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When used by scientists, it means robustly supported science, confirmed by multiple peer-reviewed studies. When used in politics (generally by wingnuts), it means ideologically sound science, i.e. a euphemism for industry-funded pseudoscientific bullshit."/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&action=edit"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="RationalWiki (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="RationalWiki Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RationalWiki"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Sound science"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Sound science has two meanings. When used by scientists, it means robustly supported science, confirmed by multiple peer-reviewed studies. When used in politics (generally by wingnuts), it means ideologically sound science, i.e. a euphemism for industry-funded pseudoscientific bullshit."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Sound_science"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sound_science rootpage-Sound_science skin-vector action-view minerva--history-page-action-enabled skin-vector-legacy"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><div id="localNotice" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="2025_RationalWiki_.27Oregon_Plan.27_Fundraiser"> <table role="presentation" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left;"><big><center><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">2025 RationalWiki 'Oregon Plan' Fundraiser</a></b></center></big> <p><b>There is no RationalWiki without you.</b> We are a small non-profit with no staff—we are hundreds of volunteers who document pseudoscience and crankery around the world every day. 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id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #008080; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#008080"><b>Not just a river in Egypt</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism"><font size="4" color="white"><b>Denialism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#dcebeb;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Denialism" title="Category:Denialism"><img alt="Icon denialism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/c/ca/Icon_denialism.svg/100px-Icon_denialism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/ca/Icon_denialism.svg/150px-Icon_denialism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/ca/Icon_denialism.svg/200px-Icon_denialism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#008080; text-align:center;"><b>Alternative facts</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dcebeb;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_single_proof" title="One single proof">One single proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_tactic" title="Uncertainty tactic">Uncertainty tactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning_Christian_story" title="Drowning Christian story">Drowning Christian story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapetomania" title="Drapetomania">Drapetomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate" title="Gamergate">Gamergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth_debunks_-_The_conspiracy" title="Flat Earth debunks - The conspiracy">Flat Earth debunks - The conspiracy</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#008080; text-align:center;"><b>♫ We're not listening ♫</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#dcebeb;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Everett" title="John Everett">John Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiree_Jennings" title="Desiree Jennings">Desiree Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corr" title="Jim Corr">Jim Corr</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:DenialismSide" title="Template:DenialismSide">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DenialismSide" title="Template talk:DenialismSide">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:DenialismSide&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF"><b>Oh no, they're talking about</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Politics</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#97DEFF;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics"><img alt="Icon politics.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/f/f2/Icon_politics.svg/100px-Icon_politics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/f2/Icon_politics.svg/150px-Icon_politics.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/f2/Icon_politics.svg/200px-Icon_politics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>Theory</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms of</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>Practice</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy"><font color="white">Philosophies</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anarchism" title="National anarchism">National anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terms" title="Category:Political terms"><font color="white">Terms</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymander" title="Gerrymander">Gerrymander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical feminism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>As usual</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Action" title="Antifascist Action">Antifascist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>Country sections</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <center><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_politics" title="Category:United States politics"><img alt="United States politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_politics" title="Category:British politics"><img alt="British politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_politics" title="Category:Canadian politics"><img alt="Canadian politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/53px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/70px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_politics" title="Category:Chinese politics"><img alt="Chinese politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/53px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:French_politics" title="Category:French politics"><img alt="French politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/120px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:German_politics" title="Category:German politics"><img alt="German politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/53px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/70px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_politics" title="Category:Indian politics"><img alt="Indian politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/53px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/70px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_politics" title="Category:Iranian politics"><img alt="Iranian politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="20" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Israeli_politics" title="Category:Israeli politics"><img alt="Israeli politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/35px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="25" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/53px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/70px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_politics" title="Category:Japanese politics"><img alt="Japanese politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:South_Korean_politics" title="Category:South Korean politics"><img alt="South Korean politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/120px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_politics" title="Category:Turkish politics"><img alt="Turkish politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/53px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/70px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </center> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics" title="Template:Politics">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics" title="Template talk:Politics">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Soundness" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundness">sound logic</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">science of soundwaves</a>.</div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>...it seemed that by "sound science" the administration meant science that gave the "right" predetermined answer.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sound science</b> has two meanings. When used by <a href="/wiki/Scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientist">scientists</a>, it means robustly supported science, confirmed by multiple <a href="/wiki/Peer-review" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-review">peer-reviewed</a> studies. When used in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> (generally by <a href="/wiki/Wingnut" title="Wingnut">wingnuts</a>), it means <a href="/wiki/Policy-based_evidence_making" title="Policy-based evidence making"><i>ideologically</i></a> sound science, i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for industry-funded <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> <a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">bullshit</a>. </p><p>It is difficult to pin down the exact political meaning because it is a <a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">weasel phrase</a>. It seems to be most often used to mean "some bogus 'research' we just <a href="/wiki/PIDOOMA" title="PIDOOMA">cooked up</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>". Alternatively, it can also be a play on the <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_tactic" title="Uncertainty tactic">uncertainty tactic</a> by demanding <a href="/wiki/Release_the_data" title="Release the data">100% definitive, irrefutable proof</a> of something before it is deemed an "acceptable" scientific foundation for policy. If, for example, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> agencies issue inconvenient warnings about <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> or environmental degradation, politicians may dismiss them as "<a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">junk science</a>" because they allegedly "<a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">ignore a great deal of uncertainty on this issue</a>," and demand "sound science" in their place, as happened under the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration over such controversial topics as the link between junk food and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mercury" title="Mercury">mercury</a> in power station smokestacks and mercury <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> of water sources; the <a href="/wiki/Manufactroversy" title="Manufactroversy">debate</a> over anthropogenic climate change; possible links between <a href="/wiki/Second-hand_smoke" title="Second-hand smoke">smoke inhalation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and the like. Such demands for exact certainty are not in line with mainstream scientific practice and downplay the fact that a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">substantial consensus</a> may already exist. </p><p>An opposite phrase that almost always appears alongside "sound science" is "junk science", which roughly translates not to pseudoscience, but established science that goes against a rigid ideology or might cut into the funder's <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">profits</a>. The term is most commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">anti-environmental</a> <a href="/wiki/Astroturf" title="Astroturf">astroturf</a> campaigns and, sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationists</a>. In any case, the "sound/junk science" dichotomy is usually a sign that blatant pseudoscience is involved. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Astroturf_and_Republican_usage"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Astroturf and Republican usage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Creationism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Creationism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Other_uses"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Other uses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#No_relation_to"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">No relation to</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Astroturf_and_Republican_usage">Astroturf and Republican usage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Astroturf and Republican usage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main articles on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Astroturf" title="Astroturf">Astroturf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">Republican Party</a></div> <p>It is unknown exactly where the term originated from, but its earliest usage seems to come from an astroturf campaign initiated by <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> companies to <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">deny</a> the risks of second-hand smoke in the early 1990s. In 1994, Philip Morris and a <a href="/wiki/PR" class="mw-redirect" title="PR">PR</a> firm created "<a href="/wiki/TASSC" class="mw-redirect" title="TASSC">The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC)</a>," headed up by <a href="/wiki/Experts_for_hire" class="mw-redirect" title="Experts for hire">industry-backed</a> <a href="/wiki/Shyster" title="Shyster">shysters</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Milloy" title="Steve Milloy">Steve "the Junkman" Milloy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fumento" title="Michael Fumento">Michael Fumento</a>. TASSC's site hosted Milloy's "Junk Science" page until it went defunct in the late 1990s (though the site lives on to this day, unfortunately), which spread copious amounts of denialism, including second-hand smoke denial, <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> denial, and global warming denial. </p><p>Various Republican officials have invoked the "sound/junk science" phraseology. Representatives Chris Cannon (R-<a href="/wiki/Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah">UT</a>) and Jim Gibbons (R-<a href="/wiki/Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada">NV</a>) formed a "Sound Science Caucus" in the early 2000s to oppose <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a> regulations, it became a buzzword for administration officials during the <a href="/wiki/Dubya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubya">Dubya</a> years, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Luntz" title="Frank Luntz">Frank Luntz</a> encouraged lawmakers to use the phrase in his global warming memo.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Creationism">Creationism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creationism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></div> <p>The term can be found in some creationist/<a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Design">Intelligent Design</a> literature, though less often than in the cases described above. A few examples include the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>'s invocation of the phrase in response to the leaking of the <a href="/wiki/Wedge_Document" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge Document">Wedge Document</a> and its use on some creationist websites.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses">Other uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Admittedly, not every use of the term is <a href="/wiki/Code_word" title="Code word">interchangeable</a> with bullshit. Some scientists defending actual science will occasionally use the term without knowledge of its <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Doublespeak">doublespeak</a> status. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a> used the term in 1995 with their Sound Science Initiative (SSI), one year after the creation of TASSC. The SSI has since been abandoned, perhaps because of the euphemistic implications. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a>, for the dirty <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Red</a> version</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a>, an alleged motivation for supporting "junk science".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational science">Operational science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundness" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundness">Logical soundness</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="No_relation_to">No relation to</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: No relation to">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_money" title="Sound money">Sound money</a>, though tracts using either term generally tend to be full of bullshit.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics" class="extiw" title="wp:Acoustics" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Acoustics">Acoustics</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> the science of sound.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Sound_science">Sound science entry</a> at <a href="/wiki/SourceWatch" title="SourceWatch">SourceWatch</a></li> <li>Charles N. Herrick and Dale Jamieson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1192/JunkScienceEnvironmentalPolicy.pdf">Junk Science and Environmental Policy: Obscuring Public Debate with Misleading Discourse.</a> <i>Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly</i>, vol. 21, no. 2/3, Spring/Summer 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/beware-of-backroom-deals-in-the-name-of-science-1.15046">Beware of backroom deals in the name of 'science'</a>, <i>Nature</i></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Storms of My Grandchildren</i>, p. 94 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=mwva_7dPyAcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=james+hansen&hl=en&ei=l4N6TubWH8H00gH1jMGvAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=sound%20science&f=false">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/wash_post_sound_science.html">Beware "Sound Science": It's Doublespeak for Trouble</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/story/18696">The Fraud of "Sound Science</a> by Chris Mooney</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intelligentdesigntheory.info/creation_vs_evolution.htm">This one, for example</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&oldid=2640669">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_science&oldid=2640669</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Denialism" title="Category:Denialism">Denialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism" title="Category:Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terms" title="Category:Political terms">Political terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pseudoscience" 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