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id="toc-Narrow_ethnic_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrow_ethnic_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Narrow ethnic definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrow_ethnic_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Katalanim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katalanim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Katalanim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katalanim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broad_religious_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broad_religious_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Broad religious definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broad_religious_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Visigothic_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Visigothic_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Under Visigothic rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Visigothic_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews_in_Muslim_Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_in_Muslim_Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Jews in Muslim Iberia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_in_Muslim_Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Reconquista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Reconquista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 After the Reconquista </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Reconquista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Age_of_Discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Age_of_Discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 In the Age of Discoveries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Age_of_Discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 The Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Later history and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship_laws_in_Spain_and_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship_laws_in_Spain_and_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Citizenship laws in Spain and Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship_laws_in_Spain_and_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardic_pedigrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardic_pedigrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Sephardic pedigrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardic_pedigrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Sephardim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Sephardim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Eastern Sephardim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Sephardim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_African_Sephardim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_African_Sephardim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 North African Sephardim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_African_Sephardim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Sephardim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Sephardim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Western Sephardim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Sephardim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Sephardic Bnei Anusim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1492" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1492"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pre-1492 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1492-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1492" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1492"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Post-1492 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1492-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Permanence_of_Sephardim_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanence_of_Sephardim_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Permanence of Sephardim in Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanence_of_Sephardim_in_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardim_in_modern_Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardim_in_modern_Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sephardim in modern Iberia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardim_in_modern_Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_citizenship_by_Iberian_Sephardic_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_citizenship_by_Iberian_Sephardic_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Spanish citizenship by Iberian Sephardic descent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_citizenship_by_Iberian_Sephardic_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_citizenship_by_Portuguese_Sephardic_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_citizenship_by_Portuguese_Sephardic_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Portuguese citizenship by Portuguese Sephardic descent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_citizenship_by_Portuguese_Sephardic_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Ashkenazim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Ashkenazim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Relations with Ashkenazim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Ashkenazim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leading_Sephardic_rabbis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leading_Sephardic_rabbis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Leading Sephardic rabbis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leading_Sephardic_rabbis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Nobel_laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Nobel_laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 List of Nobel laureates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Nobel_laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sephardic Jews</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardiese_Jode" title="Sefardiese Jode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sefardiese Jode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardim" title="Sephardim – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sephardim" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="يهود سفارديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهود سفارديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefarditas" title="Sefarditas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sefarditas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_sefard%C3%ADn" title="Pueblu sefardín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu sefardín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99f%C9%99rad_y%C9%99hudil%C9%99ri" title="Səfərad yəhudiləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səfərad yəhudiləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سفراد یهودی‌‌‌‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سفراد یهودی‌‌‌‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сефарды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сефарды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Сефарадски евреи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сефарадски евреи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardi" title="Sefardi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sefardi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefaraded" title="Sefaraded – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sefaraded" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardites" title="Sefardites – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sefardites" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefard%C5%A1t%C3%AD_%C5%BDid%C3%A9" title="Sefardští Židé – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sefardští Židé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardisk_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Sefardisk jødedom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sefardisk jødedom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardim" title="Sephardim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sephardim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefaradi_juudid" title="Sefaradi juudid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sefaradi juudid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σεφαρδίτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεφαρδίτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefard%C3%AD" title="Sefardí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sefardí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardoj" title="Sefardoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sefardoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardi" title="Sefardi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sefardi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="سفاردی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سفاردی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9farades" title="Séfarades – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séfarades" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefard%C3%AD" title="Sefardí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sefardí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8" title="스파라드 유대인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스파라드 유대인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardi" title="Sefardi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sefardi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Sefardi" title="Yahudi Sefardi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Sefardi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi" title="Sephardi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sephardi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefarditi" title="Sefarditi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sefarditi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="יהדות ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სეფარდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეფარდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefard%C3%AE" title="Sefardî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sefardî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefaradim" title="Sefaradim – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sefaradim" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepharditae" title="Sepharditae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sepharditae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardi" title="Sefardi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sefardi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardai" title="Sefardai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sefardai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardi" title="Sefardi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sefardi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardita" title="Sefardita – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sefardita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szef%C3%A1rdok" title="Szefárdok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szefárdok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Сефарди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сефарди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefarada" title="Sefarada – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sefarada" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="سيفارديم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيفارديم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yahudi_Sephardi" title="Orang Yahudi Sephardi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Yahudi Sephardi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardische_Joden" title="Sefardische Joden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sefardische Joden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A0" title="セファルディム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セファルディム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefarder" title="Sefarder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sefarder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardar" title="Sefardar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sefardar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefarditas" title="Sefarditas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sefarditas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سفاردی یہودی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سفاردی یہودی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardim" title="Sephardim – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sephardim" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardyjczycy" title="Sefardyjczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sefardyjczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefarditas" title="Sefarditas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sefarditas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrei_sefarzi" title="Evrei sefarzi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evrei sefarzi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сефарды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сефарды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" title="Sephardi Jews – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sephardi Jews" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrenjt%C3%AB_sefardik%C3%AB" title="Hebrenjtë sefardikë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hebrenjtë sefardikë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifardita" title="Sifardita – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sifardita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" title="Sephardi Jews – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sephardi Jews" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardsk%C3%AD_%C5%BDidia" title="Sefardskí Židia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sefardskí Židia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardski_Judje" title="Sefardski Judje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sefardski Judje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Сефарди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сефарди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardi" title="Sefardi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sefardi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefardijuutalaiset" title="Sefardijuutalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sefardijuutalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefarder" title="Sefarder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sefarder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="செபராது யூதர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செபராது யூதர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ชาวยิวเซฟาร์ดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวยิวเซฟาร์ดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefarad_Yahudileri" title="Sefarad Yahudileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sefarad Yahudileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Сефарди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сефарди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سفاردی یہودی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سفاردی یہودی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Do_Th%C3%A1i_Sephardi" title="Người Do Thái Sephardi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Do Thái Sephardi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefar%C3%A5des" title="Sefarådes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sefarådes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%BF%AA%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="塞法迪犹太人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塞法迪犹太人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ספרדים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ספרדים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%BF%AA%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="塞法迪犹太人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞法迪犹太人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⴷⵉⵎⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⴷⵉⵎⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q102251#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish diaspora of Spain and Portugal</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sephardic Jews</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="he"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>יְהוּדֵי סְפָרַד‎ (Yehudei Sfarad)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:10488_Cordoba_11_Jewish_Quarter_Maimonides_(11967548236).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/10488_Cordoba_11_Jewish_Quarter_Maimonides_%2811967548236%29.jpg/220px-10488_Cordoba_11_Jewish_Quarter_Maimonides_%2811967548236%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/10488_Cordoba_11_Jewish_Quarter_Maimonides_%2811967548236%29.jpg/330px-10488_Cordoba_11_Jewish_Quarter_Maimonides_%2811967548236%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/10488_Cordoba_11_Jewish_Quarter_Maimonides_%2811967548236%29.jpg/440px-10488_Cordoba_11_Jewish_Quarter_Maimonides_%2811967548236%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of the Sephardic <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">philosopher</a> and physician <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Traditional: <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> (Ladino), <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> (liturgical), <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Judaeo-Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judaeo-Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Judaeo-Papiamento</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>) Modern: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern (Israeli) Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi Hebrew</a> (liturgical), <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European Languages">Spanish, Portuguese, French, Dutch, Italian, Bulgarian, Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">other local languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic Jews">Hispanic Jews/Latino Jews</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Sephardic Jews (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהוּדֵי סְפָרַד‎, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Yehudei Sfarad, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> 'Jews of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>'; <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>: Djudios Sefaradis), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim,<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews,<a href="#cite_note-Aroeste-2018-3">[2]</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> population associated with the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Aroeste-2018-3">[2]</a> The term, which is derived from the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Spain'), can also refer to the Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, who were also heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic law and customs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Many Iberian Jewish exiled families also later sought refuge in those Jewish communities, resulting in ethnic and cultural integration with those communities over the span of many centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Aroeste-2018-3">[2]</a> The majority of Sephardim live in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> The earliest documented Jewish presence in the Iberian Peninsula is often traced to the <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman period</a>, during the first centuries CE. After enduring hardship under the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigoths</a>, Jewish communities thrived for centuries under Muslim rule in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest</a>, which ushered in a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">golden age</a>. However, their fortunes declined with the Christian <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>. In 1492, the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> expelled Jews from Spain, and in 1496, King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> issued a similar edict for Jews and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> These actions led to migrations, mass conversions, and executions. By the late 15th century, Sephardic Jews had been largely <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expelled</a> and dispersed across <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, settling in established Jewish communities or pioneering new ones along trade routes like the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Historically, the vernacular languages of the Sephardic Jews and their descendants have been variants of either Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, though they have also adopted and adapted other languages. The historical forms of Spanish that differing Sephardic communities spoke communally were related to the date of their departure from Iberia and their status at that time as either <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> or Jews. <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>, also called Ladino, is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> that was spoken by the eastern Sephardic Jews who settled in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> after their expulsion from Spain in 1492; <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> (also known as "<a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a>" in Algeria), an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-influenced variety of Judaeo-Spanish, was spoken by North African Sephardic Jews who settled in the region after the 1492 Spanish expulsion. In 2015, more than five centuries after the expulsion, both Spain and Portugal enacted laws allowing Sephardic Jews who could prove their ancestral origins in those countries to apply for citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The Spanish law that offered citizenship to descendants of Sephardic Jews expired in 2019, although subsequent extensions were granted by the Spanish government —due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>— in order to file pending documents and sign delayed declarations before a notary public in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> In the case of Portugal, the nationality law was modified in 2022 with very stringent requirements for new Sephardic applicants,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> effectively ending the possibility of successful applications without evidence of a personal travel history to Portugal —which is tantamount to prior permanent residence— or ownership of inherited property or concerns on Portuguese soil.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Sephardi means "Spanish" or "Hispanic", derived from <a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: סְפָרַד, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>: Sfarád, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>: Səp̄āráḏ), a Biblical location.<a href="#cite_note-1-20-13">[12]</a> The location of the Biblical Sepharad points to the Iberian peninsula, then the westernmost outpost of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> maritime trade.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Jewish presence in Iberia is believed to have started during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> whose excise imposed taxes on Iberian exiles. Although the first date of arrival of Jews in Iberia is the subject of ongoing archaeological research, there is evidence of established Jewish communities as early as the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of Hebrew romanizes the consonant פ (<a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pe</a> without a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> dot placed in its center) as the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> ph, in order to represent fe or the single <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> /f/ , the English sound that is voiceless labiodental fricative. In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" may be translated as plural <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: סְפָרַדִּים, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>: Sfaraddim, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>: Səp̄āraddîm; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Sefardíes; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Sefarditas; <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: Sefardites; <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>: Safardís; <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: Sefardiak; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Séfarades; <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>: Sefardís; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Sefarditi; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Σεφαρδίτες, Sephardites; <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Сефарди, Sefardi; <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>: Sefaradies/Sefaradim; and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سفارديون, Safārdiyyūn. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%AAte_juive_%C3%A0_T%C3%A9touan,_Alfred_Dehodencq,_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/F%C3%AAte_juive_%C3%A0_T%C3%A9touan%2C_Alfred_Dehodencq%2C_1865.jpg/220px-F%C3%AAte_juive_%C3%A0_T%C3%A9touan%2C_Alfred_Dehodencq%2C_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/F%C3%AAte_juive_%C3%A0_T%C3%A9touan%2C_Alfred_Dehodencq%2C_1865.jpg/330px-F%C3%AAte_juive_%C3%A0_T%C3%A9touan%2C_Alfred_Dehodencq%2C_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/F%C3%AAte_juive_%C3%A0_T%C3%A9touan%2C_Alfred_Dehodencq%2C_1865.jpg/440px-F%C3%AAte_juive_%C3%A0_T%C3%A9touan%2C_Alfred_Dehodencq%2C_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Jewish Festival in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tetuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dehodencq" title="Alfred Dehodencq">Alfred Dehodencq</a>, 1865, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Paris Museum of Jewish Art and History</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrow_ethnic_definition">Narrow ethnic definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Narrow ethnic definition">edit</a>]</div> In the narrower ethnic definition, a Sephardi Jew is one descended from the Jews who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in the late 15th century, immediately prior to the issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> of 1492 by order of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> in Spain, and the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal">decree of 1496</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> by order of King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a>. In Hebrew, the term "Sephardim Tehorim" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ספרדים טהורים‎, literally "Pure Sephardim"), derived from a misunderstanding of the initials ס"ט "Samekh Tet" traditionally used with some proper names (which stand for sofo tov, "may his end be good" or "sin v'tin", "mire and mud"<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> has in recent times been used in some quarters to distinguish Sephardim proper, "who trace their lineage back to the Iberian/Spanish population", from Sephardim in the broader religious sense.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> This distinction has also been made in reference to 21st-century genetic findings in research on 'Pure Sephardim', in contrast to other communities of Jews today who are part of the broad classification of Sephardi.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Ethnic Sephardic Jews have had a presence in North Africa and various parts of the Mediterranean and Western Asia due to their expulsion from Spain. There have also been Sephardic communities in South America and India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Katalanim">Katalanim</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Katalanim">edit</a>]</div> Originally the Jews spoke of Sefarad referring to <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and not the entire peninsula, nor as it is understood today, in which the term Sefarad is used in modern Hebrew to refer to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> This has caused a long misunderstanding, since traditionally the entire Iberian Diaspora has been included in a single group. But the historiographical research reveals that that word, seen as homogeneous, was actually divided into distinct groups: the Sephardim, coming from the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilian crown</a>, Castilian language speakers, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalanim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katalanim (page does not exist)">Katalanim</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalanim" class="extiw" title="ca:Katalanim">ca</a>] / Katalaní, originally from the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broad_religious_definition">Broad religious definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Broad religious definition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic law and customs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardic Haredim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashriqi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashriqi Jews">Mashriqi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Modern_Hebrew" title="Hebrew language">modern Israeli Hebrew</a> definition of Sephardi is a much <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">broader</a>, religious based, definition that generally excludes ethnic considerations. In its most basic form, this broad religious definition of a Sephardi refers to any Jew, of any ethnic background, who follows the customs and traditions of Sepharad. For religious purposes, and in modern Israel, "Sephardim" is most often used in this wider sense. It encompasses most non-Ashkenazi Jews who are not ethnically Sephardi, but are in most instances of West Asian or North African origin. They are classified as Sephardi because they commonly use a Sephardic style of liturgy; this constitutes a majority of <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> in the 21st century. The term Sephardi in the broad sense, describes the <a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">nusach</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>, "liturgical tradition") used by Sephardi Jews in their <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a> (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used in the singing of prayers. Sephardim traditionally pray using <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Minhag</a> Sefarad. The term <a href="/wiki/Nusach_Sefard" title="Nusach Sefard">Nusach Sefard</a> or Nusach Sfarad does not refer to the liturgy generally recited by Sephardim proper or even Sephardi in a broader sense, but rather to an alternative Eastern European liturgy used by many <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a>, who are <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Ethiopian Jews</a>, whose branch of practiced Judaism is known as <a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a>, have been included under the oversight of Israel's already broad Sephardic <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbinate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">History of the Jews in Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">History of the Jews in Portugal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> The earliest significant Jewish presence in the Iberian Peninsula is typically traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman period</a>, during the first centuries CE. Evidence includes an amphora discovered in <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, stamped with two Hebrew letters in relief, indicating possible trade between <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearics</a> in the first century. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a> records <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>'s intent to visit Spain,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> hinting at a Jewish community in the region during the mid-first century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006508-28">[27]</a> Josephus writes that Herod Antipas was deposed and exiled to Spain, possibly to <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum_Convenarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunum Convenarum">Lugdunum Convenarum</a>, in 39 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabba1999132-29">[28]</a> Rabbinic literature from the <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraic era</a> references Spain as a distant land with a Jewish presence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006509-30">[29]</a> For example, a tradition passed down by <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Berekhiah" title="Rabbi Berekhiah">Rabbi Berekiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</a>, quoting second-century <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a>, states: "Do not fear, O Israel, for I help you from remote lands, and your seed from the land of their captivity, from <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, from Spain, and from their neighbors."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006509-30">[29]</a> Medieval legends often traced the arrival of Jews in Spain to the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple_period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple period">First Temple period</a>, with some associating the biblical <a href="/wiki/Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessus</a> and suggesting Jewish traders were active in Spain during the Phoenician and <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian</a> eras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006508-28">[27]</a> One such legend from the 16th century claimed that a funeral inscription in <a href="/wiki/Murviedro" class="mw-redirect" title="Murviedro">Murviedro</a> belonged to <a href="/wiki/Adoniram" title="Adoniram">Adoniram</a>, a commander of King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, who had supposedly died in Spain while collecting tribute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006508-28">[27]</a> Another legend spoke of a letter allegedly sent by the Jews of Toledo to Judaea in 30 CE, asking to prevent the crucifixion of Jesus. These legends aimed to establish that Jews had settled in Spain well before the Roman period and to absolve them of any responsibility for the death of Jesus, a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">charge often leveled at them</a> in later centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006508-28">[27]</a> Rabbi and scholar <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a> wrote in 1161: "A tradition exists with the [Jewish] community of Granada that they are from the inhabitants of Jerusalem, of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Judah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, rather than from the villages, the towns in the outlying districts [of Israel]."<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Elsewhere, he writes about his maternal grandfather's family and how they came to Spain after Jerusalem's destruction in 70 CE: "When <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">prevailed over Jerusalem</a>, his officer who was appointed over <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> appeased him, requesting that he send to him captives made-up of the nobles of Jerusalem, and so he sent a few of them to him, and there were amongst them those who made curtains and who were knowledgeable in the work of silk, and [one] whose name was Baruch, and they remained in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>."<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Archaeological evidence of a Jewish presence in Spain prior to the third century CE is limited. However, from the third to sixth centuries, inscriptions confirm the existence of Jewish communities, particularly in the more Romanized regions of the south and east, such as <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>. Additionally, these inscriptions suggest a Jewish presence in other locations, including <a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Elche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>, and the Balearic Islands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006509-30">[29]</a> Around 300 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Elvira" title="Synod of Elvira">Synod of Elvira</a>, an ecclesiastical council convened in southern Spain, and enacted several decrees to restrict interactions between Christians and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006509–511-33">[32]</a> Among the measures were prohibitions on intermarriage between Jews and Christians, communal dining, and the participation of Jews in blessing fields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006509–511-33">[32]</a> Despite these efforts, aimed to diminish Jewish influence on Christian communities, evidence indicates that everyday social relations between Jews and Christians continued to be prevalent in various locales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006509–511-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Visigothic_rule">Under Visigothic rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Under Visigothic rule">edit</a>]</div> By the mid-5th century, Spain came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>, following a period of significant instability caused by Barbarian invasions that led to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006511–512-34">[33]</a> Initially, the Christian <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> practiced <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and, while they generally did not engage in the persecution of Jews, they did not extend particular favor to them either.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006511–512-34">[33]</a> It was not until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alaric_II" title="Alaric II">Alaric II</a> (484–507) that a Visigothic king concerned himself with the Jews, as evidenced by the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Breviary_of_Alaric" title="Breviary of Alaric">Breviary of Alaric</a> in 506, which incorporated Roman legal precedents into Visigothic law.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The situation for Jews in Spain shifted dramatically after the conversion of the Visigothic monarchs to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Reccared_I" title="Reccared I">Reccared</a> in 587.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006511–512-34">[33]</a> As the Visigoths sought to unify the realm under their new religion, their policies towards Jews evolved from initial marginalization to increasingly aggressive measures aimed at their complete eradication from the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutgersBradbury2006511–512-34">[33]</a> Under successive Visigothic kings and under <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> authority, many orders of expulsion, forced conversion, isolation, enslavement, execution, and other punitive measures were made. By 612–621, the situation for Jews became intolerable and many left Spain for nearby northern Africa. In 711, thousands of Jews from North Africa accompanied the Muslims who invaded Spain, subsuming Catholic Spain and turning much of it into an Arab state, Al-Andalus.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews_in_Muslim_Iberia">Jews in Muslim Iberia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jews in Muslim Iberia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-andalus_229.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Al-andalus_229.png/220px-Al-andalus_229.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Al-andalus_229.png/330px-Al-andalus_229.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Al-andalus_229.png/440px-Al-andalus_229.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption> 13th-century depiction of a Jew and Muslim playing chess in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></figcaption></figure>In 711 CE, Muslim forces crossed the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> from North Africa and launched a <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">successful military campaign</a> in the Iberian Peninsula. This conquest resulted in the establishment of Muslim rule over much of the region, which they referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>". The territory would remain under varying degrees of Muslim control for several centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerber2021164-36">[35]</a> The Jewish community, having faced persecution under Visigothic rule, largely welcomed the new Muslim rulers who offered greater religious tolerance. Under Islamic rule, Jews, like Christians, were designated as <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a>—protected but second-class monotheists—permitted to practice their religion with relative autonomy in exchange for paying a <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">special tax</a>. To the Jews, <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> was perceived as, and indeed were, a liberating force. Wherever they went, the Muslims were greeted by Jews eager to aid them in administering the country. In many conquered towns the garrison was left in the hands of the Jews before the Muslims proceeded further north.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Both Muslim and Christian sources claim that Jews provided valuable aid to the Muslim conquerors. Once captured, the defense of Cordoba was left in the hands of Jews, and <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Malaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> were left to a mixed army of Jews and Moors. Although in some towns Jews may have been helpful to Muslim success, because of the small numbers they were of limited impact.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age of Sephardic Jewry</a> flourished during this period, particularly in cities like Cordoba, Granada and Toledo. Jewish scholars, poets, philosophers and scientists thrived, contributing to the broader intellectual life of Al-Andalus. Jews in Muslim Spain played significant roles in trade, finance, diplomacy, and medicine. In spite of the restrictions placed upon the Jews as dhimmis, life under Muslim rule was one of great opportunity and Jews flourished as they did not under the Christian Visigoths. Many Jews came to Iberia, seen as a land of tolerance and opportunity, from the Christian and Muslim worlds. Following initial Arab victories, and especially with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> rule by <a href="/wiki/Abd-ar-rahman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-ar-rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a> in 755, the native Jewish community was joined by Jews from the rest of Europe, as well as from Arab lands, from Morocco to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Jewish communities were enriched culturally, intellectually, and religiously by the commingling of these diverse Jewish traditions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] Arabic culture, of course, also made a lasting impact on Sephardic cultural development. General re-evaluation of <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a> was prompted by Muslim anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Polemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Polemics">polemics</a> and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, as well as the anti-<a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbanite</a> polemics of <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a>. The cultural and intellectual achievements of the Arabs, and much of the scientific and philosophical speculation of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek culture</a>, which had been best preserved by Arab scholars, was made available to the educated Jew. The meticulous regard the Arabs had for grammar and style also had the effect of stimulating an interest in <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> matters in general among Jews. Arabic became the main language of Sephardic science, philosophy, and everyday business, as had been the case with Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">geonim</a>. This thorough adoption of the Arabic language also greatly facilitated the assimilation of Jews into Moorish culture, and Jewish activity in a variety of professions, including medicine, commerce, finance, and agriculture increased. By the ninth century, some members of the Sephardic community felt confident enough to take part in <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytizing</a> amongst Christians. This included the heated correspondences sent between <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Bodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Bodo">Bodo Eleazar</a>, a former Christian <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> who had converted to Judaism in 838, and the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Mozarab)" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro of Córdoba (Mozarab)">Paulus Albarus</a>, who had converted from Judaism to Christianity. Each man, using such <a href="/wiki/Epithets" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithets">epithets</a> as "wretched compiler", tried to convince the other to return to his former faith, to no avail.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Golden Age is most closely identified with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a> (882–942), the first independent <a href="/wiki/Caliph_of_Cordoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph of Cordoba">Caliph of Cordoba</a>, and in particular with the career of his Jewish councilor, <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a> (882–942). Within this context of cultural <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>, studies in Hebrew, literature, and linguistics flourished. Hasdai benefitted world Jewry not only indirectly by creating a favorable environment for scholarly pursuits within Iberia, but also by using his influence to intervene on behalf of foreign Jews: in his letter to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Princess Helena</a>, he requested protection for the Jews under Byzantine rule, attesting to the fair treatment of the Christians of al-Andalus, and perhaps indicating that such was contingent on the treatment of Jews abroad. One notable contribution to Christian intellectualism is <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Gabirol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Gabirol">Ibn Gabirol</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonism">neo-Platonic</a> Fons Vitae ("The Source of Life;" "Mekor Hayyim"). Thought by many to have been written by a Christian, this work was admired by Christians and studied in monasteries throughout the Middle Ages, though the work of Solomon Munk in the 19th century proved that the author of Fons Vitae was the Jewish ibn Gabirol.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In addition to contributions of original work, the Sephardim were active as translators. Mainly in <a href="/wiki/Toledo_School_of_Translators" title="Toledo School of Translators">Toledo</a>, texts were translated between Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin. In translating the great works of Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek into Latin, Iberian Jews were instrumental in bringing the fields of science and philosophy, which formed much of the basis of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> learning, into the rest of Europe. In the early 11th century, centralized authority based at Cordoba broke down following the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> invasion and the ousting of the Umayyads. In its stead arose the independent <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifa</a> principalities under the rule of local <a href="/wiki/Muwallad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwallad">Muwallad</a>, Arab, Berber, or <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavonic</a> leaders. Rather than having a stifling effect, the disintegration of the caliphate expanded the opportunities to Jewish and other professionals. The services of Jewish scientists, doctors, traders, poets, and scholars were generally valued by Christian and Muslim rulers of regional centers, especially as order was restored in recently conquered towns. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ha-Nagid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel ha-Nagid">Samuel ha-Nagid</a> (ibn Naghrela) was the Vizier of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Naghrela" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ibn Naghrela">Joseph ibn Naghrela</a> who was slain by an incited mob along with most of the Jewish community. The remnant fled to <a href="/wiki/Lucena,_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Lucena, Córdoba">Lucena</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havdal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Havdal.jpg/220px-Havdal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Havdal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Observing the <a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a> ritual, 14th-century Spain</figcaption></figure> The first major and most violent persecution in Islamic Spain was the <a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">1066 Granada massacre</a>, which occurred on 30 December, when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucified</a> <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Naghrela" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ibn Naghrela">Joseph ibn Naghrela</a> and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city after rumors spread that the powerful vizier was plotting to kill the weak-minded and drunk King <a href="/wiki/Badis_ibn_Habus" title="Badis ibn Habus">Badis ibn Habus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> According to the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> a number contested by some historians who deem it to be an example of "the usual hyperbole in numerical estimates, with which history abounds."<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The decline of the Golden Age began before the completion of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, with the penetration and influence of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravides" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravides">Almoravides</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohads</a>, from North Africa. These more intolerant sects abhorred the liberality of the Islamic culture of al-Andalus, including the position of authority some dhimmis held over Muslims. When the Almohads gave the Jews a choice of either death or conversion to Islam, many Jews emigrated. Some, such as the family of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, fled south and east to the more tolerant Muslim lands, while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms. Meanwhile, the Reconquista continued in the north throughout the 12th century. As various Arab lands fell to the Christians, conditions for some Jews in the emerging Christian kingdoms became increasingly favorable. As had happened during the reconstruction of towns following the breakdown of authority under the Umayyads, the services of Jews were employed by the victorious Christian leaders. Sephardic knowledge of the language and culture of the enemy, their skills as diplomats and professionals, as well as their desire for relief from intolerable conditions — the very same reasons that they had proved useful to the Arabs in the early stages of the Muslim invasion — made their services very valuable. However, the Jews from the Muslim south were not entirely secure in their northward migrations. Old prejudices were compounded by newer ones. Suspicions of complicity with the Muslims were alive and well as Jews immigrated, speaking Arabic. However, many of the newly arrived Jews of the north prospered during the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The majority of Latin documentation regarding Jews during this period refers to their landed property, fields, and vineyards. In many ways life had come full circle for the Sephardim of al-Andalus. As conditions became more oppressive during the 12th and 13th centuries, Jews again looked to an outside culture for relief. Christian leaders of reconquered cities granted them extensive autonomy, and Jewish scholarship recovered somewhat and developed as communities grew in size and importance. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion to Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Reconquista">After the Reconquista</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: After the Reconquista">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a></div> Among the Sephardim were many who were the descendants, or heads, of wealthy families and who, as <a href="/wiki/Marranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marranos">Marranos</a>, had occupied prominent positions in the countries they had left. Some had been stated officials, others had held positions of dignity within the Church; many had been the heads of large banking-houses and mercantile establishments, and some were physicians or scholars who had officiated as teachers in high schools. Their Spanish or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> that enabled Sephardim from different countries to engage in commerce and diplomacy. With their social equals they associated freely, without regard to religion and more likely with regard to equivalent or comparative education, for they were generally well read, which became a tradition and expectation. They were received at the courts of sultans, kings, and princes, and often were employed as ambassadors, envoys, or agents. The number of Sephardim who have rendered important services to different countries is considerable as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Abravanel" title="Samuel Abravanel">Samuel Abravanel</a> (or "Abrabanel"—financial councilor to the viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Moses_Curiel" title="Moses Curiel">Moses Curiel</a> (or "Jeromino Nunes da Costa"-serving as Agent to the Crown of Portugal in the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(Low_Countries)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces (Low Countries)">United Provinces</a>).<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Among other names mentioned are those of Belmonte, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nasi" title="Joseph Nasi">Nasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pacheco" title="Francisco Pacheco">Francisco Pacheco</a>, Blas, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Herrera" title="Pedro de Herrera">Pedro de Herrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palache" class="mw-redirect" title="Palache">Palache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimentel_(surname)" title="Pimentel (surname)">Pimentel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azevedo" title="Azevedo">Azevedo</a>, Sagaste, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salvador" title="Joseph Salvador">Salvador</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasportas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sasportas (page does not exist)">Sasportas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_(surname)" title="Costa (surname)">Costa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curiel_family" title="Curiel family">Curiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cansino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cansino">Cansino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nenberg_(surname)" title="Schönenberg (surname)">Schönenberg</a>, Sapoznik (Zapatero), <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Miranda, <a href="/wiki/Toledano" title="Toledano">Toledano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pereira_(surname)" title="Pereira (surname)">Pereira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teixeira" title="Teixeira">Teixeira</a>. The Sephardim distinguished themselves as physicians and statesmen, and won the favor of rulers and princes, in both the Christian and the Islamic world. That the Sephardim were selected for prominent positions in every country where they settled was only in part due to the fact that Spanish had become a world-language through the expansion of Spain into the world-spanning Spanish Empire—the cosmopolitan cultural background after long associations with Islamic scholars of the Sephardic families also made them extremely well educated for the <a href="/wiki/Historical_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical era">times</a>, even well into the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">European Enlightenment</a>. For a long time, the Sephardim took an active part in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Spanish literature</a>; they wrote in prose and in rhyme, and were the authors of theological, philosophical, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/belletristic" class="extiw" title="wikt:belletristic">belletristic</a> (aesthetic rather than content-based writing), pedagogic (teaching), and mathematical works. The rabbis, who, in common with all the Sephardim, emphasized a pure and euphonious pronunciation of Hebrew, delivered their sermons in Spanish or in Portuguese. Several of these sermons have appeared in print. Their thirst for knowledge, together with the fact that they associated freely with the outer world, led the Sephardim to establish new educational systems. Wherever they settled, they founded schools that used Spanish as the medium of instruction. Theatre in Constantinople was in Judæo-Spanish since it was forbidden to Muslims. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_de_lisboa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Massacre_de_lisboa.jpg/220px-Massacre_de_lisboa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Massacre_de_lisboa.jpg/330px-Massacre_de_lisboa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Massacre_de_lisboa.jpg/440px-Massacre_de_lisboa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>A representation of the 1506 <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Massacre">Jewish Massacre</a> in Lisbon.</figcaption></figure> In Portugal, the Sephardim were given important roles in the sociopolitical sphere and enjoyed a certain amount of protection from the Crown (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahia_Ben_Yahia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahia Ben Yahia (page does not exist)">Yahia Ben Yahia</a>, first "Rabino Maior" of Portugal and supervisor of the public revenue of the first King of Portugal, <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">D.</a> <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Henriques" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso Henriques">Afonso Henriques</a>). Even with the increasing pressure from the Catholic Church, this state of affairs remained more or less constant and the number of Jews in Portugal grew with those running from Spain. This changed with the marriage of D. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> with the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> of the newly born Spain. In 1497 the Decree ordering the expulsion or forced conversion of all the Jews was passed, and the Sephardim either fled or went into secrecy under the guise of "Cristãos Novos", i.e. <a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a> (this Decree was symbolically revoked in 1996 by the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portuguese Parliament</a>). Those who fled to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> were only allowed to land provided they received baptism. Those who were fortunate enough to reach the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had a better fate: the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> sarcastically[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] sent his thanks to Ferdinand for sending him some of his best subjects, thus "impoverishing his own lands while enriching his (Bayezid's)". Jews arriving in the Ottoman Empire were mostly resettled in and around <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> and to some extent in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>. This was followed by a <a href="/wiki/Marrano#Massacre_at_Lisbon" title="Marrano">great massacre of Jews in the city of</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in 1506 and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> in 1536. This caused the flight of the Portuguese Jewish community, which continued until the extinction of the Courts of Inquisition in 1821; by then there were very few Jews in Portugal. In <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, where Jews were especially prominent in the 17th century on account of their number, wealth, education, and influence, they established poetical academies after Spanish models; two of these were the Academia de Los Sitibundos and the Academia de Los Floridos. In the same city they also organized the first Jewish educational institution, with graduate classes in which, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> studies, the instruction was given in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>. The most important synagogue, or <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Esnoga</a>, as it is usually called amongst Spanish and Portuguese Jews, is the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Esnoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Esnoga">Amsterdam Esnoga</a>—usually considered the "mother synagogue", and the historical center of the Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">minhag</a>. A sizable Sephardic community had settled in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and other <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern African</a> countries, which were colonized by France in the 19th century. Jews in Algeria were given French citizenship in 1870 by the décret Crémieux (previously Jews and Muslims could apply for French citizenship, but had to renounce the use of traditional religious courts and laws, which many did not want to do). When France withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in 1962, the local Jewish communities largely relocated to France. There are some tensions between some of those communities and the earlier French Jewish population (who were mostly <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>), and with Arabic-Muslim communities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Age_of_Discoveries">In the Age of Discoveries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the Age of Discoveries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam,_SK-A-3738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg/220px-Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg/330px-Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg/440px-Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5382" data-file-height="6060" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Synagogue_(Amsterdam)" title="Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)">Portuguese synagogue</a> in Amsterdam, c. 1680</figcaption></figure> The largest part of Spanish Jews expelled in 1492 fled to Portugal, where they eluded persecution for a few years. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Jewish community in Portugal</a> was perhaps then some 15% of that country's population.<a href="#cite_note-Kayserling-43">[42]</a> They were declared Christians by Royal decree unless they left, but the King hindered their departure, needing their artisanship and working population for Portugal's overseas enterprises and territories. Later Sephardic Jews settled in many trade areas controlled by the Empire of Philip II and others. With various countries in Europe also the Sephardi Jews established commercial relations. In a letter dated 25 November 1622, King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV of Denmark</a> invites Jews of Amsterdam to settle in <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a>, where, among other privileges, the free exercise of their religion would be assured to them. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Caminha" title="Álvaro Caminha">Álvaro Caminha</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands, who received the land as a grant from the crown, established a colony with Jews forced to stay on the island of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a> island was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. Attracting settlers proved difficult, however, the Jewish settlement was a success and their descendants settled many parts of Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In 1579 <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a> a Portuguese-born <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Converso</a>, Spanish-Crown officer, was awarded a large swath of territory in New Spain, known as <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo Reino de León</a>. He founded settlements with other conversos that would later become <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>. In particular, Jews established relations between the Dutch and South America. They contributed to the establishment of the Dutch West Indies Company in 1621, and some were members of the directorate. The ambitious schemes of the Dutch for the conquest of Brazil were carried into effect through Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a>. Some years afterward, when the Dutch in Brazil appealed to the Netherlands for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil. About 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars—<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_da_Fonseca" title="Isaac Aboab da Fonseca">Isaac Aboab da Fonseca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Raphael_de_Aguilar" title="Moses Raphael de Aguilar">Moses Raphael de Aguilar</a>. Jews supported the Dutch in the struggle between the Netherlands and Portugal for possession of Brazil. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Execution of Mariana de Carabajal in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Francisca_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Carabajal" title="Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal">Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal</a>, in 1601 by the Santo Oficio.</figcaption></figure> In 1642, Aboab da Fonseca was appointed rabbi at <a href="/wiki/Kahal_Zur_Israel_Synagogue" title="Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue">Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue</a> in the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>), Brazil. Most of the white inhabitants of the town were Sephardic Jews from Portugal who had been banned by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> to this town at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1624, the colony had been occupied by the Dutch. By becoming the rabbi of the community, Aboab da Fonseca was the first appointed rabbi of the Americas. The name of his congregation was <a href="/wiki/Kahal_Zur_Israel_Synagogue" title="Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue">Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue</a> and the community had a synagogue, a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> as well. However, during the time he was a rabbi in Pernambuco, the Portuguese re-occupied the place again in 1654, after a struggle of nine years. Aboab da Fonseca managed to return to Amsterdam after the occupation of the Portuguese. Members of his community immigrated to North America and were among the founders of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, but some Jews took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Serid%C3%B3" title="Seridó">Seridó</a>. The Sephardic <a href="/wiki/Qahal" title="Qahal">kehilla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries was one of its kind in all of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> at that time. It was an autonomous institution, and until the mid-17th century it was not under the authority of the highest organ of the Jewish self-government in the Republic of Poland - the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Four_Lands" title="Council of Four Lands">Council of Four Lands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Besides merchants, a great number of physicians were among the Spanish Jews in Amsterdam: Samuel Abravanel, David Nieto, Elijah Montalto, and the Bueno family; Joseph Bueno was consulted in the illness of Prince Maurice (April 1623). Jews were admitted as students at the university, where they studied medicine as the only branch of the science of practical use to them, for they were not permitted to practice law, and the oath they would be compelled to take excluded them from the professorships. Neither were Jews taken into the trade-guilds: a resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam in 1632 (the cities being autonomous) excluded them. Exceptions, however, were made in the case of trades that related to their religion: printing, bookselling, and the selling of meat, poultry, groceries, and drugs. In 1655 a Jew was, exceptionally, permitted to establish a sugar-refinery. Jonathan Ray, a professor of Jewish theological studies, has argued that the community of Sephardim was formed more during the 1600s than the medieval period. He explains that prior to expulsion Spanish Jewish communities did not have a shared identity in the sense that developed in diaspora. They did not carry any particular Hispano-Jewish identity into exile with them, but certain shared cultural traits contributed to the formation of the diaspora community from what had historically been independent communities.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Holocaust">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-179-1575-08,_Ioannina,_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-179-1575-08%2C_Ioannina%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-179-1575-08%2C_Ioannina%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-179-1575-08%2C_Ioannina%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-179-1575-08%2C_Ioannina%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-179-1575-08%2C_Ioannina%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-179-1575-08%2C_Ioannina%2C_Deportation_von_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>A young woman weeps during the deportation of Jews of <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a> (Greece) on 25 March 1944.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> that devastated European Jewry and virtually destroyed its centuries-old culture also wiped out the great European population centers of Sephardi Jewry and led to the almost complete destruction of its unique language and traditions. Sephardi Jewish communities from France and the Netherlands in the northwest to Yugoslavia and Greece in the southeast almost disappeared. On the eve of World War II, the European Sephardi community was concentrated in Southeastern Europe countries of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. Its leading centers were in <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>. The experience of Jewish communities in those countries during the war varied greatly and depended on the type of regime under which they fell. The Jewish communities of Yugoslavia and northern Greece, including the 50,000 Jews of Salonika, fell under direct <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">German occupation in April 1941</a> and bore the full weight and intensity of Nazi repressive measures from dispossession, humiliation, and forced labor to hostage-taking, and finally deportation to the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> and extermination.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The Jewish population of southern Greece fell under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italians</a> who eschewed the enactment of anti-Jewish legislation and resisted whenever possible German efforts to transfer them to occupied Poland, until the surrender of Italy on 8 September 1943 brought the Jews under German control. Sephardi Jews in Bosnia and Croatia were ruled by a German-created <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> state from April 1941, which subjected them to pogrom-like actions before herding them into local camps where they were murdered side by side with Serbs and Roma (see <a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Porajmos</a>). The Jews of Macedonia and Thrace were controlled by Bulgarian occupation forces, which after rendering them stateless, rounded them up and turned them over to the Germans for deportation. Finally, the Jews of Bulgaria proper were under the rule of a Nazi ally that subjected them to ruinous anti-Jewish legislation, but ultimately yielded to pressure from Bulgarian parliamentarians, clerics, and intellectuals not to deport them. More than 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Jews">Bulgarian Jews</a> were thus saved. The Jews in North Africa identified themselves only as Jews or European Jews, having been westernized by French and Italian colonization. During World War II and until <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the Jews of <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunesia</a>, governed by pro-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, suffered the same antisemitic legislation that Jews suffered in France mainland. They did not, however, directly suffer the more extreme Nazi Germany antisemitic policies, and nor did the Jews in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>. The Jewish communities in those European North Africa countries, in Bulgaria, and in Denmark were the only ones who were spared the mass deportation and mass murder that afflicted other Jewish communities. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> therefore saved more than 400,000 Jews in European North Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history_and_culture">Later history and culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later history and culture">edit</a>]</div> The Jews in French Algeria were awarded French citizenship by 1870 <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieux_Decree" title="Crémieux Decree">Crémieux Decree</a>. They were therefore considered part of the European <a href="/wiki/Pieds_noirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieds noirs">pieds noirs</a> community in spite of having been established in North Africa for many centuries, rather than subject to the <a href="/wiki/Indig%C3%A9nat" title="Indigénat">Indigénat</a> status imposed on their Muslim former neighbors. Most consequently moved to France in the late 1950s and early 1960s after <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> became independent, and they now make up a majority of the French Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Category:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/220px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/330px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/440px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3387" data-file-height="2267" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Oujda and Jerada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950%E2%80%931951_Baghdad_bombings" title="1950–1951 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Exodus by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mural" title="Operation Mural">Operation Mural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yachin" title="Operation Yachin">Operation Yachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egoz_(ship)" title="Egoz (ship)">Egoz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956%E2%80%931957_exodus_and_expulsions_from_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_migration_from_Lebanon_post-1948" title="Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Iranian_Jews" title="Exodus of Iranian Jews">Iran</a></li> <li>Tunisia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurum_air_disaster" title="Hurum air disaster">Hurum air disaster</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Remembrance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Awareness day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_Indigenous_to_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa">JIMENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Jews_from_Arab_Countries" title="Justice for Jews from Arab Countries">JJAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Organization_of_Jews_from_Arab_Countries" title="World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries">WOJAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Refugees" title="The Forgotten Refugees">The Forgotten Refugees</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical Jewish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Template:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Template talk:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Today, the Sephardim have preserved the romances and the ancient melodies and songs of Spain and Portugal, as well as a large number of old <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_proverbs" title="Portuguese proverbs">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_proverbs" title="Spanish proverbs">Spanish proverbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's play">children's plays</a>, like, for example, El Castillo, are still popular among them, and they still manifest a fondness for the dishes peculiar to Iberia, such as the pastel, or pastelico, a sort of meat-pie, and the pan de España, or pan de León. At their festivals, they follow the Spanish custom of distributing dulces, or dolces, a confection wrapped in paper bearing a picture of the <a href="/wiki/Magen_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Magen David">magen David</a> (six-pointed star). In Mexico, the Sephardic community originates mainly from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Turkey, Greece, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In 1942 the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_Hebreo_Tarbut" title="Colegio Hebreo Tarbut">Colegio Hebreo Tarbut</a> was founded in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> family and instruction was in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>. In 1944 the Sephardim community established a separate "<a href="/wiki/Colegio_Hebreo_Sefarad%C3%AD" title="Colegio Hebreo Sefaradí">Colegio Hebreo Sefaradí</a>" with 90 students where instruction was in Hebrew and complemented with classes on Jewish customs. By 1950 there were 500 students. In 1968 a group of young Sephardim created the group Tnuat Noar Jinujit Dor Jadash in support of the creation of the state of Israel. In 1972 the Majazike Tora institute is created aiming to prepare young male Jews for their <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> While the majority of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a> today are Ashkenazim, in Colonial times Sephardim made up the majority of the Jewish population. For example, the 1654 Jews who arrived in <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> fled from the colony of <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, Brazil after the Portuguese seized it from the Dutch. Through most of the 18th century, American synagogues conducted and recorded their business in Portuguese, even if their daily language was English. It was not until widespread German immigration to the United States in the 19th century that the tables turned and Ashkenazim (initially from Germany but by the 20th century from Eastern Europe) began to dominate the American Jewish landscape. The Sephardim usually have followed the general rules for <a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese names</a>. Many used to bear Portuguese and Spanish names; however, it is noteworthy that a large number of Sephardic names are of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> roots and are totally absent in Iberian patronyms and are therefore often seen as typically Jewish. Many of the names are associated with non-Jewish (Christian) families and individuals and are by no means exclusive to Jews. After 1492, many <a href="/wiki/Marranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marranos">marranos</a> changed their names to hide their Jewish origins and avoid persecution, adopting professions and even translating such patronyms to local languages like Arabic and even German.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was common to choose the name of the Parish Church where they have been baptized into the Christian faith, such as Santa Cruz or the common name of the word "Messiah" (Savior/Salvador) or adopted the name of their Christian godparents.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Dr. Mark Hilton's research demonstrated in IPS DNA testing that the last name of Marranos linked with the location of the local parish was correlated 89.3% In contrast to Ashkenazic Jews, who do not name newborn children after living relatives, Sephardic Jews often name their children after the children's grandparents, even if they are still alive. The first son and daughter are traditionally named after the paternal grandparents, then the maternal parents' names are next in line for the remaining children. After that, additional children's names are "free", so to speak, meaning that one can choose whatever name, without any more "naming obligations." The only instance in which Sephardic Jews will not name after their own parents is when one of the spouses shares a common first name with a mother/father-in-law (since Jews will not name their children after themselves.) There are times though when the "free" names are used to honor the memory of a deceased relative who died young or childless. These conflicting naming conventions can be troublesome when children are born into mixed Ashkenazic-Sephardic households. A notable exception to the distinct Ashkenazi and Sephardi naming traditions is found among <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch Jews</a>, where Ashkenazim have for centuries followed the tradition otherwise attributed to Sephardim. See <a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship_laws_in_Spain_and_Portugal">Citizenship laws in Spain and Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citizenship laws in Spain and Portugal">edit</a>]</div> Since April 2013, Sephardim who are descendants of those expelled in the inquisition are entitled to claim Portuguese citizenship provided that they "belong to a Sephardic community of Portuguese origin with ties to Portugal". The amendment to Portugal's "Law on Nationality" was approved unanimously on 11 April 2013,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> and remains open to applications as of March 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> A similar law was approved in Spain in 2014<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> and passed in 2015. By the expiry date on 30 September 2019, Spain had received 127,000 applications, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spain-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sephardic_pedigrees">Sephardic pedigrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sephardic pedigrees">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>See also <a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Sephardic_and_Mizrahi_Jewish_communities" title="Jewish surname">Jewish surname#Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewish communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese names</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sephardic_Jews" title="List of Sephardic Jews">List of Sephardic Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iberian_Jews" title="List of Iberian Jews">List of Iberian Jews</a></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abravanel" title="Abravanel">Abravanel family</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboab_family" title="Aboab family">Aboab family</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfandari" title="Alfandari">Alfandari family</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tar%C4%81s_family" title="Al-Tarās family">Al-Tarās family</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astruc_family" title="Astruc family">Astruc family</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benveniste" title="Benveniste">Benveniste family</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bezerra_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bezerra family (page does not exist)">Bezerra family</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> *<a href="/wiki/Cansino_family" title="Cansino family">Cansino family</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> * <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carabajal_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carabajal family (page does not exist)">Carabajal family</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Carasso_family" title="Carasso family">Carasso family</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> * <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carvajal_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carvajal family (page does not exist)">Carvajal family</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Castellazzo_family" title="Castellazzo family">Castellazzo family</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Cicurel_family" title="Cicurel family">Cicurel family</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> * <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronel_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coronel family (page does not exist)">Coronel family</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] * <a href="/wiki/Curiel_family" title="Curiel family">Curiel family</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] * <a href="/wiki/De_Castro_family_(Sephardi_Jewish)" title="De Castro family (Sephardi Jewish)">De Castro family</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> * <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espadero_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espadero family (page does not exist)">Espadero family</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Galante_(pedigree)" title="Galante (pedigree)">Galante family</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Henriques_family" title="Henriques family">Henriques family</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tibbon" title="Ibn Tibbon">Ibn Tibbon family</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> * <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laguna_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laguna family (page does not exist)">Laguna family</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Lindo_family" title="Lindo family">Lindo family</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] * <a href="/wiki/Lopes_Suasso" title="Lopes Suasso">Lopes Suasso family</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] * <a href="/wiki/Mocatta" title="Mocatta">Mocatta family</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_family" title="Monsanto family">Monsanto family</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] * <a href="/wiki/Najara_family" title="Najara family">Najara family</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] * <a href="/wiki/Pallache_family" title="Pallache family">Pallache family</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] * <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paredes_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paredes family (page does not exist)">Paredes family</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> * <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanchez_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanchez family (page does not exist)">Sanchez family</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Sassoon_family" title="Sassoon family">Sassoon family</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Senigaglia_family" title="Senigaglia family">Senigaglia family</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Soncino_family_(printers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soncino family (printers)">Soncino family</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> * <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosa_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosa family (page does not exist)">Sosa family</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Taitazak_family" title="Taitazak family">Taitazak family</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Taro%C3%A7_family" title="Taroç family">Taroç family</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Vaez" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaez">Vaez family</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Divisions">edit</a>]</div> The divisions among Sephardim and their descendants today are largely a result of the consequences of the royal edicts of expulsion. Both the Spanish and Portuguese crowns ordered their respective Jewish subjects to choose one of two options: <ol><li>to convert to Catholicism and be allowed to remain within the kingdom, or</li> <li>to remain Jewish and leave or be expelled by the stipulated deadline.</li></ol> In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> of <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>, the primary purpose was to eliminate Jewish influence on Spain's large <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> population, and ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted in the 14th century as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">occurred in 1391</a>. They and their Catholic descendants were not subject to the decree or to expulsion, yet were surveilled by the Spanish Inquisition. British scholar Henry Kamen has said that <blockquote>"the real purpose of the 1492 edict likely was not expulsion, but compulsory conversion and assimilation of all Spanish Jews, a process which had been underway for a number of centuries. Indeed, a further number of those Jews who had not yet joined the converso community finally chose to convert and avoid expulsion as a result of the edict. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution during the prior century, between 200,000 and 250,000 Jews converted to Catholicism and between one third and one half of Spain's remaining 100,000 non-converted Jews chose exile, with an indeterminate number returning to Spain in the years following the expulsion."<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_(Roque_Gameiro,_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal,_1917).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/259px-A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png" decoding="async" width="259" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/389px-A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png/518px-A_Expuls%C3%A3o_dos_Judeus_%28Roque_Gameiro%2C_Quadros_da_Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal%2C_1917%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>"The Banishment of the Jews", by <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Roque_Gameiro" title="Alfredo Roque Gameiro">Roque Gameiro</a>, in Quadros da História de Portugal ("Pictures of the History of Portugal", 1917).</figcaption></figure> The Portuguese king <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II</a> welcomed the Jewish refugees from Spain with the purpose of obtaining specialized artisans, which the Portuguese population lacked, imposing over them, however, a hefty fee for the right to stay in the country. His successor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I</a> proved, at first, to also tolerate the Jewish population. However, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I</a> issued his own expulsion decree four years later, presumably to satisfy a precondition that the Spanish monarchs had set for him in order to allow him to marry their daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella</a>. While the stipulations were similar in the Portuguese decree, King Manuel largely prevented Portugal's Jews from leaving, by blocking Portugal's ports of exit, foreseeing a negative economic effect of a similar Jewish flight from Portugal. He decided that the Jews who stayed accepted Catholicism by default, proclaiming them <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> by royal decree. Physical <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversions</a>, however, were also suffered by Jews throughout Portugal. These persecutions led to several recently converted families to flee Portugal, such as the family of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sanches" title="Francisco Sanches">Francisco Sanches</a> who fled to <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. Sephardi Jews encompass Jews descended from those Jews who left the Iberian Peninsula as Jews by the expiration of the respective decreed deadlines. This group is further divided between those who fled south to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, as opposed to those who fled eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and beyond. Others fled east into Europe, with many settling in northern Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. Also included among Sephardi Jews are those who descend from "<a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a>" conversos, but returned to Judaism after leaving Iberia, largely after reaching Southern and Western Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From these regions, many later migrated again, this time to the non-Iberian territories of the Americas. Additional to all these Sephardic Jewish groups are the descendants of those New Christian conversos who either remained in Iberia, or moved from Iberia directly to the Iberian colonial possessions in what are today the various <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries. For historical reasons and circumstances, most of the descendants of this group of conversos never formally returned to the Jewish religion. All these sub-groups are defined by a combination of geography, identity, religious evolution, language evolution, and the timeframe of their reversion (for those who had in the interim undergone a temporary nominal <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a> to Catholicism) or non-reversion back to Judaism. These Sephardic sub-groups are separate from any pre-existing local Jewish communities they encountered in their new areas of settlement. From the perspective of the present day, the first three sub-groups appeared to have developed as separate branches, each with its own traditions. In earlier centuries, and as late as the editing of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> at the beginning of the 20th century, the Sephardim were usually regarded as together forming a continuum. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_of_Livorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community of Livorno">Jewish community of Livorno</a>, Italy acted as the clearing-house of personnel and traditions among the first three sub-groups; it also developed as the chief publishing centre.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Sephardim">Eastern Sephardim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eastern Sephardim">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sephardim" title="Eastern Sephardim">Eastern Sephardim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1900_photo_of_a_Sephardi_couple_from_Sarajevo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1900_photo_of_a_Sephardi_couple_from_Sarajevo.png/220px-1900_photo_of_a_Sephardi_couple_from_Sarajevo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1900_photo_of_a_Sephardi_couple_from_Sarajevo.png/330px-1900_photo_of_a_Sephardi_couple_from_Sarajevo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1900_photo_of_a_Sephardi_couple_from_Sarajevo.png/440px-1900_photo_of_a_Sephardi_couple_from_Sarajevo.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Sephardi Jewish couple from <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> in traditional clothing (1900)</figcaption></figure> Eastern Sephardim comprise the descendants of the expellees from Spain who left as Jews in 1492 or earlier. This sub-group of Sephardim settled mostly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">in various parts of the Ottoman Empire</a>, which then included areas in West Asia's <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and Egypt; in Southeastern Europe, some of the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> islands and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. They settled particularly in European cities ruled by the Ottoman Empire, including <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_of_Thessaloniki" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews of Thessaloniki">Salonica</a> in present-day Greece; <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which today is known as <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> on the European portion of modern Turkey; and <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, in what is today <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. Sephardic Jews also lived in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, where they absorbed into their community the <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote Jews</a> they found already living there. They had a presence as well in <a href="/wiki/Walachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Walachia">Walachia</a> in what is today southern Romania, where there is still a functioning Sephardic Synagogue.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Their traditional language is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Judezmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Judezmo">Judezmo</a> ("Jewish [language]"). It is <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>, sometimes also known as Ladino, which consisted of the medieval Spanish and Portuguese they spoke in Iberia, with admixtures of Hebrew, and the languages around them, especially Turkish. This Judeo-Spanish language was often written in <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi script</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg/220px-Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg/330px-Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg/440px-Epoca_1902_Issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>A 1902 Issue of <a href="/wiki/La_Epoca_(Ladino_newspaper)" title="La Epoca (Ladino newspaper)">La Epoca</a>, a Ladino newspaper from Salonica (<a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>)</figcaption></figure> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, some Sephardim went further east into the West Asian territories of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, settling among the long-established Arabic-speaking Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Aleppo</a> in Syria, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, and as far as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Baghdad</a> in Iraq. Although technically Egypt was a North African Ottoman region, those Jews who settled in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Alexandria</a> are included in this group, due to Egypt's cultural proximity to the other West Asian provinces under Ottoman rule. For the most part, Eastern Sephardim did not maintain their own separate Sephardic religious and cultural institutions from pre-existing Jews. Instead the local Jews came to adopt the liturgical customs of the recent Sephardic arrivals. Eastern Sephardim in European areas of the Ottoman Empire, as well as in Palestine, retained their culture and language, but those in the other parts of the West Asian portion gave up their language and adopted the local Judeo-Arabic dialect. This latter phenomenon is just one of the factors which have today led to the broader and eclectic religious definition of Sephardi Jews. Thus, the Jewish communities in Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt are partly of Spanish Jewish origin and they are counted as Sephardim proper. The great majority of the Jewish communities in Iraq, and all of those in Iran, Eastern Syria, Yemen, and Eastern Turkey, are descendants of pre-existing indigenous Jewish populations. They adopted the Sephardic rites and traditions through cultural diffusion, and are properly termed <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Going even further into South Asia, a few of the Eastern Sephardim followed the spice trade routes as far as the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a> of southern India, where they settled among the established <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jewish</a> community. Their culture and customs were absorbed by the local Jews. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Additionally, there was a large community of Jews and crypto-Jews of Portuguese origin in the Portuguese colony of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Jorge_de_Le%C3%A3o_Pereira" title="Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira">Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira</a>, the first archbishop of Goa, wanted to suppress or expel that community, calling for the initiation of the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Sephardic Jews in India</a>. In recent times, principally after 1948, most Eastern Sephardim have since relocated to Israel, and others to the US and Latin America. Eastern Sephardim still often carry common Spanish surnames, as well as other specifically Sephardic surnames from 15th-century Spain with Arabic or Hebrew language origins (such as <a href="/wiki/Azoulay" title="Azoulay">Azoulay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abulafia_(surname)" title="Abulafia (surname)">Abulafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abravanel" title="Abravanel">Abravanel</a>) which have since disappeared from Spain when those that stayed behind as conversos adopted surnames that were solely Spanish in origin. Other Eastern Sephardim have since also translated their Hispanic surnames into the languages of the regions they settled in, or have modified them to make them sound more local. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_African_Sephardim">North African Sephardim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North African Sephardim">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moroccan_wedding_dress,_19-20th_century_(3551817349).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moroccan_wedding_dress%2C_19-20th_century_%283551817349%29.jpg/220px-Moroccan_wedding_dress%2C_19-20th_century_%283551817349%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moroccan_wedding_dress%2C_19-20th_century_%283551817349%29.jpg/330px-Moroccan_wedding_dress%2C_19-20th_century_%283551817349%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moroccan_wedding_dress%2C_19-20th_century_%283551817349%29.jpg/440px-Moroccan_wedding_dress%2C_19-20th_century_%283551817349%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>19th-century Moroccan Sephardic wedding dress</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></div>North African Sephardim consists of the descendants of the expellees from Spain who also left as Jews in 1492. This branch settled in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (except Egypt, see Eastern Sephardim above). Settling mostly in <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a>, they spoke a variant of <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a>. They also spoke <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> in a majority of cases. They settled in the areas with already established Arabic-speaking Jewish communities in North Africa and eventually merged with them to form new communities based solely on Sephardic customs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a> emigrated back to the Iberian Peninsula to form the core of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltar Jews</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 19th century, modern Spanish, French and Italian gradually replaced Haketia and Judeo-Arabic as the mother tongue among most Moroccan Sephardim and other North African Sephardim.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In recent times, with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a>, principally after the creation of Israel in 1948, most North African Sephardim have relocated to Israel (total pop. est. 1,400,000 in 2015), and most others to France (361,000)<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> and the US (300,000), as well as other countries. As of 2015 there was a significant community still in Morocco (10,000).<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In 2021, among Arab countries, the largest Jewish community now exists in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> with about 2,000 Jews and in Tunisia with about 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> North African Sephardim still also often carry common Spanish surnames, as well as other specifically Sephardic surnames from 15th century Spain with Arabic or Hebrew language origins (such as <a href="/wiki/Azoulay" title="Azoulay">Azoulay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abulafia_(surname)" title="Abulafia (surname)">Abulafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abravanel" title="Abravanel">Abravanel</a>) which have since disappeared from Spain when those that stayed behind as conversos adopted surnames that were solely Spanish in origin. Other North African Sephardim have since also translated their Hispanic surnames into local languages or have modified them to sound local.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Sephardim">Western Sephardim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Western Sephardim">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Cemetery_of_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Synagogue,_Shearith_Israel_(1656-1833)_in_Manhattan,_New_York_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/First_Cemetery_of_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Synagogue%2C_Shearith_Israel_%281656-1833%29_in_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City.jpg/220px-First_Cemetery_of_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Synagogue%2C_Shearith_Israel_%281656-1833%29_in_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/First_Cemetery_of_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Synagogue%2C_Shearith_Israel_%281656-1833%29_in_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City.jpg/330px-First_Cemetery_of_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Synagogue%2C_Shearith_Israel_%281656-1833%29_in_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/First_Cemetery_of_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Synagogue%2C_Shearith_Israel_%281656-1833%29_in_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City.jpg/440px-First_Cemetery_of_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Synagogue%2C_Shearith_Israel_%281656-1833%29_in_Manhattan%2C_New_York_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Shearith_Israel_Graveyard" title="First Shearith Israel Graveyard">First Cemetery</a> of the Spanish and Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Shearith_Israel" title="Congregation Shearith Israel">Shearith Israel</a> (1656–1833) in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmalazarusengraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Emmalazarusengraving.jpg/170px-Emmalazarusengraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Emmalazarusengraving.jpg/255px-Emmalazarusengraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Emmalazarusengraving.jpg/340px-Emmalazarusengraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a>, American poet, born into a large New York Sephardi family.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Sephardim</a> (also known more ambiguously as "Spanish and Portuguese Jews", "Spanish Jews", "Portuguese Jews" and "Jews of the Portuguese Nation") are the community of Jewish ex-conversos whose families initially remained in Spain and Portugal as ostensible <a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> that is, as <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a> or "forced [converts]". Western Sephardim are further sub-divided into an <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> branch and a <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> branch. Henry Kamen and Joseph Perez estimate that of the total Jewish origin population of Spain at the time of the issuance of the Alhambra Decree, those who chose to remain in Spain represented the majority, up to 300,000 of a total Jewish origin population of 350,000.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Furthermore, a significant number returned to Spain in the years following the expulsion, on condition of converting to Catholicism, the Crown guaranteeing they could recover their property at the same price at which it was sold. Discrimination against this large community of conversos nevertheless remained, and those who secretly practiced the Jewish faith specifically suffered severe episodes of persecution by the Inquisition. The last such episode of persecution occurred in the mid-18th century. External migrations out of the Iberian peninsula coincided with these episodes of increased persecution by the Inquisition. As a result of this discrimination and persecution, a small number of <a href="/wiki/Marranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marranos">marranos</a> (conversos who secretly still practiced Judaism) later emigrated to more religiously tolerant Old World countries outside the <a href="/wiki/Hispanosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanosphere">Iberian cultural sphere</a>, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Germany and England.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In these lands conversos reverted to Judaism, rejoining the Jewish community sometimes up to the third or even fourth generations after the initial decrees stipulating conversion, expulsion, or death. It is these returnees to Judaism that represent Old World Western Sephardim. Among this community of Sephardic Jews, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch de Spinoza</a> was born from a Portuguese Jewish family. He was also, famously, <a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">expelled from said community</a> over his religious and philosophical views. New World Western Sephardim, on the other hand, are the descendants of those Jewish-origin New Christian conversos who accompanied the millions of Old Christian Spaniards and Portuguese that emigrated to the Americas. More specifically, New World Western Sephardim are those Western Sephardim whose converso ancestors migrated to various of the non-Iberian colonies in the Americas in whose jurisdictions they could return to Judaism. New World Western Sephardim are juxtaposed to yet another group of descendants of conversos who settled in the Iberian colonies of the Americas who could not revert to Judaism. These comprise the related but distinct group known as <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> (see the section below). Due to the presence of the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisition in the Iberian American territories, initially, converso immigration was barred throughout much of Ibero-America. Because of this, very few converso immigrants in Iberian American colonies ever reverted to Judaism. Of those conversos in the New World who did return to Judaism, it was principally those who had come via an initial respite of refuge in the Netherlands or who were settling the New World Dutch colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and the area then known as New Holland (also called <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>). Dutch Brazil was the northern portion of the colony of Brazil ruled by the Dutch for under a quarter of a century before it also fell to the Portuguese who ruled the remainder of Brazil. Jews who had only recently reverted in Dutch Brazil then again had to flee to other Dutch-ruled colonies in the Americas, including joining brethren in Curaçao, but also migrating to <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, in what is today <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> in New York City. The oldest congregations in the non-Iberian colonial possessions in the Americas were founded by Western Sephardim, many who arrived in the then Dutch-ruled <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, with their synagogues being in the tradition of "Spanish and Portuguese Jews". In the United States in particular, <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Shearith_Israel" title="Congregation Shearith Israel">Congregation Shearith Israel</a>, established in 1654, in what is now New York City, is the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States. Its present building dates from 1897. Congregation <a href="/wiki/Jeshuat_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeshuat Israel">Jeshuat Israel</a> in Newport, Rhode Island, is dated to sometime after the arrival of Western Sephardim there in 1658 and prior to the 1677 purchase of a communal cemetery, now known as <a href="/wiki/Touro_Cemetery" title="Touro Cemetery">Touro Cemetery</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="List of the oldest synagogues in the United States">List of the oldest synagogues in the United States</a>. The intermittent period of residence in Portugal (after the initial fleeing from Spain) for the ancestors of many Western Sephardim (whether Old World or New World) is a reason why the surnames of many Western Sephardim tend to be Portuguese variations of common Spanish surnames, though some are still Spanish. Among a few notable figures with roots in Western Sephardim are the current president of Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Benjamin N. Cardozo</a>. Both descend from Western Sephardim who left Portugal for the Netherlands, and in the case of Maduro, from the Netherlands to <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, and ultimately Venezuela. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sephardic Bnei Anusim">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Converso</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sephardi_Jew_family_Argentina_(cr).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sephardi_Jew_family_Argentina_%28cr%29.jpg/220px-Sephardi_Jew_family_Argentina_%28cr%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sephardi_Jew_family_Argentina_%28cr%29.jpg/330px-Sephardi_Jew_family_Argentina_%28cr%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sephardi_Jew_family_Argentina_%28cr%29.jpg/440px-Sephardi_Jew_family_Argentina_%28cr%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Sephardi family from Misiones Province, Argentina, circa 1900.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> consists of the contemporary and largely nominal <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> descendants of assimilated 15th century Sephardic <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">anusim</a>. These descendants of Spanish and Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> forced or coerced to convert to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> remained, as <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> or moved to the <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Iberian colonial possessions</a> across various <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>. Due to historical reasons and circumstances, Sephardic Bnei Anusim had not been able to return to the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish faith</a> over the last five centuries,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> although increasing numbers have begun emerging publicly in modern times, especially over the last two decades. Except for varying degrees of putatively rudimentary Jewish customs and traditions which had been retained as <a href="/wiki/Family_traditions" title="Family traditions">family traditions</a> among individual families, Sephardic Bnei Anusim became a fully assimilated sub-group within the Iberian-descended Christian populations of Spain, Portugal, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a> and Brazil. In the last 5 to 10 years,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] however, "organized groups of [Sephardic] Benei Anusim in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Sefarad</a> [Iberia] itself"<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> have now been established, some of whose members have formally reverted to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, leading to the emergence of Neo-Western Sephardim (see group below). The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a> estimates the Sephardic Bnei Anusim population to number in the millions.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-105">[104]</a> Their population size is several times larger than the three Jewish-integrated Sephardi descendant sub-groups combined, consisting of <a href="#Eastern_Sephardim">Eastern Sephardim</a>, <a href="#North_African_Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a>, and the ex-converso <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Sephardim</a> (both New World and Old World branches). Although numerically superior, Sephardic Bnei Anusim is, however, the least prominent or known sub-group of Sephardi descendants. Sephardic Bnei Anusim are also more than twice the size of the total world Jewish population as a whole, which itself also encompasses <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">various other smaller groups</a>. Unlike the Anusim ("forced [converts]") who were the conversos up to the third, fourth or fifth generation (depending on the Jewish responsa) who later reverted to Judaism, the <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Anusim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a> ("[later] sons/children/descendants [of the] forced [converts]") were the subsequent generations of descendants of the Anusim who remained hidden ever since the Inquisition in the Iberian Peninsula and its New World franchises. At least some Sephardic Anusim in the <a href="/wiki/Hispanosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanosphere">Hispanosphere</a> (in Iberia, but especially in their colonies in Ibero-America) had also initially tried to revert to Judaism, or at least maintain crypto-Jewish practices in privacy. This, however, was not feasible long-term in that environment, as Judaizing conversos in Iberia and Ibero-America remained persecuted, prosecuted, and liable to conviction and execution. The Inquisition itself was only finally formally disbanded in the 19th century. Historical documentation shedding new light on the diversity in the ethnic composition of the Iberian immigrants to the Spanish colonies of the Americas during the conquest era suggests that the number of <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> of Sephardi origin that actively participated in the conquest and settlement was more significant than previously estimated. A number of Spanish conquerors, administrators, settlers, have now been confirmed to have been of Sephardi origin. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Recent revelations have only come about as a result of modern DNA evidence and newly discovered records in Spain, which had been either lost or hidden, relating to conversions, marriages, baptisms, and Inquisition trials of the parents, grandparents and great-grandparents of the Sephardi-origin Iberian immigrants. Overall, it is now estimated that up to 20% of modern-day Spaniards and 10% of colonial Latin America's Iberian settlers may have been of Sephardic origin, although the regional distribution of their settlement was uneven throughout the colonies. Thus, Iberian settlers of New Christian Sephardi-origin ranged anywhere from none in most areas to as high as 1 in every 3 (approx. 30%) Iberian settlers in other areas. With Latin America's current population standing at close to 590 million people, the bulk of which consists of persons of full or partial Iberian ancestry (both <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">New World Hispanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a>, whether they're <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mestizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos">mestizos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mulattos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattos">mulattos</a>), it is estimated that up to 50 million of these possess Sephardic Jewish ancestry to some degree. In Iberia, settlements of known and attested populations of Bnei Anusim include those in <a href="/wiki/Belmonte_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmonte Jews">Belmonte</a>, in Portugal, and the <a href="/wiki/Xuetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuetes">Xuetes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palma,_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma, Majorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, in Spain. In 2011 Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nissim_Karelitz" title="Nissim Karelitz">Nissim Karelitz</a>, a leading rabbi and <a href="/wiki/Halachic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halachic">Halachic</a> authority and chairman of the Beit Din Tzedek <a href="/wiki/Beit_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Din">rabbinical court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a>, Israel, recognized the entire Xuete community of Bnei Anusim in Palma de Mallorca, as Jews.<a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-106">[105]</a> That population alone represented approximately 18,000 to 20,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-107">[106]</a> or just over 2% of the entire population of the island. The proclamation of the Jews' default acceptance of Catholicism by the Portuguese king actually resulted in a high percentage being assimilated into the Portuguese population. Besides the Xuetas, the same is true of Spain. Many of their descendants observe a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretist</a> form of Christian worship known as <a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Almost all Sephardic Bnei Anusim carry surnames which are known to have been used by Sephardim during the 15th century. However, almost all of these surnames are not specifically Sephardic per se, and most are in fact surnames of gentile Spanish or gentile Portuguese origin which only became common among Bnei Anusim because they deliberately adopted them during their conversions to Catholicism, in an attempt to obscure their Jewish heritage. Given that conversion made New Christians subject to Inquisitorial prosecution as Catholics, crypto-Jews formally recorded Christian names and gentile surnames to be publicly used as their aliases in notarial documents, government relations and commercial activities, while keeping their given Hebrew names and Jewish surnames secret.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> As a result, very few Sephardic Bnei Anusim carry surnames that are specifically Sephardic in origin, or that are exclusively found among Bnei Anusim. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1492">Pre-1492</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pre-1492">edit</a>]</div> Prior to 1492, substantial Jewish populations existed in most Spanish and Portuguese provinces. Among the larger Jewish populations were the Jewish communities in cities like <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. In these cities, however, Jews constituted only substantial <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a> of the overall population. In several smaller towns, however, Jews composed <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majorities</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plurality" class="extiw" title="wikt:plurality">pluralities</a>, as the towns were founded or inhabited principally by Jews. Among these towns were <a href="/wiki/Oca%C3%B1a,_Spain" title="Ocaña, Spain">Ocaña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Castile-La_Mancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buitrago_del_Lozoya" title="Buitrago del Lozoya">Buitrago del Lozoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucena,_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Lucena, Córdoba">Lucena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribadavia" title="Ribadavia">Ribadavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A1s" title="Hervás">Hervás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llerena,_Badajoz" title="Llerena, Badajoz">Llerena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Almaz%C3%A1n" title="Almazán">Almazán</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranda_de_Duero" title="Aranda de Duero">Aranda de Duero</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ávila, Spain">Ávila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alba_de_Tormes" title="Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Arévalo">Arévalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calahorra" title="Calahorra">Calahorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carri%C3%B3n_de_los_Condes" title="Carrión de los Condes">Carrión de los Condes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Cuéllar">Cuéllar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herrera_del_Duque" title="Herrera del Duque">Herrera del Duque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (historical region)">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina_del_Campo" title="Medina del Campo">Medina del Campo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ourense" title="Ourense">Ourense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soria" title="Soria">Soria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villal%C3%B3n_de_Campos" title="Villalón de Campos">Villalón</a> were home to large Jewish communities or <a href="/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama">aljamas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> had substantial Jewish communities in the Calls of <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palma,_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma, Majorca">Palma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>), with the <a href="/wiki/Girona_Synagogue" title="Girona Synagogue">Girona Synagogue</a> serving as the centre of <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Catalonia" title="Jews of Catalonia">Catalonian Jewry</a> The first Jews to leave Spain settled in what is today <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> after the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain#Massacres_and_mass_conversions_of_1391" title="History of the Jews in Spain">various persecutions</a> that took place in 1391. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg/220px-Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg/330px-Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg/440px-Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2729" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (in the year 1492) by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Sala_(painter)" title="Emilio Sala (painter)">Emilio Sala Francés</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1492">Post-1492</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Post-1492">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> of Spain (<a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdoms of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> and its territories and possessions by 31 July, of that year.<a href="#cite_note-Decree-translation-112">[111]</a> The primary purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spain's large <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> population and ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391</a>, and as such were not subject to the Decree or to expulsion. A further number of those remaining chose to avoid expulsion as a result of the edict. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution in prior years, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled, an indeterminate number returning to Spain in the years following the expulsion.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The Spanish Jews who chose to leave Spain instead of converting <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">dispersed</a> throughout the region of North Africa known as the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. In those regions, they often intermingled with the already existing <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> Arabic-speaking communities, becoming the ancestors of the Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, and Libyan Jewish communities. Many Spanish Jews fled to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> where they had been given refuge. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, learning about the expulsion of Jews from Spain, dispatched the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Salonika (currently <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, now in Greece) and <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (now known in English as <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, currently in Turkey).<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Some believe that <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jew">Persian Jewry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> Jews), as the only community of Jews living under the Shiites, probably suffered more than any Sephardic community (Persian Jews are not<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Sephardic in descent<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Many of these Jews also settled in other parts of the Balkans ruled by the Ottomans such as the areas that are now Bulgaria, Serbia, and Bosnia. Throughout history, scholars have given widely differing numbers of Jews expelled from Spain. However, the figure is likely preferred by minimalist scholars to be below the 100,000 Jews - while others suggest larger numbers - who had not yet converted to Christianity by 1492, possibly as low as 40,000 and as high as 200,000 (while <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a> stated he led 300,000 Jews out of Spain) dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Megorashim" title="Megorashim">Megorashim</a>" ("Expelled Ones", in contrast to the local Jews they met whom they called "<a href="/wiki/Toshavim" title="Toshavim">Toshavim</a>" - "Citizens") in the Hebrew they had spoken.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Many went to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, gaining <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Jews from Portugal">only a few years of respite from persecution</a>. The Jewish community in Portugal (perhaps then some 10% of that country's population)<a href="#cite_note-Kayserling-43">[42]</a> were then declared Christians by Royal decree unless they left. Such figures exclude the significant number of Jews who returned to Spain due to the hostile reception they received in their countries of refuge, notably <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>. The situation of returnees was legalized with the Ordinance of 10 November 1492 which established that civil and church authorities should be witness to baptism and, in the case that they were baptized before arrival, proof and witnesses of baptism were required. Furthermore, all property could be recovered by returnees at the same price at which it was sold. Returnees are documented as late as 1499. On the other hand, the Provision of the Royal Council of 24 October 1493 set harsh sanctions for those who slandered these New Christians with insulting terms such as tornados.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> As a result of the more recent <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab lands">Jewish exodus from Arab lands</a>, many of the Sephardim Tehorim from Western Asia and North Africa relocated to either Israel or France, where they form a significant portion of the Jewish communities today. Other significant communities of Sephardim Tehorim also migrated in more recent times from the Near East to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, Argentina, Costa Rica, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Because of poverty and turmoil in Latin America, another wave of Sephardic Jews joined other Latin Americans who migrated to the United States, Canada, Spain, and other countries of Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permanence_of_Sephardim_in_Spain">Permanence of Sephardim in Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Permanence of Sephardim in Spain">edit</a>]</div> According to the genetic study "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula" at the University Pompeu Fabra of Barcelona and the University of Leicester, led by Briton Mark Jobling, Francesc Calafell, and Elena Bosch, published by the American Journal of Human Genetics, genetic markers show that nearly 20% of Spaniards have Sephardic Jewish markers (direct male descent male for Y, equivalent weight for female mitochondria); residents of Catalonia have approximately 6%. This shows that there was historic intermarriage between ethnic Jews and other Spaniards, and essentially, that some Jews remained in Spain. Similarly, the study showed that some 11% of the population has DNA associated with the Moors.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sephardim_in_modern_Iberia">Sephardim in modern Iberia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sephardim in modern Iberia">edit</a>]</div> Today, around 50,000 recognized Jews live in Spain, according to the Federation of Jewish Communities in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The tiny Jewish community in Portugal is estimated between 1,740 and 3,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Census_of_Portugal_2003-126">[125]</a> Although some are of Ashkenazi origin, the majority are Sephardic Jews who returned to Spain after the end of the protectorate over northern Morocco. A community of 600 Sephardic Jews live in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 2011 Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nissim_Karelitz" title="Nissim Karelitz">Nissim Karelitz</a>, a leading rabbi and Halachic authority and chairman of the Beit Din Tzedek rabbinical court in <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a>, Israel, recognized the entire community of Sephardi descendants in <a href="/wiki/Palma,_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma, Majorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chuetas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuetas">Chuetas</a>, as Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-106">[105]</a> They number approximately 18,000 people or just over 2% of the entire population of the island. Of the Bnei Anusim community in <a href="/wiki/Belmonte_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmonte Municipality">Belmonte, Portugal</a>, some officially returned to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> in the 1970s. They opened a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, Bet Eliahu, in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belmonte" title="History of the Jews in Belmonte">Belmonte community of Bnei Anusim</a> as a whole, however, have not yet been granted the same recognition as Jews that the Chuetas of Palma de Majorca achieved in 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_citizenship_by_Iberian_Sephardic_descent">Spanish citizenship by Iberian Sephardic descent</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Spanish citizenship by Iberian Sephardic descent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law#Sephardi_Jews" title="Spanish nationality law">Spanish nationality law § Sephardi Jews</a></div> In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> approved a decree to enable Sephardi Jews to obtain Spanish nationality. Although the deadline was originally the end of 1930, diplomat <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Sanz_Briz" title="Ángel Sanz Briz">Ángel Sanz Briz</a> used this decree as the basis for giving Spanish citizenship papers to Hungarian Jews in the Second World War to try to save them from the Nazis. Today, Spanish nationality law generally requires a period of residency in Spain before citizenship can be applied for. This had long been relaxed from ten to two years for Sephardi Jews, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic Americans</a>, and others with historical ties to Spain. In that context, Sephardi Jews were considered to be the descendants of Spanish Jews who were expelled or fled from the country five centuries ago following the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_from_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Jews from Spain">expulsion of the Jews from Spain</a> in 1492.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In 2015 the Government of Spain passed Law 12/2015 of 24 June, whereby Sephardi Jews with a connection to Spain could obtain Spanish nationality by naturalization, without the usual residency requirement. Applicants must provide evidence of their Sephardi origin and some connection with Spain, and pass examinations on the language, government, and culture of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-rhodesfaqs-130">[129]</a> The Law establishes the right to Spanish nationality of Sephardi Jews with a connection to Spain who apply within three years from 1 October 2015. The law defines Sephardic as Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula until their expulsion in the late fifteenth century, and their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The law provides for the deadline to be extended by one year, to 1 October 2019; it was extended in March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-extend-132">[131]</a> It was modified in 2015 to remove a provision that required persons acquiring Spanish nationality by law 12/2015 must renounce any other nationality held.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Most applicants must pass tests of knowledge of the Spanish language and Spanish culture, but those who are under 18, or handicapped, are exempted. A Resolution in May 2017 also exempted those aged over 70.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The Sephardic citizenship law was set to <a href="/wiki/Sunset_provision" title="Sunset provision">expire</a> in October 2018 but was extended for an additional year by the Spanish government.<a href="#cite_note-AFPMar8-135">[134]</a> The Law states that Spanish citizenship will be granted to "those Sephardic foreign nationals who prove that [Sephardic] condition and their special relationship with our country, even if they do not have legal residence in Spain, whatever their [current] ideology, religion or beliefs." Eligibility criteria for proving Sephardic descent include: a certificate issued by the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Jewish_Communities_of_Spain" title="Federation of Jewish Communities of Spain">Federation of Jewish Communities of Spain</a>, or the production of a certificate from the competent rabbinic authority, legally recognized in the country of habitual residence of the applicant, or other documentation which might be considered appropriate for this purpose; or by justifying one's inclusion as a Sephardic descendant, or a direct descendant of persons included in the list of protected Sephardic families in Spain referred to in the Decree-Law of 29 December 1948, or descendants of those who obtained naturalization by way of the Royal Decree of 20 December 1924; or by the combination of other factors including surnames of the applicant, spoken family language (Spanish, Ladino, Haketia), and other evidence attesting descent from Sephardic Jews and a relationship to Spain. Surnames alone, language alone, or other evidence alone will not be determinative in the granting of Spanish nationality. The connection with Spain can be established, if kinship with a family on a list of Sephardic families in Spain is not available, by proving that Spanish history or culture have been studied, proof of charitable, cultural, or economic activities associated with Spanish people, or organizations, or Sephardic culture.<a href="#cite_note-rhodesfaqs-130">[129]</a> The path to Spanish citizenship for Sephardic applicants remained costly and arduous.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The Spanish government takes about 8–10 months to decide on each case.<a href="#cite_note-Lusi_Portero-2017-137">[136]</a> By March 2018, some 6,432 people had been granted Spanish citizenship under the law.<a href="#cite_note-AFPMar8-135">[134]</a> A total of about 132,000<a href="#cite_note-jnextend-138">[137]</a> applications were received, 67,000 of them in the month before the 30 September 2019 deadline. Applications for Portuguese citizenship for Sephardis remained open.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The deadline for completing the requirements was extended until September 2021 due to delays due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, but only for those who had made a preliminary application by 1 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-jnextend-138">[137]</a> In what appeared to be a reciprocal gesture, <a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a>, chairman of the quasi-governmental <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a>, said "the state of Israel must ease the way for their return", referring to the millions of descendants of conversos around Latin America and Iberia. Some hundreds of thousands maybe exploring ways to return to the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese_citizenship_by_Portuguese_Sephardic_descent">Portuguese citizenship by Portuguese Sephardic descent</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Portuguese citizenship by Portuguese Sephardic descent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nationality_law#Jewish_Law_of_Return" title="Portuguese nationality law">Portuguese nationality law § Jewish Law of Return</a></div> In April 2013 Portugal amended its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nationality_law" title="Portuguese nationality law">Law on Nationality</a> to confer citizenship to descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews who were expelled from the country five centuries ago following the Portuguese Inquisition. The amended law gave descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews the right to become Portuguese citizens, wherever they lived, if they "belong to a Sephardic community of Portuguese origin with ties to Portugal."<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Portugal thus became the first country after Israel to enact a <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Jewish Law of Return</a>. On 29 January 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portuguese Parliament</a> ratified the legislation offering dual citizenship to descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews. Like the law later passed in Spain, the newly established legal rights in Portugal apply to all descendants of Portugal's Sephardic Jews, regardless of the current religion of the descendant, so long as the descendant can demonstrate "a traditional connection" to Portuguese Sephardic Jews. This may be through "family names, family language, and direct or collateral ancestry."<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Portuguese nationality law was amended to this effect by Decree-Law n.º 43/2013, and further amended by Decree-Law n.º 30-A/2015, which came into effect on 1 March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> «Applicants for Portuguese citizenship via this route are assessed by experts at one of Portugal's Jewish communities in either Lisbon or Porto».<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> In a reciprocal response to the Portuguese legislation, Michael Freund, Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Shavei_Israel" title="Shavei Israel">Shavei Israel</a> told news agencies in 2015 that he "call[s] on the Israeli government to embark on a new strategic approach and to reach out to the [Sephardic] <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Anusim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anousim</a>, people whose Spanish and Portuguese Jewish ancestors were compelled to convert to Catholicism more than five centuries ago."<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> By July 2017 the Portuguese government had received about 5,000 applications, mostly from Brazil, Israel, and Turkey. 400 had been granted, with a period between application and resolution of about two years.<a href="#cite_note-Lusi_Portero-2017-137">[136]</a> In 2017 a total of 1,800 applicants had been granted Portuguese citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-euro-145">[144]</a> By February 2018, 12,000 applications were in process.<a href="#cite_note-euro-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg/220px-Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg/330px-Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg/440px-Dedicated_Yad_Vashem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2906" data-file-height="3874" /></a><figcaption>Dedication at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> in Jerusalem written in Hebrew, English, Yiddish, and Judeo-Spanish</figcaption></figure> The most typical traditional language of Sephardim is <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a>, also called Judezmo or Ladino. It is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> derived mainly from <a href="/wiki/Old_Castilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Castilian">Old Castilian</a> (Spanish), with many borrowings from Turkish, and to a lesser extent from Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, and French. Until recently, two different dialects of Judeo-Spanish were spoken in the Mediterranean region: Eastern Judeo-Spanish (in various distinctive regional variations) and Western or North African Judeo-Spanish (also known as <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Ḥakitía</a>). The latter was once spoken, with little regional distinction, in six towns in Northern Morocco. Because of later emigration, it was also spoken by Sephardim in <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spanish cities in North Africa), <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> (Morocco), and <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> (Algeria). The Eastern Sephardic dialect is typified by its greater conservatism, its retention of numerous Old Spanish features in phonology, morphology, and lexicon, and its numerous borrowings from Turkish and, to a lesser extent, also from Greek and South Slavic. Both dialects have (or had) numerous borrowings from Hebrew, especially in reference to religious matters. But the number of <a href="/wiki/Hebraism" title="Hebraism">Hebraisms</a> in everyday speech or writing is in no way comparable to that found in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, the first language for some time among Ashkenazi Jews in Europe. On the other hand, the North African Sephardic dialect was, until the early 20th century, also highly conservative; its abundant <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Colloquial Arabic</a> loan words retained most of the Arabic phonemes as functional components of a new, enriched Hispano-Semitic phonological system. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish colonial occupation of Northern Morocco</a> (1912–1956), Ḥakitía was subjected to pervasive, massive influence from Modern Standard Spanish. Most Moroccan Jews now speak a colloquial, <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian form of Spanish</a>, with only occasional use of the old language as a sign of in-group solidarity. Similarly, American Jews may now use an occasional <a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yiddishism</a> in colloquial speech. Except for certain younger individuals, who continue to practice Ḥakitía as a matter of cultural pride, this dialect, probably the most Arabized of the Romance languages apart from <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a>, has essentially ceased to exist. By contrast, Eastern Judeo-Spanish has fared somewhat better, especially in Israel, where newspapers, radio broadcasts, and elementary school and university programs strive to keep the language alive. But the old regional variations (i.e. Bosnia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, and Turkey for instance) are already either extinct or doomed to extinction. Only time will tell whether Judeo-Spanish koiné, now evolving in Israel—similar to that which developed among Sephardic immigrants to the United States early in the 20th century- will prevail and survive into the next generation.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jud%C3%A6o-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Judæo-Portuguese">Judæo-Portuguese</a> was used by Sephardim — especially among the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Pidgin">pidgin forms of Portuguese</a> spoken among slaves and their Sephardic owners were an influence in the development of <a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> and the Creole <a href="/wiki/Suriname#Demographics" title="Suriname">languages of Suriname</a>. A Jewish <a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolect</a> of Papiamentu, documented in the work of the author <a href="/wiki/May_Henriquez" title="May Henriquez">May Henriquez</a>, once developed in Curaçao. <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Jewish Papiamentu</a> has largely disappeared; very few speakers (mostly elderly) are still aware of its existence.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a> has also been proposed as the main language used by the Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic Isles">Balearic Isles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencian</a> region, although its nature or even existence is debated.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Other languages associated with Sephardic Jews are mostly extinct, e. g. <a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Corfiot Italkian">Corfiot Italkian</a>, formerly spoken by some Sephardic communities in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> and its dialects have been a large vernacular language for Sephardim who settled in North African kingdoms and Arabic-speaking parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> (Low Saxon), formerly used as the vernacular by Sephardim around <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a> in Northern Germany, is no longer in use as a specifically Jewish <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>. Through their diaspora, Sephardim have been a polyglot population, often learning or exchanging words with the language of their host population, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>. They were easily integrated with the societies that hosted them. Within the last centuries and, more particularly the 19th and 20th centuries, two languages have become dominant in the Sephardic diaspora: <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, introduced first by the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle" title="Alliance Israélite Universelle">Alliance Israélite Universelle</a>, and then by absorption of new immigrants to France after Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria became independent, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> in the state of Israel. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> The doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Galut" class="mw-redirect" title="Galut">galut</a> is considered by scholars to be one of the most important concepts in Jewish history, if not the most important. In Jewish literature glut, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word for <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, invoked common motifs of oppression, martyrdom, and suffering in discussing the collective experience of exile in <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> that has been uniquely formative in Jewish culture. This literature was shaped for centuries by the expulsions from Spain and Portugal and thus featured prominently in a wide range of medieval <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Jewish literature</a> from rabbinic writings to profane poetry. Even so, the treatment of glut diverges in Sephardic sources, which scholar David A. Wacks says "occasionally belie the relatively comfortable circumstances of the Jewish community of Sefarad."<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Ashkenazim">Relations with Ashkenazim</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Relations with Ashkenazim">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel#Intra-Jewish_racism:_Racism_between_Jews" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel § Intra-Jewish racism: Racism between Jews</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval period</a>, a considerable number of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> from historic "Ashkenaz" (Germany and France) had moved to study <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> and Torah under the guidance of Sephardic Jewish Rabbis in Iberia. These Ashkenazi Jews who assimilated into the Sephardic society eventually gained the surnames "<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_(surname)" title="Ashkenazi (surname)">Ashkenazi</a>"<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> if they came from Germany and "<a href="/wiki/Sarfati" title="Sarfati">Zarfati</a>" if they came from France.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Sephardi-Ashkenazi relations have at times been strained by racial tension, with both sides claiming the inferiority of the other, based upon such features as physical traits and culture.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> In some instances, Sephardi Jews have joined Ashkenazi communities, and have intermarried.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leading_Sephardic_rabbis">Leading Sephardic rabbis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Leading Sephardic rabbis">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Islamic Spain</dt></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Migash" title="Joseph ibn Migash">Joseph ibn Migash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Barzillai" title="Judah ben Barzillai">Judah al-Bargeloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra" title="Moses ibn Ezra">Moses ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Halevi">Yehuda Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrela" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel ibn Naghrela">Samuel ibn Naghrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ibn_Ghiyyat" title="Isaac ibn Ghiyyat">Isaac ibn Ghiyyat</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Christian Spain</dt></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_ben_Aderet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo ben Aderet">Shlomo ben Aderet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_Asevilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom Tov Asevilli">Yom Tob of Seville</a> (the Ritba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">Nissim of Gerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a> (Ashkenazi by birth, became Chief Rabbi of Toledo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_de_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses de Leon">Moses de Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Senior" title="Abraham Senior">Abraham Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Saba" title="Abraham Saba">Abraham Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Abudirham" class="mw-redirect" title="David Abudirham">David Abudirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Campanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Campanton">Isaac Campanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_I" title="Isaac Aboab I">Isaac Aboab I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_of_Castile" title="Isaac Aboab of Castile">Isaac Aboab of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Isaac_Abravanel" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Isaac Abravanel">Don Isaac Abravanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiat_Duran" title="Profiat Duran">Profiat Duran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_of_Tolosa" title="Vidal of Tolosa">Vidal of Tolosa</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <dl><dd><dl><dt>After the expulsion</dt></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_ben_Solomon_ibn_Abi_Zimra" title="David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra">David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Berab" title="Jacob Berab">Jacob Berab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Ibn_Chaviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Levi Ibn Chaviv">Levi ibn Ḥabib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_de_Castro" title="Yaakov de Castro">Yaakov de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Ashkenazi" title="Bezalel Ashkenazi">Bezalel Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Moses ben Jacob Cordovero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyim_ben_Joseph_Vital" title="Hayyim ben Joseph Vital">Ḥayim Vital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Alshech" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Alshech">Moses Alshech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cohen_Pimentel" title="Abraham Cohen Pimentel">Abraham Cohen Pimentel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Nissim_Algazi" title="Solomon Nissim Algazi">Solomon Nissim Algazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Culi" title="Yaakov Culi">Yaakov Culi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayim_Palaggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayim Palaggi">Hayim Palaggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Yosef_David_Azulai" title="Chaim Yosef David Azulai">Chaim Yosef David Azulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pardo_(Italian_rabbi)" title="David Pardo (Italian rabbi)">David Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaria_Piccio" title="Azaria Piccio">Azaria Piccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rakkah" title="Jacob Rakkah">Jacob Rakkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ud_Hai_Rakkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'ud Hai Rakkah">Mas'ud Hai Rakkah</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Recent Sephardi rabbis</dt></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Abuhatzeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Abuhatzeira">Israel Abuhatzeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amram_Aburbeh" title="Amram Aburbeh">Amram Aburbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Amar" title="Shlomo Amar">Shlomo Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Benamozegh" title="Elijah Benamozegh">Elijah Benamozegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_de_Sola_Pool" title="David de Sola Pool">David de Sola Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Eliyahu" title="Mordechai Eliyahu">Mordechai Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob_Gaguine" title="Shem Tob Gaguine">Shem Tob Gaguine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Gaon" title="Solomon Gaon">Solomon Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayyim" title="Yosef Hayyim">Yosef Hayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Kaduri" title="Yitzhak Kaduri">Yitzhak Kaduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovadiah_Yosef" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovadiah Yosef">Ovadiah Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haham_Pinchas_Toledano" class="mw-redirect" title="Haham Pinchas Toledano">Pinchas Toledano</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic studies on Jews</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics_of_Jews" title="Medical genetics of Jews">Medical genetics of Jews</a></div> Genetically, Sephardic Jews are closely related to their <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> counterparts and studies have revealed that they mainly have a mixed Middle Eastern (<a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a>) and Southern European ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Due to their origin in the Mediterranean basin and strict practice of <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>, there is a higher incidence of certain <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary disease">hereditary diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inherited_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Inherited disorder">inherited disorders</a> in Sephardi Jews. However, there are no specifically Sephardic genetic diseases, since the diseases in this group are not necessarily common to Sephardic Jews specifically, but are instead common in the particular country of birth, and sometimes among many other Jewish groups generally.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The most important ones are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-thalassemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-thalassemia">Beta-thalassemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever" title="Familial Mediterranean fever">Familial Mediterranean fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert%27s_syndrome" title="Gilbert's syndrome">Gilbert's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_III" title="Glycogen storage disease type III">Glycogen storage disease type III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado-Joseph_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Machado-Joseph disease">Machado-Joseph disease</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Nobel_laureates">List of Nobel laureates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: List of Nobel laureates">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1906 – <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a>, Chemistry</li> <li>1911 - <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a>, Peace</li> <li>1959 – <a href="/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Emilio G. Segrè</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegrè19932–3-163">[162]</a> Physics</li> <li>1968 – <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Peace</li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Medicine</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Medicine</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-litenc-167">[166]</a> Literature</li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Economics</li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Physics</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Physics</li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Literature</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27amad" title="Ma'amad">Ma'amad</a>, a Council of Elders of Sephardic communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Catalonia" title="Jews of Catalonia">Jews of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Arab Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sephardim" title="Eastern Sephardim">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic law and customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">History of the Jews in Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sephardic_Jews" title="List of Sephardic Jews">List of Sephardic Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Sephardi_yeshivas" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Sephardi yeshivas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Sephardic_yeshivas" title="Category:Sephardic yeshivas">Category:Sephardic yeshivas</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Plural: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: סְפָרַדִּים, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>: Sfaradim, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a>: Səp̄āraddîm, also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יְהדוּת סְפָרַד‎, Yehadut Spharad, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> ''<a href="/wiki/Spaniard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniard">Spaniard</a> Jewry'', <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Judíos sefardíes (or sefarditas), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Judeus sefarditas </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAroeste2018" class="citation web cs1">Aroeste, Sarah (13 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/jewish-and/latino-hispanic-or-sephardic/">"Latino, Hispanic or Sephardic? A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms"</a>. My Jewish Learning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807030107/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/jewish-and/latino-hispanic-or-sephardic/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. 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L'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8415-309-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8415-309-2"><bdi>978-84-8415-309-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entorn+de+la+hist%C3%B2ria+de+la+llengua&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=L%27Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-84-8415-309-2&rft.aulast=Miralles+i+Monserrat&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Massot+i+Muntaner%2C+Josep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyHGvqM2ECY8C%26dq%3DJudeocatal%25C3%25A0%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucaria2016" class="citation news cs1">Bucaria, Nicolo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/3187106">"Sicilia antiqua: International Journal of Archaeology : XIII. Ebrei catalani nel Regno di Sicilia (XIII-XV sec :)"</a>. Fabrizio Serra Editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fabrizio+Serra+Editore&rft.atitle=Sicilia+antiqua%3A+International+Journal+of+Archaeology+%3A+XIII.+Ebrei+catalani+nel+Regno+di+Sicilia+%28XIII-XV+sec+%3A%29&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bucaria&rft.aufirst=Nicolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torrossa.com%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fan%2F3187106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/opinio/marc-pons-imperi-otoma-parlava-catala_714036_102.html">"Quan a l'Imperi otomà es parlava català"</a>. 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H. Finkelstein, p. 13, 14.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerber2021164-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerber2021164_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerber2021">Gerber 2021</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Richard Gottheil, Stephen S. Wise, Michael Friedländer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=I&artid=17">"Ibn Gabriol, Solomon ben Juday (Abu Ayyub Sulaiman Ibn Yaḥya Ibn Jabirul), known also as Avicebron"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610132813/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=17&letter=I">Archived</a> 10 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-11-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Nagdela (Nagrela), Abu Husain Joseph Ibn by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada">Granada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224005745/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada">Archived</a> 24 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Richard Gottheil, <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Kayserling" title="Meyer Kayserling">Meyer Kayserling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. 1906 ed. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Erika Spivakovsky (1971). "The Jewish presence in Granada". Journal of Medieval History. 2 (3): 215–238. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4181%2876%2990021-x">10.1016/0304-4181(76)90021-x</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1987" class="citation journal cs1">Israel, Jonathan I (1987). "Duarte Nunes da Costa (Jacob Curiel), of Hamburg, Sephardi Nobleman and Communal Leader (1585-1664)". Studia Rosenthaliana. 21 (1): 14–34. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41481641">41481641</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=12056558">12056558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Rosenthaliana&rft.atitle=Duarte+Nunes+da+Costa+%28Jacob+Curiel%29%2C+of+Hamburg%2C+Sephardi+Nobleman+and+Communal+Leader+%281585-1664%29&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-34&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41481641%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiale2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Biale" title="David Biale">Biale, David</a> (29 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUUZ1fVWdvQC&q=geronimo+nunes+da+costa&pg=PA650">Cultures of the Jews: A New History</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-48346-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-48346-1"><bdi>978-0-307-48346-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415224628/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUUZ1fVWdvQC&q=geronimo+nunes+da+costa&pg=PA650">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+the+Jews%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-307-48346-1&rft.aulast=Biale&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUUZ1fVWdvQC%26q%3Dgeronimo%2Bnunes%2Bda%2Bcosta%26pg%3DPA650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kayserling-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kayserling_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kayserling_43-1">b</a> Kayserling, Meyer. "História dos Judeus em Portugal". Editora Pioneira, São Paulo, 1971 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/h/9av/aas/52421817.html">"The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles, section XI: "The Vale of Tears", quoting Joseph Hacohen (1496–1577); also, section XVII, quoting 16th-century author Samuel Usque"</a>. Aish.com. 4 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003125410/http://www.aish.com/h/9av/aas/52421817.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Expulsion+1492+Chronicles%2C+section+XI%3A+%22The+Vale+of+Tears%22%2C+quoting+Joseph+Hacohen+%281496%E2%80%931577%29%3B+also%2C+section+XVII%2C+quoting+16th-century+author+Samuel+Usque&rft.pub=Aish.com&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fh%2F9av%2Faas%2F52421817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/z/17-zamosc/99-historia-spolecznosci/138301-historia-spolecznosci">"Historia społeczności | Wirtualny Sztetl"</a>. sztetl.org.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225043103/https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/miejscowosci/z/17-zamosc/99-historia-spolecznosci/138301-historia-spolecznosci">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sztetl.org.pl&rft.atitle=Historia+spo%C5%82eczno%C5%9Bci+%7C+Wirtualny+Sztetl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsztetl.org.pl%2Fpl%2Fmiejscowosci%2Fz%2F17-zamosc%2F99-historia-spolecznosci%2F138301-historia-spolecznosci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Jonathan S Ray. After Expulsion: 1492 and the Making of Sephardic Jewry. New York University Press (2013), p. 7-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006079">"Sephardi Jews during the Holocaust"</a>. www.ushmm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710020017/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006079">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Sephardi+Jews+during+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10006079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/France.html#History">"The Virtual Jewish History Tour, France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=The+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour%2C+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FFrance.html%23History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> For the largest online collection of Sephardic folk literature, visit <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardifolklit.org/">Folk Literature of the Sephardic Jews.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060414022721/http://sephardifolklit.org/">Archived</a> 14 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminer2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaminer, José (25 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diariojudio.com/opinion/los-judios-y-su-presencia-en-mexico-desde-el-siglo-xvi/5594/">"Los judíos y su presencia en México desde el siglo XVI"</a> [Jews and their presence in Mexico since the 16th century]. Diario Judío (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124214032/https://diariojudio.com/opinion/los-judios-y-su-presencia-en-mexico-desde-el-siglo-xvi/5594/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diario+Jud%C3%ADo&rft.atitle=Los+jud%C3%ADos+y+su+presencia+en+M%C3%A9xico+desde+el+siglo+XVI&rft.date=2010-08-25&rft.aulast=Kaminer&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiariojudio.com%2Fopinion%2Flos-judios-y-su-presencia-en-mexico-desde-el-siglo-xvi%2F5594%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023083604/http://sefaradi.org.mx/PaginaWebCHS/Presentacion_Institucional/ComunidadSefaradi4.htm">"History of the Sephardim Community in Mexico"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefaradi.org.mx/PaginaWebCHS/Presentacion_Institucional/ComunidadSefaradi4.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sephardim+Community+in+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaradi.org.mx%2FPaginaWebCHS%2FPresentacion_Institucional%2FComunidadSefaradi4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1975" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Cecil (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmarrano00roth">A History of the Marranos</a>. 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Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Castro%2C+De%2C+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4132-castro-de-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=365459">"Guide to the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, Boston, Massachusetts, Records , undated, 1886–1977 (Bulk dates 1938–1954), I-96"</a>. Digifindingaids.cjh.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031135922/http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=365459">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019. 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Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Suasso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsuasso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrow-lousada.org/PDFdocs/Lousada%20Family%20Genealogy%20from%20David%20Man%202007.pdf">"Descendants of Jacob Lumbrozzo de Mattos"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124215421/http://www.barrow-lousada.org/PDFdocs/Lousada%20Family%20Genealogy%20from%20David%20Man%202007.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Descendants+of+Jacob+Lumbrozzo+de+Mattos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrow-lousada.org%2FPDFdocs%2FLousada%2520Family%2520Genealogy%2520from%2520David%2520Man%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFjameswilarupton2016" class="citation web cs1">jameswilarupton (25 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jameswilarupton.wordpress.com/2016/09/25/monsantos-jewish-supremacist-history/">"Monsanto's Jewish"</a>. James Wilar Upton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724181255/https://jameswilarupton.wordpress.com/2016/09/25/monsantos-jewish-supremacist-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2020. 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Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Najara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fnajara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/palache">"Palache"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104011705/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15331.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Palache&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fpalache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pardess.com">"Paredes/Pardess"</a>. www.pardess.com/. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615032648/http://pardess.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021. 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Ktav Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+encyclopedia%3A+a+descriptive+record+of+the+history%2C+religion%2C+literature%2C+and+customs+of+the+Jewish+people+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+present+day&rft.pub=Ktav+Publishing+House&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rft.au=Adler%2C+Cyrus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishencycloped12sing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez, Joseph</a> (2012) [2009]. History of a Tragedy. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+a+Tragedy&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Romania">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422135529/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Romania">Archived</a> 22 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> YIVO|Romania. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Samuel Toledano, Espagne: les retrouvailles, in: Les Juifs du Maroc (Editions du Scribe, Paris 1992) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Lewis1983" class="citation news cs1">Paul Lewis (9 October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/09/magazine/the-jews-of-france.html">"The Jews of France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415233849/https://qz.com/427032/mapped-where-sephardic-jews-live-after-they-were-kicked-out-of-spain-500-years-ago/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. 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Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 210–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4570-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4570-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-4570-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=210-212&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4570-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernardiniFiering2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernardini, Paolo; Fiering, Norman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m0JAGMuePO0C&pg=PA371">The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450 to 1800</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-430-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-430-2"><bdi>978-1-57181-430-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+and+the+Expansion+of+Europe+to+the+West%2C+1450+to+1800&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-430-2&rft.aulast=Bernardini&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Fiering%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm0JAGMuePO0C%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2012" class="citation book cs1">Pérez, Joseph (2012). 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Retrieved 23 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Chuetas+of+Majorca+recognized+as+Jewish%22%3B+Jerusalem+Post+07%2F12%2F2011&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJewishWorld%2FJewishNews%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D228936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-49374489">"The New Yorker reviving Jewish life on a holiday island"</a>. BBC. 18 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Yorker+reviving+Jewish+life+on+a+holiday+island&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fstories-49374489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/robert-graves/a-dead-branch-on-the-tree-of-israel-the-xuetas-of-majorca/">""A Dead Branch on the Tree of Israel" The Xuetas of Majorca"</a>. Commentary. 17 February 1957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Dead+Branch+on+the+Tree+of+Israel%22+The+Xuetas+of+Majorca&rft.pub=Commentary&rft.date=1957-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Frobert-graves%2Fa-dead-branch-on-the-tree-of-israel-the-xuetas-of-majorca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1976" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Kenneth (1976). Those of the Street - The Catholic-Jews of Mallorca: a Study in Urban Cultural Change. Michigan University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03783-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03783-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03783-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Those+of+the+Street+-+The+Catholic-Jews+of+Mallorca%3A+a+Study+in+Urban+Cultural+Change&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Michigan+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03783-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelamont2002" class="citation book cs1">Delamont, Sara (2002). Appetites and Identities: An Introduction to the Social Anthropology of Western Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92474-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92474-5"><bdi>978-1-134-92474-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Xueta had their own church—St Eulalia's—in their barrio, with a Xueta priest, and their own cofraternity (the Cross of Calvary) to march in the Holy Week procession.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appetites+and+Identities%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Social+Anthropology+of+Western+Europe&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92474-5&rft.aulast=Delamont&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMéchoulan1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_M%C3%A9choulan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Méchoulan (page does not exist)">Méchoulan, Henry</a> (1987) [1666]. Hispanidad y Judaísmo en Tiempos de Espinoza: Edición de "La Certeza del Camino" de Abraham Pereyra. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hispanidad+y+Juda%C3%ADsmo+en+Tiempos+de+Espinoza%3A+Edici%C3%B3n+de+%22La+Certeza+del+Camino%22+de+Abraham+Pereyra&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9choulan&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decree-translation-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Decree-translation_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/decree.html">"The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews – 1492 Spain"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221121435/http://www.sephardicstudies.org/decree.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Edict+of+Expulsion+of+the+Jews+%E2%80%93+1492+Spain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sephardicstudies.org%2Fdecree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Gedaliah b. Jachia the Spaniard, Sefer Shalshelet HaKabbalah, p. 268, Jerusalem 1962, while citing Sefer HaYuchasin. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez, Joseph</a> (2012) [2009]. 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Retrieved 7 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FTurkey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jmarks09.wixsite.com/seedofisrael/post/dna-testing-companies-should-place-diaspora-jews-in-israel">"DNA Testing Companies Should Place Diaspora Jews in Israel"</a>. 16 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205174135/https://jmarks09.wixsite.com/seedofisrael/post/dna-testing-companies-should-place-diaspora-jews-in-israel">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+Testing+Companies+Should+Place+Diaspora+Jews+in+Israel&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjmarks09.wixsite.com%2Fseedofisrael%2Fpost%2Fdna-testing-companies-should-place-diaspora-jews-in-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladsteinHammer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gladstein, Ariella L.; Hammer, Michael F. (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz047">"Substructured population growth in the Ashkenazi Jews inferred with Approximate Bayesian Computation"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (6): 1162–1171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz047">10.1093/molbev/msz047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30840069">30840069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Substructured+population+growth+in+the+Ashkenazi+Jews+inferred+with+Approximate+Bayesian+Computation&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1162-1171&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz047&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30840069&rft.aulast=Gladstein&rft.aufirst=Ariella+L.&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsz047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avotaynuonline.com/2020/03/the-genetic-origins-of-ashkenazi-jews/">"The Genetic Origins of Ashkenazi Jews"</a>. 22 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415235150/https://avotaynuonline.com/2020/03/the-genetic-origins-of-ashkenazi-jews/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Genetic+Origins+of+Ashkenazi+Jews&rft.date=2020-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favotaynuonline.com%2F2020%2F03%2Fthe-genetic-origins-of-ashkenazi-jews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishideas.org/article/ashkenazic-rabbi-sephardicpersian-community">"An Ashkenazic Rabbi in a Sephardic/Persian Community"</a>. jewishideas.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702160149/https://www.jewishideas.org/article/ashkenazic-rabbi-sephardicpersian-community">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Ashkenazic+Rabbi+in+a+Sephardic%2FPersian+Community&rft.pub=jewishideas.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishideas.org%2Farticle%2Fashkenazic-rabbi-sephardicpersian-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensoussan2019" class="citation book cs1">Bensoussan, Georges (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJmLDwAAQBAJ&dq=200%2C000+JEWS+EXPELLED+SPAIN&pg=PA28">"Jews in Arab Countries: The Great Uprooting"</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03858-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03858-6"><bdi>978-0-253-03858-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205192546/https://books.google.co.il/books?id=eJmLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&dq=200,000+JEWS+EXPELLED+SPAIN&hl=iw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiY_eKGxMjuAhWlqHEKHc1RBxEQ6AEwAHoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=200%2C000%20JEWS%20EXPELLED%20SPAIN&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. 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Retrieved 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Sefard%C3%ADes+y+moriscos+siguen+aqu%C3%AD&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F2008%2F12%2F05%2Fsociedad%2F1228431607_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://porisrael.org/2019/08/20/espana-ley-de-ciudadania-para-judios-sefardies-termina-en-fracaso/">"España: Ley de ciudadanía para judíos sefardíes termina en fracaso | Por Israel"</a>. 20 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170446/http://porisrael.org/2019/08/20/espana-ley-de-ciudadania-para-judios-sefardies-termina-en-fracaso/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Espa%C3%B1a%3A+Ley+de+ciudadan%C3%ADa+para+jud%C3%ADos+sefard%C3%ADes+termina+en+fracaso+%26%23124%3B+Por+Israel&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fporisrael.org%2F2019%2F08%2F20%2Fespana-ley-de-ciudadania-para-judios-sefardies-termina-en-fracaso%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.lainformacion.com/interes-humano/conmemoracion/50-000-judios-recuerdan-en-espana-a-las-victimas-del-holocausto_VnMin6o979qyusmIHGQwl2/">"La Inormación: Referente en actualidad empresarial y económica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Inormaci%C3%B3n%3A+Referente+en+actualidad+empresarial+y+econ%C3%B3mica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.lainformacion.com%2Finteres-humano%2Fconmemoracion%2F50-000-judios-recuerdan-en-espana-a-las-victimas-del-holocausto_VnMin6o979qyusmIHGQwl2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_of_Portugal_2003-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_of_Portugal_2003_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=380027&att_display=n&att_download=y">"Census of Portugal 2003"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614093212/http://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=380027&att_display=n&att_download=y">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Portugal+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.pt%2Fngt_server%2Fattachfileu.jsp%3Flook_parentBoui%3D380027%26att_display%3Dn%26att_download%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html">"2006 Jewish statistics around the world"</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621102211/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2006+Jewish+statistics+around+the+world&rft.pub=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2Fjewpop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-jewish-story.org/belmonte.html">"Belmonte – They Thought They Were the Only Jews"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208150254/http://www.the-jewish-story.org/belmonte.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belmonte+%E2%80%93+They+Thought+They+Were+the+Only+Jews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-jewish-story.org%2Fbelmonte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/spain-to-ease-naturalization-of-sephardic-jews-1.480175#!">"Spain to ease naturalization of Sephardic Jews"</a>. Haaretz.com. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331055351/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/spain-to-ease-naturalization-of-sephardic-jews-1.480175#!">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spain+to+ease+naturalization+of+Sephardic+Jews&rft.pub=Haaretz.com&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish-world%2Fjewish-world-news%2Fspain-to-ease-naturalization-of-sephardic-jews-1.480175%23%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhodesfaqs-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhodesfaqs_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhodesfaqs_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesjewishmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/FAQs-for-Spanish-Citizenship-for-Sephardic-Jews.pdf">"Rhodes Jewish Museum: Frequently asked questions for Spanish citizenship for Sephardi Jews. Date (embedded in the PDF): 3 September 2015"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213090029/http://www.rhodesjewishmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/FAQs-for-Spanish-Citizenship-for-Sephardic-Jews.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodes+Jewish+Museum%3A+Frequently+asked+questions+for+Spanish+citizenship+for+Sephardi+Jews.+Date+%28embedded+in+the+PDF%29%3A+3+September+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesjewishmuseum.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F05%2FFAQs-for-Spanish-Citizenship-for-Sephardic-Jews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/06/25/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-7045.pdf">Ley 12/2015, de 24 de junio, en materia de concesión de la nacionalidad española a los sefardíes originarios de España</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722075027/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/06/25/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-7045.pdf">Archived</a> 22 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Law 12/2015, of 24 June, regarding acquisition of Spanish nationality by Sephardis with Spanish origins) (in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-extend-132"><a href="#cite_ref-extend_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_José_Mateo2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Juan José Mateo (5 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/politica/2018/03/05/actualidad/1520265130_351979.html">"El Gobierno amplía hasta 2019 el plazo para que los sefardíes obtengan la nacionalidad"</a> [Government extends until 2019 the deadline for Sefardis to gain nationality]. El País (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726233822/https://elpais.com/politica/2018/03/05/actualidad/1520265130_351979.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+Gobierno+ampl%C3%ADa+hasta+2019+el+plazo+para+que+los+sefard%C3%ADes+obtengan+la+nacionalidad&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft.au=Juan+Jos%C3%A9+Mateo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fpolitica%2F2018%2F03%2F05%2Factualidad%2F1520265130_351979.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522021722/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/09/30/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-10441.pdf">"Instrucción de 29 de septiembre de 2015, de la Dirección General de los Registros y del Notariado, sobre la aplicación de la Ley 12/2015, de 24 de junio, en materia de concesión de la nacionalidad española a los sefardíes originarios de España (Instruction of 29 September 2015, from the Directorate General of Registration and Notaries, on the application of law 12/2015, regarding acquisition of Spanish nationality by Sephardis with Spanish origins)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/09/30/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-10441.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instrucci%C3%B3n+de+29+de+septiembre+de+2015%2C+de+la+Direcci%C3%B3n+General+de+los+Registros+y+del+Notariado%2C+sobre+la+aplicaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Ley+12%2F2015%2C+de+24+de+junio%2C+en+materia+de+concesi%C3%B3n+de+la+nacionalidad+espa%C3%B1ola+a+los+sefard%C3%ADes+originarios+de+Espa%C3%B1a+%28Instruction+of+29+September+2015%2C+from+the+Directorate+General+of+Registration+and+Notaries%2C+on+the+application+of+law+12%2F2015%2C+regarding+acquisition+of+Spanish+nationality+by+Sephardis+with+Spanish+origins%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F2015%2F09%2F30%2Fpdfs%2FBOE-A-2015-10441.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802005123/http://www.justicia.sefardies.notariado.org/liferay/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=b3919b9d-3027-408b-a00b-81cbc265eea5&groupId=10089882">"Resolución del Director General de los Registros y del Notariado a las consultas planteadas por la Federación de Comunidades Judías de España y por el Consejo General del Notariado sobre dispensa pruebas a mayores de 70 años (Resolution of the Directorate General of Registration and Notaries, of the questions raised by the Federation of Jewish Communities of Spain and the Council General of Notaries on exempting over-70s from tests)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justicia.sefardies.notariado.org/liferay/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=b3919b9d-3027-408b-a00b-81cbc265eea5&groupId=10089882">the original</a> on 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resoluci%C3%B3n+del+Director+General+de+los+Registros+y+del+Notariado+a+las+consultas+planteadas+por+la+Federaci%C3%B3n+de+Comunidades+Jud%C3%ADas+de+Espa%C3%B1a+y+por+el+Consejo+General+del+Notariado+sobre+dispensa+pruebas+a+mayores+de+70+a%C3%B1os+%28Resolution+of+the+Directorate+General+of+Registration+and+Notaries%2C+of+the+questions+raised+by+the+Federation+of+Jewish+Communities+of+Spain+and+the+Council+General+of+Notaries+on+exempting+over-70s+from+tests%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justicia.sefardies.notariado.org%2Fliferay%2Fc%2Fdocument_library%2Fget_file%3Fuuid%3Db3919b9d-3027-408b-a00b-81cbc265eea5%26groupId%3D10089882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFPMar8-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFPMar8_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPMar8_135-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/spain-extends-citizenship-law-for-sephardic-jews/">Spain extends citizenship law for Sephardic Jews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701192724/https://www.timesofisrael.com/spain-extends-citizenship-law-for-sephardic-jews/">Archived</a> 1 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Agence France-Presse (8 March 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael_Minde2015" class="citation news cs1">Raphael Minde (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/world/europe/spain-approves-citizenship-path-for-sephardic-jews.html">"Spain Approves Citizenship Path for Sephardic Jews"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227211834/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/world/europe/spain-approves-citizenship-path-for-sephardic-jews.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spain+Approves+Citizenship+Path+for+Sephardic+Jews&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.au=Raphael+Minde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F12%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fspain-approves-citizenship-path-for-sephardic-jews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lusi_Portero-2017-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lusi_Portero-2017_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lusi_Portero-2017_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusi_Portero2017" class="citation web cs1">Lusi Portero (7 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesjewishmuseum.org/spanish-citizenship-for-sepradic-jews">"Spanish Citizenship for Sephardic Jews"</a>. Rhodes Jewish Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000600/http://www.rhodesjewishmuseum.org/spanish-citizenship-for-sepradic-jews">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rhodes+Jewish+Museum&rft.atitle=Spanish+Citizenship+for+Sephardic+Jews&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.au=Lusi+Portero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesjewishmuseum.org%2Fspanish-citizenship-for-sepradic-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jnextend-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jnextend_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jnextend_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/spain-extends-deadline-for-sephardic-jews-to-claim-citizenship/">"Spain extends deadline for Sephardic Jews to claim citizenship"</a>. Jewish News (UK). 14 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516002905/https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/spain-extends-deadline-for-sephardic-jews-to-claim-citizenship/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+News+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Spain+extends+deadline+for+Sephardic+Jews+to+claim+citizenship&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishnews.timesofisrael.com%2Fspain-extends-deadline-for-sephardic-jews-to-claim-citizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-49890620">"Spain gets 127,000 citizenship applications from Sephardi Jews"</a>. BBC News. 1 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002043615/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-49890620">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Spain+gets+127%2C000+citizenship+applications+from+Sephardi+Jews&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-49890620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/descendants-of-16th-century-jewish-refugees-can-claim-portuguese-citizenship-1.515268">"Descendants of 16th century Jewish refugees can claim Portuguese citizenship"</a>. Haaretz.com. 13 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024153130/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/descendants-of-16th-century-jewish-refugees-can-claim-portuguese-citizenship-1.515268">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Descendants+of+16th+century+Jewish+refugees+can+claim+Portuguese+citizenship&rft.pub=Haaretz.com&rft.date=2013-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish-world%2Fjewish-world-news%2Fdescendants-of-16th-century-jewish-refugees-can-claim-portuguese-citizenship-1.515268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.639815">"Portugal to offer citizenship to descendants of persecuted Jews"</a>. Haaretz.com. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131034615/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/1.639815">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portugal+to+offer+citizenship+to+descendants+of+persecuted+Jews&rft.pub=Haaretz.com&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish-world%2Fjewish-world-news%2F1.639815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cilisboa.org/documents/LEI_27_Fev_2015_0009200093.pdf">"Text of Decree-Law n.º 30-A/2015 of Portugal, 27 February 2015"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023144/http://www.cilisboa.org/documents/LEI_27_Fev_2015_0009200093.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+Decree-Law+n.%C2%BA+30-A%2F2015+of+Portugal%2C+27+February+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cilisboa.org%2Fdocuments%2FLEI_27_Fev_2015_0009200093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60724509">Roman Abramovich: Rabbi investigated over Portuguese citizenship</a>, BBC news, 13 March 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130172518/http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/59422-150130-portugal-approves-naturalization-of-jews-expelled-centuries-ago">"Portugal approves naturalization of Jews expelled centuries ago"</a>. i24news.tv. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/society/59422-150130-portugal-approves-naturalization-of-jews-expelled-centuries-ago">the original</a> on 30 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portugal+approves+naturalization+of+Jews+expelled+centuries+ago&rft.pub=i24news.tv&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i24news.tv%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2Fsociety%2F59422-150130-portugal-approves-naturalization-of-jews-expelled-centuries-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-euro-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-euro_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-euro_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/portugal/1-800-sephardic-jews-get-portuguese-citizenship/">"1.800 Sephardic Jews get Portuguese citizenship"</a>. European Jewish Congress. 26 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145619/https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/portugal/1-800-sephardic-jews-get-portuguese-citizenship/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Jewish+Congress&rft.atitle=1.800+Sephardic+Jews+get+Portuguese+citizenship&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurojewcong.org%2Fnews%2Fcommunities-news%2Fportugal%2F1-800-sephardic-jews-get-portuguese-citizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardifolklit.org/flsj/sjjs/orallit/Oral_Lit_Sephardic.html">"Samuel G. Armistead, "Oral Literature of the Sephardic Jews,""</a>. Sephardifolklit.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701034704/http://www.sephardifolklit.org/flsj/sjjs/orallit/Oral_Lit_Sephardic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+G.+Armistead%2C+%22Oral+Literature+of+the+Sephardic+Jews%2C%22&rft.pub=Sephardifolklit.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sephardifolklit.org%2Fflsj%2Fsjjs%2Forallit%2FOral_Lit_Sephardic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/jewish-papiamentu">"Jewish Papiamentu"</a>. Jewish Languages. Retrieved 22 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Languages&rft.atitle=Jewish+Papiamentu&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishlanguages.org%2Fjewish-papiamentu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Jacobs, Neil G. (2020). "Curaҫao Sephardic Jewish Papiamentu in the Context of Jewish Languages." </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArgenter2013">Argenter (2013)</a>, p. 148–149 harvp error: no target: CITEREFArgenter2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Umberto and Zolli, Paolo. La parlata giudeo-veneziana, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> David A. Wacks, Double Diaspora in Sephardic Literature, Indiana University Press (2015), p, 13–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/familyname/ashkenazi">""Ashkenazi" surname"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807043054/https://dbs.bh.org.il/familyname/ashkenazi">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Ashkenazi%22+surname&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Ffamilyname%2Fashkenazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/familyname/zarfati">""Zarfati" surname"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807021423/https://dbs.bh.org.il/familyname/zarfati">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Zarfati%22+surname&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Ffamilyname%2Fzarfati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._Efron2015" class="citation book cs1">John M. Efron (2015). German Jewry and the Allure of the Sephardic. Princeton University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7419-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7419-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-7419-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Jewry+and+the+Allure+of+the+Sephardic&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7419-4&rft.au=John+M.+Efron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan_Paper2012" class="citation book cs1">Jordan Paper (2012). The Theology of the Chinese Jews, 1000–1850. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-403-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-403-1"><bdi>978-1-55458-403-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Chinese+Jews%2C+1000%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-55458-403-1&rft.au=Jordan+Paper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearl_Goodman2014" class="citation book cs1">Pearl Goodman (2014). Peril: From Jackboots to Jack Benny. Bridgeross Communications. pp. 248–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9878244-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9878244-8-6"><bdi>978-0-9878244-8-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peril%3A+From+Jackboots+to+Jack+Benny&rft.pages=248-9&rft.pub=Bridgeross+Communications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9878244-8-6&rft.au=Pearl+Goodman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Arian1995" class="citation book cs1">Alan Arian (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/securitythreaten00aria">Security Threatened: Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/securitythreaten00aria/page/n158">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49925-5"><bdi>978-0-521-49925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+Threatened%3A+Surveying+Israeli+Opinion+on+Peace+and+War&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49925-5&rft.au=Alan+Arian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecuritythreaten00aria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Shasha2010" class="citation news cs1">David Shasha (20 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-shasha/understanding-the-sephard_b_541033.html?ir=Australia">"Understanding the Sephardi-Ashkenazi Split"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153033/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-shasha/understanding-the-sephard_b_541033.html?ir=Australia">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Sephardi-Ashkenazi+Split&rft.date=2010-06-20&rft.au=David+Shasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-shasha%2Funderstanding-the-sephard_b_541033.html%3Fir%3DAustralia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Shahar, Charles. "A Comprehensive Study of the Ultra Orthodox Community of Greater Montreal (2003)." Federation CJA (Montreal). 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2003" class="citation book cs1">Chua, Amy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldonfirehowex00chua_0/page/217">World On Fire</a>. 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Retrieved 12 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Jew+wins+2012+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+along+with+American+colleague&rft.pub=European+Jewish+Press&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejpress.org%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F62250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Mario Modiano: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodianos.gr/The_Story.pdf">Hamehune Modillano. The Genealogical Story of the Modiano Family from 1570 to Our Days</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145637/http://www.themodianos.gr/The_Story.pdf">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf, 360 pages), www.themodianos.gr + M. Modiano, Athens 2000 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabba1999" class="citation book cs1">Gabba, Emilio (1999). "The Social, Economic and Political history of Palestine 63 BCE–CE 70". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243773">10.1017/CHOL9780521243773</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139053662" title="Special:BookSources/9781139053662"><bdi>9781139053662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Social%2C+Economic+and+Political+history+of+Palestine+63+BCE%E2%80%93CE+70&rft.btitle=The+Early+Roman+Period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pages=94-167&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243773&rft.isbn=9781139053662&rft.aulast=Gabba&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2021" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, Jane S. (2021). "The Jews of Muslim Spain". In Lieberman, Phillip I. (ed.). Jews in the Medieval Islamic World. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139048873">10.1017/9781139048873</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139048873" title="Special:BookSources/9781139048873"><bdi>9781139048873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jews+of+Muslim+Spain&rft.btitle=Jews+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pages=164-198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139048873&rft.isbn=9781139048873&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Jane+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutgersBradbury2006" class="citation book cs1">Rutgers, Leonard V.; Bradbury, Scott (2006). "The Diaspora, c. 235–638". In Katz, Steven T. (ed.). The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diaspora%2C+c.+235%E2%80%93638&rft.btitle=The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Rutgers&rft.aufirst=Leonard+V.&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ashtor, Eliyahu, The Jews of Moslem Spain, Vol. 2, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America (1979)</li> <li>Assis, Yom Tov, The Jews of Spain: From Settlement to Expulsion, Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem|The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1988)</li> <li>Baer, Yitzhak. A History of the Jews of Christian Spain. 2 vols. Jewish Publication Society of America (1966).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenbassaRodrigue2000" class="citation book cs1">Benbassa, Esther; Rodrigue, Aron (2000). <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jewry:_A_History_of_the_Judeo-Spanish_Community,_14th-20th_Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries">Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardi+Jewry%3A+A+History+of+the+Judeo-Spanish+Community%2C+14th-20th+Centuries&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Benbassa&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft.au=Rodrigue%2C+Aron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bowers, W. P. "Jewish Communities in Spain in the Time of Paul the Apostle" in Journal of Theological Studies Vol. 26 Part 2, October 1975, pp. 395–402</li> <li>Carasso, Lucienne. "Growing Up Jewish in Alexandria: The Story of a Sephardic Family's Exodus from Egypt". New York, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5004-4635-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5004-4635-2">978-1-5004-4635-2</a>.</li> <li>Dan, Joseph, "The Epic of a Millennium: Judeo-Spanish Culture's Confrontation" in Judaism Vol. 41, No. 2, Spring 1992.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeshenLiebmanShokeid2017" class="citation book cs1">Deshen, Shlomo; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Liebman" title="Charles Liebman">Liebman, Charles S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Shokeid" title="Moshe Shokeid">Shokeid, Moshe</a>, eds. (2017) [1995]. "Part 5. The Sephardic Pattern". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNHDwAAQBAJ">Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel</a>. Studies of Israeli Society, 7 (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-178-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-178-2"><bdi>978-1-56000-178-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+5.+The+Sephardic+Pattern&rft.btitle=Israeli+Judaism%3A+The+Sociology+of+Religion+in+Israel&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Studies+of+Israeli+Society%2C+7&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-178-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCNHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gampel, Benjamin R., "Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Medieval Iberia: Convivencia through the Eyes of Sephardic Jews," in Convivencia: Jews, Muslims, and Christians in Medieval Spain, ed. Vivian B. Mann, Thomas F. Glick, and <a href="/wiki/Jerrilynn_D._Dodds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrilynn D. Dodds">Jerrilynn D. Dodds</a>, New York: George Braziller, Inc. (1992)</li> <li>Groh, Arnold A. "Searching for Sephardic History in Berlin", in Semana Sepharad: The Lectures. Studies on Sephardic History, ed. Serels, M. Mitchell, New York: Jacob E. Safra Institute of Sephardic Studies (2001).</li> <li>Kaplan, Yosef, An Alternative Path to Modernity: The Sephardi Diaspora in Western Europe. Brill Publishers (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11742-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11742-6">978-90-04-11742-6</a></li> <li>Katz, Solomon, Monographs of the Mediaeval Academy of America No. 12: The Jews in the Visigothic and Frankish Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Society of America (1937)</li> <li>Kedourie, Elie, editor. Spain and the Jews: The Sephardi Experience 1492 and After. Thames & Hudson (1992).</li> <li>Levie, Tirtsah, Poverty and Welfare Among the Portuguese Jews in Early Modern Amsterdam, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012.</li> <li>Raphael, Chaim, The Sephardi Story: A Celebration of Jewish History London: Valentine Mitchell & Co. Ltd. (1991)</li> <li>Rauschenbach, Sina, The Sephardic Atlantic. Colonial Histories and Postcolonial Perspectives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.</li> <li>Rauschenbach, Sina, Sephardim and Ashkenazim. Jewish-Jewish Encounters in History and Literature. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020 (forthcoming).</li> <li>Sarna, Nahum M., "Hebrew and Bible Studies in Medieval Spain" in Sephardi Heritage, Vol. 1 ed. R. D. Barnett, New York: Ktav Publishing House, Inc. (1971)</li> <li>Sassoon, Solomon David, "The Spiritual Heritage of the Sephardim," in The Sephardi Heritage, Vol. 1 ed. R. D. Barnett, New York: Ktav Publishing House Inc. (1971)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegrè1993" class="citation book cs1">Segrè, Emilio (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindalwaysinmoti00segr">A Mind Always in Motion: the Autobiography of Emilio Segrè</a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07627-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07627-3"><bdi>978-0-520-07627-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25629433">25629433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mind+Always+in+Motion%3A+the+Autobiography+of+Emilio+Segr%C3%A8&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25629433&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07627-3&rft.aulast=Segr%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindalwaysinmoti00segr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft700007rb">Free Online – UC Press E-Books Collection</a></li> <li>Stein, Gloria Sananes, Marguerite: Journey of a Sephardic Woman, Morgantown, PA : Masthof Press, 1997.</li> <li>Stillman, Norman, "Aspects of Jewish Life in Islamic Spain" in Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages ed. Paul E. Szarmach, Albany: State University of New York Press (1979)</li> <li>Swetschinski, Daniel. Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam. Litmann Library of Jewish Civilization, (2000)</li> <li>Wexler, Paul. The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews. Albany: SUNY Press, 1996.</li> <li>Zolitor, Jeff, "The Jews of Sepharad" Philadelphia: Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations (CSJO) (1997) ("<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814081055/http://www.csjo.org/pages/essays/essaysephard.htm">The Jews of Sepharad</a>" reprinted with permission on CSJO website.)</li> <li>"The Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue, Recife, Brazil". Database of Jewish communities. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-28.</li> <li>"History of the Jewish community of Recife". Database of Jewish communities. Archived from the original on 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2008-06-28.</li> <li>"Synagogue in Brazilian town Recife considered oldest in the Americas". Reuters. 2008-11-12. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 2008-06-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-synagogue/oldest-synagogue-in-americas-draws-tourists-to-brazil-idUSN2520146120071112">Oldest synagogue in Americas draws tourists to Brazil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardic_Jews&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sephardi_Jews" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>.</div></div> </div> Genealogy: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefardies.org/">Sefardies.org Sephardic Genealogy and official web in Spain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicgen.com/">Sephardic Genealogy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicgen.com/databases/databases.html">Multiple searchable databases for Sephardic genealogy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicgen.com/databases/indexSrchFrm.html">Consolidated Index of Sephardic Surnames</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicgen.com/bibliographies.htm">Extensive bibliography for Sephardim and Sephardic Genealogy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031011102805/http://www.sephardim.com/html/translated_names.html">Sephardic names translated into English</a></li></ul> Genetics: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedford2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bedford, Felice L (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306851">"Sephardic signature in haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (4): 441–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.200">10.1038/ejhg.2011.200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306851">3306851</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22108605">22108605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Sephardic+signature+in+haplogroup+T+mitochondrial+DNA&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=441-448&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3306851%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22108605&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.200&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Felice+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3306851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASephardic+Jews" class="Z3988"></li></ul> History and community: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefarad.org/">European Sephardic Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427153402/http://www.isef.org/">International Sephardic Education Foundation </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626064213/http://www.sephardicjournal.org/">International Sephardic Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outofspain.com/">Sephardic educational materials for children</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardiccouncil.org/">International Sephardic Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiosefarad.com/">Radio Sefarad</a> an internet radio broadcasting from Madrid; includes Huellas, a weekly program for those looking for the origins of their Sephardic surnames</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salom.com.tr/">Turkish Sephardi Şalom Newspaper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221050100/http://www.sephardicdate.com/">Sephardic Dating Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914064935/http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/1/col/85/art/956/PageName/Ana_sayfa">From Andalusian Orangeries to Anatolia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626024922/http://www.americansephardifederation.org/PDF/sources/ASF_Timeline.pdf">Sephardic Jewish History – Iberian Peninsula</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> (American Sephardi Federation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423025551/http://www.radiojai.com.ar/OnLine/notiDetalle.asp?id_Noticia=28363">Pascua Marrana. Surname Rojas/Shajor/black sefardim</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=365459">American Jewish Historical Society, New England Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sefarad.revistas.csic.es/">Sefarad</a>, Journal on Hebraic, Sephardim and Middle East Studies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filol.csic.es/">ILC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217035031/http://www.filol.csic.es/">Archived</a> 17 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">CSIC</a> (scientific articles in Spanish, English and other languages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewsynagogue.org/">Hebrew Synagogue</a>, (Hebrew Synagogue is seen as an advisory body on matters pertaining to religious practice and is widely consulted by many agencies)</li></ul> Philosophical: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101026084718/http://www.josefaurstudies.org/_Sephardim_in_the_Nineteenth_Century_New_Directions_and_Old_Values_by_Jose_Faur.pdf">Sepharadim in the Nineteenth Century: New Directions and Old Values</a> by Jose Faur, outlining the positive yet traditionalist responses to modernity typical of the Sepharadi Jewish community</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101026084705/http://www.josefaurstudies.org/_Sephardic_Thinking_and_the_Enlightment_by_Jose_Faur.pdf">Sepharadi Thought in the Presence of the European Enlightenment</a> by Jose Faur, identifying the difference in reaction to the European Enlightenment among Sepharadi and Ashkenazi communities</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726210636/http://www.josefaurstudies.org/_Anti_Semitism_in_the_Sepharadi_Mind_by_Jose_Faur.pdf">Anti-Semitism in the Sepharadi Mind</a> by Jose Faur, describing the cultural response of Sepharadim to anti-Semitism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/sephardic.htm">Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/sephtol.htm">The Special Character of Sephardic Tolerance</a></li></ul> Music and liturgy: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sephardifolklit.illinois.edu/FLSJ">Folk Literature of the Sephardic Jews</a> Searchable archive of audio recordings of Sephardic ballads and other oral literature collected from informants from around the world, from 1950s until the 1990s, by Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Armistead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Armistead (page does not exist)">Samuel Armistead</a> and his colleagues, maintained by Professor Bruce Rosenstock.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pizmonim.com/">Sephardic Pizmonim Project</a>- Music of the Middle Eastern Sephardic Community.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielhalfon.com/">Daniel Halfon</a> website of a British-born cantor and leading exponent of the liturgical tradition of Spanish and Portuguese Jews</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivio-torah.it/audio/tefillot/canti%20scoletta/">Liturgy of the Spanish Synagogue in Rome</a> performed by Rev. Alberto Funaro</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isaacazose.com/">Isaac Azose</a> website of a cantor from Seattle, WA, USA, instrumental in preservation of the Sephardic liturgical tradition of Rhodes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downhomeradioshow.com/2006/11/songs-of-the-sephardic-jewish-women-of-morocco/">Songs of the Sephardic Jewish Women of Morocco</a> Internet Radio Show featuring field recordings of Sephardic Jewish Women in Tangier & Tetuan, 1954 w/ song texts translated into English.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908140444/http://www.vagabond.bg/jewishbulgaria/">A Guide to Jewish Bulgaria, published by Vagabond Media, Sofia, 2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicalacarte.net/Fiches/9809.htm">Diaspora Sefardi – Jordi Savall, Hespèrion XXI – Alia Vox AV9809</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZPr8ath8Fo">Katalanim songs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Template:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israelis by religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Israel">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druzism</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahai_faith_in_israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahai faith in israel">Bahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Israel" title="Hinduism in Israel">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Israel">Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ashkenazi Jews in Israel">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Romanian Jews in Israel">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mizrahi Jews in Israel">Mizrahim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bukharan Jews in Israel">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Georgian Jews in Israel">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iraqi Jews in Israel">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iranian Jews in Israel">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Kurdish Jews in Israel">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Moroccan Jews in Israel">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mountain Jews in Israel">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews_in_Israel" title="Yemenite Jews in Israel">Yemenite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bulgarian Jews in Israel">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Moroccan Jews in Israel">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Turkish Jews in Israel">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism#Karaites_today" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Indian Jews in Israel">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Menashe" title="Bnei Menashe">Bnei Menashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Ephraim" title="Bene Ephraim">Bene Ephraim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Arab Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel#Settled" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Madani and Fellahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin#Israel" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_Bedouin" title="Galilee Bedouin">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Negev</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Israel" title="Lebanese people in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Semitic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans_in_Israel" title="Arameans in Israel">Arameans</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other non-Semitic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Israel" title="Dutch people in Israel">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Israel" title="Indians in Israel">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Israel" title="Russians in Israel">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushnak" title="Bushnak">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_refugees_in_Israel" title="Vietnamese refugees in Israel">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem">African-American Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Israel" title="Filipinos in Israel">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Israel" title="Greeks in Israel">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Israel" title="Kurds in Israel">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_workers_in_Israel" title="Palestinian workers in Israel">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Israel" title="Doms in Israel">Doms (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Druze have a status aparte from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957.</li> <li>2 Arameans have a status aparte from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sephardi_Jewish_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Template:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Template talk:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sephardi_Jewish_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sephardi Jewish</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Expulsion from Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degredado" title="Degredado">Degredados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7ados" title="Lançados">Lançados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megorashim" title="Megorashim">Megorashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Dispersion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sephardim" title="Eastern Sephardim">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Synagogue" title="Dubrovnik Synagogue">Ragusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Synagogue" title="Split Synagogue">Splicani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Rhodes" title="History of the Jews in Rhodes">Rhodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Thessalonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Hungary" title="Sephardic Jews in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monastir" title="History of the Jews in Monastir">Monastir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Romania" title="Sephardic Jews in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Istanbul" title="History of the Jews in Istanbul">Istanbulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_%C4%B0zmir" title="History of the Jews in İzmir">Symirniote</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan#Jewish_presence" title="Tétouan">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Europe and overseas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colonial_America" title="History of the Jews in Colonial America">American</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Antwerp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Antwerp (page does not exist)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Aruba" title="History of the Jews in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of the Jews in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam" title="Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews#History" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Hamburg" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Hamburg">Hamburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Sephardi_Jews_in_Italy" title="Italian Jews">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Crypto-Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belmonte" title="History of the Jews in Belmonte">Belmonte Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagitto" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagitto">Bagitto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Religion and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Rite and customs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sephardi_chief_rabbis_of_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Sephardi chief rabbis of the Land of Israel">Sephardi chief rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Haredim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(Israel)" title="Black Panthers (Israel)">Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardim_and_Oriental_Communities" title="Sephardim and Oriental Communities">Sephardim and Oriental Communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Community_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Community Council">Sephardi Community Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Sephardi_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Sephardi Federation (page does not exist)">World Sephardi Federation</a> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:הפדרציה הספרדית העולמית">he</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracas_Center_of_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Estudios_Sefard%C3%ADes_de_Caracas" class="extiw" title="es:Centro de Estudios Sefardíes de Caracas">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Sephardic_Studies_and_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture (page does not exist)">Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Institute for Sephardic Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosephardism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosephardism (page does not exist)">Philosephardism</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosefardismo" class="extiw" title="es:Filosefardismo">es</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sephardization (page does not exist)">Sephardization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on 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href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain_Spanish_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_diaspora" title="Template:Spanish diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_diaspora" title="Template talk:Spanish diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain_Spanish_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora" title="Spanish diaspora">Spanish diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_diaspora_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Spanish diaspora in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniards in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniards in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanjaarden_in_Nederland" class="extiw" title="nl:Spanjaarden in Nederland">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Spaniards" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Spaniards">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Spaniards in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Belizean" title="Hispanic and Latin American Belizean">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Costa_Rican" title="Spanish Costa Rican">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_en_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración española en la República Dominicana">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guatemalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_migration_to_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish migration to Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_of_Spanish_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaicans of Spanish descent">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola_en_Nicaragua" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración española en Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_panyols" title="Cocoa panyols">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleños in Louisiana">in Louisiana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Australians" title="Spanish Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_New_Zealanders" title="Spanish New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li>US areas of Oceania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Spanish immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Argentines" title="Spanish Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Brazilians" title="Spanish Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish immigration to Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Peru" title="Spanish immigration to Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Uruguayans" title="Spanish Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Venezuela" title="Spanish immigration to Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Conquest of the Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleño</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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