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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_rabbinic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_rabbinic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In rabbinic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_rabbinic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbinic_legal_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinic_legal_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rabbinic legal opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinic_legal_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Anusim</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anusim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آنوسیم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنوسیم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Анусим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анусим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anussim" title="Anussim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anussim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anusim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anusim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آنوسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنوسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoussim" title="Anoussim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anoussim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אנוסים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנוסים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Anusim" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="アヌシーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヌシーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آنوسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آنوسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anusim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Анусим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анусим" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Converso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></div> <p> <b>Anusim</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲנוּסִים</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʔanuˈsim]</a></span>; singular male, <b>anús</b>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אָנוּס</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʔaˈnus]</a></span>; singular female, <b>anusá</b>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֲנוּסָה</span>‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʔanuˈsa]</a></span>, meaning "coerced") is a legal category of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i> (Jewish law) who were forced to abandon <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> against their will, typically while <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forcibly converted</a> to another religion. The term "anusim" is most properly translated as the "coerced [ones]" or the "forced [ones]". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>anusim</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> phrase <i>averah b’ones</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">עבירה באונס</span>‎),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "a forced transgression." The Hebrew <i>ones</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈones]</a></span>) derives from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root#Triconsonantal_roots" title="Semitic root">triconsonantal root</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א-נ-ס</span>‎ (<a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Aleph</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a>-<a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samekh</a>), and originally referred to any case where a person has been forced into any act against his or her will. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, the word <i>ones</i> is mainly used to mean <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, thus "anusim" (or female "anusot") nowadays means rape victims, the older meaning used only in the historical context. </p><p>The term <i>anús</i> is used in contradistinction to <i>meshumad</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מְשֻׁמָּד</span>‎), (literally "self-destroyed") which means a person who has voluntarily abandoned the practice of Jewish law in whole or in part. The forced converts were also known as <i><a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">cristianos nuevos</a></i> (Spanish) or <i>cristãos-novos</i> (Portuguese); <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">marrano</a></i>, which had and still has today a pejorative connotation in Spanish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the term <i>anusim</i>, <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> has various classifications for those Jews who have abandoned, or are no longer committed to, the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">rabbinic Jewish</a> tradition, whether or not they have converted to another religion. </p><p>The two most common descriptions are: </p> <ul><li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">Min</a></i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מין</span>‎), or an <a href="/wiki/Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostate">apostate</a> of Judaism, for a Jew who basically denies the existence of God; and</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Judaism" title="Heresy in Judaism">Meshumad</a></i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מְשֻׁמָּד</span>‎), literally "self-destroyed" or a heretic to Judaism, for a Jew who deliberately rebels against the observance of Jewish law.</li></ul> <p>The main difference between a <i>min</i>, a <i>meshumad</i>, and the <i>anusim</i> is that the act of abandonment of Judaism is voluntary for a <i>min</i> and a <i>meshumad</i>, while for the <i>anusim</i> it is not. </p><p>In more recent times, the term "anusim" has also been used to describe "Reverse Marranos", that is, <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi Jews">Haredi Jews</a> who are religious on the outside, but are not necessarily practicing in private.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_use">History of use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>anusim</i> became more frequently used after the <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion#Christianity" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion to Christianity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a> at the end of the 11th century. In his religious legal opinions, <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> who lived during this period, commented about the issue of anusim.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several centuries later, following the mass <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> (those Jews with extended histories in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a>, known jointly as <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a> in Hebrew) of the 15th and 16th centuries, the term "anusim" became widely used by Spanish rabbis and their successors for the following 600 years,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> henceforth becoming associated with Sephardic history. </p><p>The term may be properly applied to any Jew of any <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">ethnic division</a>. Since that time, it has also been applied to other forced or coerced converted Jews, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mashhadi_Jews" title="Mashhadi Jews">Mashhadi Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>), who converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the public eye, but secretly practised Judaism at home. They lived dual-religious lives, being fully practising Muslims in public life, and fully practising Jews at home.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In non-rabbinic literature, the more widely known <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardic</a> anusim are also referred to as: </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a>", meaning "converts [to Christianity]" in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a> (Judaeo-Spanish).</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a>", or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cristianos nuevos</i></span> in Spanish, and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cristãos novos</i></span> in Portuguese (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">cristians novells</i>), which also encompasses converts from Islam.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jew">Crypto-Jews</a>", and</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a>", a term which refers to those conversos which practiced Judaism in secret and, as a result, were targeted by the Spanish inquisition.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_rabbinic_literature">In rabbinic literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In rabbinic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject of anusim has a special place in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>. In normal circumstances, a person who abandons <a href="/wiki/Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvot">Jewish observance</a>, or part of it, is classified as a <i>meshumad</i>. Such a person is still counted as a Jew for purposes of lineage, but is under a disability to claim any privilege pertaining to Jewish status: for example, he should not be counted in a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a>, that is, a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> for religious services. </p><p><i>Anusim</i>, by contrast, not only remain Jews by lineage but continue to count as fully qualified Jews for all purposes. Since the act of the original abandonment of the religion was done against the Jew's will, the Jew under force may remain a kosher Jew, as long as the <i>anús</i> keeps practising Jewish law to the best of his/her abilities under the coerced condition. In this sense, "kosher" is the rabbinic legal term applied to a Jew who adheres to rabbinic tradition and is accordingly not subject to any disqualification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rabbinic_legal_opinions">Rabbinic legal opinions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rabbinic legal opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Ibn_Danan" title="Saadia Ibn Danan">Se‘adyá ben Maimón ibn Danan</a> in the 15th century stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, when it comes to <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a>, all the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">people of Israel</a> are brethren. We are all the sons of one father, the rebels (<i><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Orthodox_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresy in Orthodox Judaism">reshaim</a></i>) and criminals, the heretics (<i><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">meshumadim</a></i>) and forced ones (<i>anusim</i>), and the proselytes (<i><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">gerim</a></i>) who are attached to the house of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>. All these are Israelites. Even if they left God or denied Him, or violated His Law, the yoke of that Law is still upon their shoulders and will never be removed from them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Hakham Joseph Shalom, writing in the 16th century, stated:</p><blockquote><p>This is how it is with these <i>conversos</i>: They derive from the hope of Israel, despite the fact that they have been immersed among the idolaters. Their hope and righteousness endure forever (...) furthermore, when they come to be included among the Jews, they are simply <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcised</a>; they are not <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">immersed</a> like converts who were never part of the Jewish people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Ben-Zion_Meir_Hai_Uziel" title="Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel">Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel</a>, the Chief Sephardic Rabbi of the State of Israel, stated in the mid-20th century: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And we still have to clarify on the (subject of) Anusím, to whom the government forbids them to perform Halakhicly valid marriages, if it's necessary to say that their wives must have a Get to permit them (to marry another man), for the reason that, by force of the Law (Hazakah/חזקה), a man does not have intercourse for promiscuity (Zenut/זנות) ... (In our very case), we deal with those who converted and kept Torah in secrecy and hide their religion because of the gentile surveillance, we say that they do have intercourse for the sake of marriage.</p></blockquote> <p>It follows that Uziel considered <i>anusím</i> as Jews, because only Jews can give or receive a <i><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">get</a></i>, a Jewish divorce. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> stated in the <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> Sefer Shofetím, Hilekhót Mumarím 3:3: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But their children and grandchildren [of Jewish rebels], who, misguided by their parents ... and trained in their views, are like children taken captive by the gentiles and raised in their laws and customs (וגידלוהו הגויים על דתם), whose status is that of an ’anús [one who abjures Jewish law under duress], who, although he later learns that he is a Jew, meets Jews, observes them practice their laws, is nevertheless to be regarded as an ’anús, since he was reared in the erroneous ways of his parents ... Therefore efforts should be made to bring them back in repentance (לפיכך ראוי להחזירם בתשובה), to draw them near by friendly relations, so that they may return to the strength-giving source, i.e., the Toráh.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is much controversy regarding the status of conversions today. While the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">chief rabbis</a> are wary of converting large groups, there are some rabbis such as <a href="/wiki/Haim_Amsalem" title="Haim Amsalem">Haim Amsalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Davidson" title="Chuck Davidson">Chuck Davidson</a> who have done mass conversions of Bnei Anusim (descendants of original Anusim). In the United States <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform rabbi</a> Jacques Cukierkorn is one of the leaders of the outreach movement to the descendants of those Crypto-Jews who wish to renew their ties with the Jewish people.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_(Jews)" title="Chala (Jews)">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Converso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epikoros" title="Epikoros">Epikoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans%27_Decree" title="Orphans' Decree">Orphans' Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, Abodá Zará 54a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRotem2010" class="citation web cs1">Rotem, Tamar (February 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://failedmessiah.typepad.com/failed_messiahcom/2010/02/where-rebellious-haredi-sons-and-daughters-go-789.html">"Where Rebellious Haredi Sons (and Daughters) Go"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FailedMessiah.com" class="mw-redirect" title="FailedMessiah.com">FailedMessiah.com</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Rebellious+Haredi+Sons+%28and+Daughters%29+Go&rft.pub=FailedMessiah.com&rft.date=2010-02-27&rft.aulast=Rotem&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffailedmessiah.typepad.com%2Ffailed_messiahcom%2F2010%2F02%2Fwhere-rebellious-haredi-sons-and-daughters-go-789.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roth2002_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2002" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Norman (2 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzJ5340UZKMC&pg=PA26"><i>Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain</i></a>. Madison, WI, USA: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14233-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14233-9"><bdi>978-0-299-14233-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversos%2C+Inquisition%2C+and+the+Expulsion+of+the+Jews+from+Spain&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI%2C+USA&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2002-09-02&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14233-9&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzJ5340UZKMC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/historyresources/medieval.htm">Medieval Jewish History Resource Directory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Mashhadi Jewish Community History on MashadiRabbi.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Se‘adyá ben Maimón ibn Danan (16th century), <i>Hhemdah Genuzáh</i>, 15b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldish2008" class="citation book cs1">Goldish, Matt (2008). <i>Jewish questions: responsa on Sephardic life in the early modern period</i>. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12264-9"><bdi>978-0-691-12264-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+questions%3A+responsa+on+Sephardic+life+in+the+early+modern+period&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J&rft.pages=100-101&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12264-9&rft.aulast=Goldish&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_Jewish_Cafe2018" class="citation cs2">Chicago Jewish Cafe (2018-10-03), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvWLhuy7sdk"><i>Are American Jews the New Secret Jews? Interview with Rabbi Jacques Cukierkorn.</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+American+Jews+the+New+Secret+Jews%3F+Interview+with+Rabbi+Jacques+Cukierkorn.&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft.au=Chicago+Jewish+Cafe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGvWLhuy7sdk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Crisis and Leadership: Epistles of Maimonides</i>. Translated by Halkin, Abraham. notes by Abraham Halkin, discussions by David Hartman. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0238-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0238-3"><bdi>0-8276-0238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Leadership%3A+Epistles+of+Maimonides&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8276-0238-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span> (reissued by the publisher as: <i>Epistles of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>: Crisis and Leadership</i> in 1993).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidelberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Eidelberg, Shlomo, ed. (1996) [1977, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-jews-and-the-crusaders-by-shlomo-eidelberg/"><i>The Jews and the Crusaders: the Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades</i></a>. Translated by Eidelberg, Shlomo. Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-541-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-541-6"><bdi>0-88125-541-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+and+the+Crusaders%3A+the+Hebrew+Chronicles+of+the+First+and+Second+Crusades&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Ktav+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-88125-541-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-jews-and-the-crusaders-by-shlomo-eidelberg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaur1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Faur" title="José Faur">Faur, José</a> (1992). <i>In the Shadow of History: Jews and Conversos at the Dawn of Modernity</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0801-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0801-9"><bdi>0-7914-0801-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+History%3A+Jews+and+Conversos+at+the+Dawn+of+Modernity&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7914-0801-9&rft.aulast=Faur&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlitz2002" class="citation book cs1">Gitlitz, David (2002). <i>Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrecy+and+Deceit%3A+The+Religion+of+the+Crypto-Jews&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gitlitz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalevy2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Halevy, Schulamith Chava (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017090618/http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~nachumd/sch/AnusimMexico.pdf"><i>Descendants of the </i>Anusim<i> (Crypto-Jews) in Contemporary Mexico</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD dissertation). Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~nachumd/sch/AnusimMexico.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Descendants+of+the+Anusim+%28Crypto-Jews%29+in+Contemporary+Mexico&rft.inst=Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Halevy&rft.aufirst=Schulamith+Chava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.tau.ac.il%2F~nachumd%2Fsch%2FAnusimMexico.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1997" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (1997). <i>The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-81719-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-81719-1"><bdi>0-297-81719-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Inquisition%3A+An+Historical+Revision&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-297-81719-1&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnusim" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anusim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.judaismo-iberico.org/responsa/resp.htm">Rabbinic legal discussions about Anusim</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523013940/http://www.judaismo-iberico.org/Responsa/resp.htm">Archived</a> 2011-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/5052621/Treatment-of-Iberian-Anusim-SCJS">600 years of Rabbinic Responsa regarding Anusim</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/27680092/Conversos-and-Maskilim-Similar-issue-different-approaches">Conversos and Maskilim: Similar Issue, Different Approaches</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cryptojew.org">The Association of Crypto Jews of the Americas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803172248/http://www.cryptojew.org/">Archived</a> 2009-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612845#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td 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