=S02129&term=2023&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Committee%26nbspVotes=Y&Floor%26nbspVotes=Y&Memo=Y&Text=Y&LFIN=Y&Chamber%26nbspVideo%2FTranscript=Y" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">charge fossil fuel companies $3bn (£2.3bn) a year for 25 years</a> to pay for climate damages.</p></div></div></div></section></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The discussion of who should pay for climate losses and damages has become a major geopolitical issue and is expected to be high on the agenda at the upcoming Cop27 climate talks in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in November.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">By 2030, vulnerable nations are likely to face <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_14" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">$290-580bn (£260-520bn) in annual climate "residual damages"</a> – damages that cannot be prevented with measures to adapt to climate threats. By 2050, the total cost of loss and damage <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_14" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">could rise to $1-1.8tn</a> (£890bn-1.6tn).</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, who has become increasingly more outspoken on the injustices of climate change in recent years, has described the climate crisis as a <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-62970887" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">"case study in moral and economic justice"</a>. He argues <a target="_blank" href="https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2022-09-20/secretary-generals-address-the-general-assembly-trilingual-delivered-follows-scroll-further-down-for-all-english-and-all-french" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">"polluters must pay"</a> because "vulnerable countries need meaningful action."</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_2" id="dotcom-mid_2" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">As such climate threats become a larger part of our lives, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/10/24/us-coalition-calls-john-kerry-back-loss-and-damage-funding-cop27" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">many argue that</a> the countries and companies responsible for the pollution in the first place should be the ones footing bill.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">So what if we lived in a world where polluters really did pay for the climate damage they have caused? How much would they need to cough up, and would these payouts signal the end of the fossil fuel industry? Would this funding ever be able to alleviate the harm done? And could it mean the world's most vulnerable countries recover from climate disasters and adapt to looming threats?</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"> </p></div><div data-component="video-block" data-testid="fabl-video-container" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?</figcaption></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Responsibility for climate change can be seen <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200618-climate-change-who-is-to-blame-and-why-does-it-matter" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">on several different levels</a> – the actions of governments, companies, communities and individuals can all be linked to emissions.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_3" id="dotcom-mid_3" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">A <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-022-03387-y" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">study published earlier this year by Dartmouth College</a> in New Hampshire, in the US, provided the first assessment of countries' liability in fuelling the climate crisis. It concluded that emissions from the US, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">the world's largest historical emitter</a>, cost the world more than $1.9tn (£1.6tn) in climate damages between 1990 and 2014. The next four largest emitters – China, Russia, India and Brazil – caused a further $4.1tn (£3.6tn) in global economic losses in the same time period. Combined, these losses are equivalent to around 11% of yearly global GDP.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">"We show that there is a scientific basis for [climate] liability claims," says Justin Mankin, co-author of the study and assistant professor of geography at Dartmouth College. "The science shows that if one country can have detectable damages; one country's foregoing [of] emissions can have detectable benefits. That's really essential… it overturns this narrative of 'what can one country do?'"</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">If governments were serious about covering the damage from this harm, countries could establish a <a target="_blank" href="https://us.boell.org/en/2022/05/31/loss-and-damage-finance-facility-why-and-how" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">loss and damage finance facility</a> under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – the UN's climate change body – which they would pay into <a target="_blank" href="https://climateactiontracker.org/methodology/cat-rating-methodology/fair-share/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">in line with their fair share</a>, says Sadie DeCoste, an organiser for Tipping Point UK, a non-profit working on climate justice. The fair share could be calculated based on their historical and ongoing contribution to global emissions, she says.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Having the fund as part of the UNFCCC process, rather than an external body, would help it to be "accountable and transparent" and ensure it is a "collective commitment to reach an agreed-upon sum", adds DeCoste. Such a fund should not be based on voluntary commitments made only by the countries that are more willing to pay, she says.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The world's most climate-vulnerable nations have called for <a target="_blank" href="https://us.boell.org/en/2022/05/31/loss-and-damage-finance-facility-why-and-how" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">such a facility</a> to be set up, which would assess countries' needs after a climate disaster and request specific funds from governments based on factors including their contribution to global heating. To date, rich countries <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59206814" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">have strongly resisted these calls</a>, insisting that humanitarian aid is enough to deal with the issue.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_4" id="dotcom-mid_4" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9mz5y.jpg.webp" alt="Gokhan Balci / Getty Images Funds put forward by polluters would allow vulnerable countries to invest in resilient infrastructure protecting them from extreme events (Credit: Gokhan Balci / Getty Images)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Gokhan Balci / Getty Images</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Funds put forward by polluters would allow vulnerable countries to invest in resilient infrastructure protecting them from extreme events (Credit: Gokhan Balci / Getty Images)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Fossil fuel companies are also increasingly being held accountable for their greenhouse gas emissions. A 2017 report from the CDP, a non-profit, found just 100 fossil fuel companies are <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cdp.net/en/articles/media/new-report-shows-just-100-companies-are-source-of-over-70-of-emissions" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">responsible for producing 71% of all global greenhouse gases emitted</a> since 1988. Another <a target="_blank" href="https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/big-oils-historical-debt-uncovered/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">report</a> from consultancy Profundo and non-profit Transport and Environment concluded that Europe's five biggest oil majors are responsible for some $13tn (£11.5tn) of damage in the past 30 years, including pollution, deteriorating public health and carbon emissions. These companies make enormous profits from extracting and selling fossil fuels, which have <a target="_blank" href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">fuelled rising temperatures and exacerbated extreme weather events</a>.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">If the world's biggest fossil fuel companies were held accountable for these emissions, they could be forced to pay an annual sum, based on their share of global carbon pollution that has been emitted over the past 20 years, into a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.makepolluterspaybill.com/the-plan" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">polluters-pay climate fund</a>. This could help developing countries deal with climate impacts and the costs of transitioning to clean energy.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="more-like-this:" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">More like this:</i></p></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl"><ul class="sc-5c9c90b0-0 cnfHHs"><li class="sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE"><a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20221006-what-would-happen-if-we-had-limitless-green-energy" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">How limitless green energy would change the world</a></li><li class="sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE"><a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211213-who-will-pay-for-the-damage-caused-by-climate-change" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Who will pay for the damage caused by climate change?</a></li><li class="sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE"><a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220719-how-bangladesh-system-fights-cyclones-climate-disasters" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">How to stop storms killing women</a></li></ul></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_5" id="dotcom-mid_5" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Polluters could also be made to pay for any ongoing emissions via an international tax on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.stampoutpoverty.org/climate-damages-tax/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">fossil fuel extraction</a>, as proposed by a coalition of climate vulnerable nations. Here, companies would be taxed for each tonne of coal, oil or gas they extract. Starting at a low rate and increasing every year, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.stampoutpoverty.org/climate-damages-tax/#:~:text=The%20Climate%20Damages%20Tax%20(CDT,countries%20devastated%20by%20climate%20change." class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">such a tax could raise billions</a> to help countries rebuild and recover from disasters.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">"[A climate damages tax] is a way of establishing accountability and responsibility," says DeCoste. It opens up a conversation about how polluters can provide vulnerable countries with enough funding to adapt to the climate threats they are facing, she says. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Some governments today are <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60295177" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">already considering taxing the windfall profits of fossil fuel companies</a> that benefit from high energy prices. Some of the revenues raised by such a tax <a target="_blank" href="https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/09/20/un-chief-windfall-tax-on-oil-and-gas-can-pay-for-loss-and-damage/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">could help vulnerable communities recover from extreme events</a>, such as droughts and floods. However, a major limitation of this in the long run is that windfall taxes on fossil fuel companies are only intended to be temporary. "We need to ensure fossil fuel companies are taxed effectively and consistently all the time, not just with one-off windfall taxes," says Olivia Hanks, climate justice lead at the faith group Quakers in Britain.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">However, since governments also need to set a timeline for rapid phaseout of coal, oil and gas, fossil fuel taxes could only fund climate losses and damages temporarily, says Hanks – meaning other sources of finance will also be needed to pay for climate damages.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Industries which use a lot of fossil fuels, such as <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2022.2112017?scroll=top&needAccess=true" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">aviation and bunker shipping</a>, could also be taxed to generate the necessary funds to pay for those suffering the impacts of climate change. Unsustainable behaviours, such as frequent flying and eating red meat, could also be taxed to raise finance for countries devastated by climate change, says DeCoste. The most polluting behaviours tend to be associated with <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">the lifestyle of a small numbers of people with very high incomes</a> – just <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378020307779" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">1% of the global population is responsible for 50% of flying emissions</a>, for example, while 90% of people have never flown.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_6" id="dotcom-mid_6" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Airline travel levies, which would increase with <a target="_blank" href="https://stay-grounded.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/progressive-ticket-tax-frequent-flyer-levy.pdf" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">each additional flight the individual takes</a>, are a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2022.2112017" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">"fair, feasible, and suitable"</a> way to raise loss and damage funds, some researchers say. They could generate up to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21550085.2017.1342963" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">$5-10bn (£4-9bn)</a> each year, be easily collected at international flight departures, and be channelled to vulnerable communities through international bodies like the <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/science-environment-30125443" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Green Climate Fund</a>, which was set up to help developing countries reduce their emissions and adapt to climate impacts.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9mvfw.jpg.webp" alt="Joe Sohm / Getty Images Industries which use a lot of fossil fuels, such as aviation, could be taxed to generate the necessary funds for climate disaster victims (Credit: Joe Sohm / Getty Images)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Joe Sohm / Getty Images</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Industries which use a lot of fossil fuels, such as aviation, could be taxed to generate the necessary funds for climate disaster victims (Credit: Joe Sohm / Getty Images)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Redirecting public money which currently supports polluting activities towards supporting those suffering the impacts of climate change could also make a huge difference. A recent report estimated that governments around the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.earthtrack.net/document/protecting-nature-reforming-environmentally-harmful-subsidies-role-business" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">world currently spend a staggering $1.9tn (£1.3tn) each year on</a> environmentally harmful subsidies, such as support for fossil fuel production and for intensive agriculture. This is equivalent to around 2% of annual global GDP – money that in many cases could instead be used to support victims of climate disasters.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Governments would play an important role in redistributing money in these ways, but the courts are another important avenue through which victims of climate disasters could compensated. Recent advances in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/understanding-climate/attributing-extreme-weather-to-climate-change" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">the science of "climate attribution"</a> are especially important here.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">"Climate attribution allows us to quantify the contributions of particular fossil fuel producers on impacts such as global average temperature increase, sea level rise, and ocean acidification," says Kathy Mulvey, climate accountability campaign director at the Union of Concerned Scientists in the US.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_7" id="dotcom-mid_7" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Ongoing scientific advances in this area will enable lawyers to bring more cases against polluters, says Richard Wiles, president of the Center for Climate Integrity, an advocacy organisation in the US that works to hold polluters accountable. <i id="(read-more-about" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">(Read more about </i><a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211207-the-legal-battle-against-climate-change" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><i id="why-climate-lawsuits-are-surging" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">why climate lawsuits are surging</i></a><i id=")." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">).</i></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">One 2014 study has been particularly influential in bringing more court cases against polluters, says Wiles. The study, written by Richard Heede from the Climate Accountability Institute, established a <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">causal link between the actions of fossil fuel companies and climate impacts</a>. It identified 90 fossil fuel and cement producers, dubbed the "carbon majors", as being collectively responsible for 63% of global emissions since the industrial revolution, and pinpointed the share of emissions each of these companies are responsible for.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">"This was critical to getting [legal] cases off the ground," says Wiles. "[As a lawyer], you needed to be able to say that Exxon was responsible for a portion of those damages with data and that the company you're accusing of crimes can actually be proven to have contributed to the damage."</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">A spokesperson for ExxonMobil says the company has "long acknowledged the reality and risks of climate change and has devoted significant resources to addressing those risks."</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">"We have announced our ambition to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions for operated assets by 2050," he says, adding that the company is developing roadmaps for reducing emissions from its facilities and assets.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_8" id="dotcom-mid_8" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="quote-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><div class="sc-9967660-0 WkJHg"><div class="sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" category="personalisation" icon="quote" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z"></path><path d="M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z"></path></svg></div><span class="sc-9967660-2 bBAxiJ">A climate damages tax is a way of establishing accountability and responsibility – Sadie DeCoste</span></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">An important case which aims to use attribution science to sue for climate damages is a lawsuit brought by a Peruvian farmer against Germany's largest utility company, RWE. The lawsuit is the first case of its kind and could set a precedent for whether polluters should provide compensation for climate damages on a pro rata basis.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">In the case, which is ongoing, farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya aims to hold RWE accountable for the role of its emissions in melting a glacier above his hometown, Huaraz, in the Peruvian Andes. Lliuya says RWE should pay 0.47% of the cost of building flood defences to protect Huaraz – which would amount to around €20,000 (£17,600;, $19,600). The amount is based on <a target="_blank" href="https://climateaccountability.org/pdf/CAI%20PressRelease%20Dec20.pdf" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">an update to Heede's study</a> by the Climate Accountability Institute which attributes this share of global emissions to RWE.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Lliuya's lawyers are building their case on climate attribution science, including a 2021 study which concluded that the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00686-4" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">melting of the Palcaraju glacier is "entirely attributable" to rising temperatures</a> and that the change geometry of the glacial lake and valley has "substantially increased the outburst flood hazard".</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">"We have a very clear picture of climate change being responsible for creating this very large lake that now threatens a city," says Rupert Stuart-Smith, the study's lead author and a research associate in climate science and the law at the Oxford Sustainable Law Programme.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_9" id="dotcom-mid_9" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The power of precedent "could mean that we will see more and more successful claims being brought before courts," he says. These could potentially be in jurisdictions across the globe and target a great number of companies, he adds. "If corporations with large emissions can be held responsible for their impact, then it could really be a game changer for pay action [polluters paying for climate damages] in many ways."</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9mtk4.jpg.webp" alt="Luka Gonzales / Getty Images Farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya is suing RWE for the role of its emissions in melting a glacier above his hometown in the Peruvian Andes (Credit: Luka Gonzales / Getty Images)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Luka Gonzales / Getty Images</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya is suing RWE for the role of its emissions in melting a glacier above his hometown in the Peruvian Andes (Credit: Luka Gonzales / Getty Images)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">If court cases and taxes which made fossil fuel companies more accountable for the impact of their emissions did pile in, would this be the death knell for the industry – the end of coal, oil and gas?</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">It would certainly incentivise fossil fuel companies to switch to producing clean energy, such as wind and solar, instead of producing more carbon-intensive fuels, says Hanks. "If polluters knew they had to pay the full cost of their activities, we'd see the energy transition happen much faster."</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Could this bankrupt fossil fuel companies? "If polluters are held responsible for the harm done as a result of their emissions, then you could be looking at vast sums of money," says Stuart-Smith. "I don't think it is unreasonable to talk about numbers in the billions of dollars. We could see payouts large enough that they would substantially impact [fossil fuel companies'] profits."</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_10" id="dotcom-mid_10" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The fossil fuel industry is estimated to have made <a target="_blank" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/21/revealed-oil-sectors-staggering-profits-last-50-years" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">$2.8bn (£2.5bn) in profits per day</a> over the last 50 years – $1tn (£891bn) a year and a staggering total of $52tn (£46tn). In a scenario where fossil fuel companies were asked to foot the entire bill of climate damages (projected to reach <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_14" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">$290-580bn (£260-520bn) per year by 2030</a>), this is equivalent to roughly 30-60% of their current annual profits.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Lawsuits can also directly impact a polluter's business model going forwards, adds Stuart-Smith. "We're seeing cases brought, for instance, challenging corporate and national emission reduction plans as inadequate," he says. A 2021 Dutch court ruling, for example, ordered <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-57257982" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">Shell to reduce its emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on climate change.</a> In November 2024, <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx240l9xq2yo" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">the oil giant won a landmark case</a> after the Hague Court of Appeal overturned the earlier ruling requiring Shell to cut its carbon emissions by 45%, stating that it could not establish that the company had a "social standard of care" to reduce its emissions by any amount.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The ramifications of lawsuits go beyond any direct damages paid by the companies, says Wiles. "[The real damage] is the reputational risk and the loss of their social license." He compares this to the reputational damage the tobacco and opioid industries suffered after they were forced to disclose the health risks associated with their products and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-courts-secrecy-judges/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">make public key documents</a> which highlighted these. In the case of opioids, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-courts-secrecy-judges/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">this disclosure led to hundreds of new lawsuits</a> seeking to hold the industry accountable. This could also happen to the fossil fuel industry, Wiles notes. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">For climate-vulnerable countries, funds put forward by polluters would be a lifeline. The long-term finance would allow them to invest in resilient infrastructure protecting them from extreme events, such as hurricanes and floods, as well as slow-moving threats, such as rising seas.</p></div><div data-component="quote-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><div class="sc-9967660-0 WkJHg"><div class="sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" category="personalisation" icon="quote" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z"></path><path d="M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z"></path></svg></div><span class="sc-9967660-2 bBAxiJ">Funds put forward by polluters would be a lifeline for climate vulnerable nations</span></div></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_11" id="dotcom-mid_11" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The money would also enable countries to strengthen their public health systems and cover the climate-related health costs, such as waterborne diseases, which are <a target="_blank" href="https://wellcome.org/news/how-climate-change-affects-waterborne-diseases" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">increasing due to climate change</a>.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">It could also provide compensation for workers losing jobs in polluting industries. The global coal industry, for example, is estimated to lose <a target="_blank" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/publication/global-perspective-on-coal-jobs-and-managing-labor-transition-out-of-coal" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">4.7 million jobs</a> in the clean energy transition, while the mining industry is expected to lose <a target="_blank" href="https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/extractives/why-does-extractives-matter" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">4 million</a> jobs. Compensation could also support workers who have lost their jobs due to climate impacts, such as farmers and fishers, says Mulvey.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p0d9pwdp.jpg.webp" alt="Arroyo Fernandez / Getty Images Advances in the field of climate attribution are enabling lawyers to bring more cases against polluters (Credit: Arroyo Fernandez / Getty Images)" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Arroyo Fernandez / Getty Images</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Advances in the field of climate attribution are enabling lawyers to bring more cases against polluters (Credit: Arroyo Fernandez / Getty Images)</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Many developing countries are heavily reliant on fossil fuels to meet their energy needs and grow their economies. "But the path to development is dirty; it's industrialisation," says Mankin.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Mankin says it is unclear whether loss and damage funding would put these countries on a cleaner path and allow them to develop and at the same time adapt to climate threats. But Hanks says loss and damage finance would create "financial and decision-making space" for developing countries to focus on the energy transition, rather than having to "relentlessly deal with disaster after disaster with no money to do so".</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_12" id="dotcom-mid_12" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Loss and damage finance could also make a huge difference for people who have been permanently displaced due to climate change. It is estimated that by 2050 up to <a target="_blank" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/millions-move-what-climate-change-could-mean-internal-migration#:~:text=The%20findings%20of%20our%20new,to%20areas%20that%20offer%20opportunities." class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">216 million people will be forced to leave their homes</a> due to climate impacts such as water scarcity, declining crop productivity and sea-level rise.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The money could also pay for the restoration of vital ecosystems, such as <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">mangroves</a> and coral reefs, which have been damaged or destroyed by storms and floods and can provide vital protection against climate impacts.</p></div><div data-component="callout-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 eLrdPC"><section class="sc-e11d1f0-0 eVThlc"><div class="sc-e11d1f0-1 kDQByp"><p class="sc-e11d1f0-3 enuiUn">CARBON COUNT</p><div class="sc-e11d1f0-2 ewSByo"><div class="sc-e11d1f0-4 fzKnud"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="the-emissions-from-travel-it-took-to-report-this-story-were-0kg-co2.-the-digital-emissions-from-this-story-are-an-estimated-1.2g-to-3.6g-co2-per-page-view." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">The emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. </i><a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><b id="find-out-more-about-how-we-calculated-this-figure-here." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf"><i id="find-out-more-about-how-we-calculated-this-figure-here." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">Find out more about how we calculated this figure here.</i></b></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"> </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">In a world where polluters did pay their fair share, would it be enough to compensate communities for the losses they have suffered? Wiles says no matter what is paid it will "never be enough", because many communities will continue to see climate impacts into the future.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_13" id="dotcom-mid_13" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">What's more, there are some climate impacts which polluters could never pay for – because they cannot be quantified or recovered at any cost, says Mulvey. "No amount of money can compensate for some climate loss and damage: lost human lives, cultural heritage, animal and plant species, and ancestral lands are among the most profound impacts," she says. "The sovereignty of a country that has lost its physical territory [due to rising seas, for instance] can't be brought back with money."</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Still, polluters paying for damages would help redress <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211103-the-countries-calling-for-climate-justice" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">global climate injustice</a> and recognise that those who are disproportionately harmed by climate change tend to not be the ones who are responsible for causing it.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">"It would help us think differently about responsibility," says Hanks. "It's about calling out the moral wrong, [and] also imagining the world and those power relations differently."</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Capitalism teaches us a competitive mindset where as a country we shouldn't give money to another country and thus risk our strategic advantage, she adds. "But it is possible to think in more cooperative terms and realise that if [vulnerable nations] are thriving it makes [rich countries] more likely to thrive."</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="**" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">**</i></p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_14" id="dotcom-mid_14" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id="this-story-was-originally-published-on-27/10/22-and-was-updated-on-22/11/2024-with-information-about-the-shell-court-ruling-and-extreme-weather-events-in-2024." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">This story was originally published on 27/10/22 and was updated on 22/11/2024 with information about the Shell court ruling and extreme weather events in 2024. </i></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 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data-analytics_group_name="Watch" class="sc-ba42a659-1 cYqRar"><div data-testid="texas-section" class="sc-ba42a659-2 jqWjKw"><div class="sc-7a382a26-2 lhbHDZ"><div class="sc-7a382a26-1 vyVNI"><hr data-testid="texas-line" class="sc-7a382a26-0 cZNAZj"/></div><div data-testid="section-title-wrapper" class="sc-7a382a26-3 gOPBZn"><div><div class="sc-7a382a26-7 jlJwDB"><span data-testid="texas-title" class="sc-7a382a26-4 gtFsyR">Watch</span></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="texas-grid" class="sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt"><div class="sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT"><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kgbhr9/raja-the-elephant-asking-for-a-road-toll" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp" alt="Roger the elephant asking for a road toll" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Raja the elephant asking for a road toll</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">In Sri Lanka, a charming elephant cheekily halts traffic for treats. </p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">29 Jan 2025</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kg9vy3/inside-the-hidden-world-of-rhino-romance" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp" alt="Inside the hidden world of rhino romance" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Inside the hidden world of rhino romance</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Watch two rhinoceroses involved in a game of 'kiss and chase'.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">24 Jan 2025</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kgb8bw/a-mother-tiger-on-a-fierce-hunt-to-feed-her-cubs" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp" alt="Mother tiger hunts to feed her grown-up cubs" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">A mother tiger on a fierce hunt to feed her cubs</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">While her three offspring take a leisurely bath, this Bengal tiger mother must find food for the entire family.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">16 Jan 2025</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kg9pkz/how-foxes-outsmart-world-s-heaviest-raptor-in-quest-for-food" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp" alt="How foxes outsmart birds in the quest for food" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">How foxes outsmart world's heaviest raptor in quest for food</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Watch red foxes challenge the Steller's sea eagle, the world's heaviest raptor, as they search for food in Japan.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">8 Jan 2025</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kfz5wq/mum-saves-baby-seal-with-a-clever-trick" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kg006p.jpg.webp" alt="A baby seal saved by its mum" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Mum saves baby seal with a clever trick</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Watch as David Attenborough reveals the unique behaviour of a mother seal to protect her pup in icy waters.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">31 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kcdnx2/mountain-goats-a-death-defying-battle-to-mate" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kcf193.jpg.webp" alt="A death-defying battle for mating" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Mountain goats: A death-defying battle to mate</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Watch the world's largest species of goat fight for the right to mate, teetering on the edge of perilous drops.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">17 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kbdxh2/the-near-miraculous-escape-of-a-cave-swift" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp" alt="A near miraculous escape" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">The near miraculous escape of a cave swift</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">The Tam Nam Lod Cave is home to over a quarter of a million swifts. But there are hidden dangers.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">12 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0kb73d9/these-animal-photos-won-funniest-of-the-year" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0kb94qx.jpg.webp" alt="Watch the funniest animal photos of the year" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">These animal photos won funniest of the year</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards held their annual ceremony, crowning the funniest animal photos of 2024.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">11 Dec 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Future Planet</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0k6x6lp/meet-the-mudskipper-the-remarkable-fish-that-lives-on-land" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 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class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jkkyc6/in-australia-sea-lions-help-researchers-map-the-ocean-floor" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jklf59.png.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jklf59.png.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jklf59.png.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jklf59.png.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jklf59.png.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jklf59.png.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jklf59.png.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jklf59.png.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jklf59.png.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jklf59.png.webp" alt="Screenshot 2024 08 20 at 2 00 51 PM min" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">In Australia, sea lions help researchers map the ocean floor</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Researchers in Australia put cameras on sea lions' backs to help them map the elusive ocean floor.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">21 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0cj109h/the-deadly-plants-hiding-in-your-garden" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0chx468.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0chx468.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0chx468.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0chx468.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0chx468.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0chx468.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0chx468.jpg.webp" alt="B5 X2 WA" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">The deadly plants hiding in your garden</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">The Poison Garden at the Alnwick Garden has around 100 toxic, intoxicating, and narcotic plants.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">20 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Nature</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jgsff2/the-scientists-drilling-into-an-active-icelandic-volcano" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jhk026.jpg.webp" alt="The scientists drilling into an anctive Icelandic volcano" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">The scientists drilling into an active Icelandic volcano</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Scientists are preparing to drill into the rock of an Icelandic volcano to learn more about how volcanoes behave.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">17 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Climate solutions</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0cjxx9x/earth-s-spectacular-and-remote-capital-of-lightning" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp" alt="Catatumbo lightning" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Earth's spectacular and remote 'capital' of lightning</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">With storms occurring between 140 to 160 nights a year, it's no wonder the area is a world record holder.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">6 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">World of wonder</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jg7gxh/less-is-more-can-degrowth-save-the-world-" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp" alt="Less is more: Can degrowth save the world?" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Less is more: Can degrowth save the world?</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">The degrowth movement questions the feasibility of the idea of endless economic growth on a finite planet.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">3 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Business</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0jfr9y6/why-is-the-seine-only-kind-of-clean-" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp" alt="Why is the Seine only 'kind of clean'?" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Why is the Seine only 'kind of clean'?</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Despite big investments, the river is still unsafe after heavy rains. Did all the money go down the drain?</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">1 Aug 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo"><div data-testid="edinburgh-card" class="sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/reel/video/p0j9cq51/listen-to-the-secret-coda-of-whales" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="edinburgh-video" class="sc-b8778340-0 bZpnTf"><div data-testid="card-media-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx"><div data-testid="card-media" class="sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ"><div class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp 160w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/240x135/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/800x450/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024x576/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1376x774/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp 1376w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920x1080/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp 1920w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p0jf8x8m.jpg.webp" alt="The secret coda of whales" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div><div data-testid="content-type-label" class="sc-a05a8833-0 kYlOvy"><div data-testid="content-type-icon-wrapper" class="sc-a05a8833-1 dMNBUc"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="30" height="30" category="playback-avkx" icon="play" type="playback-avkx:play" class="sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou"><path d="M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div data-testid="card-text-wrapper" class="sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 knMbnp">Listen to the secret coda of whales</h2></div></div><p data-testid="card-description" class="sc-b8778340-4 fsrXqA">Never before observed intricacies in sperm whale vocalisations reveal structures similar to human language.</p><div class="sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw"><span data-testid="card-metadata-lastupdated" class="sc-6fba5bd4-1 gRptTt">31 Jul 2024</span><div data-testid="card-metadata-separator" class="sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj"></div><span data-testid="card-metadata-tag" class="sc-6fba5bd4-2 leA-DQf">Earth</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></aside><aside data-testid="alaska-section-outer" data-analytics-group="true" 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All rights reserved. <i id="" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> </i>The<i id="bbc" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> BBC </i>is<i id="not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> not responsible for the content of external sites.</i> <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><b id="read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Read about our approach to external linking.</b></a></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"> </p></div></footer></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"page":{"@\"future\",\"article\",\"20221026-what-if-polluters-paid-for-climate-change-loss-and-damage\",":{"id":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future/article/20221026-what-if-polluters-paid-for-climate-change-loss-and-damage","contents":[{"type":"headline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"What if polluters footed the climate bill?","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1732284000000}},{"type":"byline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"contributor","model":{"topicUrl":"future/author/isabelle-gerretsen","blocks":[{"type":"name","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"By Isabelle Gerretsen","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"By Isabelle Gerretsen","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"link","model":{"locator":"urn:bbc:twitter:user:@izzygerretsen","blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"@izzygerretsen","blocks":[{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"@izzygerretsen","locator":"https://twitter.com/izzygerretsen","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"@izzygerretsen","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1732284000000}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Would polluters paying for climate damages ever alleviate the harm done? 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(Credit: Ezra Acayan / Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1533,"width":2300,"locator":"/p0d9psc1.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Ezra Acayan / Getty Images"}}],"emphasiseImage":true}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Should rich countries and fossil fuel companies pay for the climate losses and damages they have caused?","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Should rich countries and fossil fuel companies pay for the climate losses and damages they have caused?","attributes":["bold"]}}]}}],"bodyIntro":true}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"There have been a huge number of deadly weather events in 2024. Floods, heatwaves, droughts, storms and wildfires have wreaked havoc on climate vulnerable countries including India, Brazil, Nigeria, the Philippines, and through much of West and Central Africa, claiming lives and destroying homes and livelihoods.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"There have been a huge number of deadly weather events in 2024. Floods, heatwaves, droughts, storms and wildfires have wreaked havoc on climate vulnerable countries including ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"India","locator":"https://www.cseindia.org/climate-india-2024-an-assessment-of-extreme-weather-events-12460","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"India","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Brazil","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czj98v31jjdo","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Brazil","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Nigeria","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cy43zgyd15vo","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Nigeria","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", the ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Philippines","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg5j1k8w8qo","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Philippines","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", and through much of ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"West and Central Africa","locator":"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/conflict-poverty-and-water-management-issues-exposing-vulnerable-communities-in-africa-to-extreme-floods-that-are-now-common-events-because-of-climate-change/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"West and Central Africa","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", claiming lives and destroying homes and livelihoods.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Climate change is making severe events more frequent. Another country to face huge climate damage in recent years: Pakistan. In August 2022, the country was devastated by catastrophic flooding.","blocks":[{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Climate change is making severe events more frequent","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdxvnk10xz2o","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Climate change is making severe events more frequent","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". Another country to face huge climate damage in recent years: Pakistan. In August 2022, the country was ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"devastated by catastrophic flooding","locator":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-62719659","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"devastated by catastrophic flooding","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":".","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The unprecedented monsoon rains killed more than 1,500 people and left the inundated country with economic damages exceeding $30bn (£27bn). Within a month, a scientific study had concluded the high rainfall was \"likely increased\" by climate change.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The unprecedented monsoon rains ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"killed more than 1,500 people","locator":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-17/pakistan-braces-for-more-floods-after-death-toll-crosses-1-500","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"killed more than 1,500 people","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" and left the inundated country with ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"economic damages exceeding $30bn","locator":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-09/un-chief-seeks-aid-as-pakistan-flood-losses-exceed-30-billion","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"economic damages exceeding $30bn","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" (£27bn). Within a month, ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"a scientific study had concluded","locator":"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-likely-increased-extreme-monsoon-rainfall-flooding-highly-vulnerable-communities-in-pakistan/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"a scientific study had concluded","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" the high rainfall was \"likely increased\" by climate change.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The link between greenhouse gas emissions and extreme weather events already happening today is now well established. Events such as Pakistan's floods, Madagascar cyclones and Somalia's drought are becoming more intense and more frequent due to climate change. They have led to death and destruction and left countries facing immense economic damages, plunging them into debt and diverting funds away from other critical areas, such as healthcare and education.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The link between greenhouse gas emissions and extreme weather events already happening today ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"is now well established","locator":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"is now well established","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". Events such as Pakistan's floods, ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Madagascar cyclones","locator":"https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/climate-change-increased-rainfall-associated-with-tropical-cyclones-hitting-highly-vulnerable-communities-in-madagascar-mozambique-malawi/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Madagascar cyclones","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" and ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Somalia's drought","locator":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/100/6/bams-d-17-0233.1.xml","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Somalia's drought","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" are becoming ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"more intense and more frequent due to climate change","locator":"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-i/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"more intense and more frequent due to climate change","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". They have led to death and destruction and left countries facing immense economic damages, ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"plunging them into debt","locator":"https://debtjustice.org.uk/press-release/lower-income-countries-spend-five-times-more-on-debt-than-dealing-with-climate-change","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"plunging them into debt","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" and diverting funds away from other critical areas, such as healthcare and education.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_1"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"What's more, these impacts are only set to get worse. If global temperatures were to rise by 2.9C, the average GDP of the world's 65 most climate-vulnerable countries will fall by 20% by 2050 and 64% by 2100.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"What's more, these impacts are only set to get worse. If global temperatures were to rise by 2.9C, the average GDP of the world's 65 most climate-vulnerable countries will ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"fall by 20% by 2050 and 64% by 2100","locator":"https://mediacentre.christianaid.org.uk/climate-change-could-cause-64-gdp-hit-to-worlds-vulnerable-countries/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"fall by 20% by 2050 and 64% by 2100","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":".","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"callout","model":{"title":"The US states making polluters pay","blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"In May 2024, Vermont became the first US state to require oil and gas companies to pay for the climate damages they have caused, after signing the Climate Superfund Act into law. The law mandates polluting companies to be financially accountable for their share of climate impacts. New York is currently deliberating a similar mechanism, which would charge fossil fuel companies $3bn (£2.3bn) a year for 25 years to pay for climate damages.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"In May 2024, Vermont became the first US state to require oil and gas companies to pay for the climate damages they have caused, after signing ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"the Climate Superfund Act into law","locator":"https://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2024/S.259?_gl=1*17opp2k*_ga*NTcxNDcyMDI1LjE3MjcwODU4ODY.*_ga_V9WQH77KLW*MTcyNzA4NTg4NS4xLjEuMTcyNzA4NjAwMS4wLjAuMA..","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"the Climate Superfund Act into law","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". The law mandates polluting companies to be financially accountable for their share of climate impacts. New York is currently deliberating a similar mechanism, which would ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"charge fossil fuel companies $3bn (£2.3bn) a year for 25 years","locator":"https://nyassembly.gov/leg/?default_fld=\u0026leg_video=\u0026bn=S02129\u0026term=2023\u0026Summary=Y\u0026Actions=Y\u0026Committee%26nbspVotes=Y\u0026Floor%26nbspVotes=Y\u0026Memo=Y\u0026Text=Y\u0026LFIN=Y\u0026Chamber%26nbspVideo%2FTranscript=Y","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"charge fossil fuel companies $3bn (£2.3bn) a year for 25 years","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" to pay for climate damages.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The discussion of who should pay for climate losses and damages has become a major geopolitical issue and is expected to be high on the agenda at the upcoming Cop27 climate talks in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in November.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The discussion of who should pay for climate losses and damages has become a major geopolitical issue and is expected to be high on the agenda at the upcoming Cop27 climate talks in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in November.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"By 2030, vulnerable nations are likely to face $290-580bn (£260-520bn) in annual climate \"residual damages\" – damages that cannot be prevented with measures to adapt to climate threats. By 2050, the total cost of loss and damage could rise to $1-1.8tn (£890bn-1.6tn).","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"By 2030, vulnerable nations are likely to face ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"$290-580bn (£260-520bn) in annual climate \"residual damages\"","locator":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_14","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"$290-580bn (£260-520bn) in annual climate \"residual damages\"","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" – damages that cannot be prevented with measures to adapt to climate threats. By 2050, the total cost of loss and damage ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"could rise to $1-1.8tn","locator":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_14","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"could rise to $1-1.8tn","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" (£890bn-1.6tn).","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, who has become increasingly more outspoken on the injustices of climate change in recent years, has described the climate crisis as a \"case study in moral and economic justice\". He argues \"polluters must pay\" because \"vulnerable countries need meaningful action.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, who has become increasingly more outspoken on the injustices of climate change in recent years, has described the climate crisis as a ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"\"case study in moral and economic justice\"","locator":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-62970887","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"case study in moral and economic justice\"","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". He argues ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"\"polluters must pay\"","locator":"https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2022-09-20/secretary-generals-address-the-general-assembly-trilingual-delivered-follows-scroll-further-down-for-all-english-and-all-french","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"polluters must pay\"","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" because \"vulnerable countries need meaningful action.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_2"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"As such climate threats become a larger part of our lives, many argue that the countries and companies responsible for the pollution in the first place should be the ones footing bill.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"As such climate threats become a larger part of our lives, ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"many argue that","locator":"https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/10/24/us-coalition-calls-john-kerry-back-loss-and-damage-funding-cop27","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"many argue that","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" the countries and companies responsible for the pollution in the first place should be the ones footing bill.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"So what if we lived in a world where polluters really did pay for the climate damage they have caused? How much would they need to cough up, and would these payouts signal the end of the fossil fuel industry? Would this funding ever be able to alleviate the harm done? And could it mean the world's most vulnerable countries recover from climate disasters and adapt to looming threats?","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"So what if we lived in a world where polluters really did pay for the climate damage they have caused? How much would they need to cough up, and would these payouts signal the end of the fossil fuel industry? Would this funding ever be able to alleviate the harm done? And could it mean the world's most vulnerable countries recover from climate disasters and adapt to looming threats?","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":" ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"video","model":{"locator":"p0k4y1h6","blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"media","model":{"blocks":[{"blockId":"","type":"mediaMetadata","model":{"id":"p0k4y1h6","subType":"clip","format":"audio_video","title":"Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?","synopses":{"short":"Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?","long":"One of the biggest debates over the last few years is how much countries should contribute to a new fund that will help developing countries cope with climate change. Many developing countries feel that the world's biggest polluters — and those that have benefited economically from it — have not paid their fair share of climate finance to date.\n\nBut what is even considered fair? We look at the data and talk to Sarah Colenbrander and Laetitia from the Overseas Development Institute, and Ani Dasgupta from the World Resources Institute to find out why it's such a thorny topic. \n\nVideo by Darryl Laiu.","medium":"What's even considered a \"fair\" amount?"},"imageUrl":"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1920xn/p0k5ccgd.jpg","embedding":true,"advertising":true,"versions":[{"versionId":"p0k4y1hb","duration":186,"warnings":{"short":"","long":""}}],"syndication":{"destinations":[]},"smpKind":"programme"}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1181,"width":2099,"locator":"/p0k5ccgd.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":""}}]}}]}}],"playerPosition":"embedded-0"}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Responsibility for climate change can be seen on several different levels – the actions of governments, companies, communities and individuals can all be linked to emissions.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Responsibility for climate change can be seen ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"on several different levels","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200618-climate-change-who-is-to-blame-and-why-does-it-matter","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"on several different levels","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" – the actions of governments, companies, communities and individuals can all be linked to emissions.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_3"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"A study published earlier this year by Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, in the US, provided the first assessment of countries' liability in fuelling the climate crisis. It concluded that emissions from the US, the world's largest historical emitter, cost the world more than $1.9tn (£1.6tn) in climate damages between 1990 and 2014. The next four largest emitters – China, Russia, India and Brazil – caused a further $4.1tn (£3.6tn) in global economic losses in the same time period. Combined, these losses are equivalent to around 11% of yearly global GDP.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"A ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"study published earlier this year by Dartmouth College","locator":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-022-03387-y","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"study published earlier this year by Dartmouth College","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" in New Hampshire, in the US, provided the first assessment of countries' liability in fuelling the climate crisis. It concluded that emissions from the US, ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"the world's largest historical emitter","locator":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"the world's largest historical emitter","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", cost the world more than $1.9tn (£1.6tn) in climate damages between 1990 and 2014. The next four largest emitters – China, Russia, India and Brazil – caused a further $4.1tn (£3.6tn) in global economic losses in the same time period. Combined, these losses are equivalent to around 11% of yearly global GDP.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"We show that there is a scientific basis for [climate] liability claims,\" says Justin Mankin, co-author of the study and assistant professor of geography at Dartmouth College. \"The science shows that if one country can have detectable damages; one country's foregoing [of] emissions can have detectable benefits. That's really essential… it overturns this narrative of 'what can one country do?'\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"We show that there is a scientific basis for [climate] liability claims,\" says Justin Mankin, co-author of the study and assistant professor of geography at Dartmouth College. \"The science shows that if one country can have detectable damages; one country's foregoing [of] emissions can have detectable benefits. That's really essential… it overturns this narrative of 'what can one country do?'\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"If governments were serious about covering the damage from this harm, countries could establish a loss and damage finance facility under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – the UN's climate change body – which they would pay into in line with their fair share, says Sadie DeCoste, an organiser for Tipping Point UK, a non-profit working on climate justice. The fair share could be calculated based on their historical and ongoing contribution to global emissions, she says.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"If governments were serious about covering the damage from this harm, countries could establish a ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"loss and damage finance facility","locator":"https://us.boell.org/en/2022/05/31/loss-and-damage-finance-facility-why-and-how","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"loss and damage finance facility","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – the UN's climate change body – which they would pay into ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"in line with their fair share","locator":"https://climateactiontracker.org/methodology/cat-rating-methodology/fair-share/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"in line with their fair share","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", says Sadie DeCoste, an organiser for Tipping Point UK, a non-profit working on climate justice. The fair share could be calculated based on their historical and ongoing contribution to global emissions, she says.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Having the fund as part of the UNFCCC process, rather than an external body, would help it to be \"accountable and transparent\" and ensure it is a \"collective commitment to reach an agreed-upon sum\", adds DeCoste. Such a fund should not be based on voluntary commitments made only by the countries that are more willing to pay, she says.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Having the fund as part of the UNFCCC process, rather than an external body, would help it to be \"accountable and transparent\" and ensure it is a \"collective commitment to reach an agreed-upon sum\", adds DeCoste. Such a fund should not be based on voluntary commitments made only by the countries that are more willing to pay, she says.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The world's most climate-vulnerable nations have called for such a facility to be set up, which would assess countries' needs after a climate disaster and request specific funds from governments based on factors including their contribution to global heating. To date, rich countries have strongly resisted these calls, insisting that humanitarian aid is enough to deal with the issue.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The world's most climate-vulnerable nations have called for ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"such a facility","locator":"https://us.boell.org/en/2022/05/31/loss-and-damage-finance-facility-why-and-how","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"such a facility","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" to be set up, which would assess countries' needs after a climate disaster and request specific funds from governments based on factors including their contribution to global heating. To date, rich countries ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"have strongly resisted these calls","locator":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59206814","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"have strongly resisted these calls","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", insisting that humanitarian aid is enough to deal with the issue.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_4"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Funds put forward by polluters would allow vulnerable countries to invest in resilient infrastructure protecting them from extreme events (Credit: Gokhan Balci / Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Funds put forward by polluters would allow vulnerable countries to invest in resilient infrastructure protecting them from extreme events (Credit: Gokhan Balci / Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Funds put forward by polluters would allow vulnerable countries to invest in resilient infrastructure protecting them from extreme events (Credit: Gokhan Balci / Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Funds put forward by polluters would allow vulnerable countries to invest in resilient infrastructure protecting them from extreme events (Credit: Gokhan Balci / Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1467,"width":2200,"locator":"/p0d9mz5y.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Gokhan Balci / Getty Images"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Fossil fuel companies are also increasingly being held accountable for their greenhouse gas emissions. A 2017 report from the CDP, a non-profit, found just 100 fossil fuel companies are responsible for producing 71% of all global greenhouse gases emitted since 1988. Another report from consultancy Profundo and non-profit Transport and Environment concluded that Europe's five biggest oil majors are responsible for some $13tn (£11.5tn) of damage in the past 30 years, including pollution, deteriorating public health and carbon emissions. These companies make enormous profits from extracting and selling fossil fuels, which have fuelled rising temperatures and exacerbated extreme weather events.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Fossil fuel companies are also increasingly being held accountable for their greenhouse gas emissions. A 2017 report from the CDP, a non-profit, found just 100 fossil fuel companies are ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"responsible for producing 71% of all global greenhouse gases emitted","locator":"https://www.cdp.net/en/articles/media/new-report-shows-just-100-companies-are-source-of-over-70-of-emissions","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"responsible for producing 71% of all global greenhouse gases emitted","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" since 1988. Another ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"report","locator":"https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/big-oils-historical-debt-uncovered/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"report","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" from consultancy Profundo and non-profit Transport and Environment concluded that Europe's five biggest oil majors are responsible for some $13tn (£11.5tn) of damage in the past 30 years, including pollution, deteriorating public health and carbon emissions. These companies make enormous profits from extracting and selling fossil fuels, which have ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"fuelled rising temperatures and exacerbated extreme weather events","locator":"https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"fuelled rising temperatures and exacerbated extreme weather events","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":".","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"If the world's biggest fossil fuel companies were held accountable for these emissions, they could be forced to pay an annual sum, based on their share of global carbon pollution that has been emitted over the past 20 years, into a polluters-pay climate fund. This could help developing countries deal with climate impacts and the costs of transitioning to clean energy.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"If the world's biggest fossil fuel companies were held accountable for these emissions, they could be forced to pay an annual sum, based on their share of global carbon pollution that has been emitted over the past 20 years, into a ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"polluters-pay climate fund","locator":"https://www.makepolluterspaybill.com/the-plan","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"polluters-pay climate fund","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". This could help developing countries deal with climate impacts and the costs of transitioning to clean energy.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"More like this:","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"More like this:","attributes":["italic"]}}]}}]}},{"type":"unorderedList","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"listItem","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"How limitless green energy would change the world","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20221006-what-would-happen-if-we-had-limitless-green-energy","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"How limitless green energy would change the world","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"listItem","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Who will pay for the damage caused by climate change?","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211213-who-will-pay-for-the-damage-caused-by-climate-change","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Who will pay for the damage caused by climate change?","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"listItem","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"How to stop storms killing women","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220719-how-bangladesh-system-fights-cyclones-climate-disasters","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"How to stop storms killing women","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_5"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Polluters could also be made to pay for any ongoing emissions via an international tax on fossil fuel extraction, as proposed by a coalition of climate vulnerable nations. Here, companies would be taxed for each tonne of coal, oil or gas they extract. Starting at a low rate and increasing every year, such a tax could raise billions to help countries rebuild and recover from disasters.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Polluters could also be made to pay for any ongoing emissions via an international tax on ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"fossil fuel extraction","locator":"https://www.stampoutpoverty.org/climate-damages-tax/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"fossil fuel extraction","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", as proposed by a coalition of climate vulnerable nations. Here, companies would be taxed for each tonne of coal, oil or gas they extract. Starting at a low rate and increasing every year, ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"such a tax could raise billions","locator":"https://www.stampoutpoverty.org/climate-damages-tax/#:~:text=The%20Climate%20Damages%20Tax%20(CDT,countries%20devastated%20by%20climate%20change.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"such a tax could raise billions","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" to help countries rebuild and recover from disasters.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"[A climate damages tax] is a way of establishing accountability and responsibility,\" says DeCoste. It opens up a conversation about how polluters can provide vulnerable countries with enough funding to adapt to the climate threats they are facing, she says. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"[A climate damages tax] is a way of establishing accountability and responsibility,\" says DeCoste. It opens up a conversation about how polluters can provide vulnerable countries with enough funding to adapt to the climate threats they are facing, she says. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Some governments today are already considering taxing the windfall profits of fossil fuel companies that benefit from high energy prices. Some of the revenues raised by such a tax could help vulnerable communities recover from extreme events, such as droughts and floods. However, a major limitation of this in the long run is that windfall taxes on fossil fuel companies are only intended to be temporary. \"We need to ensure fossil fuel companies are taxed effectively and consistently all the time, not just with one-off windfall taxes,\" says Olivia Hanks, climate justice lead at the faith group Quakers in Britain.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Some governments today are ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"already considering taxing the windfall profits of fossil fuel companies","locator":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60295177","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"already considering taxing the windfall profits of fossil fuel companies","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" that benefit from high energy prices. Some of the revenues raised by such a tax ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"could help vulnerable communities recover from extreme events","locator":"https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/09/20/un-chief-windfall-tax-on-oil-and-gas-can-pay-for-loss-and-damage/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"could help vulnerable communities recover from extreme events","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", such as droughts and floods. However, a major limitation of this in the long run is that windfall taxes on fossil fuel companies are only intended to be temporary. \"We need to ensure fossil fuel companies are taxed effectively and consistently all the time, not just with one-off windfall taxes,\" says Olivia Hanks, climate justice lead at the faith group Quakers in Britain.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"However, since governments also need to set a timeline for rapid phaseout of coal, oil and gas, fossil fuel taxes could only fund climate losses and damages temporarily, says Hanks – meaning other sources of finance will also be needed to pay for climate damages.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"However, since governments also need to set a timeline for rapid phaseout of coal, oil and gas, fossil fuel taxes could only fund climate losses and damages temporarily, says Hanks – meaning other sources of finance will also be needed to pay for climate damages.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Industries which use a lot of fossil fuels, such as aviation and bunker shipping, could also be taxed to generate the necessary funds to pay for those suffering the impacts of climate change. Unsustainable behaviours, such as frequent flying and eating red meat, could also be taxed to raise finance for countries devastated by climate change, says DeCoste. The most polluting behaviours tend to be associated with the lifestyle of a small numbers of people with very high incomes – just 1% of the global population is responsible for 50% of flying emissions, for example, while 90% of people have never flown.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Industries which use a lot of fossil fuels, such as ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"aviation and bunker shipping","locator":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2022.2112017?scroll=top\u0026needAccess=true","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"aviation and bunker shipping","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", could also be taxed to generate the necessary funds to pay for those suffering the impacts of climate change. Unsustainable behaviours, such as frequent flying and eating red meat, could also be taxed to raise finance for countries devastated by climate change, says DeCoste. The most polluting behaviours tend to be associated with ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"the lifestyle of a small numbers of people with very high incomes","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211025-climate-how-to-make-the-rich-pay-for-their-carbon-emissions","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"the lifestyle of a small numbers of people with very high incomes","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" – just ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"1% of the global population is responsible for 50% of flying emissions","locator":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378020307779","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"1% of the global population is responsible for 50% of flying emissions","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", for example, while 90% of people have never flown.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_6"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Airline travel levies, which would increase with each additional flight the individual takes, are a \"fair, feasible, and suitable\" way to raise loss and damage funds, some researchers say. They could generate up to $5-10bn (£4-9bn) each year, be easily collected at international flight departures, and be channelled to vulnerable communities through international bodies like the Green Climate Fund, which was set up to help developing countries reduce their emissions and adapt to climate impacts.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Airline travel levies, which would increase with ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"each additional flight the individual takes","locator":"https://stay-grounded.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/progressive-ticket-tax-frequent-flyer-levy.pdf","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"each additional flight the individual takes","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", are a ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"\"fair, feasible, and suitable\"","locator":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2022.2112017","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"fair, feasible, and suitable\"","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" way to raise loss and damage funds, some researchers say. They could generate up to ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"$5-10bn (£4-9bn)","locator":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21550085.2017.1342963","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"$5-10bn (£4-9bn)","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" each year","attributes":[]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", be easily collected at international flight departures, and be channelled to vulnerable communities through international bodies like the ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Green Climate Fund","locator":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/science-environment-30125443","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Green Climate Fund","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":", which was set up to help developing countries reduce their emissions and adapt to climate impacts.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Industries which use a lot of fossil fuels, such as aviation, could be taxed to generate the necessary funds for climate disaster victims (Credit: Joe Sohm / Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Industries which use a lot of fossil fuels, such as aviation, could be taxed to generate the necessary funds for climate disaster victims (Credit: Joe Sohm / Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Industries which use a lot of fossil fuels, such as aviation, could be taxed to generate the necessary funds for climate disaster victims (Credit: Joe Sohm / Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Industries which use a lot of fossil fuels, such as aviation, could be taxed to generate the necessary funds for climate disaster victims (Credit: Joe Sohm / Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1466,"width":2200,"locator":"/p0d9mvfw.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Joe Sohm / Getty Images"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Redirecting public money which currently supports polluting activities towards supporting those suffering the impacts of climate change could also make a huge difference. A recent report estimated that governments around the world currently spend a staggering $1.9tn (£1.3tn) each year on environmentally harmful subsidies, such as support for fossil fuel production and for intensive agriculture. This is equivalent to around 2% of annual global GDP – money that in many cases could instead be used to support victims of climate disasters.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Redirecting public money which currently supports polluting activities towards supporting those suffering the impacts of climate change could also make a huge difference. A recent report estimated that governments around the ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"world currently spend a staggering $1.9tn (£1.3tn) each year on","locator":"https://www.earthtrack.net/document/protecting-nature-reforming-environmentally-harmful-subsidies-role-business","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"world currently spend a staggering $1.9tn (£1.3tn) each year on","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" environmentally harmful subsidies, such as support for fossil fuel production and for intensive agriculture. This is equivalent to around 2% of annual global GDP – money that in many cases could instead be used to support victims of climate disasters.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Governments would play an important role in redistributing money in these ways, but the courts are another important avenue through which victims of climate disasters could compensated. Recent advances in the science of \"climate attribution\" are especially important here.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Governments would play an important role in redistributing money in these ways, but the courts are another important avenue through which victims of climate disasters could compensated. Recent advances in ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"the science of \"climate attribution\"","locator":"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/understanding-climate/attributing-extreme-weather-to-climate-change","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"the science of \"climate attribution\"","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" are especially important here.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"Climate attribution allows us to quantify the contributions of particular fossil fuel producers on impacts such as global average temperature increase, sea level rise, and ocean acidification,\" says Kathy Mulvey, climate accountability campaign director at the Union of Concerned Scientists in the US.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"Climate attribution allows us to quantify the contributions of particular fossil fuel producers on impacts such as global average temperature increase, sea level rise, and ocean acidification,\" says Kathy Mulvey, climate accountability campaign director at the Union of Concerned Scientists in the US.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_7"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Ongoing scientific advances in this area will enable lawyers to bring more cases against polluters, says Richard Wiles, president of the Center for Climate Integrity, an advocacy organisation in the US that works to hold polluters accountable. (Read more about why climate lawsuits are surging).","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Ongoing scientific advances in this area will enable lawyers to bring more cases against polluters, says Richard Wiles, president of the Center for Climate Integrity, an advocacy organisation in the US that works to hold polluters accountable. ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"(Read more about ","attributes":["italic"]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"why climate lawsuits are surging","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211207-the-legal-battle-against-climate-change","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"why climate lawsuits are surging","attributes":["italic"]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":").","attributes":["italic"]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"One 2014 study has been particularly influential in bringing more court cases against polluters, says Wiles. The study, written by Richard Heede from the Climate Accountability Institute, established a causal link between the actions of fossil fuel companies and climate impacts. It identified 90 fossil fuel and cement producers, dubbed the \"carbon majors\", as being collectively responsible for 63% of global emissions since the industrial revolution, and pinpointed the share of emissions each of these companies are responsible for.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"One 2014 study has been particularly influential in bringing more court cases against polluters, says Wiles. The study, written by Richard Heede from the Climate Accountability Institute, established a ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"causal link between the actions of fossil fuel companies and climate impacts","locator":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"causal link between the actions of fossil fuel companies and climate impacts","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". It identified 90 fossil fuel and cement producers, dubbed the \"carbon majors\", as being collectively responsible for 63% of global emissions since the industrial revolution, and pinpointed the share of emissions each of these companies are responsible for.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"This was critical to getting [legal] cases off the ground,\" says Wiles. \"[As a lawyer], you needed to be able to say that Exxon was responsible for a portion of those damages with data and that the company you're accusing of crimes can actually be proven to have contributed to the damage.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"This was critical to getting [legal] cases off the ground,\" says Wiles. \"[As a lawyer], you needed to be able to say that Exxon was responsible for a portion of those damages with data and that the company you're accusing of crimes can actually be proven to have contributed to the damage.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"A spokesperson for ExxonMobil says the company has \"long acknowledged the reality and risks of climate change and has devoted significant resources to addressing those risks.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"A spokesperson for ExxonMobil says the company has \"long acknowledged the reality and risks of climate change and has devoted significant resources to addressing those risks.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"We have announced our ambition to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions for operated assets by 2050,\" he says, adding that the company is developing roadmaps for reducing emissions from its facilities and assets.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"We have announced our ambition to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions for operated assets by 2050,\" he says, adding that the company is developing roadmaps for reducing emissions from its facilities and assets.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_8"},{"type":"quote","model":{"text":"A climate damages tax is a way of establishing accountability and responsibility – Sadie DeCoste","quoteSource":"","quoteSourceTitle":""}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"An important case which aims to use attribution science to sue for climate damages is a lawsuit brought by a Peruvian farmer against Germany's largest utility company, RWE. The lawsuit is the first case of its kind and could set a precedent for whether polluters should provide compensation for climate damages on a pro rata basis.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"An important case which aims to use attribution science to sue for climate damages is a lawsuit brought by a Peruvian farmer against Germany's largest utility company, RWE. The lawsuit is the first case of its kind and could set a precedent for whether polluters should provide compensation for climate damages on a pro rata basis.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"In the case, which is ongoing, farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya aims to hold RWE accountable for the role of its emissions in melting a glacier above his hometown, Huaraz, in the Peruvian Andes. Lliuya says RWE should pay 0.47% of the cost of building flood defences to protect Huaraz – which would amount to around €20,000 (£17,600;, $19,600). The amount is based on an update to Heede's study by the Climate Accountability Institute which attributes this share of global emissions to RWE.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"In the case, which is ongoing, farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya aims to hold RWE accountable for the role of its emissions in melting a glacier above his hometown, Huaraz, in the Peruvian Andes. Lliuya says RWE should pay 0.47% of the cost of building flood defences to protect Huaraz – which would amount to around €20,000 (£17,600;, $19,600). The amount is based on ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"an update to Heede's study","locator":"https://climateaccountability.org/pdf/CAI%20PressRelease%20Dec20.pdf","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"an update to Heede's study","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" by the Climate Accountability Institute which attributes this share of global emissions to RWE.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Lliuya's lawyers are building their case on climate attribution science, including a 2021 study which concluded that the melting of the Palcaraju glacier is \"entirely attributable\" to rising temperatures and that the change geometry of the glacial lake and valley has \"substantially increased the outburst flood hazard\".","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Lliuya's lawyers are building their case on climate attribution science, including a 2021 study which concluded that the ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"melting of the Palcaraju glacier is \"entirely attributable\" to rising temperatures","locator":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00686-4","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"melting of the Palcaraju glacier is \"entirely attributable\" to rising temperatures","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" and that the change geometry of the glacial lake and valley has \"substantially increased the outburst flood hazard\".","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"We have a very clear picture of climate change being responsible for creating this very large lake that now threatens a city,\" says Rupert Stuart-Smith, the study's lead author and a research associate in climate science and the law at the Oxford Sustainable Law Programme.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"We have a very clear picture of climate change being responsible for creating this very large lake that now threatens a city,\" says Rupert Stuart-Smith, the study's lead author and a research associate in climate science and the law at the Oxford Sustainable Law Programme.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_9"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The power of precedent \"could mean that we will see more and more successful claims being brought before courts,\" he says. These could potentially be in jurisdictions across the globe and target a great number of companies, he adds. \"If corporations with large emissions can be held responsible for their impact, then it could really be a game changer for pay action [polluters paying for climate damages] in many ways.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The power of precedent \"could mean that we will see more and more successful claims being brought before courts,\" he says. These could potentially be in jurisdictions across the globe and target a great number of companies, he adds. \"If corporations with large emissions can be held responsible for their impact, then it could really be a game changer for pay action [polluters paying for climate damages] in many ways.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya is suing RWE for the role of its emissions in melting a glacier above his hometown in the Peruvian Andes (Credit: Luka Gonzales / Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya is suing RWE for the role of its emissions in melting a glacier above his hometown in the Peruvian Andes (Credit: Luka Gonzales / Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya is suing RWE for the role of its emissions in melting a glacier above his hometown in the Peruvian Andes (Credit: Luka Gonzales / Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Farmer Saúl Luciano Lliuya is suing RWE for the role of its emissions in melting a glacier above his hometown in the Peruvian Andes (Credit: Luka Gonzales / Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1920,"width":2880,"locator":"/p0d9mtk4.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Luka Gonzales / Getty Images"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"If court cases and taxes which made fossil fuel companies more accountable for the impact of their emissions did pile in, would this be the death knell for the industry – the end of coal, oil and gas?","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"If court cases and taxes which made fossil fuel companies more accountable for the impact of their emissions did pile in, would this be the death knell for the industry – the end of coal, oil and gas?","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"It would certainly incentivise fossil fuel companies to switch to producing clean energy, such as wind and solar, instead of producing more carbon-intensive fuels, says Hanks. \"If polluters knew they had to pay the full cost of their activities, we'd see the energy transition happen much faster.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"It would certainly incentivise fossil fuel companies to switch to producing clean energy, such as wind and solar, instead of producing more carbon-intensive fuels, says Hanks. \"If polluters knew they had to pay the full cost of their activities, we'd see the energy transition happen much faster.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Could this bankrupt fossil fuel companies? \"If polluters are held responsible for the harm done as a result of their emissions, then you could be looking at vast sums of money,\" says Stuart-Smith. \"I don't think it is unreasonable to talk about numbers in the billions of dollars. We could see payouts large enough that they would substantially impact [fossil fuel companies'] profits.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Could this bankrupt fossil fuel companies? \"If polluters are held responsible for the harm done as a result of their emissions, then you could be looking at vast sums of money,\" says Stuart-Smith. \"I don't think it is unreasonable to talk about numbers in the billions of dollars. We could see payouts large enough that they would substantially impact [fossil fuel companies'] profits.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_10"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The fossil fuel industry is estimated to have made $2.8bn (£2.5bn) in profits per day over the last 50 years – $1tn (£891bn) a year and a staggering total of $52tn (£46tn). In a scenario where fossil fuel companies were asked to foot the entire bill of climate damages (projected to reach $290-580bn (£260-520bn) per year by 2030), this is equivalent to roughly 30-60% of their current annual profits.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The fossil fuel industry is estimated to have made ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"$2.8bn (£2.5bn) in profits per day","locator":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/21/revealed-oil-sectors-staggering-profits-last-50-years","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"$2.8bn (£2.5bn) in profits per day","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" over the last 50 years – $1tn (£891bn) a year and a staggering total of $52tn (£46tn). In a scenario where fossil fuel companies were asked to foot the entire bill of climate damages (projected to reach ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"$290-580bn (£260-520bn) per year by 2030","locator":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_14","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"$290-580bn (£260-520bn) per year by 2030","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"), this is equivalent to roughly 30-60% of their current annual profits.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Lawsuits can also directly impact a polluter's business model going forwards, adds Stuart-Smith. \"We're seeing cases brought, for instance, challenging corporate and national emission reduction plans as inadequate,\" he says. A 2021 Dutch court ruling, for example, ordered Shell to reduce its emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on climate change. In November 2024, the oil giant won a landmark case after the Hague Court of Appeal overturned the earlier ruling requiring Shell to cut its carbon emissions by 45%, stating that it could not establish that the company had a \"social standard of care\" to reduce its emissions by any amount.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Lawsuits can also directly impact a polluter's business model going forwards, adds Stuart-Smith. \"We're seeing cases brought, for instance, challenging corporate and national emission reduction plans as inadequate,\" he says. A 2021 Dutch court ruling, for example, ordered ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Shell to reduce its emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on climate change.","locator":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-57257982","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Shell to reduce its emissions in line with the Paris Agreement on climate change.","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" In November 2024, ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"the oil giant won a landmark case","locator":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx240l9xq2yo","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"the oil giant won a landmark case","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" after the Hague Court of Appeal overturned the earlier ruling requiring Shell to cut its carbon emissions by 45%, stating that it could not establish that the company had a \"social standard of care\" to reduce its emissions by any amount.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The ramifications of lawsuits go beyond any direct damages paid by the companies, says Wiles. \"[The real damage] is the reputational risk and the loss of their social license.\" He compares this to the reputational damage the tobacco and opioid industries suffered after they were forced to disclose the health risks associated with their products and make public key documents which highlighted these. In the case of opioids, this disclosure led to hundreds of new lawsuits seeking to hold the industry accountable. This could also happen to the fossil fuel industry, Wiles notes. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The ramifications of lawsuits go beyond any direct damages paid by the companies, says Wiles. \"[The real damage] is the reputational risk and the loss of their social license.\" He compares this to the reputational damage the tobacco and opioid industries suffered after they were forced to disclose the health risks associated with their products and ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"make public key documents","locator":"https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-courts-secrecy-judges/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"make public key documents","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" which highlighted these. In the case of opioids, ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"this disclosure led to hundreds of new lawsuits","locator":"https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-courts-secrecy-judges/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"this disclosure led to hundreds of new lawsuits","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" seeking to hold the industry accountable. This could also happen to the fossil fuel industry, Wiles notes. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"For climate-vulnerable countries, funds put forward by polluters would be a lifeline. The long-term finance would allow them to invest in resilient infrastructure protecting them from extreme events, such as hurricanes and floods, as well as slow-moving threats, such as rising seas.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"For climate-vulnerable countries, funds put forward by polluters would be a lifeline. The long-term finance would allow them to invest in resilient infrastructure protecting them from extreme events, such as hurricanes and floods, as well as slow-moving threats, such as rising seas.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"quote","model":{"text":"Funds put forward by polluters would be a lifeline for climate vulnerable nations","quoteSource":"","quoteSourceTitle":""}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_11"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The money would also enable countries to strengthen their public health systems and cover the climate-related health costs, such as waterborne diseases, which are increasing due to climate change.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The money would also enable countries to strengthen their public health systems and cover the climate-related health costs, such as waterborne diseases, which are ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"increasing due to climate change","locator":"https://wellcome.org/news/how-climate-change-affects-waterborne-diseases","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"increasing due to climate change","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":".","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"It could also provide compensation for workers losing jobs in polluting industries. The global coal industry, for example, is estimated to lose 4.7 million jobs in the clean energy transition, while the mining industry is expected to lose 4 million jobs. Compensation could also support workers who have lost their jobs due to climate impacts, such as farmers and fishers, says Mulvey.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"It could also provide compensation for workers losing jobs in polluting industries. The global coal industry, for example, is estimated to lose ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"4.7 million jobs","locator":"https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/publication/global-perspective-on-coal-jobs-and-managing-labor-transition-out-of-coal","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"4.7","attributes":[]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" million","attributes":[]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" jobs","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" in the clean energy transition, while the mining industry is expected to lose ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"4 million","locator":"https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/extractives/why-does-extractives-matter","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"4 million","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" jobs. Compensation could also support workers who have lost their jobs due to climate impacts, such as farmers and fishers, says Mulvey.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Advances in the field of climate attribution are enabling lawyers to bring more cases against polluters (Credit: Arroyo Fernandez / Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Advances in the field of climate attribution are enabling lawyers to bring more cases against polluters (Credit: Arroyo Fernandez / Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Advances in the field of climate attribution are enabling lawyers to bring more cases against polluters (Credit: Arroyo Fernandez / Getty Images)","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Advances in the field of climate attribution are enabling lawyers to bring more cases against polluters (Credit: Arroyo Fernandez / Getty Images)","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":1530,"width":2300,"locator":"/p0d9pwdp.jpg","originCode":"ic","copyrightHolder":"Arroyo Fernandez / Getty Images"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Many developing countries are heavily reliant on fossil fuels to meet their energy needs and grow their economies. \"But the path to development is dirty; it's industrialisation,\" says Mankin.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Many developing countries are heavily reliant on fossil fuels to meet their energy needs and grow their economies. \"But the path to development is dirty; it's industrialisation,\" says Mankin.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Mankin says it is unclear whether loss and damage funding would put these countries on a cleaner path and allow them to develop and at the same time adapt to climate threats. But Hanks says loss and damage finance would create \"financial and decision-making space\" for developing countries to focus on the energy transition, rather than having to \"relentlessly deal with disaster after disaster with no money to do so\".","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Mankin says it is unclear whether loss and damage funding would put these countries on a cleaner path and allow them to develop and at the same time adapt to climate threats. But Hanks says loss and damage finance would create \"financial and decision-making space\" for developing countries to focus on the energy transition, rather than having to \"relentlessly deal with disaster after disaster with no money to do so\".","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_12"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Loss and damage finance could also make a huge difference for people who have been permanently displaced due to climate change. It is estimated that by 2050 up to 216 million people will be forced to leave their homes due to climate impacts such as water scarcity, declining crop productivity and sea-level rise.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Loss and damage finance could also make a huge difference for people who have been permanently displaced due to climate change. It is estimated that by 2050 up to ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"216 million people will be forced to leave their homes","locator":"https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/millions-move-what-climate-change-could-mean-internal-migration#:~:text=The%20findings%20of%20our%20new,to%20areas%20that%20offer%20opportunities.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"216 million people will be forced to leave their homes","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" due to climate impacts such as water scarcity, declining crop productivity and sea-level rise.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The money could also pay for the restoration of vital ecosystems, such as mangroves and coral reefs, which have been damaged or destroyed by storms and floods and can provide vital protection against climate impacts.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The money could also pay for the restoration of vital ecosystems, such as ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"mangroves","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"mangroves","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" and coral reefs, which have been damaged or destroyed by storms and floods and can provide vital protection against climate impacts.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"callout","model":{"title":"CARBON COUNT","blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. Find out more about how we calculated this figure here.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. ","attributes":["italic"]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"Find out more about how we calculated this figure here.","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Find out more about how we calculated this figure here.","attributes":["italic","bold"]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":" ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"In a world where polluters did pay their fair share, would it be enough to compensate communities for the losses they have suffered? Wiles says no matter what is paid it will \"never be enough\", because many communities will continue to see climate impacts into the future.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"In a world where polluters did pay their fair share, would it be enough to compensate communities for the losses they have suffered? Wiles says no matter what is paid it will \"never be enough\", because many communities will continue to see climate impacts into the future.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_13"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"What's more, there are some climate impacts which polluters could never pay for – because they cannot be quantified or recovered at any cost, says Mulvey. \"No amount of money can compensate for some climate loss and damage: lost human lives, cultural heritage, animal and plant species, and ancestral lands are among the most profound impacts,\" she says. \"The sovereignty of a country that has lost its physical territory [due to rising seas, for instance] can't be brought back with money.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"What's more, there are some climate impacts which polluters could never pay for – because they cannot be quantified or recovered at any cost, says Mulvey. \"No amount of money can compensate for some climate loss and damage: lost human lives, cultural heritage, animal and plant species, and ancestral lands are among the most profound impacts,\" she says. \"The sovereignty of a country that has lost its physical territory [due to rising seas, for instance] can't be brought back with money.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Still, polluters paying for damages would help redress global climate injustice and recognise that those who are disproportionately harmed by climate change tend to not be the ones who are responsible for causing it.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Still, polluters paying for damages would help redress ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"global climate injustice","locator":"https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211103-the-countries-calling-for-climate-justice","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"global climate injustice","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" and recognise that those who are disproportionately harmed by climate change tend to not be the ones who are responsible for causing it.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"It would help us think differently about responsibility,\" says Hanks. \"It's about calling out the moral wrong, [and] also imagining the world and those power relations differently.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"It would help us think differently about responsibility,\" says Hanks. \"It's about calling out the moral wrong, [and] also imagining the world and those power relations differently.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Capitalism teaches us a competitive mindset where as a country we shouldn't give money to another country and thus risk our strategic advantage, she adds. \"But it is possible to think in more cooperative terms and realise that if [vulnerable nations] are thriving it makes [rich countries] more likely to thrive.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Capitalism teaches us a competitive mindset where as a country we shouldn't give money to another country and thus risk our strategic advantage, she adds. \"But it is possible to think in more cooperative terms and realise that if [vulnerable nations] are thriving it makes [rich countries] more likely to thrive.\"","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"**","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"**","attributes":["italic"]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_14"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"This story was originally published on 27/10/22 and was updated on 22/11/2024 with information about the Shell court ruling and extreme weather events in 2024. 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