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<li id="toc-Boroid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boroid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Boroid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boroid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decay_and_the_"vinegar_syndrome"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decay_and_the_"vinegar_syndrome""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Decay and the "vinegar syndrome"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decay_and_the_"vinegar_syndrome"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decay and the "vinegar syndrome" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decay_and_the_"vinegar_syndrome"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Testing_for_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_for_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Testing for degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_for_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_and_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_and_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preservation and storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_and_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescuing_damaged_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescuing_damaged_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rescuing damaged film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescuing_damaged_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safety_film&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety film">Safety film</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Base material for photographic emulsions</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ILFORD_HP5_PLUS_SAFETY_FILM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ILFORD_HP5_PLUS_SAFETY_FILM.JPG/330px-ILFORD_HP5_PLUS_SAFETY_FILM.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/ILFORD_HP5_PLUS_SAFETY_FILM.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="158" /></a><figcaption>Ilford HP5 Plus Safety Film</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cellulose acetate film</b>, or <b>safety film</b>, is used in <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> as a base material for <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">photographic emulsions</a>. It was introduced in the early 20th century by film manufacturers and intended as a safe <a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">film base</a> replacement for unstable and highly <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose#Film" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrate film</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Cellulose diacetate</a> film was first employed commercially for <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> in 1909. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellulose acetate propionate (page does not exist)">Cellulose acetate propionate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_butyrate" title="Cellulose acetate butyrate">cellulose acetate butyrate</a> were introduced in the 1930s, and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">cellulose triacetate</a> in the late 1940s. Acetate films were later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> bases. </p><p>The motion picture industry continued to use <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose nitrate">cellulose nitrate</a> supports until the introduction of cellulose triacetate in 1948, which met the rigorous safety and performance standards set by the cinematographic industry.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical instability">chemical instability</a> of cellulose acetate material, unrecognized at the time of its introduction, has since become a major problem for film archives and collections. <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">Digitization</a> is now the best way to preserve the contents of cellulose acetate film. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Cellulose diacetate</a> film was first created by the German chemists <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eichengr%C3%BCn" title="Arthur Eichengrün">Arthur Eichengrün</a> and Theodore Becker, who patented it under the name <b>Cellit</b>, from a process they devised in 1901 for the direct acetylation of cellulose at a low temperature to prevent its degradation, which permitted the degree of acetylation to be controlled, thereby avoiding total conversion to its triacetate. Cellit was a stable, non-brittle cellulose acetate polymer that could be dissolved in acetone for further processing. A cellulose diacetate film more readily dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> was developed by the American chemist George Miles in 1904. Miles's process (partially hydrolysing the polymer) was employed commercially for <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> in 1909 by <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a> Frères. Starting with cellulose diacetate, this innovation continued with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellulose acetate propionate (page does not exist)">cellulose acetate propionate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_butyrate" title="Cellulose acetate butyrate">cellulose acetate butyrate</a> in the 1930s, and finally in the late 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">cellulose triacetate</a> was introduced, and later <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> bases.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These less flammable substitutes for nitrate film were called safety film. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boroid">Boroid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Boroid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertisement_-_The_Stage_-_10-10-1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="BOROID advertisement 'The Stage'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Advertisement_-_The_Stage_-_10-10-1912.jpg/220px-Advertisement_-_The_Stage_-_10-10-1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Advertisement_-_The_Stage_-_10-10-1912.jpg/330px-Advertisement_-_The_Stage_-_10-10-1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Advertisement_-_The_Stage_-_10-10-1912.jpg/440px-Advertisement_-_The_Stage_-_10-10-1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>BOROID advertisement 'The Stage'</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1910, a newly discovered, non-inflammable, film format 'BOROID' was presented to the British cinematographic trade using acetate-based cellulose. It was developed, he claimed 'accidentally', by the prolific inventor Benno Borzykowski, a partner in Photochemie G.m.b.H. Berlin, and Director of the Benobor Syndicate, who had worked on other patents for artificial silk and other fabrics. BOROID was a by-product of that work by Borzykowski, but was not patented. ("The process has not been patented and will not be; it is a secret formula known only to the inventor and two trustees in England. He has never sold the process itself, merely the right to manufacture and market…"<sup id="cite_ref-EdFilm_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdFilm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Borzykowski published other UK patents including "Original printed patent application number 21,719 for a new or improved process for the production of a substitute for glass sheets or plates and other articles…" in 1910. The Boroid company commenced trading on 21 November 1910, being originally registered in London at 58 Coleman St., moving to 104 High Holborn in May 1911, and finally to 48 Rupert St. in June 1913. </p><p>Boroid Ltd. issued its detailed share prospectus in the <i>(Westminster Gazette of Monday 16 January 1911 (P12 col. 1 and 2)</i>: A number of testimonials were provided, including a very detailed one from <a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_West" title="Alfred John West">Alfred J West F.R.G.S.</a> of 'Our Navy', in which he proposed to move his entire production to 'non-flam' BOROID film: 'BOROID' had most of its assets in Germany, and the Great War of 1914-1919 put an immediate end to the business in the UK when BOROID film stock became unavailable. A Receiver was appointed by the debenture holders on 12 May 1914 (The London Project). Borzykowski moved to America and was interviewed in an article in the Educational Film Magazine in the April 1919 edition.<sup id="cite_ref-EdFilm_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdFilm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decay_and_the_"vinegar_syndrome""><span id="Decay_and_the_.22vinegar_syndrome.22"></span>Decay and the "vinegar syndrome"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decay and the "vinegar syndrome""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vinegar_syndrome" title="Vinegar syndrome">Vinegar syndrome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinegar_Syndrome_D.D._Teoli_Jr_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vinegar_Syndrome_D.D._Teoli_Jr_%282%29.jpg/220px-Vinegar_Syndrome_D.D._Teoli_Jr_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vinegar_Syndrome_D.D._Teoli_Jr_%282%29.jpg/330px-Vinegar_Syndrome_D.D._Teoli_Jr_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vinegar_Syndrome_D.D._Teoli_Jr_%282%29.jpg/440px-Vinegar_Syndrome_D.D._Teoli_Jr_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5054" data-file-height="2975" /></a><figcaption>Shrinking and warpage of <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm film</a> caused by vinegar syndrome</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the 1980s, there was a great deal of focus upon film stability following frequent reports of cellulose triacetate degradation. Cellulose acetate releases <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, the key ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>, which is responsible for its acidic smell. The problem became known as "<a href="/wiki/Vinegar_syndrome" title="Vinegar syndrome">vinegar syndrome</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This accelerates degradation within the film, and can also contribute to damage to surrounding films and metals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first instance of cellulose triacetate degradation was reported to the <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> Company within a decade of its introduction in 1948. The first report came from the Government of India, whose film materials were stored in hot, humid conditions. It was followed by further reports of degradation from collections stored in similar conditions. These observations resulted in continuing studies in the <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> laboratories during the 1960s. Film degradation can only be delayed by storage in dry and cold conditions. It was initially thought that storage under recommended conditions might delay decay by 450 years, but some films are developing vinegar syndrome after just 70 years of cold dry storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arri and others sold <a href="/wiki/Film_recorder" title="Film recorder">film recorders</a> specifically for recording video onto film for archival purposes based on the assumption that vinegar syndrome could be delayed for long periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing_for_degradation">Testing for degradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Testing for degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A testing product developed by the <a href="/wiki/Image_Permanence_Institute" title="Image Permanence Institute">Image Permanence Institute</a>, A-D, or "acid-detection" indicator strips change color from blue through shades of green to yellow with increasing exposure to acid. According to the test User's Guide, they were "created to aid in the preservation of collections of photographic film, including sheet and <a href="/wiki/Roll_film" title="Roll film">roll films</a>, cinema film, and microfilm. They provide a nondestructive method of determining the extent of vinegar syndrome in film collections."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tools can be used to determine the extent of damage to a film collection and which steps should be taken to prolong their usability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation_and_storage">Preservation and storage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preservation and storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently there is no practical way of halting or reversing the course of degradation. Many film collectors use <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> tablets but it is not known what the long term effects on the film would be.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there has been significant research regarding various methods of slowing degradation, such as storage in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">molecular sieves</a>, temperature and moisture are the two key factors affecting the rate of deterioration. According to the <a href="/wiki/Image_Permanence_Institute" title="Image Permanence Institute">Image Permanence Institute</a>, fresh acetate film stored at a temperature of 21 °C (70 °F) and 40% relative humidity will last approximately 50 years before the onset of vinegar syndrome. Reducing the temperature by −9 °C (15 °F) while maintaining the same level of humidity brings a dramatic improvement: at a temperature of 13 °C (55 °F) and 40% relative humidity, the estimated time until onset of vinegar syndrome is 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A combination of low temperature and low relative humidity represents the optimum storage condition for cellulose acetate base films,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the caveat that relative humidity should not be lowered below 20%, or the film will dry out too much and become brittle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cold storage options for the preservation of acetate film range from insulated cold storage rooms, or vaults, with relative humidity control (typical settings in the range of 2–4 °C (35–40 °F) temperature, and 30–35% relative humidity), which might be used by archival institutions for large and medium-sized collections, to free-standing freezer units, which can be cost-effective for small collections, but necessitate vapor-proof packaging of the films to protect against relative humidity extremes and condensation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial storage facilities may offer varying environmental conditions at different rates.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microenvironments—the conditions inside an enclosure—can also affect the condition of cellulose acetate film. Enclosures that are breathable or that contain an acid absorbent are instrumental in reducing the rate of decay due to vinegar syndrome. Sealed metal containers can trap the decay products released by the film, promoting the spread of vinegar syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rescuing_damaged_film">Rescuing damaged film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rescuing damaged film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During early stages of decay, the film content can be rescued by transferring it to new <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a>. Once the film becomes too brittle or the shrinkage is excessive, it cannot be copied. Because the gelatin emulsion usually stays intact during the degradation process, it is possible to save the image on sheet film using solvents to dissolve the base off the emulsion. Once the emulsion has been freed from the shrunken support, it can be photographed or transferred to a new support. Because of the solvents used, this is a delicate and potentially hazardous procedure and is an expensive process for a large collection. Degraded motion picture film cannot be restored in this way, but sheet films often can.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digitization is now the best way to preserve the contents of cellulose acetate film. Current standards now allow for scanning at more than ample resolution to produce a copy of the same picture and sound quality as the original. Transfer processes at <a href="/wiki/10K_resolution" title="10K resolution">10K (pixel) resolution</a> are not uncommon. Transferring is now done without film-damaging sprocket transport, hence, the original film stock suffers little, if any, damage. The Godfather trilogy is one of the best and earliest examples of full resolution digital transfer and ultimate restoration. This seminal project was completed several years ago, and the process has significantly improved since then. </p><p><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K digital resolution</a>, often available for home viewing, will deliver quality equal to an original analogue <a href="/wiki/35_mm_movie_film" title="35 mm movie film">35 mm film</a>. The 10K transfer resolution standard seems to accommodate most, or all 65–75 mm wide-screen variants. These film variants were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, (e.g., Spectra-vision, Vista-Vision, CinémaScope, etc.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cellulose acetate film is also used to make replicates of materials and biological samples for <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopy</a>. The techniques were developed for metallographic needs to examine the grain structure of polished metals. <a href="/wiki/Replication_(metallography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Replication (metallography)">Replication</a> can be used to understand the distribution, for example, of different types of iron in carbon steel samples, or the fine distribution of damage to a sample subject to mechanical wear.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRam1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ram, A. Tulsi (1990). "Archival Preservation of Photographic Film-A Perspective". <i>Polymer Degradation and Stability</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0141-3910%2890%2990019-4">10.1016/0141-3910(90)90019-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-3910">0141-3910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymer+Degradation+and+Stability&rft.atitle=Archival+Preservation+of+Photographic+Film-A+Perspective&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0141-3910%2890%2990019-4&rft.issn=0141-3910&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=A.+Tulsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose+acetate+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNational_Film_Preservation_Foundation2004" class="citation book cs1">National Film Preservation Foundation (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414113026/https://www.filmpreservation.org/preservation-basics/the-film-preservation-guide"><i>The Film Preservation Guide: The Basics for Archives, Libraries, and Museums</i></a>. San Francisco: National Film Preservation Foundation. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974709901" title="Special:BookSources/9780974709901"><bdi>9780974709901</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmpreservation.org/preservation-basics/the-film-preservation-guide">the original</a> on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Film+Preservation+Guide%3A+The+Basics+for+Archives%2C+Libraries%2C+and+Museums&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=National+Film+Preservation+Foundation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780974709901&rft.au=National+Film+Preservation+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmpreservation.org%2Fpreservation-basics%2Fthe-film-preservation-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose+acetate+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EdFilm-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EdFilm_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdFilm_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Educational_Film_Magazine_%28Jan-Jun_1919%29_%28IA_educationalfilmm01city%29.pdf">Educational Film Magazine in the April 1919 edition</a> (p. 22-25. p. 136 in the linked PDF file)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdelsteinReillyNishimuraErbland1992" class="citation journal cs1">Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, J.M.; Nishimura, D.W. & Erbland, C.J. (May 1992). "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part I-Laboratory Testing Procedures". <i>SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal</i>. <b>101</b> (5): 336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FJ02284">10.5594/J02284</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-0279">1545-0279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SMPTE+Motion+Imaging+Journal&rft.atitle=Stability+of+Cellulose+Ester+Base+Photographic+Film%3A+Part+I-Laboratory+Testing+Procedures&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=336&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5594%2FJ02284&rft.issn=1545-0279&rft.aulast=Adelstein&rft.aufirst=P.Z.&rft.au=Reilly%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Nishimura%2C+D.W.&rft.au=Erbland%2C+C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose+acetate+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmad-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmad_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2020" class="citation web cs1">Ahmad, Ida R. 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(May 1995). "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part III-Measurement of Film Degradation". <i>SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal</i>. <b>104</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">281–</span>291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FJ15292">10.5594/J15292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-0279">1545-0279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SMPTE+Motion+Imaging+Journal&rft.atitle=Stability+of+Cellulose+Ester+Base+Photographic+Film%3A+Part+III-Measurement+of+Film+Degradation&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5594%2FJ15292&rft.issn=1545-0279&rft.aulast=Adelstein&rft.aufirst=P.Z.&rft.au=Reilly%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Nishimura%2C+D.W.&rft.au=Erbland%2C+C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose+acetate+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdelsteinReillyNishimuraErbland1995" class="citation journal cs1">Adelstein, P.Z.; Reilly, J.M.; Nishimura, D.W.; Erbland, C.J. & Bigourdan, J.L. 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"Initiation of the Degradation of Cellulose Triacetate Base Motion Picture Film". <i>The Journal of Photographic Science</i>. <b>38</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">54–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223638.1989.11737073">10.1080/00223638.1989.11737073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3638">0022-3638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Photographic+Science&rft.atitle=Initiation+of+the+Degradation+of+Cellulose+Triacetate+Base+Motion+Picture+Film&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223638.1989.11737073&rft.issn=0022-3638&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=N.S.&rft.au=Edge%2C+M.&rft.au=Jewitt%2C+T.S.&rft.au=Horie%2C+C.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose+acetate+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllenAppleyardEdgeFrancis1988" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, N.S.; Appleyard, J.H.; Edge, E.; Francis, D.; Horie, C.V. & Jewitt, T.S. 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Paris: CNC. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782910202033" title="Special:BookSources/9782910202033"><bdi>9782910202033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Restoration+and+Preservation+of+Vinegar+Syndrome+Decayed+Acetate+Film&rft.btitle=Archiver+et+communiquer+l%27image+et+le+son+%3Ales+enjeux+du+3%C3%A8me+millenaire+%3A+actes+du+Symposium+Technique+Mixte%E2%80%94JTS+Paris+2000&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=CNC&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9782910202033&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Mark-Paul&rft.au=Read%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose+acetate+film" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamKopperlSehlin1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ram, A.T.; Kopperl, D.F. & Sehlin, R.C. (1994). "The Effects and Prevention of Vinegar Syndrome". <i>The Journal of Imaging Science and Technology</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1062-3701">1062-3701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imaging+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Effects+and+Prevention+of+Vinegar+Syndrome&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=1062-3701&rft.aulast=Ram&rft.aufirst=A.T.&rft.au=Kopperl%2C+D.F.&rft.au=Sehlin%2C+R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACellulose+acetate+film" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610164528/http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/preservation/information/photographic/messier/messier.htm">Article on the long term archival of triacetate photographic films</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preserv/care/film.html">Care, Handling, and Storage of Motion Picture Film, Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/film/photogal.html">National Film Preservation Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609143155/http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/preservation/preservation.html">UCLA Film and Television Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imagepermanenceinstitute.org/webfm_send/308">Vinegar Syndrome: An Action Plan, Image Permanence Institute</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&oldid=1208485014">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate_film&oldid=1208485014</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cellulose" title="Category:Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Photography_equipment" title="Category:Photography equipment">Photography equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Photographic_film_types" title="Category:Photographic film types">Photographic film types</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2022">Use dmy dates from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2024, at 18:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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