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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Meaning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Meaning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Co-op_principles_and_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-op_principles_and_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Co-op principles and values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-op_principles_and_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-op_Marque_and_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-op_Marque_and_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Co-op Marque and domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-op_Marque_and_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperatives_as_legal_entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperatives_as_legal_entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cooperatives as legal entities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperatives_as_legal_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperative_share_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperative_share_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cooperative share capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperative_share_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_cooperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_cooperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_cooperatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of cooperatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumers'_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumers'_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consumers' cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumers'_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retail_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Retail cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Housing cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utility_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utility_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Utility cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utility_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Credit_unions,_cooperative_banking_and_cooperative_insurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Credit_unions,_cooperative_banking_and_cooperative_insurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Credit unions, cooperative banking and cooperative insurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Credit_unions,_cooperative_banking_and_cooperative_insurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_co-operative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_co-operative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Community co-operative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_co-operative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worker_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worker_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Worker cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worker_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_and_employment_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_and_employment_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Business and employment cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_and_employment_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purchasing_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purchasing_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Purchasing cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purchasing_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producer_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producer_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Producer cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producer_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-stakeholder_cooperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-stakeholder_cooperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Multi-stakeholder cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-stakeholder_cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Social cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SCIC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SCIC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>SCIC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SCIC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-stakeholding_in_retailing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-stakeholding_in_retailing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Multi-stakeholding in retailing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-stakeholding_in_retailing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_generation_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_generation_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>New generation cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_generation_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platform_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Platform cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volunteer_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volunteer_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Volunteer cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volunteer_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_or_secondary_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_or_secondary_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Federal or secondary cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_or_secondary_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooperative_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperative_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Cooperative union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperative_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperative_political_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperative_political_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Cooperative political movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperative_political_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2.1</span> <span>UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Working conditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Working_conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Working conditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Working_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Wages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability_of_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability_of_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Stability of contracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability_of_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Workload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Internal democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suggestions_to_improve_internal_democracy_within_a_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggestions_to_improve_internal_democracy_within_a_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Suggestions to improve internal democracy within a cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggestions_to_improve_internal_democracy_within_a_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_of_cooperative_workers:_employees_or_employed?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_of_cooperative_workers:_employees_or_employed?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Legal status of cooperative workers: employees or employed?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_of_cooperative_workers:_employees_or_employed?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_problem_of_labour_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_problem_of_labour_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>The problem of labour fraud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_problem_of_labour_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggestions_to_improve_workers'_conditions_within_a_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggestions_to_improve_workers'_conditions_within_a_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Suggestions to improve workers' conditions within a cooperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggestions_to_improve_workers'_conditions_within_a_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economic performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Job_productivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job_productivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Job productivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_productivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Economic stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>In North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2.1</span> <span>In the United States of America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2.2</span> <span>In Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperative_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperative_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cooperative financing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cooperative_financing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cooperative financing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cooperative_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self_financing_(social_base)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self_financing_(social_base)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Self financing (social base)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self_financing_(social_base)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capital_by_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_by_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Capital by members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_by_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_loans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_loans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Social loans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_loans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperative_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperative_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cooperative resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperative_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gross_profits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gross_profits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Gross profits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gross_profits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proceeds_from_assets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proceeds_from_assets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Proceeds from assets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proceeds_from_assets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balance_sheet_assets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance_sheet_assets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Balance sheet assets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance_sheet_assets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_grants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_grants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Financial grants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_grants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Donations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Donations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowdfunding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowdfunding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Crowdfunding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowdfunding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundations_and_Governments_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundations_and_Governments_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Foundations and Governments financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundations_and_Governments_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenge_grants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenge_grants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Challenge grants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenge_grants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Lending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concessional/Flexible_Loans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concessional/Flexible_Loans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Concessional/Flexible Loans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concessional/Flexible_Loans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowdlending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowdlending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Crowdlending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowdlending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_bonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_bonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>Social bonds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_bonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equity_investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equity_investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Equity investments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equity_investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_equity_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_equity_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Direct equity investment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_equity_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Financing members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms_of_equity_investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms_of_equity_investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Other forms of equity investments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms_of_equity_investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redistribution_of_profit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redistribution_of_profit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Redistribution of profit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redistribution_of_profit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capital_reinvestment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_reinvestment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Capital reinvestment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_reinvestment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage_refund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage_refund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Patronage refund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage_refund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dividends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dividends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.3</span> <span>Dividends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dividends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unallocated_Retained_Earnings,_or_"cushion_fund"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unallocated_Retained_Earnings,_or_"cushion_fund""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.4</span> <span>Unallocated Retained Earnings, or "cushion fund"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unallocated_Retained_Earnings,_or_"cushion_fund"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redistribution_of_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redistribution_of_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Redistribution of losses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redistribution_of_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Make_use_of_the_"cushion_funds"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Make_use_of_the_"cushion_funds""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Make use of the "cushion funds"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Make_use_of_the_"cushion_funds"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allocate_the_losses_to_the_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allocate_the_losses_to_the_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>Allocate the losses to the members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allocate_the_losses_to_the_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Job_satisfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job_satisfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Job satisfaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_satisfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_cooperatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_cooperatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Women in cooperatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperatives_in_socialist_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperatives_in_socialist_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cooperatives in socialist thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperatives_in_socialist_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperatives_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperatives_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cooperatives in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperatives_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cooperative</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genossenschaft" title="Genossenschaft – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Genossenschaft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمعية تعاونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية تعاونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperativ" title="Kooperativ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kooperativ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Koperasi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="সমবায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমবায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuprasi" title="Kuprasi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kuprasi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatiba" title="Kooperatiba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kooperatiba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кооперация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кооперация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genossnschoft" title="Genossnschoft – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Genossnschoft" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevelouri" title="Kevelouri – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevelouri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa" title="Cooperativa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEstvo" title="Družstvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Družstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menter_gydweithredol" title="Menter gydweithredol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Menter gydweithredol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperativ" title="Kooperativ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kooperativ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genossenschaft" title="Genossenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genossenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chistu" title="Ühistu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ühistu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Συνεταιρισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνεταιρισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa" title="Cooperativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperativo" title="Kooperativo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kooperativo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatiba" title="Kooperatiba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kooperatiba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شرکت تعاونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرکت تعاونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coop%C3%A9rative" title="Coopérative – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coopérative" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%B6peraasje" title="Koöperaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koöperaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comharchumann" title="Comharchumann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comharchumann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa" title="Cooperativa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%91%EB%8F%99%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%A9" title="협동조합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="협동조합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE" title="Կոոպերատիվ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոոպերատիվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सहकारी समिति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहकारी समिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadruga" title="Zadruga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zadruga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperativo" title="Kooperativo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kooperativo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koperasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa" title="Cooperativa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_cooperativa" title="Società cooperativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Società cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91" title="קואופרטיב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קואופרטיב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Koperasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_cooperativa" title="Societas cooperativa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Societas cooperativa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperat%C4%ABvs" title="Kooperatīvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kooperatīvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genossenschaft" title="Genossenschaft – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Genossenschaft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6vetkezet" title="Szövetkezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szövetkezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%82" title="സഹകരണസംഘം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സഹകരണസംഘം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperasi" title="Koperasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Koperasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C3%B6peratie" title="Coöperatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Coöperatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="सहकारी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सहकारी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E5%90%8C%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88" title="協同組合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="協同組合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samvirke" title="Samvirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samvirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samvirkelag" title="Samvirkelag – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samvirkelag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3%C5%82dzielnia" title="Spółdzielnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spółdzielnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativismo" title="Cooperativismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cooperativismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativ%C4%83" title="Cooperativă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cooperativă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cooperative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEstvo_(ekon%C3%B3mia)" title="Družstvo (ekonómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Družstvo (ekonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadruga" title="Zadruga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zadruga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کۆمەڵەی ھەرەوەزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵەی ھەرەوەزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadruga_(oblik_udru%C5%BEivanja)" title="Zadruga (oblik udruživanja) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zadruga (oblik udruživanja)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osuuskunta" title="Osuuskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osuuskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperation" title="Kooperation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kooperation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatiba" title="Kooperatiba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kooperatiba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கூட்டுறவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூட்டுறவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సహకారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సహకారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="สหกรณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหกรณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatif" title="Kooperatif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kooperatif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Кооператив – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кооператив" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_t%C3%A1c_x%C3%A3" title="Hợp tác xã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hợp tác xã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooperatiba" title="Kooperatiba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kooperatiba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BE" title="合作社 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="合作社" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BE" title="合作社 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="合作社" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Autonomous association of persons or organizations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the personality trait, see <a href="/wiki/Cooperativeness" title="Cooperativeness">Cooperativeness</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cooperative (disambiguation)">Cooperative (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Co-op" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Co-op_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Co-op (disambiguation)">Co-op (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg/220px-OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg/330px-OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg/440px-OSG_Co-op_AGM_20050423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>The volunteer board of a retail <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' cooperative">consumers' cooperative</a>, such as the former <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Swindon_%26_Gloucester_Co-operative_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford, Swindon & Gloucester Co-operative Society">Oxford, Swindon & Gloucester Co-op</a>, is held to account at an annual general meeting of members.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Corporate_law" title="Category:Corporate law">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Society.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/200px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/300px-Society.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/400px-Society.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">By jurisdiction</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillan_company_law" title="Anguillan company law">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_corporate_law" title="Australian corporate law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands_company_law" title="British Virgin Islands company law">BVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_corporate_law" title="Canadian corporate law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_company_law" title="Cayman Islands company law">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_company_law" title="Indian company law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_company_law" title="South African company law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_corporate_law" title="United States corporate law">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law_in_Vietnam" title="Corporate law in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/European_corporate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European corporate law">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_company_law" title="French company law">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_company_law" title="German company law">Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">General corporate forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_partnership" title="General partnership">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_partnership" title="Limited partnership">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership" title="Limited liability partnership">Limited liability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_limited_company" title="Private limited company">Private limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_corporation" title="Shelf corporation">Shelf corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">Corporate forms<br />by jurisdiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/European_corporate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European corporate law">European Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Europaea" title="Societas Europaea"><i>Societas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_cooperativa_Europaea" title="Societas cooperativa Europaea"><i>Societas cooperativa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SCE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_privata_Europaea" title="Societas privata Europaea"><i>Societas privata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_unius_personae" title="Societas unius personae"><i>Societas unius personae</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SUP)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping" title="European economic interest grouping">Economic interest grouping <span style="font-size:85%;">(EEIG)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span class="nowrap">UK / Ireland / Commonwealth</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_incorporated_organisation" title="Charitable incorporated organisation">Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) <span style="font-size:85%;">(CIO)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_charitable_incorporated_organisation" title="Scottish charitable incorporated organisation">Scottish charitable incorporated organisation <span style="font-size:85%;">(SCIO)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">Community interest company <span style="font-size:85%;">(CIC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_provident_society" title="Industrial and provident society">Industrial and provident society <span style="font-size:85%;">(IPS)</span></a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Limited_company" title="Limited company">Limited company <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ltd.)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company limited by guarantee">by guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares" title="Private company limited by shares">by shares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_company" title="Proprietary company">proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_company" title="Unlimited company">Unlimited company</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> United States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_corporation" title="Benefit corporation">Benefit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_corporation" title="C corporation">C corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company <span style="font-size:85%;">(LLC)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-profit_limited_liability_company" title="Low-profit limited liability company">Low-profit LLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_LLC" title="Series LLC">Series LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_limited_partnership" title="Limited liability limited partnership">Limited liability limited partnership <span style="font-size:85%;">(LLLP)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_corporation" title="S corporation">S corporation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Delaware_statutory_trust" title="Delaware statutory trust">statutory trust</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_business_trust" title="Massachusetts business trust">Massachusetts business trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_corporation" title="Nevada corporation">Nevada corporation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktiebolag" title="Aktiebolag"><i>Aktiebolag</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AB)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft"><i>Aktiengesellschaft</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AG)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansvarlig_selskap" title="Ansvarlig selskap"><i>Ansvarlig selskap</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ANS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktieselskab" title="Aktieselskab"><i>Aktieselskab</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(A/S)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksjeselskap" title="Aksjeselskap"><i>Aksjeselskap</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung"><i>Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(GmbH)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha"><i>Kabushiki gaisha</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(K.K.)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap" title="Naamloze vennootschap"><i>Naamloze vennootschap</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(N.V.)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osakeyhti%C3%B6" title="Osakeyhtiö"><i>Osakeyhtiö</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.A._(corporation)" title="S.A. (corporation)">S.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%C3%A0_responsabilit%C3%A9_limit%C3%A9e" title="Société à responsabilité limitée"><i>Société à responsabilité limitée</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SARL)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of business entity">more...</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel" title="De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel"><i>De facto</i> and estoppel corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine" title="Internal affairs doctrine">Internal affairs doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">Limited liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag-along_right" title="Tag-along right">Tag-along right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-along_right" title="Drag-along right">Drag-along right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil" title="Piercing the corporate veil">Piercing the corporate veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_ownership" title="Beneficial ownership">Beneficial ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_company_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of company registers">Corporate registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_agent" title="Registered agent">Registered agent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Company portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_law" title="Template:Corporate law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_law" title="Template talk:Corporate law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business administration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Management of a business</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">Financial accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">Business entity</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">Corporation sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Privately held company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_general_meeting" title="Annual general meeting">Annual general meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">Supervisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_board" title="Advisory board">Advisory board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_committee" title="Audit committee">Audit committee</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_documents" title="Constitutional documents">Constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolvency law">Insolvency law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Corporate title</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_business_officer" title="Chief business officer">Chief business officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_brand_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief brand officer">Chief brand officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Chief operating officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">Chief financial officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_human_resources_officer" title="Chief human resources officer">Chief human resources officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">Chief information officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">Chief marketing officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_product_officer" title="Chief product officer">Chief product officer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief technology officer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Finance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement" title="Financial statement">Financial statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoring_(finance)" title="Factoring (finance)">Factoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_conversion_cycle" title="Cash conversion cycle">Cash conversion cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider dealing">Insider dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_budgeting" title="Capital budgeting">Capital budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_(finance)" title="Derivative (finance)">Derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_finance" title="Managerial finance">Managerial finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">International finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">Financial institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of management</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_development" title="Business development">Business development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_management" title="Capacity management">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_management_in_business" title="Capability management in business">Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">innovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_management" title="Commercial management">Commercial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">Electronic business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">Enterprise resource planning</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">management information system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resource</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_management" title="Network management">Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_management_for_services" title="Operations management for services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_management" title="Business process management">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_life-cycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product life-cycle management">Product life-cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_management" title="Resource management">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk</a>  <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_management" title="Service management">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_development" title="Organization development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_engineering" title="Organizational engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_organization" title="Hierarchical organization">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_patterns" title="Organizational patterns">Patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_space" title="Organizational space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">Structure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_analysis" title="Business analysis">Business analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">Business plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">Business operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">International business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Business statistics">Business statistics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_administration" title="Template:Business administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_administration" title="Template talk:Business administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>cooperative</b> (also known as <b>co-operative</b>, <b>co-op</b>, or <b>coop</b>) is "an <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically-controlled <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Enterprise" class="extiw" title="wikt:Enterprise">enterprise</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ica-principles_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica-principles-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperatives are democratically controlled by their members, with each member having one vote in electing the board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They differ from <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectives</a> in that they are generally built from the bottom-up, rather than the top-down.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperatives may include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperatives</a>: businesses owned and managed by the people who work there</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer cooperative">Consumer cooperatives</a>: businesses owned and managed by the people who consume goods and/or services provided by the cooperative</li> <li>Producer cooperatives: businesses where producers pool their output for their common benefit <ul><li>eg. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing cooperatives</a> where members pool their purchasing power</li> <li>Multi-stakeholder or hybrid cooperatives that share ownership between different stakeholder groups. For example, care cooperatives where ownership is shared between both care-givers and receivers. Stakeholders might also include non-profits or investors.</li> <li>Second- and third-tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform cooperatives</a> that use a cooperatively owned and governed website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services.</li></ul> <p>The Research published by the <a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a> found that in 2012 approximately one billion people in 96 countries had become members of at least one cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turnover of the largest three hundred cooperatives in the world reached $2.2 <a href="/wiki/Trillion_(short_scale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion (short scale)">trillion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worker cooperatives are typically more productive<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and economically <a href="/wiki/Resilience_(organizational)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resilience (organizational)">resilient</a> than many other forms of enterprise, with twice the number of co-operatives (80%) surviving their first five years compared with other business <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> models (44%) according to data from United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-uk.coop_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk.coop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest worker owned cooperative in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation" title="Mondragon Corporation">Mondragon Corporation</a> (founded by Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">José María Arizmendiarrieta</a>), has been in continuous operation since 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooperatives frequently have social goals, which they aim to accomplish by investing a proportion of trading profits back into their communities. As an example of this, in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Retail_co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail co-operative">retail co-operatives</a> in the UK invested 6.9% of their pre-tax profits in the communities in which they trade, compared to 2.4% for rival supermarkets.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2002, cooperatives have been distinguishable on the Internet through the use of a <a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a> domain. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a> (ICA) introduced the Cooperative Marque, meaning ICA cooperatives and <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Credit_Unions" title="World Council of Credit Unions">WOCCU</a> credit unions can also be identified through a coop <a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">ethical consumerism</a> label. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement_in_China" title="History of the cooperative movement in China">History of the cooperative movement in China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">Benefit society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">Burial society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium (ancient Rome)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_insurance" title="History of insurance">History of insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_law#History" title="Labour law">Labour law § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></div> <p>Cooperation dates back as far as human beings have been organizing for mutual benefits. Tribes were organized as cooperative structures, allocating jobs and resources among each other, only trading with the external communities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In alpine environments, trade could only be maintained in organized cooperatives to achieve a useful condition of artificial roads such as <a href="/wiki/Viamala" title="Viamala">Viamala</a> in 1472.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-industrial Europe is home to the first cooperatives from an industrial context.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roots of the cooperative movement can be traced to multiple influences and extend worldwide. In the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>, post-<a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> forms of cooperation between workers and owners that are expressed today as "<a href="/wiki/Profit_sharing" title="Profit sharing">profit sharing</a>" and "surplus sharing" arrangements existed as far back as 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key ideological influence on the Anglosphere branch of the cooperative movement, however, was a <i>rejection</i> of the charity principles that underpinned welfare reforms when the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> radically revised its <a href="/wiki/Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Laws">Poor Laws</a> in 1834. As both state and church institutions began to routinely distinguish between the 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor, a movement of friendly societies grew throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> based on the principle of mutuality, committed to self-help in the welfare of working people.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_(1771_-_1858)_by_John_Cranch,_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Robert_Owen_%281771_-_1858%29_by_John_Cranch%2C_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> (1771–1858) was a social reformer and a pioneer of the cooperative movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1761, the <a href="/wiki/Fenwick_Weavers%27_Society" title="Fenwick Weavers' Society">Fenwick Weavers' Society</a> was formed in <a href="/wiki/Fenwick,_East_Ayrshire" title="Fenwick, East Ayrshire">Fenwick, East Ayrshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> to sell <a href="/wiki/Discounts_and_allowances" title="Discounts and allowances">discounted</a> <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a> to local workers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its services expanded to include assistance with savings and loans, emigration and education. In 1810, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, from Newtown in mid-<a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and his partners purchased the <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a> mill from Owen's father-in-law, <a href="/wiki/David_Dale" title="David Dale">David Dale</a>, and proceeded to introduce better labour standards, including discounted retail shops where profits were passed on to his employees. Owen left New Lanark to pursue other forms of cooperative organization and develop coop ideas through writing and lecture. Cooperative communities were set up in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, although ultimately unsuccessful. In 1828, <a href="/wiki/William_King_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William King (doctor)">William King</a> set up a newspaper, <i>The Cooperator</i>, to promote Owen's thinking, having already set up a cooperative store in Brighton.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1810, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Duncan_(minister)" title="Henry Duncan (minister)">Rev. Henry Duncan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ruthwell" title="Ruthwell">Ruthwell</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian Church</a> in Dumfriesshire, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> founded a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">friendly society</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">cooperative</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">depository institution</a> at which his poorest parishioners could hold <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">savings accounts</a> accruing interest for <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">sickness and old-age</a>, which was the first established <a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">savings bank</a> that would be merged into the <a href="/wiki/Trustee_Savings_Bank" title="Trustee Savings Bank">Trustee Savings Bank</a> between 1970 and 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-lloyds_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lloyds-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GFS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</a>, founded in 1844, is usually considered the first successful cooperative enterprise, used as a model for modern coops, following the '<a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>'. A group of 28 weavers and other artisans in <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, England set up the society to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford. Within ten years there were over a thousand cooperative societies in the United Kingdom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da,_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D,_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe,_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg/220px-Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg/330px-Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg/440px-Statue_in_Ra%C4%8Da%2C_Bratislava_of_Samuel_Jurkovi%C4%8D%2C_founder_of_the_first_cooperative_in_Central_Europe%2C_Spolok_Gazdovsk%C3%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>The statue of Samuel Jurkovič, national awakener and founder of first cooperative in Central Europe (Spolok Gazdovský) in Rača, Bratislava</figcaption></figure> <p>"Spolok Gazdovský" (<i>The Association of Administrators</i> or <i>The Association of Farmers</i>) founded in 1845 by Samuel Jurkovič, was the first cooperative in Europe (<a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a>). The cooperative provided a cheap loan from funds generated by regular savings for members of the cooperative. Members of cooperative had to commit to a moral life and had to plant two trees in a public place every year. Despite the short duration of its existence, until 1851, it thus formed the basis of the cooperative movement in Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slovak national thinker <a href="/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_%C5%A0t%C3%BAr" title="Ľudovít Štúr">Ľudovít Štúr</a> said about the association: "<i>We would very much like such excellent constitutions to be established throughout our region. They would help to rescue people from evil and misery. A beautiful, great idea, a beautiful excellent constitution!</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other events such as the founding of a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">friendly society</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs" title="Tolpuddle Martyrs">Tolpuddle Martyrs</a> in 1832 were key occasions in the creation of organized labor and consumer movements.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friendly Societies established forums through which <a href="/wiki/One_member,_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One member, one vote">one member, one vote</a> was practiced in organisation decision-making. The principles challenged the idea that a person should be an owner of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> before being granted a political voice. Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century (and then repeatedly every twenty years or so) there was a surge in the number of cooperative organisations, both in commercial practice and civil society, operating to advance democracy and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> as a political principle.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friendly Societies and consumer cooperatives became the dominant form of organization among working people in Anglosphere <a href="/wiki/Industrial_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial societies">industrial societies</a> prior to the rise of trade unions and industrial factories. Weinbren reports that by the end of the 19th century, over 80% of British working age men and 90% of Australian working age men were members of one or more Friendly Society.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinbren_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinbren-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual organisation">mutual organisations</a> embraced these ideas in economic enterprises, firstly among tradespeople, and later in cooperative stores, educational institutes, financial institutions and industrial enterprises. The common thread (enacted in different ways, and subject to the constraints of various systems of national law) is the principle that an enterprise or association should be owned and controlled by the people it serves, and share any surpluses on the basis of each member's cooperative contribution (as a producer, labourer or consumer) rather than their capacity to invest financial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a> was the first international association formed (1895) by the cooperative movement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It includes the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Credit_Unions" title="World Council of Credit Unions">World Council of Credit Unions</a>. The International Cooperative Alliance was founded in London, England on 19 August 1895 during the 1st Cooperative Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-ica.coop_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica.coop-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In attendance were delegates from cooperatives from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, England, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, India, Italy, Switzerland, Serbia, and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-ica.coop_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica.coop-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second organization formed later in Germany: the International <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Raiffeisen</a> Union. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Cooperative_Business_Association" title="National Cooperative Business Association">National Cooperative Business Association</a> (NCBA CLUSA; the abbreviation of the organization retains the initials of its former name, Cooperative League of the USA) serves as the <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">sector</a>'s oldest national membership association. It is dedicated to ensuring that cooperative businesses have the same opportunities as other businesses operating in the country and that consumers have access to cooperatives in the marketplace. </p><p>In 1945 <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Ilmari Virtanen</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for his invention of the <a href="/wiki/AIV_fodder" title="AIV fodder">AIV silage</a>. This invention improved milk production and created a method of preserving butter, the AIV salt, which led to increased Finnish butter exports. He had started his career in chemistry in <a href="/wiki/Valio" title="Valio">Valio</a>, a cooperative of dairy farmers in which he headed the research department for 50 years and where all his major inventions were first put to practice. </p><p>Cooperative banks were first to adopt online banking. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Federal_Credit_Union" title="Stanford Federal Credit Union">Stanford Federal Credit Union</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institution</a> to offer online internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996 <a href="/wiki/OP_Financial_Group" title="OP Financial Group">OP Financial Group</a>, also a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative bank">cooperative bank</a>, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2004 a new association focused on worker co-ops was founded, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federation_of_Worker_Cooperatives" title="United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives">United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives</a>. </p><p>The cooperative movement has been fueled globally by ideas of <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a>. Economic democracy is a socioeconomic philosophy that suggests an expansion of decision-making power from a small minority of corporate shareholders to a larger majority of public stakeholders. There are many different approaches to thinking about and building economic democracy. Anarchists are committed to <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a> and have focused on local organization, including locally managed cooperatives, linked through confederations of unions, cooperatives and communities. Marxists, who as socialists have likewise held and worked for the goal of democratizing productive and reproductive relationships, often placed a greater strategic emphasis on confronting the larger scales of human organization. As they viewed the capitalist class to be politically, militarily and culturally mobilized for the purpose of maintaining an exploitable working class, they fought in the early 20th century to appropriate from the capitalist class the society's collective political capacity in the form of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">the state</a>. Though they regard the state as an unnecessarily oppressive institution, Marxists considered appropriating national and international-scale capitalist institutions and resources (such as the state) to be an important first pillar in creating conditions favorable to solidaristic economies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">declining influence of the USSR</a> after the 1960s, socialist strategies pluralized, though economic democratizers have not as yet established a fundamental challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of global <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning">Meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity"><span class="anchor" id="Cooperative_identity"></span> Identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Co-op_principles_and_values">Co-op principles and values</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Co-op principles and values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many cooperatives follow the seven <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Voluntary and open membership</li> <li>Democratic member control, with each member having one vote.</li> <li>Economic participation by members</li> <li>Autonomy and independence</li> <li>Education, training and information</li> <li>Cooperation among cooperatives</li> <li>Concern for community</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Co-op_Marque_and_domain">Co-op Marque and domain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Co-op Marque and domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_international_co-op_marque.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Blue_international_co-op_marque.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>The Co-op Marque, a symbol used by co-operatives internationally</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2002, <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">ICA</a> cooperatives and <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Credit_Unions" title="World Council of Credit Unions">WOCCU</a> <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit unions</a> could be distinguished by use of a <a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a> domain. In 2014, ICA introduced the Global Cooperative Marque<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for use by ICAs<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperative members and by WOCCU's Credit Union members so they can be further identified<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by their coop <a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">ethical consumerism</a> label. The marque is used today by thousands of cooperatives in more than a hundred countries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The .coop domain and Co-operative Marque were designed as a new symbol of the global cooperative movement and its collective identity in the digital age. The Co-operative Marque and domain is reserved just for co-operatives, credit unions and organisations that support co-operatives; is distinguished by its ethical badge that subscribes to the seven ICA Cooperative Principles and Co-op Values. Co-ops can be identified on the Internet through the use of the .coop <a href="/wiki/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">suffix of internet addresses</a>. Organizations using .coop domain names must adhere to the basic co-op values. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperatives_as_legal_entities">Cooperatives as legal entities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cooperatives as legal entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet,_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg/220px-Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg/330px-Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg/440px-Munt%C3%B3_de_tomaques_a_la_Cooperativa_d%27Alginet%2C_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6319" data-file-height="4004" /></a><figcaption>Cooperative of agricultural products of <a href="/wiki/Alginet" title="Alginet">Alginet</a>, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>A cooperative is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal entity</a> owned and democratically controlled by its members. Members often have a close association with the enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services, or as its employees.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal entities have a range of social characteristics. Membership is open, meaning that anyone who satisfies certain non-discriminatory conditions may join. Economic benefits are distributed proportionally to each member's level of participation in the cooperative, for instance, by a dividend on sales or purchases, rather than according to <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> invested.<sup id="cite_ref-Identity_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Identity-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperatives may be classified as either <i>worker</i>, <i>consumer</i>, <i>producer</i>, <i>purchasing</i> or <i>housing</i> cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are distinguished from other forms of incorporation in that profit-making or economic stability are balanced by the interests of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Identity_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Identity-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are specific forms of incorporation for cooperatives in some countries, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperatives may take the form of companies limited by shares or by guarantee, partnerships or unincorporated associations. In the UK they may also use the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_provident_society" title="Industrial and provident society">industrial and provident society</a> structure. In the US, cooperatives are often organized as non-capital stock corporations under state-specific cooperative laws. Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership as <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividends</a>, which are divided among the members according to their participation in the enterprise, such as patronage, instead of according to the value of their capital shareholdings (as is done by a <a href="/wiki/Joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock company">joint stock company</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperative_share_capital">Cooperative share capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cooperative share capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cooperative share capital<sup id="cite_ref-tepa_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tepa-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or co-operative share capital (in short <i>cooperative capital</i><sup id="cite_ref-tepa_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tepa-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>co-operative capital</i>) is the form of capital that the cooperative accumulates from the paid participation shares of its members.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tepa_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tepa-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total amount of participation shares the paid to the cooperative constitutes the cooperative capital.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The co-operative share capital is usually non-withdrawable and indivisible to the cooperative members.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_cooperatives">Types of cooperatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg/220px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg/330px-Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Co-op_City_Hutch_River_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Co-op_City,_Bronx" title="Co-op City, Bronx">Co-op City</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York City, is the largest cooperative housing development in the world, with 55,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Mass:_A_Look_at_Co-op_City_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Mass:_A_Look_at_Co-op_City-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg/220px-Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg/330px-Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg/440px-Zuerich_Migroshochhaus_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption>The two largest supermarkets chains in Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Migros" title="Migros">Migros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coop_(Switzerland)" title="Coop (Switzerland)">Coop</a>, are cooperatives. The third largest bank, <a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_(Switzerland)" title="Raiffeisen (Switzerland)">Raiffeisen</a>, is a cooperative as well.</figcaption></figure> <p>The top 300 largest cooperatives were listed in 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a>. 80% were involved in either <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">finance</a>, or retail and more than half were in the United States, Italy, or France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumers'_cooperative"><span id="Consumers.27_cooperative"></span>Consumers' cooperative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consumers' cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' cooperative">Consumers' cooperative</a></div> <p>A consumers' cooperative is a business owned by its customers. Members vote on major decisions and elect the board of directors from among their own number. The first of these was set up in 1844 in the North-West of England by 28 weavers who wanted to sell food at a lower price than the local shops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retail_cooperative">Retail cooperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Retail cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retail cooperatives are retailers, such as grocery stores, owned by their customers. They should not be confused with retailers' cooperatives, whose members are retailers rather than consumers. In Singapore, Italy, and Finland the company with the largest market share in the grocery store sector is a consumer owned cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Switzerland both the largest and the second largest retailer are consumer owned cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Housing_cooperative">Housing cooperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Housing cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing cooperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building cooperative</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">housing cooperative</a> is a legal mechanism for ownership of housing where residents either own <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> (share capital co-op) reflecting their equity in the cooperative's real estate or have membership and occupancy rights in a <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit">not-for-profit</a> cooperative (non-share capital co-op), and they underwrite their housing through paying subscriptions or rent. </p><p>Housing cooperatives come in three basic equity structures </p> <ul><li>In <b>market-rate housing cooperatives</b>, members may sell their shares in the cooperative whenever they like for whatever price the market will bear, much like any other residential property. Market-rate co-ops are very common in New York City.</li> <li><b>Limited equity housing cooperatives</b>, which are often used by <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable housing</a> developers, allow members to own some equity in their home, but limit the sale price of their membership share to that which they paid.</li> <li><b>Group equity</b> or <b>zero-equity housing cooperatives</b> do not allow members to own equity in their residences and often have rental agreements well below market rates.</li></ul> <p>Members of a building cooperative (in Britain known as a self-build housing cooperative) pool resources to build housing, normally using a high proportion of their own labor. When the building is finished, each member is the sole owner of a homestead, and the cooperative may be dissolved. </p><p>This collective effort was at the origin of many of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Building_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Building societies">building societies</a>, which however, developed into "permanent" <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual</a> <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Savings and loan">savings and loan</a> organisations, a term which persisted in some of their names (such as the former <i>Leeds Permanent</i>). Nowadays such self-building may be financed using a step-by-step <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage</a> which is released in stages as the building is completed. The term may also refer to worker cooperatives in the building trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Utility_cooperative">Utility cooperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Utility cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility cooperative</a></div> <p>A utility cooperative is a type of <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' cooperative">consumers' cooperative</a> that is tasked with the delivery of a <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utility</a> such as electricity, water or telecommunications services to its members. <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">Profits</a> are either reinvested into infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of "patronage" or "capital credits", which are essentially <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividends</a> paid on a member's investment into the cooperative. In the United States, many cooperatives were formed to provide rural electrical and telephone service as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. <i>See <a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Utilities Service</a></i>. </p><p>In the case of electricity, cooperatives are generally either generation and transmission (G&T) co-ops that create and send power via the transmission grid or local distribution co-ops that gather electricity from a variety of sources and send it along to homes and businesses. </p><p>In Tanzania, it has been proven that the cooperative method is helpful in water distribution. When the people are involved with their own water, they care more because the quality of their work has a direct effect on the quality of their water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Credit_unions,_cooperative_banking_and_cooperative_insurance"><span id="Credit_unions.2C_cooperative_banking_and_cooperative_insurance"></span>Credit unions, cooperative banking and cooperative insurance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Credit unions, cooperative banking and cooperative insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg/220px-Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg/330px-Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg/440px-Co-operative_Bank_head_office_20051019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Bank" title="The Co-operative Bank">The Co-operative Bank</a>'s head office in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. The statue in front is of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, a pioneer in the cooperative movement.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit unions</a> are cooperative <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institutions</a> owned and controlled by their members. Credit unions provide to its members the same services as banks but are considered <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit">not-for-profit</a> organizations and adhere to <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">cooperative principles</a>. </p><p>Credit unions originated in mid-19th-century Germany through the efforts of pioneers <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Schulze-Delitzsch" title="Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch">Franz Herman Schulze'Delitzsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a>. The concept of financial cooperatives crossed the Atlantic at the turn of the 20th century, when the <i>caisse populaire</i> movement was started by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Desjardins_(co-operator)" title="Alphonse Desjardins (co-operator)">Alphonse Desjardins</a> in Quebec, Canada. In 1900, from his home in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vis,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévis, Quebec">Lévis</a>, he opened North America's first credit union, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Desjardins" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement Desjardins">Mouvement Desjardins</a>. Eight years later, Desjardins provided guidance for the first credit union in the <a href="/wiki/Credit_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Credit unions in the United States">United States</a>, where there are now about 7,950 active status federally insured credit unions, with almost 90 million members and more than $679 billion on deposit. </p><p>Financial cooperatives hold a significant market share in Europe and Latin America, as well as a few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. They also have a strong presence in Asia, Australia, and the United States. According to the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU), there were 68,882 financial cooperatives in 109 countries in 2016, serving more than 235 million members, with total assets exceeding 1.7 trillion dollars. The WOCCU's data do not include some major financial cooperative networks in Europe, such as Germany, Finland, France, Denmark, and Italy. In many high-income economies, financial cooperatives hold significant market shares of the banking sector.<sup id="cite_ref-taylorfrancis.com_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the European Association of Cooperative Banks, the market share of cooperative banks in the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) credit market by the end of 2016 was 37% in Finland, 45% in France, 33% in Germany, 43% in the Netherlands, and 22% in Canada. In Germany, Volksbanken-Raiffeisen banks have a market share of approximately 21% of domestic credit and domestic deposits. In the Netherlands, Rabobank holds 34% of deposits, and in France cooperative banks (Crédit Agricole, Crédit Mutuel and BPCE Group) possess more than 59% of domestic credit and 61% of domestic deposits. In Finland, OP financial group holds 35% and 38% of domestic credit and deposits, respectively, and in Canada, Desjardins holds around 42% of domestic deposits and 22% of domestic credit.<sup id="cite_ref-taylorfrancis.com_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many types of cooperative financial institutions with different names across the world, including financial cooperatives ('cooperativa financiera' is the Spanish term used in Latin America), cooperative banks, credit unions, and savings and credit cooperatives ('cooperativa de ahorro y crédito' in Spanish or '<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">coopérative d'épargne et de credit</i></span>' in French-speaking countries).<sup id="cite_ref-taylorfrancis.com_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooperative banking networks, which were nationalized in Eastern Europe, continued as cooperative institutions. In Poland, the SKOK (<i>Spółdzielcze Kasy Oszczędnościowo-Kredytowe</i>) network grew to serve over 1 million members via 13,000 branches,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and was<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> larger than the country's largest conventional bank.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, there is a clear distinction between <a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">mutual savings banks</a> (Sparbank) and true <a href="/wiki/Credit_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit unions">credit unions</a> (Andelsbank).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The oldest cooperative banks in Europe, based on the ideas of Friedrich Raiffeisen, are joined<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the 'Urgenossen'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Community_co-operative">Community co-operative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Community co-operative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A community cooperative is owned and governed by members of a local geographical community. It is established to meet the community's needs by providing goods or services that are not available or affordable through traditional market channels. This is distinct from meeting individuals' needs as individuals. </p><p>The aim of a community cooperative is often to create a more equitable and sustainable economy that serves the needs of local residents, rather than generating profits for external shareholders. By working together and pooling resources, members can often achieve economies of scale, negotiate better prices, and develop services that better meet the needs of their community. Community cooperatives can also help to build social capital and foster a sense of community ownership and pride. They have been successful vehicles for rural development in the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> in Ireland and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_co-operatives_in_the_Highlands_and_Islands_of_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community co-operatives in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (page does not exist)">Highlands and Islands</a> of Scotland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worker_cooperative">Worker cooperative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Worker cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cooperative" title="Special:EditPage/Cooperative">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cooperative%22">"Cooperative"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cooperative%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cooperative%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cooperative%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cooperative%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cooperative%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A worker cooperative or producer cooperative is a cooperative owned and democratically controlled by its "worker-owners". In a pure worker cooperative, only the workers own shares of the business on a <a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one person, one vote</a> basis, though hybrid forms exist in which consumers, community members or investors also own some shares (though these shares may or may not have voting power). In practice, control by worker-owners may be exercised through individual, collective or majority ownership by the workforce, or the retention of individual, collective or majority voting rights. A worker cooperative, therefore, has the characteristic that the majority of its workforce owns shares, and the majority of shares are owned by the workforce. Membership is not always compulsory for employees, but generally, only employees can become members either directly (as shareholders) or indirectly through membership of a trust that owns the company. </p><p>The impact of political ideology on practice constrains the development of cooperatives in different countries. In India, there is a form of workers' cooperative which insists on compulsory membership for all employees and compulsory employment for all members. That is the form of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Coffee_House" title="Indian Coffee House">Indian Coffee Houses</a>. This system was advocated by the Indian communist leader <a href="/wiki/A._K._Gopalan" title="A. K. Gopalan">A. K. Gopalan</a>. In places like the UK, common ownership (indivisible collective ownership) was popular in the 1970s. Cooperative Societies only became legal in Britain after the passing of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Provident_Societies_Partnership_Act_1852" title="Industrial and Provident Societies Partnership Act 1852">Slaney's Act</a> in 1852. In 1865 there were 651 registered societies with a total membership of well over 200,000. There are now more than 400 worker cooperatives in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Suma_(co-operative)" title="Suma (co-operative)">Suma Wholefoods</a> being the largest example with a turnover of £24 million. There also exist some pseudo-cooperatives, such as the John Lewis Partnership, where profits are distributed to the workers, but at the discretion of a senior elected board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business_and_employment_cooperative">Business and employment cooperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Business and employment cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Business and employment cooperatives</i> (BECs) are a subset of worker cooperatives that represent a new approach to providing support to the creation of new businesses. Like other business creation support schemes, BEC's enable budding entrepreneurs to experiment with their business idea while benefiting from a secure income. The innovation BECs introduce is that once the businesses are established, the entrepreneurs are not forced to leave and set up independently, but can stay and become full members of the cooperative. The micro-enterprises then combine to form one multi-activity enterprise whose members provide a mutually supportive environment for each other. BECs thus provide budding business people with an easy transition from inactivity to self-employment, but in a collective framework. They open up new horizons for people who have ambition but who lack the skills or confidence needed to set off entirely on their own – or who simply want to carry on an independent economic activity but within a supportive group context.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purchasing_cooperative">Purchasing cooperative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Purchasing cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing cooperative</a></div> <p>A "purchasing cooperative" is a type of cooperative arrangement, often among businesses, to agree to aggregate demand to get lower prices from selected suppliers. Retailers' cooperatives are a form of purchasing cooperative. </p><p>Major purchasing cooperatives include <a href="/wiki/Best_Western" title="Best Western">Best Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACE_Hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE Hardware">ACE Hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/CCA_Global_Partners" title="CCA Global Partners">CCA Global Partners</a>. </p><p><i>Agricultural service cooperatives</i> provide various services to their individual farming members, and to <i>agricultural production cooperatives</i>, where production resources such as land or machinery are pooled and members farm jointly.<sup id="cite_ref-Cobia_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobia-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supply</a> cooperatives aggregate purchases, storage, and distribution of farm inputs for their members. By taking advantage of volume discounts and using other <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economies of scale</a>, supply cooperatives bring down members' costs. Supply cooperatives may provide seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, fuel, and farm machinery. Some supply cooperatives also operate machinery pools that provide mechanical field services (e.g., plowing, harvesting) to their members. Examples include the American cranberry-and-grapefruit cooperative <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Spray_(cooperative)" title="Ocean Spray (cooperative)">Ocean Spray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective farm">collective farms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist states">socialist states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kibbutzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibbutzim">kibbutzim</a> in Israel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producer_cooperative">Producer cooperative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Producer cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Producer cooperatives have producers as their members and provide services involved in moving a product from the point of production to the point of consumption. Unlike worker cooperatives, they allow businesses with multiple employees to join. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishery_cooperative" title="Fishery cooperative">fishery cooperatives</a> are such examples. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_marketing" title="Agricultural marketing">Agricultural marketing</a> cooperatives operate a series of interconnected activities involving planning production, growing and <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvesting</a>, grading, packing, transport, storage, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, distribution and sale. Agricultural marketing cooperatives are often formed to promote specific commodities. </p><p>Commercially successful agricultural marketing cooperatives include India's <a href="/wiki/Amul" title="Amul">Amul</a> (dairy products), which is the world's largest producer of milk and milk products, <a href="/wiki/Dairy_Farmers_of_America" title="Dairy Farmers of America">Dairy Farmers of America</a> (dairy products) in the United States, and Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/FELDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FELDA">FELDA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>). </p><p>Producer cooperatives may also be organized by small businesses for pooling their savings and accessing capital, for acquiring supplies and services, or for marketing products and services. </p><p>Producer cooperatives among urban artisans were developed in the mid-19th-century in Germany by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Schulze-Delitzsch" title="Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch">Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch</a>, who also promoted changes to the legal system (the Prussian <i>Genossenschaftsgesetz</i> of 1867) that facilitated such cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the same time, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a> developed similar cooperatives among rural people.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-stakeholder_cooperatives">Multi-stakeholder cooperatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multi-stakeholder cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multi-stakeholder cooperatives include representation from different stakeholder groups, such as both consumers and workers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_cooperative">Social cooperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Social cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social cooperative</a></div> <p>Cooperatives traditionally combine social benefit interests with capitalistic property-right interests. Cooperatives achieve a mix of social and capital purposes by democratically governing distribution questions by and between equal but not controlling members. Democratic oversight of decisions to equitably distribute assets and other benefits means capital ownership is arranged in a way for social benefit inside the organization. External societal benefit is also encouraged by incorporating the operating-principle of cooperation between co-operatives. In the final year of the 20th century, cooperatives banded together to establish a number of <a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">social enterprise</a> agencies that have moved to adopt the multi-stakeholder cooperative model. In the years 1994–2009 the EU and its member nations gradually revised national accounting systems to "make visible" the increasing contribution of <a href="/wiki/Social_economy" title="Social economy">social economy</a> organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A particularly successful form of multi-stakeholder cooperative is the Italian "social cooperative", of which some 11,000 exist.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Type A" social cooperatives bring together providers and beneficiaries of a social service as members. "Type B" social cooperatives bring together permanent workers and previously unemployed people who wish to integrate into the labor market. They are legally defined as follows: </p> <ul><li>no more than 80% of profits may be distributed, interest is limited to the bond rate, and dissolution is altruistic (assets may not be distributed)</li> <li>the cooperative has legal personality and limited liability</li> <li>the objective is the general benefit of the community and the social integration of citizens</li> <li>those of type B integrate disadvantaged people into the labour market. The categories of disadvantage they target may include physical and mental disability, drug and alcohol addiction, developmental disorders and problems with the law. They do not include other factors of disadvantage such as unemployment, race, sexual orientation or abuse.</li> <li>type A cooperatives provide health, social or educational services</li> <li>various categories of stakeholder may become members, including paid employees, beneficiaries, volunteers (up to 50% of members), financial investors and public institutions. In type B cooperatives at least 30% of the members must be from the disadvantaged target groups</li> <li>voting is one person one vote</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SCIC">SCIC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: SCIC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SCIC – <i>Société coopérative d'intérêt collective</i> (co-operative society of collective interest) is a type of multi-stakeholder co-operative structure introduced in France in 1982. A SCIC must have at least three different categories of members, including users and employees. Other stakeholder groups that may be represented are volunteers, public authorities and other individual or corporate supporters. Voting is on a 'one member, one vote' basis, though voting in colleges is also provided for under certain circumstances. </p><p>SCICs must have a 'general interest' objective. Public bodies can subscribe for up to 20% of the capital. The status allows an association to convert into a co-operative without having to change its legal form. The relative rigidity of the structure, combined with the government's failure to grant tax relief, has limited its take-up.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multi-stakeholding_in_retailing">Multi-stakeholding in retailing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Multi-stakeholding in retailing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multi-stakeholder co-operatives also exist in the retail sector. An example is Färm,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Belgian wholefood retailing cooperative founded in 2015 which favours organic and local produce. It operates 16 shops, of which 11 are in Brussels. </p><p><b>Categories of members:</b> </p><p>The cooperative brings together all the participants in the food chain from farm to fork, represented by six different categories of members: </p> <ul><li>A <b>Investors</b>: the people providing the financial means necessary to achieve the enterprise's ambitions, currently four of the project's founders. This category holds 94% of the shares but only exercises 50% of the votes. The board will consider applications from people wishing to invest in excess of €25,000;</li> <li>B <b>Managers</b>: the members of Färm's management;</li> <li>C <b>Workers</b>: members of staff working at Färm, who currently number 36;</li> <li>D <b>Sympathisers</b>: clients and people who want to support the project without having a contractual or commercial relationship with it. Anyone can become part of this category by buying shares worth a minimum of €105 (currently 5 shares of €21), and a maximum of €5,000. As of September 2020 the cooperative was not accepting new members;</li> <li>E <b>Suppliers and producers</b>: there is no obligation to hold shares in order to collaborate commercially with Färm, but the enterprise finds it nice that the two groups support each other;</li> <li>F <b>Supporters</b>: self-employed people who have opened a store under the Färm brand.</li></ul> <p><b>Governance</b> </p><p>Each member has one vote. The members elect the board of 10 at the annual general meeting. Each category of members has at least one board member to represent them. </p><p>An innovative governance provision ensure that no one group of members can dominate the others. In practice board decisions are taken by consensus. In the event of a vote, each director has one vote, and except where the cooperative's registered or internal rules provide otherwise, decisions are taken by simple majority of those present or represented. But in the event of a tie, if the votes of a group of voters all belong to the same category, the votes of the other categories prevail. </p><p>To ensure that members are committed to the cooperative's values, vision and objectives, to guarantee its long-term finance and to limit financial speculation, shares are not transferable for a period of four years. </p><p>Members receive a 2% discount on purchases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_generation_cooperative">New generation cooperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New generation cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>New generation cooperatives</b> (NGCs) are an adaptation of traditional cooperative structures to modern, capital intensive industries. They are sometimes described as a hybrid between traditional co-ops and limited liability companies or public benefit corporations. They were first developed in California and spread and flourished in the US <a href="/wiki/Mid-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-West">Mid-West</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are now common in Canada where they operate primarily in agriculture and food services, where their primary purpose is to <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">add value</a> to <a href="/wiki/Primary_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary products">primary products</a>. For example, producing <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, pasta from <a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">durum wheat</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Goat%27s_milk_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat's milk cheese">gourmet cheese</a> from <a href="/wiki/Goat%27s_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Goat's milk">goat's milk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Platform_cooperative">Platform cooperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Platform cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform cooperative</a></div> <p>A platform cooperative, or platform co-op, is a cooperatively owned, democratically governed business that establishes a computing platform, and uses a protocol, website or mobile app to facilitate the sale of goods and services. Platform cooperatives are an alternative to venture capital-funded platforms insofar as they are owned and governed by those who depend on them most—workers, users, and other relevant stakeholders. Proponents of platform cooperativism claim that, by ensuring the financial and social value of a platform circulate among these participants, platform cooperatives will bring about a more equitable and fair digitally mediated economy in contrast with the extractive models of corporate intermediaries. Platform cooperatives differ from traditional cooperatives not only due to their use of digital technologies, but also by their contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a> for the purpose of fostering an equitable social and economic landscape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volunteer_cooperative">Volunteer cooperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Volunteer cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A volunteer cooperative is a cooperative that is run by and for a network of volunteers, for the benefit of a defined membership or the general public, to achieve some goal. Depending on the structure, it may be a <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organization</a>, which is operated according to the principles of cooperative governance. The most basic form of volunteer-run cooperative is a <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary association</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">lodge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_club" title="Social club">social club</a> may be organized on this basis. A volunteer-run co-op is distinguished from a <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperative</a> in that the latter is by definition <a href="/wiki/Employee-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee-owned corporation">employee-owned</a>, whereas the volunteer cooperative is typically a <a href="/wiki/Non-stock_corporation" title="Non-stock corporation">non-stock corporation</a>, volunteer-run <a href="/wiki/Consumer_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer cooperative">consumer co-op</a> or <a href="/wiki/Service_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Service organization">service organization</a>, in which workers and beneficiaries jointly participate in management decisions and receive discounts on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Sweat_equity" title="Sweat equity">sweat equity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_or_secondary_cooperative">Federal or secondary cooperative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Federal or secondary cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Federation">Cooperative Federation</a></div> <p>In some cases, cooperative societies find it advantageous to form <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">cooperative federations</a> in which all of the members are themselves cooperatives. Historically, these have predominantly come in the form of cooperative wholesale societies, and cooperative unions. Cooperative federations are a means through which cooperative societies can fulfill the sixth <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_among_cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation among cooperatives">cooperation among cooperatives</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">ICA</a> noting that "Cooperatives serve their members most effectively and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through local, regional and international structures." </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Co-operative_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Co-operative Federations">List of Co-operative Federations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooperative_union">Cooperative union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cooperative union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A second common form of cooperative federation is a cooperative union, whose objective (according to Gide) is "to develop the spirit of solidarity among societies and... in a word, to exercise the functions of a government whose authority, it is needless to say, is purely moral." <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">International Cooperative Alliance</a> are examples of such arrangements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooperative_political_movements">Cooperative political movements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cooperative political movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Cooperative_Party"></span> In some countries with a strong cooperative sector, such as the UK, cooperatives may find it advantageous to form political groupings to represent their interests. The British <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a>, the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Commonwealth_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Commonwealth Federation">Cooperative Commonwealth Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> are prime examples of such arrangements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="UK">UK</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_cooperative_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="British cooperative movement">British cooperative movement</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> in the early 20th century to represent members of <a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers' cooperative">consumers' cooperatives</a> in Parliament, which was the first of its kind. The Co-operative Party now has a permanent electoral pact with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> meaning someone cannot be a member if they support a party other than Labour. <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> also run a credit union that is constituted as a co-operative, called the 'Plaid Cymru Credit Union'.<sup id="cite_ref-UCPCCU_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCPCCU-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK cooperatives retain a strong market share in <a href="/wiki/Co-op_(supermarket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-op (supermarket)">food retail</a>, insurance, banking, funeral services, and the travel industry in many parts of the country, although this is still significantly lower than other business models.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former leader of the British Labour Party <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> has publicly expressed support for worker cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_conditions">Working conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Working conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cooperatives have been traditionally seen as an alternative to the traditional business model, in which a capitalist has the private ownership of the monetary capital and of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and workers have to sell their <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force</a> to the capitalist to earn a salary. </p><p>Cooperatives are often said to offer better <a href="/wiki/Working_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Working conditions">working conditions</a> than regular firms.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is demonstrated by the fact that cooperatives have a lower turnover rate (rate of workers leaving a firm) compared to regular firms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, cooperatives do not always show improved working conditions compared to traditional businesses. In fact, the different nature of cooperatives imply that the nature of the working conditions within the cooperatives is also different. </p><p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunle_Akingbola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunle Akingbola (page does not exist)">Kunle Akingbola</a>, working conditions are "the core elements of work  relationships determined by the social, psychological, and physical factors that influence the workplace and the interaction that employees experience at work" and "typically include the nature of employment, working hours, job characteristics, compensation, work interactions, physical work environment, and written and unwritten work expectations".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pam_a_Pam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pam a Pam (page does not exist)">Pam a Pam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cooperative has good working conditions when it has stable contracts, working days consistent with the volume of tasks, and offers a higher salary than the established in the collective agreement of the sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wages">Wages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Wages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, Hanson and Purushinkaya performed a survey on working conditions of cooperatives in the US,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which cooperativists expressed that they were making wages above the minimum for good living conditions. According to the report, they received, on average, 3.52 $/hour more than at their previous job. </p><p>Research shows that, in the US, the 77% of the cooperatives have a 1:1 or 2:1 <a href="/wiki/Wage_ratio" title="Wage ratio">top-to-bottom pay ratio</a>, whereas the average large corporation in the US has a CEO-to-worker pay ratio of 303:1.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that in worker's cooperatives there is much more distribution of wealth between the members of the cooperatives, which means that workers that are at the bottom of the organizational pyramid make more money than workers that are at the bottom of the pyramid but that are in conventional firms. </p><p>Research also shows that the effect of output price changes on wage variations is positive for both conventional firms (CF) and cooperatives (WC), but larger in WCs than in CFs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that, because the distribution of wealth is much greater in WCs, an increase in the benefits of a WC usually is reflected in a proportional increase in the wages, whereas in CF this increase in the wages is much smaller (since the wealth is accumulated by people in the higher position, or is saved for new corporate investments). </p><p>However, the fact that the wealth is distributed between the already hired workers has the downside of preventing the cooperatives of hiring more workers, thus having a rate of creation of new jobs that is lower than CF. However, in WC changes on output prices does not translate in more employment, whereas in CF it does (CF create less employment).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research shows that in times of crisis, employment and wages are more protected in WC than in conventional firms;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the focus of WCs is on protecting employment and because the workers that control the WC do not want to lose their jobs, WC are generally more willing to protect them. This does not happen so much in CF, where the focus is on maintaining the margin of benefits and not employment, which is considered a cost in times of crisis. </p><p>Research also shows that the difference of wages between workers hired by the cooperative and workers that are members of the cooperative is small (a worker can work for the cooperative but not be a member of it).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two explanations have been proposed: the first one is that the spirit of cooperativism also extends to hired workers; and the second that sometimes employees are needed for highly skilled jobs, which provides them with strong bargaining power enabling them to defend their employment positions and to compensate for their lack of formal control rights over the firm.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability_of_contracts">Stability of contracts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Stability of contracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation of cooperatives has been used many times to create jobs in economically depressed sites. The communalization of wealth in poor areas often allows them to make the first investment in capital, which allows them to set the cooperative and start having benefits, thus producing an inflow of wealth in the community, which then is redistributed within the members of the cooperatives. This scheme of using cooperatives to create wealth and job opportunities in depressed areas has been famously used, for example, by the <a href="/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation" title="Mondragon Corporation">Mondragon Corporation</a>, which has provided long term stable jobs for the population of <a href="/wiki/Mondragon,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondragon, Spain">Mondragon (Euskadi)</a> since the mid 50s. </p><p>The focus that cooperatives have in protecting jobs is reflected in research. Hanson and Prushinkaya have showed that, in the US, turnover rates are lower in WC than in CF (the turnover rate is the percentage of employees leaving a company within a certain period of time).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jobs at workers' cooperatives tend to be longer term.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several explanations for this: higher compensation and wages for workers; higher job satisfaction; greater adaptability to crisis and economic difficulties, etc. </p><p>Research shows that WC show higher adaptability to crisis and economic hardships than CF.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During negative demand shocks, WCs contain employment drop and allow a greater downward wage adjustment<sup id="cite_ref-:3_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the workers themselves decided to lower their own wages to keep the jobs). Another adaptability mechanism is the mutual support between WCs.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case of Cooperativa Mondragón is paradigmatic in this sense: during the 80s, some cooperatives were experiencing financial difficulties, and Mondragon redeployed workers in the struggling co-operatives to ones that were better off.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who were not redeployed were given income assistance that equaled 80% of their salary.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central control structure of Mondragon allowed for this to happen. This would have been unlikely to happen in unorganized and autonomous co-operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This same scheme to save employment prevented <a href="/wiki/Fagor" title="Fagor">Fagor</a> cooperative workers from losing their jobs when Fagor went bankrupt: they were relocated to other cooperatives of the Mondragon group.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workload">Workload</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Workload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overworking due to the need for competitiveness applies to cooperatives as well. Some authors argue that the limitation of working hours in a cooperative should only apply for non-members workers of the coop (hired workers), whereas member workers should be allowed to work as much as they want, allowing the cooperative to collectively take those kind of decisions if they only apply to member workers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_democracy">Internal democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Internal democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></div><p>According to Pam a Pam,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having internal democracy is not limited to having communal spaces of debate and decision making, but also ensuring that the participation in those spaces is not limited by issues of positionality, privilege, or rank.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, one of the basic issues with internal democracy is to make sure that every worker has access to all the information of the cooperative, and that is aware of every debate that is happening within the cooperative. It is important to make sure that all important decisions are taken in formal spaces, and avoid using informal spaces in which not everyone might be present to take those decisions. </p><p>This issue of having access and voice in the formal spaces for decision making of the cooperative becomes more important the bigger the cooperative gets. Research shows that,  in larger cooperatives, member participation is lower than in smaller cooperatives, and there is a deterioration of internal democracy and working conditions for cooperative members and employees.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Kaswan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Kaswan (page does not exist)">Mark Kaswan</a> describes <a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a>'s theory concerning cooperatives as: "[T]he cooperative structure alters the socio-economic relations of their members, aligning their interests with one another on the basis of a strong principle of equality. It is this alignment of interests on the basis of equality that gives cooperatives their strongly democratic character."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kaswan himself, internal democracy is mostly defined by the type and the size of the cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark Kaswan argues that the type of activity developed by a cooperative is one of the main factors that determines how democratic it is. For example, in worker cooperatives, the workers spend a lot of time in contact with each other, having a high level of both interaction and interdependency. In consumer's cooperatives, both the frequency and the intensity of the encounters is lower, thus reducing their democratic participation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size of the cooperative is considered to be one of the most important factors for internal democracy. For example, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a> argues that, as paraphrased by Kaswan, "assembly-style direct democracy can only effectively function in fairly small organisations".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaswan states: "Increasing size also increases the complexity of management. [...] This can lead to the problem of 'managerialism', or the development of powerful officials whose concerns and interests may be different from those of common members." If the manager is already a worker-member of the cooperative, the problem might be resolved; but if the manager is hired specifically for managerial purposes, some hierarchies can arise. The contradiction with the issue of size comes with the social impact of the cooperative: greater size usually means greater social impact, but also has a toll on internal democracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suggestions_to_improve_internal_democracy_within_a_cooperative">Suggestions to improve internal democracy within a cooperative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Suggestions to improve internal democracy within a cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><p><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-inline">‹The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Manual" title="Template:Manual">Manual</a></i> is being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_25#Template:Manual" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 25">considered for merging</a>.›</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Manual plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#GUIDE" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">a manual or guide</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit">rewrite this section</a> and remove advice or instruction.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Facilitation of all meetings/assemblies is rotated among all members of the coop; training and coaching in facilitation will be provided.</li> <li>Permanent and external facilitation (from a specialized process work paradigm external coop) on emotions, conflicts of power, informal hierarchies.</li> <li>Any decision made by a coop member can be recalled if 50% of coop members request it.</li> <li>Create a space where members can propose improvements and a committee reviews and prioritizes them.</li> <li>Revise periodically how the flow of information goes, and see if there are individuals or segments of the coop excluded from this flow, for whatever reason (lack of proper access, unclear messages, technical jargon, excessive workload, etc.), and define collective measures to define what is relevant information (and what is not) and guarantee a full access to it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status_of_cooperative_workers:_employees_or_employed?"><span id="Legal_status_of_cooperative_workers:_employees_or_employed.3F"></span>Legal status of cooperative workers: employees or employed?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Legal status of cooperative workers: employees or employed?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a legal debate on whether to consider being a member of a cooperative as a formal worker or not. For instance, it has been claimed that "the relationship of the worker-member with their cooperative should be considered as distinct from that of conventional wage-based dependent work and self-employed work". Some authors argue that cooperatives should have their own legal status differentiated from the legal status of a conventional firm, in order for them to get recognition and adapt the law to its unique features.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, lawyers have debated whether the relationship between members in the worker cooperative also constitute an employment relationship to which the rules governing pais dependent work are applicable. Some say yes, mainly based on the argument that participation in the management and direction is not incompatible with the condition of subordination and that the individual is subordinated to the majority vote. However, other interpretations say that the link between members and the worker cooperatives is not a labor relation. In many law cases it has been widely adopted that the size of the cooperative is decisive for this question since the personal contribution of members is more important in small cooperatives. </p><p>In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> determines whether a worker is an independent contractor by considering the degree that the worker:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Receives less extensive instructions on the work to be done, but not how it should be done;</li> <li>Receives training from the business about required procedures and methods;</li> <li>Has significant investment in the work;</li> <li>Is not reimbursed for some business expenses;</li> <li>Has the opportunity to realize a profit or incur a loss;</li> <li>Receives benefits from the business;</li> <li>Has a written contract that shows the relationship the worker and business intend.</li></ul> <p>The following factors are generally considered when determining whether an employment relationship exists under the FLSA: </p> <ul><li>Is the worker performing work that is an integral part of the business?</li> <li>Do the worker's managerial skills affect the worker's opportunity for both profit and loss?</li> <li>What kinds of investment does the worker make in facilities and equipment compared to the employer?</li> <li>Does the worker exercise independent business judgement and initiative?</li> <li>Is the relationship with the employer indefinite, which suggests an ongoing employee relationship?</li> <li>What kind of control does the employer have about how the work is performed, pay amounts, hours worked, and whether the worker is free to also work for others and hire helpers?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_problem_of_labour_fraud">The problem of labour fraud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: The problem of labour fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, the recognition of cooperatives as different entities than conventional firms sometimes creates a legal void that has been used regularly for labour fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Spain, cooperatives are not subjected to the sectoral collective agreements of each sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, businesses take the form of a cooperative to avoid being subjected to collective agreements gained through trade unionism and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a>, thus being able to pay lower or have worse labor conditions than the ones stipulated in the collective agreement, while at the same time retaining the same power and salary pyramids.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many cooperatives are accused of being instruments to be used to lay off workers, to out-source and to exploit workers and small producers. The "cooperativatisation" of both public and private sector activities in some countries has been accompanied by a deterioration of working conditions. This is due both to the perversion of the cooperative form and to weak labour regulations applied to these kinds of work forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually, the law establishes that a cooperative is required to have a minimum percentage of workers-owners (usually 33%). Cooperatives can hire workers that are not part of the cooperative, but the law usually establishes a maximum amount of time that they can work in the cooperative without being members of it; after that, cooperatives are legally obliged to make those workers part of the cooperative. Some cooperatives commit labour fraud because they either have a smaller percentage of cooperativised workers than mandated by law, or they have people working without becoming members for more time than legally allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, since the law does not subject cooperatives to the collective agreements or to the <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Spain" title="Social security in Spain">social security</a> regulations, the following scheme has been used: if a business wants to pay less than what the sector agreement of its economic sector establishes, the business can create a cooperative, which is not subjected to it, hire all the workers using that cooperative, and then outsource the activity to this cooperative. In this way, instead of having to hire all the workers directly (thus having to pay the Social Security fees and the minimum wage established by the collective agreement), the company only has to use the cooperative as a <a href="/wiki/Shell_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell company">shell company</a>, and in this way it does not have to pay according to the agreement, and since the workers are hired by the cooperative and not by the company, they are not subject to the either the sector agreement or social security.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case, for example, of Spain's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servicarne_Coop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Servicarne Coop (page does not exist)">Servicarne Coop</a>, hired by meat industries such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coren_(meat_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coren (meat company) (page does not exist)">Coren</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sada_(meat_company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sada (meat company) (page does not exist)">Sada</a>, which according to the <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a> "does not carry out a cooperative activity" and "has not been established with the purpose of fulfilling the objectives set forth in the Cooperatives Law [...] but only with the aim of obtaining certain benefits that are linked to it, creating a merely formal appearance of a cooperative", for example, to avoid paying the Social Security fees.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potential solutions to this fraudulent usage of workers' cooperatives have been suggested, such as covering the legal void that allows this to happen,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating cooperative federations that ensure the cooperative identity and its regular functioning, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggestions_to_improve_workers'_conditions_within_a_cooperative"><span id="Suggestions_to_improve_workers.27_conditions_within_a_cooperative"></span>Suggestions to improve workers' conditions within a cooperative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Suggestions to improve workers' conditions within a cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><p><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-inline">‹The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Manual" title="Template:Manual">Manual</a></i> is being <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_25#Template:Manual" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 25">considered for merging</a>.›</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Manual plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#GUIDE" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">a manual or guide</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit">rewrite this section</a> and remove advice or instruction.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Flexible scheduling.</li> <li>Remote work for all staff, with the possibility to do the full working week that way, but also putting some mandatory in-person moments for everyone (conflict resolution, first meetings with new employees, farewell for leaving employees, conflict resolution, strategically and/or politically relevant and/or difficult meetings, celebrations in the coop).</li> <li>All time on worker cooperative business is paid.</li> <li>Equal pay for all positions (assuming a balanced share of responsibility and job complexity).</li> <li>40 days of vacation (at least).</li> <li>Safe and regenerative working place. Applications based on biomimicry and biophilia to promote natural, healthy and diverse environments (different places for calmness, meditation, creativity, stimuli, team bond generation, individual reflection, exercise, connection with nature, water, plants, art, etc.).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_performance">Economic performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Economic performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job_productivity">Job productivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Job productivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general terms, research shows that productivity in worker's cooperatives is higher than in conventional firms. For example, Fakhfakh et al. (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-:9_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> show that in several industries, conventional firms would produce more with their current levels of employment and capital when they adopted the employee-owned firms' way of organising. </p><p>One explanation is that commitment to the cause causes more productivity. The fact that employees can participate in decision-making motivates them to be more involved with the objectives of the cooperative. </p><p>Another explanation is that the collective work environment enhances job satisfaction, thus augmenting productivity. Research has shown that collectivists working in simulated collectivist cultures do in fact produce more cooperative behavior than do individualists (i.e., those low in collectivism) in these cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it has been argued that collectivists' ideological commitment to the group members yields higher levels of motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, in addition to making turnover less likely, high collectivism in the WC environment should translate to high performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_stability">Economic stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economic stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">Economic stability</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_and_the_Debt_Trap" title="Capital and the Debt Trap">Capital and the Debt Trap</a></i> reports that "cooperatives tend to have a longer life than other types of enterprise, and thus a higher level of entrepreneurial sustainability". This <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resilient" class="extiw" title="wikt:resilient">resilience</a> has been attributed to how cooperatives share risks and rewards between members, how they harness the ideas of many and how members have a tangible ownership stake in the business. Additionally, "cooperative banks build up <a href="/wiki/Counter-cyclical" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-cyclical">counter-cyclical</a> buffers that function well in case of a crisis," and are less likely to lead members and clients towards a <a href="/wiki/Debt_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt trap">debt trap</a> (p. 216). This is explained by their more democratic governance that reduces <a href="/wiki/Perverse_incentive" title="Perverse incentive">perverse incentives</a> and subsequent contributions to <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">economic bubbles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2012 report published by CICOPA (Europe) showed that in France and Spain, worker cooperatives and social cooperatives "have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 report by <a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a> concluded that <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">cooperative banks</a> outperformed their competitors during the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>. The cooperative banking sector had 20% market share of the European banking sector, but accounted for only 7 percent of all the write-downs and losses between the third quarter of 2007 and the first quarter of 2011. Cooperative banks were also over-represented in lending to small and medium-sized businesses in all of the 10 countries included in the report.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 report published by the Office for National Statistics found that, in the UK, the rate of survival of cooperatives after 5 years was 80 percent compared with only 41 percent for other enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-uk.coop_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk.coop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further study found that after 10 years, 44 percent of cooperatives were still in operation, compared with only 20 percent for other enterprises. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_North_America">In North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: In North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_the_United_States_of_America">In the United States of America</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: In the United States of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">History of cooperatives in the United States</a></div> <p>In a 2007 study by the World Council of Credit Unions, the five-year survival rate of cooperatives in the United States was found to be 90% in comparison to 3–5% for traditional businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit unions</a>, a type of cooperative bank, had five times lower failure rate than other banks during the financial crisis<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 and 2016, from $30 billion to $60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during the same period declined by around $100 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public trust in credit unions stands at 60%, compared to 30% for big banks<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and small businesses are five times less likely to be dissatisfied with a credit union than with a big bank.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Canada">In Canada</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: In Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_Canada" title="History of cooperatives in Canada">History of cooperatives in Canada</a></div> <p>A 2010 report by the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export in Québec found the five-year survival rate and ten-year survival rate of cooperatives in Québec to be 62% and 44% respectively compared to 35% and 20% for conventional firms.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another report by the BC-Alberta Social economy Research Alliance found that the three-year survival rate of cooperatives in Alberta to be 81.5% in comparison to 48% for traditional firms.<sup id="cite_ref-wisc.edu_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisc.edu-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another report by the aforementioned Research Alliance found that in British Columbia, the five-year survival rates for cooperatives between 2000 and 2010 to be 66.6% in comparison to conventional businesses that had 43% and 39% in the years 1984 and 1993 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-wisc.edu_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisc.edu-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooperative_financing">Cooperative financing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Cooperative financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The issue of finance in cooperativism is one of the most importance. Since the failure rates of cooperatives are lower than for conventional firms,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the financing schemes used by them are at least as successful as for conventional firms. </p><p>One of the success factors lies in the fact that cooperatives use a different arrange of financing schemes </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self_financing_(social_base)"><span id="Self_financing_.28social_base.29"></span>Self financing (social base)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Self financing (social base)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianluca_Salvatori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianluca Salvatori (page does not exist)">Gianluca Salvatore</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riccardo_Bodini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riccardo Bodini (page does not exist)">Riccardo Bodini</a>, self-financing schemes include the act and the practice of using one's own capital to provide funding for an enterprise. The main advantage of self-financing is that it sets the cooperative free from outside influence and debt, but the capacity to expand the coop might be constrained by the lack of capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capital_by_members">Capital by members</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Capital by members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital (economics)</a></div> <p>This is the main form of financing in cooperatives. Usually, workers cooperatives do not only socialize the labor force, but also a part of the economical wealth of each member, that is put in a pool together with the rest of contributions, and that constitutes the capital of the cooperative. Usually, future members have to socialize a certain amount of money to the cooperative before they can become formal members.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common way to do it all at once before joining the cooperative, but other financing schemes have been proposed. For example, some cooperatives do not ask for an initial investment, but rather require workers to work for a certain period of time, while retaining a percentage of the wage, until the worker has paid all the requirements and can become a formal member of the cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually, when the worker decides to leave the cooperative, all the money invested will be returned to the worker. </p><p>The amount required will vary depending on a lot of factors, such as for example:<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The type of cooperative: if it is a big industrial cooperative, the amount required will probably be higher than for a small services cooperative.</li> <li>The current budget of the cooperative: if a cooperative is already economically well established, probably the requirements will be lower. However, if the cooperative is still young and still requires a lot of investments, the initial requirement will be higher.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_loans">Social loans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Social loans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally. if the situation requires it, workers of the cooperative can decide to put some more money as an investment, which can later be returned.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperative_resources">Cooperative resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Cooperative resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gross_profits">Gross profits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Gross profits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the cooperative is based on selling products or services, a part of the finance comes from the profits that they get from their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proceeds_from_assets">Proceeds from assets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Proceeds from assets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cooperative can have different assets from which it can get money without having to sell those assets. For example, if the cooperative has money in the bank, and the bank gives interests, it can generate some more money. Or for example, if the cooperative owns a place and rents it, it can get some more money out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balance_sheet_assets">Balance sheet assets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Balance sheet assets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assets can also be converted to money. For example, if the cooperative owns shares of another company, they can sell them and turn them into liquidity. Or if the cooperative owns a building, it can sell it. Different types of assets can be converted to liquidity with different levels of ease: for example, selling shares is easier and less time-consuming than selling land, which might take months. Thus, shares are much more easily converted to liquidity than land.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_grants">Financial grants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Financial grants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Financial_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial grant">Financial grants</a>, that are awards typically given by foundations or governments, can also be a source of financiation for cooperatives. They differ from loans in the fact that they under most conditions they do not have to be paid back. Some grants have waiting periods before the grantee can take full ownership of them.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Donations">Donations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Donations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">Donation</a></div> <p>They are usually in the form of cash, but can also be in the form of other <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a>. Donations are specially recommendable if the cooperative has a strong aim for social impact and mutual aid, in which case individual or collective donors might be interested in donating.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Crowdfunding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></div> <p>Crowdfunding is a way of sourcing money for a project by asking a large number of contributors to individually donate a small amount to it. In return, the backers may receive token rewards that increase in prestige as the size of the donation increases.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A successful example of how to finance a workers cooperative with a crowdfunding is the case of the cooperative of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collettivo_di_Fabbrica_GKN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collettivo di Fabbrica GKN (page does not exist)">Collettivo di Fabbrica GKN</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insorgiamo!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insorgiamo! (page does not exist)">Insorgiamo!</a>, who, after occupying and taking back the control of a <a href="/wiki/GKN" title="GKN">GKN</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, they began a crowdfunding campaign to get the initial money needed to create a cooperative that included all the workers that previously worked there. They used that money to make the initial investments to reconvert the factory to manufacture bicycle parts, with a <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> goal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundations_and_Governments_financing">Foundations and Governments financing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Foundations and Governments financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Especially for <a href="/wiki/Social_and_solidarity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and solidarity economy">SSE</a> cooperatives, one way to get finance is getting <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a> from governments or private organizations. The latter are usually related to philanthropy. The difference with other types of grants is that they do not require any previous conditions of challenges that need to be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenge_grants">Challenge grants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Challenge grants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Challenge_grant" title="Challenge grant">Challenge grant</a></div> <p>Challenge grants are funds disbursed by governments, foundations and trusts on completion of challenge requirements. The challenge refers to the actions or results that must be achieved before money is released. The challenge could require a new solution to an existing problem that had been ignored. Additional requirements could be specified, from programme certification to member participation. An example of a challenge grant would be money that is given by a bank if the cooperative increases membership by a certain amount.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lending">Lending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Lending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lending or debt instruments provide borrowers with funding in exchange for repayment of this funding along with interest, based on predetermined timeframes and interest rate terms. The provision of funding might require guarantees.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concessional/Flexible_Loans"><span id="Concessional.2FFlexible_Loans"></span>Concessional/Flexible Loans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Concessional/Flexible Loans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concessional and flexible loans include special features such as no or low interest rates, extended repayment schedules, and interest rate modifications during the life of the loan.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crowdlending">Crowdlending</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Crowdlending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crowdlending" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdlending">Crowdlending</a></div> <p>Crowd lending, also known as <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_lending" title="Peer-to-peer lending">peer-to-peer lending</a>, is the practice of lending money through online services that directly match lenders with borrowers. Lenders can earn higher returns compared to savings and investment products offered by banks, while borrowers can borrow money at lower interest rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_bonds">Social bonds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Social bonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For example, when the bank provides sums of money as donations or financing at competitive conditions in support of initiatives that favour social innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equity_investments">Equity investments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Equity investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equity (finance)</a></div> <p>An equity investment is money that is invested in a company by purchasing shares of that company in the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>. Some cooperatives use that as a source of money. In cooperatives equity investments are usually not used, since it is something that is generally believed to go against the principles of cooperativism (the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a> themselves limit the equity investments).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_equity_investment">Direct equity investment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Direct equity investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct capital contribution to a project without the guarantee of repayment; the return on a direct equity investment will depend on the performance of a project/company over the investment period.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financing_members">Financing members</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Financing members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Especially at the start of a cooperative, this is used in some cases. It involves a person or a legal entity that, with a financial contribution, favours the establishment of a company and the carrying out of the social activity. Typically, they make part of the initial investment, and once the company is established, they resell all or part of the subscribed shares.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_forms_of_equity_investments">Other forms of equity investments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Other forms of equity investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other forms of equity investments used by cooperatives are: <a href="/wiki/Equity_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity fund">equity funds</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual fund</a>, quasi-equity, <a href="/wiki/Equity_crowdfunding" title="Equity crowdfunding">equity crowdfunding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">social venture capital</a>/<a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">impact investing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patient_capital" title="Patient capital">patient capital</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redistribution_of_profit">Redistribution of profit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Redistribution of profit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through all these financial means, a cooperative can create a financial profit. The next set of critical financial decisions becomes how to distribute that profit. There are different forms of redistributing the benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capital_reinvestment">Capital reinvestment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Capital reinvestment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually, growing the business is not the main goal of a cooperative (the main goal is to redistribute profit among its members), but sometimes it is necessary to reinvest a part of the profits in the form of new capital, which will allow the cooperative to expand its operations and increase profit in the future. This is especially true during the initial steps of the cooperative, in which its operations have to grow to the point in which they have regained the initial capital investment. The capital reinvestments are decided collectively through the democratic mechanisms that a cooperative has.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patronage_refund">Patronage refund</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Patronage refund"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patronage refunds are the distribution of profits to the members of the cooperative, who have previously invested money in the form of capital by members and social loans.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dividends">Dividends</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Dividends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">Dividend</a></div> <p>The Rochdale principles state that cooperatives should have limited return on equity investments, so its usual for most of the cooperatives to not use equity investments, and, if they do, pay few dividends to the shareholders. The main reason for which they do that is that distributing profits as dividends reduces the potential amount of patronage refunds.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unallocated_Retained_Earnings,_or_"cushion_fund""><span id="Unallocated_Retained_Earnings.2C_or_.22cushion_fund.22"></span>Unallocated Retained Earnings, or "cushion fund"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Unallocated Retained Earnings, or "cushion fund""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part of the benefits of a cooperative must be <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">saved</a> as a safe fund, which will allow the cooperative to face unexpected situations and <a href="/wiki/Crisis_(economic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis (economic)">crises</a> if they appear.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_98-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redistribution_of_losses">Redistribution of losses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Redistribution of losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In case that a cooperative experiences a loss, there are alternatives to handle them in the most efficient way possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_98-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Make_use_of_the_"cushion_funds""><span id="Make_use_of_the_.22cushion_funds.22"></span>Make use of the "cushion funds"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Make use of the "cushion funds""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a cooperative has had profits at some point, it should have some savings, which it can use in times of economic losses. In this way, they can absorb the losses simply with the money they already had, not having to affect neither wages, employment, or stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_98-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allocate_the_losses_to_the_members">Allocate the losses to the members</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Allocate the losses to the members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is one of the most common ways to allocate the losses. Making this decision involves the workers deliberating through the stablished democratic mechanisms on how are the losses going to be distributed among membership.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_98-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>We have already seen that, in times of economical hardships, cooperatives are more willing to reduce their wages rather than reduce employment, whereas conventional firms would rather fire some people and keep the same wages for the rest of them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Job_satisfaction">Job satisfaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Job satisfaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castel <i>et al</i>. (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-:13_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> performed research on <a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">job satisfaction</a> in workers cooperatives, and said that job satisfaction is high in workers cooperatives and that <a href="/wiki/Social_economy" title="Social economy">social economy</a> values are a source of job satisfaction. Within those types of organizations there are several <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic">intrinsic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extrinsic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic">extrinsic</a> factors that perform in a very characteristic manner, and which are key for job satisfaction. </p><p>The intrinsic factors are characteristics of the work itself, and Castel et al. proposes that cooperatives create job satisfaction because they usually involve:<sup id="cite_ref-:13_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reducing the gap between the conception and execution of tasks</li> <li>Increasing task significance (making work meaningful)</li> <li>Developing workers' skills</li> <li>Seeking to benefit the global environment and society while involving everyone</li></ul> <p>The extrinsic factors that make work in coops satisfying are:<sup id="cite_ref-:13_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A higher level of shared business culture</li> <li>Increased confidence in elected management</li> <li>Greater attention to working and employment conditions following the increased social responsibility of the company</li> <li>Collective decision-making.</li></ul> <p>However, Castel <i>et al</i>. also points out that not all of the characteristics of workers cooperatives increase job satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, they point out that some characteristics are perjudicial for <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>, such as the perceived increase in work pressure (some workers feel that since they are the owners of their means of production, they are pressured into working more by other colleagues), or the ambiguity of the relationship between other workers (everyone being in the same decision-making position can create conflicts among workers). </p><p>Hanson and Prushinkaya (2021) conducted a survey that found similar results: they found that, in general, cooperativists state high job satisfaction, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and voice, and professional development.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also found that the majority of individual respondents described their job security, job satisfaction, work effort, and the economic stability of the company as somewhat or much better than what they experienced in their last job.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a majority reported the quality of supervision, feedback, and training was superior in their co-op job. Their research also showed that within co-ops, training and skill-building matters for democratic governance: workers who received cooperative-specific training participated more in workplace decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another research also shows that worker cooperatives are still beneficial for job satisfaction even if their activity is in no sense related to the social and solidarity economy or has no social purpose at all. According to Hyungsik Eum this is because "in worker cooperatives, worker-members have a sense of ownership of their own jobs and workplaces".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_cooperatives">Women in cooperatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Women in cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_cooperatives" title="Women in cooperatives">Women in cooperatives</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cooperative" title="Special:EditPage/Cooperative">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since cooperatives are based on values like <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a>, democracy, <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" title="Equity (economics)">equity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>, they can play a particularly strong role in empowering women, especially in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperatives allow women who might have been isolated and working individually to band together and create <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> as well as increase their own <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_power" title="Bargaining power">bargaining power</a> in the market. In statements in advance of <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> in early 2013, President of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">International Cooperative Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dame_Pauline_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Pauline Green">Dame Pauline Green</a>, said, "Cooperative businesses have done so much to help women onto the ladder of economic activity. With that comes community respect, political legitimacy and influence." </p><p>However, despite the intended democratic structure of cooperatives and the values and benefits shared by members, due to traditional <a href="/wiki/Gender_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender norms">gender norms</a> on the role of women, and other instilled cultural practices that sidestep attempted legal protections, women and other disadvantaged groups suffer a disproportionately low representation in cooperative membership around the world. Representation of women through <i>active</i> membership (showing up to meetings and voting), as well as in leadership and managerial positions is even lower.<sup id="cite_ref-Nippierd2002_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nippierd2002-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> behaviors that can be found in cooperatives involve the formal structures and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> that conform<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cooperative#Dubious" title="Talk:Cooperative">discuss</a></i>]</sup>} the cooperative: </p> <ul><li>Non-open and non-democratic decision-making: democratic spaces are often <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-opted</a> by <a href="/wiki/White_men" class="mw-redirect" title="White men">white men</a>, who occupy most of the space, and tend to monopolize the leadership of those democratic spaces. This can result in women having less voice in the cooperative decision making, thus having their needs underrepresented.</li> <li>Exclusionary leadership: in some occasions, the management of cooperatives involves electing leaders for specific purposes. The under-representation of women in the democratic spaces can result in them having a smaller chance of being elected as representatives or leaders. Statistics show that women are still underrepresented in responsibility jobs in co-ops.<sup id="cite_ref-Nippierd2002_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nippierd2002-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationships</a>: patriarchal behavior can also be found in male colleagues, who often, for example, act in patronizing ways, or have distrust in women's capacity to perform certain jobs.</li> <li>Lesser wages for <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary people</a>: non-binary people tend to earn less money than <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a>, even in co-ops.</li></ul> <p>The strongest manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a> in cooperatives are: <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (July 2024)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Manifestations of machismo that belittle, offend and detract from security and autonomy. They involve a higher level of degradation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a>: unfortunately, within workers cooperatives sexual violence happens sometimes. It is often hidden by the false supposition that in cooperatives everything is shared and done collectively, which might create an environment that might hide sexual violence. For example, under such a climate of trust and confidence, inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Pick-up_line" title="Pick-up line">pick-up lines</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sexist_joke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist joke">sexist joke</a>, could inadvertently pass as normal. In the most extreme cases, sexual aggressions or even rape is wrongly justified under the excuse of having trust and confidence in each other.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooperatives_in_socialist_thought">Cooperatives in socialist thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Cooperatives in socialist thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism (economic theory)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooperatives_in_popular_culture">Cooperatives in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Cooperatives in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the number of memberships in cooperatives reached one billion,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so the organizational structure and movement has seeped into popular culture. </p><p>However, in comparison with the number of co-operatives, they are rarely the subject of literature. Among these, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a> mentions their role in working-class life during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Giants" title="Fall of Giants">Fall of Giants</a></i> (2010), the first volume of his <i>Century Trilogy</i>: </p> <dl><dd>"Where's our mam?"</dd> <dd>"Gone down the Co-op for a tin of jam."</dd></dl> <p>The local grocery was a co-operative store, sharing profits among its customers. Such shops were popular in South Wales, although no one knew how to pronounce Co-op, variations ranging from "cop" to "quorp".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less seriously, in <i>Murder in the Collective</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Wilson_(American_author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Wilson (American author) (page does not exist)">Barbara Wilson</a> sets a murder mystery among radical printing collectives in Seattle,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Frances Madeson's 2007 comic novel <i>Cooperative Village</i> is set in <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Village" title="Cooperative Village">the eponymous housing co-operative</a> in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> drama television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wire" title="The Wire">The Wire</a></i>, several drug dealers create a democratic alliance called the New Day Co-Op with the interests of cutting back on violence and increasing business. </p><p><i>Co-opoly: The Game of Cooperatives</i> is a popular <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a> by <a href="/wiki/TESA_Collective" title="TESA Collective">TESA Collective</a> played around the world that challenges players to work together to start and run a cooperative and overcome major hurdles.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooperatives feature prominently in the Martian economy in <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mars_trilogy" title="Mars trilogy"><i>Mars</i> trilogy</a> and in a speculative future Earth economy in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_for_the_Future" title="The Ministry for the Future">The Ministry for the Future</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">Co-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worker_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Worker representation on corporate boards of directors">Worker representation on corporate boards of directors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative economics">Cooperative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cooperative_movement" title="Danish cooperative movement">Danish cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">Decentralized autonomous organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership" title="Employee stock ownership">Employee stock ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee stock ownership plan">Employee stock ownership plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations" title="List of co-operative federations">List of co-operative federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cooperatives" title="List of cooperatives">List of cooperatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Horcones" title="Los Horcones">Los Horcones</a> (a producer cooperative & <a href="/wiki/Walden_Two" title="Walden Two">Walden Two</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">Microfinance</a> / <a href="/wiki/Microcredit" title="Microcredit">microcredit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondrag%C3%B3n_Cooperative_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondragón Cooperative Corporation">Mondragón Cooperative Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (politics)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Ownership_Defense_Housing_Division" title="Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division">Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism (economic theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Cooperatives_and_Social_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Cooperatives and Social Development">Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Cooperatives and Social Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange_cooperative" title="Stock exchange cooperative">Stock exchange cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ica-principles-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ica-principles_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013501/https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity">"Statement on the Cooperative Identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Cooperative_Alliance" title="International Cooperative Alliance">International Cooperative Alliance</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity">the original</a> on 27 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Cooperative+Alliance&rft.atitle=Statement+on+the+Cooperative+Identity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.coop%2Fen%2Fcooperatives%2Fcooperative-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity">"Cooperative identity, values & principles"</a>. <i>ICA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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American Economic Association: 734–757. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1813525">1813525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Collective+Farm+as+a+Producer+Cooperative&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=734-757&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1813525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Domar&rft.aufirst=Evsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1813525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618161028/http://www.worldwatch.org/membership-co-operative-businesses-reaches-1-billion">"Membership in Co-operative Businesses Reaches 1 Billion – Worldwatch Institute"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwatch.org/membership-co-operative-businesses-reaches-1-billion">the original</a> on 18 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>. <q>Membership in co-operative businesses has grown to 1 billion people across 96 countries, according to new research published by the Worldwatch Institute for its Vital Signs Online publication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership+in+Co-operative+Businesses+Reaches+1+Billion+%E2%80%93+Worldwatch+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwatch.org%2Fmembership-co-operative-businesses-reaches-1-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monitor.coop/">"The World Co-operative Monitor"</a>. <i>monitor.coop</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022081215/http://monitor.coop/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monitor.coop&rft.atitle=The+World+Co-operative+Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonitor.coop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2016" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Michelle (26 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/worker-cooperatives-are-more-productive-than-normal-companies/">"Worker Cooperatives Are More Productive Than Normal Companies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126170745/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/worker-cooperatives-are-more-productive-than-normal-companies/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Worker+Cooperatives+Are+More+Productive+Than+Normal+Companies&rft.date=2016-03-26&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Fworker-cooperatives-are-more-productive-than-normal-companies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uk.coop-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uk.coop_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uk.coop_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uk.coop/sites/default/files/2020-10/co-operative_survival_1.pdf">Co-operative Business Survival: Co-operatives UK Research Report 2019</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210081023/https://www.uk.coop/sites/default/files/2020-10/co-operative_survival_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Co-operative+Business+Survival%3A+Co-operatives+UK+Research+Report+2019&rft.pub=Co-operatives+UK&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uk.coop%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-10%2Fco-operative_survival_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKontrast.at2020" class="citation web cs1">Kontrast.at (8 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoop.me/mondragon-one-of-the-largest-corporations-in-spain-belongs-to-its-workers/">"Mondragón: One of Spain's largest corporations belongs to its workers"</a>. <i>scoop.me</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210154233/https://scoop.me/mondragon-one-of-the-largest-corporations-in-spain-belongs-to-its-workers/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scoop.me&rft.atitle=Mondrag%C3%B3n%3A+One+of+Spain%27s+largest+corporations+belongs+to+its+workers&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft.au=Kontrast.at&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscoop.me%2Fmondragon-one-of-the-largest-corporations-in-spain-belongs-to-its-workers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626103146/http://www.thenews.coop/93737/news/general/community-investment-index-giving-back-to-neighbourhoods/">"Community investment index: giving back to neighbourhoods"</a>. <i>thenews.coop</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.coop/93737/news/general/community-investment-index-giving-back-to-neighbourhoods/">the original</a> on 26 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenews.coop&rft.atitle=Community+investment+index%3A+giving+back+to+neighbourhoods&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.coop%2F93737%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2Fcommunity-investment-index-giving-back-to-neighbourhoods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706234019/http://www.hohenraetien.ch/HR-Web-2008/web-content/HR-08-Materialien/Viamala_Brief_vollstText.pdf">"1473 letter of intent to build a road, in (old) german"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hohenraetien.ch/HR-Web-2008/web-content/HR-08-Materialien/Viamala_Brief_vollstText.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1473+letter+of+intent+to+build+a+road%2C+in+%28old%29+german&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hohenraetien.ch%2FHR-Web-2008%2Fweb-content%2FHR-08-Materialien%2FViamala_Brief_vollstText.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurope" class="citation web cs1">Europe, CICOPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cecop.coop/What-is-CECOP">"About Us"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910145832/http://cecop.coop/What-is-CECOP">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.aulast=Europe&rft.aufirst=CICOPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cecop.coop%2FWhat-is-CECOP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gates, J. (1998) <i>The Ownership Solution</i>, London: Penguin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/poor-laws/">"English Poor Laws"</a>. <i>Social Welfare History Project</i>. 19 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Welfare+History+Project&rft.atitle=English+Poor+Laws&rft.date=2011-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialwelfare.library.vcu.edu%2Fprograms%2Fpoor-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carrell, Severin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/aug/07/retail.uknews">Strike Rochdale from the record books. The Co-op began in Scotland.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909094929/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/aug/07/retail.uknews">Archived</a> 9 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 7 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/drwilliamkingcoo00king/drwilliamkingcoo00king_djvu.txt">"Full text of "Dr. William King and the Co-operator, 1828–1830"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+%22Dr.+William+King+and+the+Co-operator%2C+1828%E2%80%931830%22&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdrwilliamkingcoo00king%2Fdrwilliamkingcoo00king_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dr. William King and the Co-operator, 1828–1830, T. W. MERCER, OL6459685M</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lloyds-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lloyds_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011084801/http://www.lloydstsb.com/about_ltsb/tsb.asp">"Lloyds Bank – Banking With Us – Our History, Heritage & Who We Are"</a>. Lloydstsb.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lloydstsb.com/about_ltsb/tsb.asp">the original</a> on 11 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lloyds+Bank+%E2%80%93+Banking+With+Us+%E2%80%93+Our+History%2C+Heritage+%26+Who+We+Are&rft.pub=Lloydstsb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lloydstsb.com%2Fabout_ltsb%2Ftsb.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFS_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst120.html">"Rev. Dr. Henry Duncan"</a>. Gazetteer for Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907231334/http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst120.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rev.+Dr.+Henry+Duncan&rft.pub=Gazetteer+for+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish-places.info%2Fpeople%2Ffamousfirst120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PERNÝ, Lukáš. Samuel Jurkovič, slovenský národný buditeľ a zakladateľ družstevníctva. In: DAV DVA (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://davdva.sk/samuel-jurkovic-slovensky-narodny-buditel-a-zakladatel-druzstevnictva/">https://davdva.sk/samuel-jurkovic-slovensky-narodny-buditel-a-zakladatel-druzstevnictva/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529161930/https://davdva.sk/samuel-jurkovic-slovensky-narodny-buditel-a-zakladatel-druzstevnictva/">Archived</a> 29 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TASR: Gazdovský spolok v Sobotišti bol prvým úverovým družstvom . In: SME (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://myzahorie.sme.sk/c/5228907/gazdovsky-spolok-v-sobotisti-bol-prvym-uverovym-druzstvom-v-europe.html">https://myzahorie.sme.sk/c/5228907/gazdovsky-spolok-v-sobotisti-bol-prvym-uverovym-druzstvom-v-europe.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118180547/https://myzahorie.sme.sk/c/5228907/gazdovsky-spolok-v-sobotisti-bol-prvym-uverovym-druzstvom-v-europe.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ľudovít Štúr: Hospodársky ústav v Sobotišti, Orol tatranski 3. 2. 1846, č. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlow, Joyce, The Tolpuddle Martyrs, London :History Book Club, (1971) & Grafton Books, (1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-03832-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-03832-9">0-586-03832-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothschild, J., Allen-Whitt, J. 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(2005) "Getting a Grip: the Roles of Friendly Societies in Australia and Britain Reappraised", Labour History, Vol. 88</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905113021/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lab/88/weinbren.html">Archived</a> 5 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=9F0FA205C77BB6EEBEA9AB506E11BEE8?contentType=Article&contentId=1740497">Ridley-Duff, R. J. (2008) "Social Enterprise as a Socially Rational Business"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429081615/http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=9F0FA205C77BB6EEBEA9AB506E11BEE8?contentType=Article&contentId=1740497">Archived</a> 29 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 14(5): 291–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ica.coop-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ica.coop_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ica.coop_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/history-cooperative-movement">"History of the cooperative movement | ICA"</a>. <i>www.ica.coop</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314162839/https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/history-cooperative-movement">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ica.coop&rft.atitle=History+of+the+cooperative+movement+%7C+ICA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.coop%2Fen%2Fcooperatives%2Fhistory-cooperative-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Stanford+Federal+Credit+Union+Pioneers+Online+Financial+Services.-a017104850">"Stanford Federal Credit Union Pioneers Online Financial Services"</a> (Press release). 21 June 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041632/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Stanford+Federal+Credit+Union+Pioneers+Online+Financial+Services.-a017104850">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanford+Federal+Credit+Union+Pioneers+Online+Financial+Services.&rft.date=1995-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FStanford%2BFederal%2BCredit%2BUnion%2BPioneers%2BOnline%2BFinancial%2BServices.-a017104850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.op.fi/op-financial-group/about-us/op-financial-group-in-brief/history">"History – About us – OP Group"</a>. <i>www.op.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041413/https://www.op.fi/op-financial-group/about-us/op-financial-group-in-brief/history">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.op.fi&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+About+us+%E2%80%93+OP+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.op.fi%2Fop-financial-group%2Fabout-us%2Fop-financial-group-in-brief%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothschild, J., Allen-Whitt, J. (1986) <i>The cooperative workplace</i>, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cliff, T., Cluckstein, D. (1988) <i>The Labour Party: A Marxist History</i>, London: Bookmarks.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2014" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Chris (2014). <i>Worker Cooperatives and Revolution</i>. Booklocker.com Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worker+Cooperatives+and+Revolution&rft.pub=Booklocker.com+Inc.&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiñeiro_Harnecker2012" class="citation book cs1">Piñeiro Harnecker, Camila (2012). <i>Cooperatives and Socialism</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperatives+and+Socialism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B1eiro+Harnecker&rft.aufirst=Camila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Wolff2012" class="citation book cs1">D. Wolff, Richard (2012). <i>Democracy at Work</i>. Haymarket Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+at+Work&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=D.+Wolff&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109163115/http://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/co-operative-identity-values-principles">"Co-operative identity, values & principles"</a>. <i>ICA</i>. International Cooperative Alliance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica.coop/en/whats-co-op/co-operative-identity-values-principles">the original</a> on 9 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICA&rft.atitle=Co-operative+identity%2C+values+%26+principles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fica.coop%2Fen%2Fwhats-co-op%2Fco-operative-identity-values-principles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://identity.coop/">"Coop Marque"</a>. <i>Coop Identity</i>. International Cooperative Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105190533/https://identity.coop/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coop+Identity&rft.atitle=Coop+Marque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidentity.coop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica.coop/en/co-operatives-adopt-co-operative-marque">"Co-operatives, adopt the Co-operative Marque"</a>. <i>Co-op Marque</i>. International Co-operative Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307112053/http://ica.coop/en/co-operatives-adopt-co-operative-marque">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Co-op+Marque&rft.atitle=Co-operatives%2C+adopt+the+Co-operative+Marque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fica.coop%2Fen%2Fco-operatives-adopt-co-operative-marque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223090657/http://ica.coop/en/blueprint-themes/identity">"Coop Identity"</a>. <i>Coop Marque</i>. International Cooperative Alliance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica.coop/en/blueprint-themes/identity">the original</a> on 23 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coop+Marque&rft.atitle=Coop+Identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fica.coop%2Fen%2Fblueprint-themes%2Fidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domains.coop/co-operative-identity/marque-register/">"Coop Marque Register"</a>. <i>Domains.Coop</i>. International Cooperative Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409235911/http://www.domains.coop/co-operative-identity/marque-register/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Domains.Coop&rft.atitle=Coop+Marque+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domains.coop%2Fco-operative-identity%2Fmarque-register%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uk.coop/what-co-operative">"What is a co-operative"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Co-operatives+UK&rft.atitle=What+is+a+co-operative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uk.coop%2Fwhat-co-operative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Identity-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Identity_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identity_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Cooperative Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity">Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013501/https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity">Archived</a> 27 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew McLeod (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcdc.coop/Resources/CSS/CSS01Types.pdf">Types of Cooperatives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162338/http://www.nwcdc.coop/Resources/CSS/CSS01Types.pdf">Archived</a> 18 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Northwest Cooperative Development Centre. Retrieved on: 31 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2013/20130421">Osuuskuntalaki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414211822/http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/2013/20130421">Archived</a> 14 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (421/2013, Cooperatives act).§ 2: "Osuuskunta on jäsenistään erillinen oikeushenkilö, joka syntyy rekisteröimisellä." This translates as, "A cooperative is a legal person separate from its persons, born by registration." Finlex database. Retrieved 4 December 2015. <span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coopdevelopment.org.au/coopglossary.html#da">"Australian Co-operative Glossary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190314162350/https://www.coopdevelopment.org.au/coopglossary.html#da">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Co-operative+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coopdevelopment.org.au%2Fcoopglossary.html%23da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tepa-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tepa_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tepa_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tepa_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"cooperative share capital". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://termipankki.fi/tepa/mot/mot.exe?page=results&UI=engr&Opt=1&SearchWord=cooperative%20share%20capital&dic=1&Source=TermList"><i>The Bank and Finance Terminology</i></a>. The Finnish Terminology Centre. 26 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cooperative+share+capital&rft.btitle=The+Bank+and+Finance+Terminology&rft.pub=The+Finnish+Terminology+Centre&rft.date=2009-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftermipankki.fi%2Ftepa%2Fmot%2Fmot.exe%3Fpage%3Dresults%26UI%3Dengr%26Opt%3D1%26SearchWord%3Dcooperative%2520share%2520capital%26dic%3D1%26Source%3DTermList&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonkalaHalinen2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Honkala, Juha; Halinen, Ari, eds. (2004). "osuuspääoma, (translation: cooperative share capital)". <i>CD-Facta 2005: suomenkielinen tietosanakirja</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-29148-X" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-29148-X"><bdi>951-0-29148-X</bdi></a>. <q>Translated quote: 'Cooperative share capital, capital accrued from cooperative contributions paid by members of a cooperative.', the original quote: '<b>osuuspääoma</b>, osuuskunnan jäsenten maksamista osuusmaksuista kertynyt pääoma.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=osuusp%C3%A4%C3%A4oma%2C+%28translation%3A+cooperative+share+capital%29&rft.btitle=CD-Facta+2005%3A+suomenkielinen+tietosanakirja&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=WSOY&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=951-0-29148-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"osuuspääoma, (translation: cooperative share capital)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi/osuuspääoma"><i>Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish / Kielitoimiston sanakirja</i></a> (in Finnish). Helsinki: the Institute for the Languages of Finland and Kielikone Ltd. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5446-32-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5446-32-6"><bdi>978-952-5446-32-6</bdi></a>. <q>Translated quote: 'Cooperative share capital [..] capital of the cooperative resulting from participation shares.', the original quote: 'osuuspääoma [..] osuusmaksuista kertyvä osuuskunnan pääoma.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=osuusp%C3%A4%C3%A4oma%2C+%28translation%3A+cooperative+share+capital%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Finnish+%2F+Kielitoimiston+sanakirja&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=the+Institute+for+the+Languages+of+Finland+and+Kielikone+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-952-5446-32-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kielitoimistonsanakirja.fi%2Fosuusp%C3%A4%C3%A4oma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2001/en20011488"><i>Co-operatives Act 1488/2001, Unofficial translation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. A legally void document (superseded) — used here for the definition. Helsinki: the Finnish Ministry of Justice., Finlex.fi. 2002. p. 38. <q>Section 5 — Share capital [..] The total amount of the share prices for outstanding shares, as paid up to the co- operative at any given time, shall constitute the share capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Co-operatives+Act+1488%2F2001%2C+Unofficial+translation&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=the+Finnish+Ministry+of+Justice.%2C+Finlex.fi&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinlex.fi%2Fen%2Flaki%2Fkaannokset%2F2001%2Fen20011488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.coop/sites/default/files/publication-files/ica-guidance-notes-en-310629900.pdf"><i>Guidance Notes to the Co-operative Principles</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA). 2015. p. 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ica.coop/sites/default/files/publication-files/ica-guidance-notes-en-310629900.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022. <q>... under no circumstances should members' non-withdrawable share capital and indivisible reserves be subject to any risk of distribution to co-operative members.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidance+Notes+to+the+Co-operative+Principles&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=the+International+Cooperative+Alliance+%28ICA%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.coop%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication-files%2Fica-guidance-notes-en-310629900.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban_Mass:_A_Look_at_Co-op_City-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urban_Mass:_A_Look_at_Co-op_City_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitsett, Ross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cooperator.com/articles/1354/1/Urban-Mass/Page1.html">Urban Mass: A Look at Co-op City.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002024101/http://cooperator.com/articles/1354/1/Urban-Mass/Page1.html">Archived</a> 2 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cooperator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Cooperator (page does not exist)">The Cooperator</a></i>. December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pty.fi/front-page/finnish-grocery-trade/">"Päivittäistavarakauppa ry – Finnish grocery trade"</a>. <i>www.pty.fi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113031301/http://www.pty.fi/front-page/finnish-grocery-trade">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pty.fi&rft.atitle=P%C3%A4ivitt%C3%A4istavarakauppa+ry+%E2%80%93+Finnish+grocery+trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pty.fi%2Ffront-page%2Ffinnish-grocery-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-sg/money/topstories/ntuc-fairprice-dominated-singapores-retailers-scene-in-2018-report/ar-AAFaW9Z">"NTUC Fairprice dominated Singapore's retailers scene in 2018: report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025224119/https://www.msn.com/en-sg/money/topstories/ntuc-fairprice-dominated-singapores-retailers-scene-in-2018-report/ar-AAFaW9Z">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NTUC+Fairprice+dominated+Singapore%27s+retailers+scene+in+2018%3A+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-sg%2Fmoney%2Ftopstories%2Fntuc-fairprice-dominated-singapores-retailers-scene-in-2018-report%2Far-AAFaW9Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.retail-index.com/Countries/ToprankingretailersinItaly.aspx">"Top ranking retailers in Italy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025224123/https://www.retail-index.com/Countries/ToprankingretailersinItaly.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+ranking+retailers+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.retail-index.com%2FCountries%2FToprankingretailersinItaly.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freshplaza.com/article/9065262/migros-and-coop-among-the-world-s-top-50-retailers/">"Migros and Coop among the world's top 50 retailers"</a>. 24 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025224123/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/9065262/migros-and-coop-among-the-world-s-top-50-retailers/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migros+and+Coop+among+the+world%27s+top+50+retailers&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freshplaza.com%2Farticle%2F9065262%2Fmigros-and-coop-among-the-world-s-top-50-retailers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylorfrancis.com-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taylorfrancis.com_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylorfrancis.com_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylorfrancis.com_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amr Khafagy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780429342196/economics-financial-cooperatives-amr-khafagy">The Economics of Financial Cooperatives: Income Distribution, Political Economy and Regulation</a>. Routledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728202355/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429342196">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.les-cae.coop/qu-est-ce-qu-une-cae">"Fédération des CAE – Qu'est-ce qu'une CAE ?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+des+CAE+%E2%80%93+Qu%27est-ce+qu%27une+CAE+%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.les-cae.coop%2Fqu-est-ce-qu-une-cae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cobia-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cobia_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cobia, David, editor, <i>Cooperatives in Agriculture</i>, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1989), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOswald_Hahn1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oswald Hahn (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zfgg.1989.39.issue-1/zfgg-1989-0116/zfgg-1989-0116.xml">"100 Jahre deutsches Genossenschaftsgesetz (1889–1989)"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für das gesamte Genossenschaftswesen</i> (in German). <b>39</b> (1): 91–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzfgg-1989-0116">10.1515/zfgg-1989-0116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201699198">201699198</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627232613/https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/zfgg.1989.39.issue-1/zfgg-1989-0116/zfgg-1989-0116.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+das+gesamte+Genossenschaftswesen&rft.atitle=100+Jahre+deutsches+Genossenschaftsgesetz+%281889%E2%80%931989%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-92&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzfgg-1989-0116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201699198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Oswald+Hahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fj%2Fzfgg.1989.39.issue-1%2Fzfgg-1989-0116%2Fzfgg-1989-0116.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Weisser,_Bertel_Fassnacht1959" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerhard Weisser, Bertel Fassnacht (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2790&context=lcp">"Cooperatives as an aid to small businesses in Germany"</a>. <i>Law & Contemporary Problems</i> (in German). <b>24</b> (1): 208–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1190425">10.2307/1190425</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1190425">1190425</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321200852/https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2790&context=lcp">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+%26+Contemporary+Problems&rft.atitle=Cooperatives+as+an+aid+to+small+businesses+in+Germany&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=208-221&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1190425&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1190425%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Gerhard+Weisser%2C+Bertel+Fassnacht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2790%26context%3Dlcp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monzon, J. L. & Chaves, R. (2008) "The European Social Economy: Concept and Dimensions of the Third Sector", <i>Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics</i>, 79(3/4): 549–577.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2011 the official total was 11,264: ISTAT, <i>9° Censimento dell'industria e dei servizi</i> (Roma, 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farm.coop/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020010_RapportAnnuel-2019-8juli-web-3.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920144239/https://www.farm.coop/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020010_RapportAnnuel-2019-8juli-web-3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farm.coop%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F07%2F2020010_RapportAnnuel-2019-8juli-web-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204110457/http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/bmi6646">"New Generation Cooperatives – 10 Things You Need to Know"</a>. Government of Alberta: Agriculture and Rural Development. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/bmi6646">the original</a> on 4 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa</i> (103): 315–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7203%2FCIRIEC-E.103.20685">10.7203/CIRIEC-E.103.20685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10550%2F90859">10550/90859</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-8093">0213-8093</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244881436">244881436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CIRIEC+%E2%80%93+Espa%C3%B1a.+Revista+de+econom%C3%ADa+p%C3%BAblica%2C+social+y+cooperativa&rft.atitle=Associated+work+in+a+cooperative+is+neither+dependent+work+nor+selfemployed+work&rft.issue=103&rft.pages=315-335&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10550%2F90859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244881436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0213-8093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7203%2FCIRIEC-E.103.20685&rft.aulast=Fajardo+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D8239387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Publication 1779 (Rev. 3-2023) Catalog Number 16134L Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service www.irs.gov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAragonés2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aragonés, Vidal (22 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catarsimagazin.cat/falses-cooperatives-un-atac-al-cooperativisme-i-a-les-treballadores/">"Falses cooperatives: un atac al cooperativisme i a les treballadores"</a>. <i>Catarsi</i> (in Catalan)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cecop.coop%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Freport_cecop_2012_en_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---coop/documents/publication/wcms_207768.pdf">Resilience in a downturn: The power of financial cooperatives</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-2-127031-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-2-127031-7"><bdi>978-92-2-127031-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412061738/https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---coop/documents/publication/wcms_207768.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Toolbox+for+Education+and+Social+Action&rft.atitle=Co-opoly%3A+The+Game+of+Co-operatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstore.toolboxfored.org%2Fco-opoly-the-game-of-co-operatives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/16512-teach-your-children-well-dont-play-monopoly">"Teach Your Children Well: Don't Play Monopoly"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621155222/http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/16512-teach-your-children-well-dont-play-monopoly">Archived</a> 21 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Truthout.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2015/02/01/neoliberal-co-optation-of-leading-co-op-organizations-and-a-socialist-counter-politics-of-cooperation/">Neoliberal Co-optation of Leading Co-op Organizations, and a Socialist Counter-Politics of Cooperation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209085119/http://monthlyreview.org/2015/02/01/neoliberal-co-optation-of-leading-co-op-organizations-and-a-socialist-counter-politics-of-cooperation/">Archived</a> 9 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (February 2015), Carl Ratner, <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i>, Volume 66, Number 9</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2015/02/01/cooperatives-on-the-path-to-socialism/">Cooperatives On the Path to Socialism?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209132306/http://monthlyreview.org/2015/02/01/cooperatives-on-the-path-to-socialism/">Archived</a> 9 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (February 2015), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marcuse" title="Peter Marcuse">Peter Marcuse</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i>, Volume 66, Number 9</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJapanese_Consumers'_Co-operative_Union2003" class="citation journal cs1">Japanese Consumers' Co-operative Union (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515162017/http://www.co-op.or.jp/JCCU/English_here/publications/ff/ff2003.pdf">"co.op, 2003 Facts and Figures"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(1991) 'Consequences of Mutual Ownership for Building Societies', The Service Industries Journal, October, Vol.11(4): pp. 458–480 (p. 471).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Birchall" title="Johnston Birchall">Birchall, Johnston</a>. "The International Co-operative Movement", 1997</li> <li>Brazda, Johann and Schediwy, Robert (eds.) "Consumer Co-operatives in a Changing World"(ICA), 1989</li> <li>Bernardi A., Monni S., eds., (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921190132/http://ojs.romatrepress.uniroma3.it/index.php/key">"The Co-operative firm – Keywords, Roma: RomaTrE-Press."</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_League_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative League of America">Cooperative League of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520110413/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HD2951xC776"><i>Co-operation 1921–1947</i></a></li> <li>Cornforth, C. 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(1987) 'Changes in Ownership Structure: Conversions of Mutual Savings and Loans to Stock Charter', Journal of Financial economics, Vol.18: pp. 29–59 (p. 32).</li> <li>Paton, R. <i>Reluctant Entrepreneurs</i>, Open University Press, 1989.</li> <li>Rasmusen, E. (1988) 'Mutual banks and stock banks', Journal of Law and Economics, October, Vol.31: pp. 395–421 (p. 412).</li> <li>Van Deusen, David. (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community-wealth.org/content/co-ops-changing-employment-green-mountains"><i>Co-ops: The Changing Face of Employment in the Green Mountains</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714001827/http://community-wealth.org/content/co-ops-changing-employment-green-mountains">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Z Magazine.</li> <li>Vicari S., (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5055e.pdf">"2014 Annual Report on FAO's projects and activities in support of producer organizations and cooperatives"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017021743/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5055e.pdf">Archived</a> 17 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Vieta, Marco (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927183135/http://journals.sfu.ca/affinities/index.php/affinities/issue/view/4/showToc">"The New Cooperativism" in <i>Affinities: A Journal of Radical Theory, Culture, and Action</i>, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Warbasse" title="James Peter Warbasse">Warbasse, James Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/coopp.html"><i>Cooperative Peace</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020063906/http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/coopp.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Warbasse" title="James Peter Warbasse">Warbasse, James Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520113118/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/HD2965xW37"><i>Problems Of Cooperation</i></a>, 1941</li> <li>Whyte, W. F. and Whyte, K. K. <i>Making Mondragon</i>, New York: ILR Press/Itchaca, 1991.</li> <li>Zeuli, Kimebrly A. and Cropp, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/info/uwcc_pubs/primer.html"><i>Cooperatives: Principles and practices in the 21st century</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829042742/http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/info/uwcc_pubs/primer.html">Archived</a> 29 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702161747/http://www.cooperativenetwork.coop/wm/education/youthprograms/web/USDACurriculum_MNedition/usdamnedition.html"><i>Understanding Cooperatives</i></a>, a curriculum on cooperative business for secondary school students.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india-re-inventing-cooperatives-by-increasing-youth-involvement"><i>India: Re-inventing cooperatives by increasing youth involvement</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225103117/http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india-re-inventing-cooperatives-by-increasing-youth-involvement">Archived</a> 25 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Galor" title="Zvi Galor">Zvi Galor</a> <i>Production Cooperative – A Tool for National Development</i> in COOP DIALOGUE – An ICA ROAP Journal, vol. 4 No. 1–2 – pp. 13–22 and 17–33.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429342196"><i>The Economics of Financial Cooperatives: Income Distribution, Political Economy and Regulation</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728202355/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429342196">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Amr Khafagy, 2019</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Co-operatives" title="Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Co-operatives" title="Template talk:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Co-operatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cooperatives_and_mutual_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cooperatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">mutual organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Primary cooperative (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cooperatives" title="List of cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives" title="List of worker cooperatives">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailers%27_cooperative" title="Retailers' cooperative">Retailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations" title="List of co-operative federations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society" title="Co-operative wholesale society">Cooperative wholesale society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By product</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing society">Housing society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoedads_Reforestation_Cooperative" title="Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_cooperatives" title="List of utility cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cooperative">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Broadband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative" title="Health insurance cooperative">Health insurance cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">Mutual insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_cooperative" title="Food cooperative">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives" title="List of food cooperatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_cooperative" title="Recycling cooperative">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cooperative" title="Media cooperative">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-owned_company" title="Agent-owned company">Agent-owned company</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">Stokvel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">Artel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement on the Co-operative Identity">ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political and<br />economic theories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Charles Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)" title="David Griffiths (co-operative economist)">David Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company" title="Farmers' Storehouse Company">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement" title="Ukrainian cooperative movement">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Co-operative_Party" title="Nepal Co-operative Party">Nepal Co-operative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Insurance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insurance" title="Template:Insurance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insurance" title="Template talk:Insurance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insurance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insurance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br />insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accident_insurance" title="Accident insurance">Accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death_and_dismemberment_insurance" title="Accidental death and dismemberment insurance">Accidental death and dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_insurance" title="Dental insurance">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_permanent_disability_insurance" title="Total permanent disability insurance">Total permanent disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_overhead_expense_disability_insurance" title="Business overhead expense disability insurance">Business overhead expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_protection_insurance" title="Income protection insurance">Income protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_care_insurance" title="Long-term care insurance">Long-term care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_insurance" title="Longevity insurance">Longevity insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_life_insurance" title="Mortgage life insurance">Mortgage life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_life_insurance" title="Term life insurance">Term life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitised_insurance_fund" title="Unitised insurance fund">Unitised fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_life_insurance" title="Universal life insurance">Universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_universal_life_insurance" title="Variable universal life insurance">Variable universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_life_insurance" title="Whole life insurance">Whole life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond_insurance" title="Bond insurance">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_interruption_insurance" title="Business interruption insurance">Business interruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_owner%27s_policy" title="Business owner's policy">Business owner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_protection_insurance" title="Collateral protection insurance">Collateral protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_and_officers_liability_insurance" title="Directors and officers liability insurance">Directors and officers liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity_bond" title="Fidelity bond">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-redemption_insurance" title="Over-redemption insurance">Over-redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_insurance" title="Pollution insurance">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_liability_insurance" title="Professional liability insurance">Professional liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_and_indemnity_insurance" title="Protection and indemnity insurance">Protection and indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">Surety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_credit_insurance" title="Trade credit insurance">Trade credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_insurance" title="Umbrella insurance">Umbrella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiler insurance">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_risk_insurance" title="Builder's risk insurance">Builder's risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_insurance" title="Contents insurance">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_insurance" title="Earthquake insurance">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_insurance" title="Flood insurance">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_insurance" title="Home insurance">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlords%27_insurance" title="Landlords' insurance">Landlords'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenders_mortgage_insurance" title="Lenders mortgage insurance">Lenders mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renters%27_insurance" title="Renters' insurance">Renters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_insurance" title="Title insurance">Title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport/<br />Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_insurance" title="Aviation insurance">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAP_insurance" title="GAP insurance">GAP insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_marine_insurance" title="Inland marine insurance">Inland marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_auto_insurance" title="Public auto insurance">Public auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_insurance" title="Satellite insurance">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance" title="Vehicle insurance">Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_bond" title="Catastrophe bond">Catastrophe bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance-linked_security" title="Insurance-linked security">Insurance-linked securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_insurance" title="Casualty insurance">Casualty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance#Casualty_insurance" title="Insurance">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_insurance" title="Crop insurance">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_crop_insurance" title="Catastrophic crop insurance">Catastrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-peril_crop_insurance" title="Multi-peril crop insurance">Multi-peril</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_insurance" title="Cyber insurance">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate_insurance" title="Expatriate insurance">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_warranty" title="Extended warranty">Extended warranty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_insurance" title="Group insurance">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index-based_insurance" title="Index-based insurance">Index-based</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_insurance" title="Parametric insurance">Parametric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_insurance" title="Interest rate insurance">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnap_and_ransom_insurance" title="Kidnap and ransom insurance">Kidnap and ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_expenses_insurance" title="Legal expenses insurance">Legal expenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liability_insurance" title="Liability insurance">Liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-fault_insurance" title="No-fault insurance">No-fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_insurance" title="Pet insurance">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_risk_insurance" title="Political risk insurance">Political risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_indemnity_insurance" title="Prize indemnity insurance">Prize indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_insurance" title="Tuition insurance">Tuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_risk_insurance" title="War risk insurance">War risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_insurance" title="Weather insurance">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insurance_policy" title="Insurance policy">Insurance <br />policy</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">Actuarial science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">Actuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection">Adverse selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a>/<a href="/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty" title="Knightian uncertainty">Knightian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_of_life" title="Value of life">Value of life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_cash_value" title="Actual cash value">Actual cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_value" title="Cash value">Cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_broker" title="Insurance broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancellation_(insurance)" title="Cancellation (insurance)">Cancellation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_rata" title="Pro rata">Pro rata</a></i></li> <li>Short rate table</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">Claim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claims_adjuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Claims adjuster">Claims adjuster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductible" title="Deductible">Deductible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-insurance" title="Co-insurance">Co-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copayment" title="Copayment">Copayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense" title="Out-of-pocket expense">Out-of-pocket expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation_of_benefits" title="Explanation of benefits">Explanation of benefits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_average" title="General average">General average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">Indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurability" title="Insurability">Insurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurable_interest" title="Insurable interest">Insurable interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">Insurance fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">Proximate cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_value" title="Replacement value">Replacement value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">Risk pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insurance" title="Self-insurance">Self-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_loss" title="Total loss">Total loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underinsured" title="Underinsured">Underinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">Underwriting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting_profit" title="Underwriting profit">Profit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurance <br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Australia" title="Insurance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_industry_in_China" title="Insurance industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Pakistan" title="Insurance in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Serbia" title="Insurance in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance coverage in the United States">Health insurance coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Vehicle insurance in the United States">Vehicle insurance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_insurance" title="History of insurance">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">Mesopotamian banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§100–105; §126</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§234</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§235–238; §240</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§275–277</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">Burial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">Benefit</a>/<a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_cycle" title="Insurance cycle">Insurance cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Insurance" title="Category:Insurance">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Insurance" title="Outline of finance">List of topics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism" title="Template:Socialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism" title="Template talk:Socialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a> - <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Schools of<br />thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Categories</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">Socialism WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li>Cooperative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_Llobregat_insurrection" title="Alt Llobregat insurrection">Alt Llobregat insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_January_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of January 1933">Anarchist insurrection of January 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_December_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of December 1933">Anarchist insurrection of December 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, 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